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Index

abstract review 8, 166, 179, 182, 318, 322–4, Alberta 347–8, 371 327, 354–5 Alberts, Susan 186 Abu-Karaki, Muddather 125 Aleinikoff, T. Alexander 25 Abu-Odeh, Lama 124, 125 Alexander, Gregory S. 46 accommodational arrangements 109 Alexander, Larry 16 accountability 99, 149, 190, 282, 411 Algeria 119, 325 democratic 70 Ali, Ifzal 51 Acemoglu, Daron 293 Allahabad High Court 92, 214 Ackerman, Bruce 16, 77, 93, 104 Allan, James 405 acontextualism 61–2 alliances 131, 136, 230, 232–3, 235 activism 17, 143, 152–3, 159–60, 204, 206, allies 63, 144, 146, 226, 230, 232, 236, 240 227, 235 Alter, Karen J. 6–7, 10, 43, 142, 148, 244–69, judicial 142, 227, 229, 235, 239, 241, 348, 419 379 alternative legitimating ideology 210, 213 actors 138–9, 218, 226–7, 230, 232, 235, 293, alternative theory of constitutional design 7, 295 290, 292 civil society 155, 233 Amar, Akhil Reed 83, 190, 193, 379 external 7, 230, 235, 272, 276–9, 283, 286 Ambedkar, B.R. 391–3 international 154, 230, 235, 240 ambiguous language 99–100, 105, 108, 112, legal-cultural 213, 218, 221–2 167 political 4–5, 38–9, 42–3, 48, 53–4, amendment 74, 130–31, 136, 284, 293, 297, 130–31, 228, 230–31 300, 303–5 state 29, 247, 250 constitutional 37–9, 47, 72–5, 90–91, 175, adaptation condition 6, 186–7, 197–8, 200 302, 304, 310–11 adaptive efficiency 189 rules 105, 296–7 adjudication 21–2, 126, 177, 180, 182, 231, amparo system 233, 260 354, 361 Anaya, James S. 260 adjudicative process 14, 16, 20, 22 ANC (African National Congress) 42, 50, Adler, Matthew D. 186 54–5, 63–4, 77–9, 208 administrative action 174, 177 Andean law 254–7 administrative cases 165, 174, 176 Andean Secretariat 255–6 administrative rules 166–9, 171–2, 175–6, Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) 251, 254–7 179, 182, 257 Andenaes, Mats 403 Afghanistan 67, 129, 133–4, 139 Angola 326, 410 African National Congress see ANC Angostura Address 409 Aft, Aaron 410 Ansolabehere, Karina 231, 233 agency 6, 241, 294, 296 antidefection provisions 78 costs 295 anti-politics 208, 221–2 agents 7, 15, 143, 159, 293–5, 304 apartheid 63–4, 66, 77–8, 87–8, 153, 155, change 159, 237 208–9, 217–18 Agmon, Iris 121 apex courts 74, 76, 272–3, 279, 390, 399, Agrawala, Rajkumari 108 405, 413–17 Ahmed, Dawood 118, 120 appointment 44, 169, 171, 175, 207, 211, Alabama 300, 383 325–6, 392 al-Ali, Zaid 103 processes 5, 53, 134, 211, 231, 392 Albert, Richard 294 Arab Spring 117, 125

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Arantes, Rogério Bastos 310–11 avoidance 279–80, 283 Arato, Andrew 103, 297 Avril, Pierre 322 arbiters 3, 68–9, 71, 99, 195, 248, 264, 290 Arcioni, Elis 404 Babcock, Gary 29 Argentina 71–2, 272, 276–7, 279, 325, 327, Babcock, Sandra 254 411, 417 backlash 142, 158, 199, 262, 390, 412 Arguelhes, Diego Werneck 273, 281 political 100, 149, 152, 155–6, 158, 228, Aristotelean approach 60–62 232, 412 Ariza, Libardo Jose 29 popular 190, 199 Arizona 252–3 Bacon, Francis 408 Arjomand, Said Amir 127, 128 Bahrain 119, 121, 124 arrest 42, 44, 214 Bailey, Kenneth 331 warrants 192 Baird, Vanessa A. 187, 196, 200, 249 Ashkenaz 408 Asia 38, 164, 403, 415 Bâli, Asli 101, 104, 107 Central 67, 80 Balkin, Jack 294, 379, 383 East 159 Bandes, Susan 24 aspirations 3, 7, 125, 152, 272, 413 Bangladesh 416, 418 assertive decisions 144–6, 150, 153, 156, Bank Hamizrachi 157 158–9 Bánkuti, M. 142 assets 42, 44, 50, 185, 188, 262 Barak, Aharon 54, 109–10, 155, 282, 341, Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 382 405–6, 414 Atiyah, P.S. 206, 210 Barnett, Randy E. 379 ATJ see Andean Tribunal of Justice Barron, Jerome A. 351 attainder, bills of 364–7 Bãsescu, President Traian 412 Austin, Granville 75, 207, 214, 215, 220, 392 basic rights 60, 75, 107–8, 172–3, 264, 268, Australia 83–4, 204–5, 211–12, 216–17, 221, 307 359, 390–91, 417 basic structure doctrine 72, 74–5, 94–5, Constitution 207, 351, 361, 390 137–8, 147, 207, 392, 400 High Court 92, 211, 281, 342, 351, 360, Bastid, Paul 320 390 Bates, Ed 249 Austria 300, 308, 319–20, 322, 327, 330 Baude, William 379, 384 Constitution 307, 320 Baum, Lawrence 230 authoritarian populism 245, 268 Bavaria 91, 352–3 authoritarian rule 66–8, 77, 80, 244, 263, Baxi, Upendra 207, 215, 220 268–9, 308, 310 Beard, Charles A. 294 authority 60, 73–7, 112, 157–9, 166–8, Beck, Colin 61, 419 205–8, 291, 350 Belgium 103 judicial 72–4, 76, 158, 166, 169–70, 244 beliefs 16, 32, 56, 132, 139, 144, 338, 343 persuasive 404, 416 Belov, Sergey 410 political 62, 68, 142–3, 151–2, 158, Benedict, Jeff 199 209–10, 213, 218 Benshoof, Janet 42 state 66, 69, 71, 74, 79, 350 Bentele, Ursula 405 superior 174, 179, 182 Bentes, Fernando R.N.M. 234, 239, 240 autocracy 67–8, 70, 145, 152–3, 311 Benvenisti, Eyal 258, 263 automatic review 253 Benvindo, Juliano Zaiden 43 autonomy 143, 149, 207, 371–2, 394, Bhagwati, P.N. 23, 155, 207, 215, 220–21 417–18 Bhan, Gautam 393 of law 6, 204–5, 209–10, 212–13, 217–18, Bickel, Alexander M. 19, 85, 186, 294, 381 221–2, 225 Bihar 156, 214 Avena 253–4 Bilchitz, David 232, 371 average entrenchment scores 300–302, 306, Bilder, Mary S. 85, 86 309 bills of attainder 364–7

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bills of rights 66, 83, 87–8, 94, 109, 148, Cameron, Charles M. 275 153, 159 Cameron, Edwin 217 binding force 125–7, 177–8, 245–7, 249–50, Campbell, Michael 260–62 253–5, 258, 264, 328–9 Canada 83–4, 343–4, 346, 357–8, 371–3, Binmore, Ken 69 386–7, 404–6, 413–15 Birchfield, Lauren 236, 238 Charter of Rights and Freedoms 28, 73, Black, Hugo 384 285, 292, 346, 348, 358, 406 Black, Ryan C. 277 Supreme Court 278, 280, 285, 346–7, 383, Black Codes 87–8 386–7, 389, 405–7 Blume, Andreas 69 Canale, Damiano 404 Board, Oliver 69 Canotilho, J.J. Gomes 319 Bobbitt, Philip 77, 384 capital punishment 381, 389 Bobek, Michal 404, 410 Cappelletti, Mauro 84, 170 Bodin, Jean 408–9 career judges 176, 181, 234 Bolívar, Simón 409–10 Cardenas, Jaime 233 Bolivia 263, 310, 326 Carrubba, Clifford J. 274, 278 Bombay 92–3, 215 Cartagena Agreement 254–5 Bomhoff, Jacco 206, 216, 359 Cassels, Jamie 23 Bommai 93 Cassillas, Christopher J. 279 Bongiovanni, Giorgio 320 Castillejos-Aragón, Monica 150, 153 Bookman, Pamela K. 254 Castles, Francis G. 41 borrowing 96, 404, 417 Castagnola, Andrea 231 Botha, Henk 208 Casto, William R. 85 Botswana 404 Catalonia 406 boycotts 74, 91 categorization 8, 118, 156, 324, 329, 338 Boyer, Allen D. 85 causal factors 150–52 Brazil 231, 233–5, 238–41, 300, 318–19, causal model 151–2 324–5, 327, 329 Cavallaro, James L. 259 Brest, Paul 349 central government 93, 143, 145, 255 Brewer-Carias, Allan R. 324 centralization 322–4, 334 Breyer, Stephen 197, 362–3, 405 centralized review 8, 165–6, 320, 322 Brinks, Daniel M. 233, 234 Cepeda-Espinosa, Manuel José 29 British India 92, 135 Chan, Johannes 394 British North America Act 386–7 Chandrachud, Y.V. 93, 211, 215, 391 broad-based legal-cultural movement 6, 205, Chang, Wen-Chen 5, 10, 164–82, 410 215–16, 218, 220–22 change 48–50, 197, 211–13, 228–9, 249, Brodie, Ian 278 265–6, 268–9, 293–5 Brown, Nathan 122 agents 159, 237 Bryde, Brun-Otto 415 Chanock, Martin 221 Buck, Solon Justus 303 charismatic judges 6, 205, 207, 215–16, 218, budgets 30, 239, 275 221–2 Bugaric, Bojan 272, 273, 274 Charney, Jonathan 407 Burbank, Stephen 142 Chaskalson, Matthew 42 Burdeau, Georges 320 Chayes, Abram 29 bureaucracy 43, 148, 150, 157, 160, 229, Chechnya 407 239–40, 242 Chen, Albert H.Y. 170, 394–5 Burgis, Michelle 125 Cherokee 384 Bushell, Alison 329, 406 chief justices 169, 171, 175, 180, 215, 384–5, Bushnell, David 409–10 392, 405 Butt, Simon 39, 148 Chien-Chih Lin 54 children 24, 237, 344, 364–6 Calabresi, Steven G. 3, 10, 83–96 Chile 44, 147, 154, 238, 325–6 Caldeira, Gregory A. 206, 210, 249 China 66, 155, 262, 272, 394, 411, 416

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choicefulness 359, 362 collective bargaining 304, 346 choices 9, 106–9, 196–7, 232–3, 357, 359, collegial courts 178–80 364, 366–7 collegial relationships 165, 181 controversial 105, 108, 112 Collins, Paul M., Jr. 278 institutional 16, 165 Colombia 23–5, 29–30, 72–3, 229, 231, Chon, Jong-ik 172–4, 180, 181 233–41, 251, 254–7 Choper, Jesse H. 72, 88, 89 Constitutional Court 24, 30, 71, 73, 234–7, Choudhry, Sujit 61, 99, 101, 103, 125, 208, 255–7, 285 292, 358, 391, 393, 405, 417 Supreme Court 235, 254 Chowdhury, Rishad Ahmed 280 colonialism 64, 87, 93, 323–4 Christian Democrats 39, 52, 91 Colón-Ríos, Joel I. 332 Christianity 130–33, 149, 352–3 Comella, Victor Ferreres 168, 318, 322 Chuan, Gan Ching 23 common law jurisdictions 156, 328, 371, 383, citations 415 comparative 10, 403, 407, 409 community standards, contemporary 283–4 foreign 10, 403–5, 407, 410–18 comparative analysis 6, 13, 20–21, 32, 204, citizen rights 186, 188 209, 226, 229 citizens 19–21, 63–4, 144–5, 185–9, 191–5, comparative citations 10, 403, 407, 409 199–201, 337–40, 384–5 comparative constitutional law 1, 3, 8, 60–63, individual 45, 327, 339 77, 226, 405–6, 417 citizenship 112, 353, 409, 414–15 comparative reference 10, 405, 407–10, civil courts 131–2 417–19 civil law 92, 234, 328, 359, 383, 410 comparative sources 407, 410–11, 419 civil rights 41, 88, 199, 254 compensation 50, 168, 189, 194–5, 262, 304 civil servants 176–7, 234, 311, 386 competences 84, 86, 166, 171, 176, 179, 282, civil society 1, 6, 66–7, 73, 226–7, 229, 350 235–7, 240 competition 5, 143, 164–5, 169–72, 178, 181, actors 155, 233 309 groups 226, 228–33, 236–7, 241 political 39, 41, 53, 56, 67–8, 210 international 6, 232, 242 competitive elections 66, 77 civil wars 66, 88, 103, 148, 185, 189, 191, competitive party system 153, 274 197 complexity 3, 8, 36, 129, 137, 330–31 Clark, Henry 407 compliance 121, 123, 128–9, 134, 228–9, Clark, Tom S. 274 237, 277, 339 Classical Legal Thought 206, 213–14, 218–19 constitutional 1, 5, 185, 188, 291 classification 118, 177, 319, 323, 325, 330, monitoring 228, 232 333–4, 342 comprehensive doctrines 339–40, 352 binary 323, 325 compromises 48, 52, 102–3, 106–7, 110, 119, dualist 333–4 121, 188–9 clauses of constitutional Islam 4, 117–19, compulsory jurisdiction 245, 252 121, 133, 138 Concordat Case 90, 388 clemency 253, 399 concrete review 166, 176–7, 179, 318–19, Clinton, Robert L. 85 322, 324, 330, 333 coalitions 52, 54, 149, 231, 235, 278, 285, conflict 4–5, 101–4, 107, 109, 111–12, 145, 290 165–9, 174 political 49, 53–4, 211, 228, 291, 293 resolution 99, 101, 104 Cohen, Linda 200 conflicting national law 246, 255–7 Cohen, William 84, 191, 200 Congress Party 93, 204, 214 Cohen-Eliya, Moshe 25, 142, 206, 341, 359 Conrad, Coutenay Ryals 275 coherence 14, 16, 418 consensus 69, 107, 119, 186–8, 200, 284 Cold War 37, 63, 66, 268 condition 5, 186–8, 195, 199–200 collaboration 5, 29, 164–5, 169, 171, 176, overlapping 102, 351, 355 181 consent 171, 175, 180, 252–3, 278, 339

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consistency 176, 197, 354 constitutional obedience 244–5, 247–8, 250, consociational solutions 64, 79, 103, 109 252, 254, 257, 264–5, 268–9 consolidation 67–8, 79, 190, 205, 207, 214 cultures of 244–5, 247–50, 258 constituent assemblies 64–5, 71, 103, 105, constitutional orders 60, 74, 112, 146, 180, 109, 122–3, 392–3 268, 396 constitutional adjudication 61, 172–3, 206, constitutional permissiveness 104, 109, 113 210, 212, 214, 217, 220–2 constitutional politics 16, 205, 300 constitutional amendments 37–9, 47, 72–5, constitutional principles 9, 55, 63, 72, 108, 90–91, 175, 302, 304, 310–11 122, 146, 149 constitutional arrangements 20, 52, 62, 64, constitutional provisions 44–5, 54, 56, 123–4, 99, 101, 107–10, 112–13 303–5, 379–80, 383–4, 387–90 permissive 104, 109 constitutional reforms 38–9, 72, 170, 233, constitutional authority 62, 71, 73–4, 147, 322, 406 245 constitutional review 4–7, 36, 74–5, 121, constitutional bargains 47–9, 56, 69, 396 124–5, 164–5, 244–8, 321–3 constitutional change 37, 47–50, 56, 295, international 6, 244, 246–7, 259, 268–9 297, 301–2, 305, 311 constitutional revolutions 109, 154–5, 406 constitutional commitments 4, 28, 117–18, constitutional rights 21–2, 29, 31, 128, 131–2, 138, 293, 406, 415 206, 391, 397 constitutional constraints 3, 54, 76, 195, 293, constitutional specificity 291, 293, 300–301, 311 303–5, 307, 310 constitutional conventions 186, 189, 303–4, constitutional stability 185–94, 196–7, 201 309 constitutional structure 3, 10, 42, 74, 78, 385, constitutional courts 37–9, 52–6, 65–72, 404 89–91, 121–4, 164–82, 256–7, 318–29; constitutional systems 2, 5, 8, 10, 185, see also under individual countries 212–13, 323, 404 independent 41, 125, 164, 180, 311 constitutional theory 13, 61, 292, 294, 300, new 3, 45, 47, 62–3, 155, 159, 164, 170–71 311–12 specialized 5, 45, 121–2, 124–5, 307, 354 constitutional transgressions 185–6, 188, strong 62–3, 70, 72, 100 194–5 constitutional cultures 6, 206–7, 209–14, 220, constitutional values 14–15, 21, 43, 146, 269, 391, 399–400, 405 193–4, 264, 388 constitutional democracies 65, 77–8, 85, constitutional-cultural salience 205, 210, 212 150–51, 153, 159, 333, 367 constitutional-cultural transformation 204, constitutional design 3–4, 70, 72–3, 79, 103, 211–12, 216–18, 221 113, 300–301, 400 constitutionalism 16–17, 37, 62, 64, 76–7, 79, constitutional drafters 100, 102, 104–5, 111, 83, 291–2 113, 292, 304–5, 307–8 court-centered 62, 340 constitutional goals 15–16, 29 democratic 181, 311 constitutional governance 61, 64, 78, 300, modern 72, 293 394 popular 22, 25 constitutional history 9, 379–80, 384, 388–9, constitutionality 87–8, 166–9, 171–2, 176–7, 391–3, 396–7, 399–400 321–3, 350, 385–6, 417 constitutional identity 10, 267, 409 of laws/legislation 83, 85–6, 122–4, 166, constitutional insurance 37–8, 40–41, 43, 172, 175–7, 179, 322 46–9, 52–6 constitutionalization 43, 46, 88, 304, 411 constitutional interpretation 9, 21–2, 121, 361, constitution-makers 291, 293–4, 301, 311–12 363, 386–7, 398–9, 403–4 constitutions 99–106, 117–31, 133–8, 185–90, constitutional Islam, clauses of 4, 117–19, 290–8, 300–305, 307–12, 383–93; see 121, 133, 138 also under individual countries constitutional jurisprudence 54, 394, 398, average entrenchment scores 300–302, 306, 404, 406, 411, 416, 418 309 constitutional meaning 4–5, 21–2, 143, 195 average word count 298, 301–3, 306, 310

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continental European 305–6, 308 Coxe, Brinton 85 democratic 295–8, 300–301, 311 Crane, William W. 61 flexible 7, 291–2, 295–6, 302, 307, 312 credible threats of punishment 187, 191 formal 64, 76, 99, 103–4, 107–8, 294 criminal law 130, 345 self-stabilizing 5, 185–6, 188–9, 197, criminal punishment 41, 50, 366 200–201 Croatia 326 un-entrenched 295, 301, 312 Cross, Frank B. 296 written 37, 77, 83, 87, 108–9, 112, 300, cross-collateralized promises 49 304 Crosskey, William W. 85 constitutive laws 407, 409, 417–18 Crouch, Melissa 39 constraints 74, 230, 232, 338, 340, 354, 359, Crow, Jim 88 363 Cruz, Ted 254 constitutional 3, 54, 76, 195, 293, 311 Cuba 66 consultative assemblies 39, 127–8 cultures 80, 156, 158, 209, 213, 234–5, contemporary community standards 283–4 248–9, 268 contextual dynamics 164–5, 170, 179–82 constitutional 6, 206–7, 209–14, 220, 269, Contiades, Xenophon 294 391, 399–400, 405 contract 46, 49, 68–9, 143, 219 of constitutional obedience 244, 247–50, control 4, 7, 52–3, 180, 259, 291–2, 294–5, 258 304 political 21, 146, 245, 248, 264 democratic 302–3, 311–12 Cyprus 79 docket 229, 280 Czarnota, Adam 143 enhanced 305, 312 Czech Republic/Czechoslovakia 63, 307, 320, loss of 43, 56, 292 327 popular 7, 301–2, 305, 307 social 143, 310 Dahl, Robert A. 273, 293, 294 controversial decisions 4, 104, 158, 187, 191, Daly, Tom 1, 185 196, 285, 352 Damsa, Liviu 39, 55 convergence 25, 373, 403 Dawson, Benjamin 132 cooperation 5, 179–80, 186, 189 de-adjudication 14, 22, 32 model 169, 175, 179–80 death penalty 178, 252, 254, 284, 290, 381, coordination 5, 16, 188, 194, 196–7, 201 398, 404 dilemmas 186, 188, 193, 195 De Búrca, Gráinne 246, 265 mechanisms 187, 197 decency 284 Corley, Pamela C. 277 decentralization 43, 56, 322–4 corruption 41, 78, 144, 148, 153, 214, 249, decision-making processes 8, 325, 328, 332 385 declarations of unconstitutionality 8, 322, official 78, 145, 149 327–8, 333 Corsi, Jessica 236, 238 deeply divided societies 4, 99–105, 108 cosmopolitanism 411, 416, 419 deference 274, 279, 281–3, 344, 349, 373, Costa Rica 229, 325–6 399, 405 costs 46, 275–7, 281, 283, 285–6, 293–4, deferral 49, 71–3, 75, 99, 105–7, 373 369–71, 374 first-order 72–3 external 251, 259 second-order 73–4 Cotterrell, Roger 209 de Figueiredo, Rui J.P. Jr. 185, 188 Council of Grand Justices 155, 164, 171, 174 Delaney, Erin 3, 24, 84, 145, 157, 280–81, Council of Islamic Ideology 129, 135 373 counter-majoritarian approach 53, 55, 62, 359 delay 47, 73, 157, 281, 369–70, 372, 375–6 coups 40, 71, 119, 185, 188 democracy 62–4, 66–7, 69–72, 74–7, 79–80, court-centered constitutionalism 62, 340 146–7, 153–4, 310–12 court-packing 187, 191 constitutional 65, 77–8, 85, 150–51, 153, Couso, Javier A. 144 159, 333, 367 Couto, Cláudio G. 310–11 fragile 1, 41, 60, 76, 80, 145, 151, 259

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liberal 210, 337 interpretive 291–2 new democracies 64, 67–8, 70, 80, 144–5, judicial 281, 290–3, 295–6, 299, 303, 307, 164, 170, 291 309, 311 weak 62, 80 legislative 173 democratic accountability 70 unreviewable 281 democratic constitutionalism 181, 311 discrimination 76, 126, 135, 147, 348, 371, democratic constitutions 295–8, 300–301, 311 373 democratic control 302–3, 311–12 displaced persons 30, 236 democratic elections 2, 36, 38–9, 46–7, 52, disproportionality 343, 366–7; see also 56, 79 proportionality democratic governance 3, 64, 66–7, 69, 72–3, dissents 92, 188, 192–3, 198–200, 215, 219, 77, 80, 376 328, 344–5 democratic governments 3, 63, 101, 152, 171, distrust 170, 180, 190, 304, 312, 341 251, 301 Diver, Colin S. 29 democratic institutions 60–61, 63, 65, 67, 69, divided powers 79, 147 71, 73, 75 divided societies 4, 79, 99–105, 108, 110–11, democratic legitimacy 64, 67, 77, 180, 182 113, 312 democratic majorities 65, 291, 294–5, 312 Dixon, Rosalind 1–12, 13, 28, 36–57, 71, 72, democratic politics 76, 159, 207 75, 105, 107, 117, 148, 155, 157, 188, democratic polities 292, 297–8, 300–301 197, 239, 274, 279, 281, 292, 295, democratic pressures 295, 308, 310 296,311, 312, 372 democratic processes 60, 76–7, 146 docket control 229, 280 democratic self-governance 62, 294, 371–2, doctrines 8–9, 22–3, 207, 281–3, 357, 376 360–61, 363–4, 376 democratic self-government 76, 79 basic structure 74–5, 94, 207, 392, 400 democratic society 2, 7, 76, 79, 158, 343, limiting 7, 276, 279, 281 358, 374 political question 71, 89, 156, 281–3, 286 democratic stability 3, 67 proportionality 357–64, 368, 370, 372–3, democratic transitions 3, 143, 146, 170–71, 375–6 179 Solange 265, 267 democratization 54, 164–5, 176, 180–82, 301, Dodek, Adam 406 305, 309, 312 domestic civil society groups 226, 230, 232 Den Otter, Ronald C. 338 domestic law 247, 250–51, 256, 258–9, 269, Denmark 300 409, 411 Dershowitz, Alan 84 dominant elites 37–8, 40, 47, 52–3 design strategies 292–3, 296 dominant parties 40, 68, 144, 231–2 Desposato, Scott W. 78 Dorsen, Norman 403 destabilization 6, 68, 79, 165, 187, 191, 206, Doyle, Don H. 407 213–15 drafters 99–100, 105–8, 111–12, 290, 292, detention 42, 44–5, 209, 215, 217 380–81, 383, 385–8 Deva, Surya 238 constitutional 100, 102, 104–5, 111, 113, development, economic 198–9, 285, 297 292, 304–5, 307–8 de Visser, Maartje 8 Draganova, Diana 407 De Vos, Pierre 208 Dred Scott 88, 187, 201, 384–5 dialogue 73, 237, 240, 264, 291, 329, 373, Drori, Gili 61, 419 406 dualism 15–16, 137, 319, 329 Dienes, C. Thomas 351 Europe-model 323, 332–3 Diermeier, Daniel 275 dualist classification 333–4 diffuse review 318, 330, 333 dualist typologies 330–31 dignity 60, 160, 238, 339, 343, 417 due process 41, 45, 95, 146, 150, 156, Dinan, John J. 291, 295, 302, 304–5 214–15, 394 discretion 24, 28, 187, 196, 279–80, 283, Dugard, John 217 291–2, 295–6 du Plessis, Lourens 405

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Dupuy, Pierre-Marie 253 political 1–3, 36–7, 40–43, 45–7, 52, 56, duties 17–22, 26–7, 32, 123, 126, 195, 198, 96, 294 339–40 ruling 40, 48, 120, 294, 305 fundamental 2, 14 Elkins, Zachary 70, 185, 295, 297, 298, 312, Duxbury, Neil 219, 220 419 Dworkin, Ronald 170, 197, 339 Ellman, Stephen 208, 217 Dyzenhaus, David 206, 217 Elster, Jon 107, 143, 292 Emmert, Frank 37 East Asia 159 empowerment, judicial 6, 38, 52, 88, 144, Eastern Europe 37, 159, 272, 308 228, 285 Eaton, Amasa M. 304 enforcement 3, 23–4, 54, 83, 229, 238, 293, 295 Eberle, Christopher J. 338 judicial 3, 83, 87, 136, 257–8 Ebobrah, Solomon 261 entrenched constitutions 105, 293–6 ECHR see European Court of Human Rights entrenched documents 294–5, 312 ECJ see European Court of Justice entrenching 43, 46, 145, 199, 286, 292–3 economic crisis 151, 233–4, 302 entrenchment 7, 73, 293–4, 296, 298, 301, economic development 198–9, 285, 297 308–9, 312 economic governance 159 elite hegemonic 84, 87 economic redistribution 51, 294 scores 297, 300, 305, 308–9 economic reforms 180, 310 average 300–302, 306, 309 economic rights 60, 150, 155, 285 environmental changes 186, 189, 200 ECtHR see European Court of Human Rights Epp, Charles 6, 37, 145, 226–30, 238 Ecuador 251, 254–7, 263, 310 Epperly, Brad 36, 40, 41, 56 education 88, 90, 126, 150, 154, 160, 200, Epstein, Lee 7, 144, 150, 152, 158, 196, 298 272–86, 324, 366 effectiveness 1, 5–7, 21, 30, 54, 56, 228, 285 equal rights 132, 181 effects-oriented scrutiny 9, 338, 347 equality 94, 135, 150, 174, 196, 343, 348, efficacy 3, 7, 46, 48, 56, 272–3, 275–6, 281 417 Egypt 102, 106, 118–22, 124–5, 138–9, 142, rights 371, 373 149, 413 equity 5, 373–4, 384 Eisenberg, Theodore 349 effects 233, 239 Eisenmann, Charles 320 Eskridge, William N., Jr. 273, 274, 276, 294 Eisenstadt, Todd A. 312 establishment clauses 4, 124, 130, 138, 383 Eisgruber, Chris 54, 294 Islamic 4, 117, 120, 126–7, 129 elected actors 273–4, 283, 285 ethnicity 64, 101, 414, 416 elected representatives 122, 175, 291, 373 Europe 275, 282, 307–9, 318–20, 322–3, 328, elections 52–3, 67, 70, 77, 79, 279–80, 350, 333, 416–17 411–12 Eastern 37, 159, 272, 308 competitive 66, 77 European Community see European Union critical 144, 154 European constitutional courts 282, 322, 388 democratic 2, 36, 38–9, 46–7, 52, 56, 79 European Court of Human Rights (EC(t)HR) parliamentary 52, 123, 412 142, 153, 248, 355, 357, 404–5, 414–15, presidential 133, 156–7, 190, 234, 412 417 electoral laws 41, 105, 146 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 142, 148, electoral majorities 66, 292, 304–5 153, 264–6, 278, 415 electoral power 37, 39, 41–2, 46, 290 European law 153, 264–5, 267 electoral processes 66, 70, 412 European model 8, 318–25, 328–9, 332–4 elite hegemonic entrenchment 84, 87 European Union 67, 72, 153, 255, 261, elites 37, 40, 42–4, 46–7, 293–5, 305, 307, 264–5, 267 311 Evans, Carolyn 397 dominant 37–8, 40, 47, 52–3 executive action 48, 83, 121, 198 hegemonic 83, 87–8, 91 executive branch 51, 83, 127, 258, 326

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executive power 42, 50, 72, 74 Fix-Zamudio, Héctor 233 Exigency Council 127–8 Flemming, Roy B. 280 exogenous shock 6, 205, 213–18, 221–2 flexibility 105, 143, 291, 295–8, 300–302, expansive interpretations 145, 191, 397 304, 308–9, 311 expectations 69, 128, 248, 380, 382, 384, flexible constitutions 7, 291–2, 295–6, 302, 386, 404 307, 312 coordinating 194–5, 198 Florida 146 expertise 17, 92, 419 Fombad, Charles 78 external actors 7, 230, 235, 272, 276–9, 283, Fontana, David 117, 280–81 286 food 30, 236–8 incoming 7, 276, 279 right-to-food 236–7 external support 6, 226, 229, 234, 236, foreign citations 10, 403–5, 407, 410–18 240–41 foreign jurisprudence 403, 405, 410, 416 extra-constitutional action 185, 188 foreign law 404–5, 407–8, 410–11, 413, 415, extra-legal values 211, 216, 221 418 Eylon, Yuval 14 formal constitutions 64, 76, 99, 103–4, 107–8, 294 Fairgrieve, Duncan 403 formalism 204, 209, 214, 219, 247, 256, 371, Falleti, Tulia G. 204 399 Fallon, Richard H. Jr 19, 321 textual 219, 351 family law 105, 108, 121, 130, 136–7 value 216 Farber, Daniel A. 37, 46, 145, 159 Fotiadou, Alkmene 294 Farrand, Max 189 Fourteenth Amendment 88, 196, 205, 214, Favoreu, Louis 322, 329, 333 219, 380–81 FCC see Federal Constitutional Court Fourth Amendment 192, 363 Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) 90–91, fragile democracies 1, 41, 60, 76, 80, 145, 254, 264–5, 267–8, 280–82, 380–81, 151, 259 387–9, 415 France 44, 83, 249, 322, 325, 355, 408–9 Federal Court of India 92–3 Constitutional Council 322–3, 325–6, 328 federal legislation 195, 199, 274 franchise 44–5, 76, 305, 350 Federal Sharia Court 129, 134–8 Franklin, Julian 408 federalism 42, 44–5, 83–90, 187, 191, 194–7, free speech 45, 91, 135, 181, 196, 385 404, 409 freedoms 42, 44, 73–4, 76, 150, 342–3, Fedtke, Jorg 103 357–8, 409–10 Feeley, Malcolm M. 29, 153, 237 of movement 42, 44 Feldman, Noah 117, 206 of political communication 208, 342, 360 Ferejohn, John 26, 144, 153, 159, 187, 190, of religion 126, 131–2, 342, 344, 351–2, 275, 285, 294, 307, 318, 324, 328 397 Fernández Segado, Francisco 324, 331 Freeman, Samuel 340 Fernando, Joseph 130, 396 Friedman, Barry 3, 84, 144–5, 186, 187, Ferraz, Octavio Luiz Motta 233, 239 189–92, 199, 228, 279 Ferrer Mac-Gregor, Eduardo 324 Friedman, Lawrence 160 Ferreres Comella, Victor 318, 322 Friedrich, Carl J. 25, 107 final courts 165–6, 171, 174, 176, 178, 181, Fritz, Christian 302, 305 217 Frosini, Justin O. 324, 331 multiple 5, 164, 174 Fuller, Lon L. 216 Finkel, Jodi 2, 36, 39, 47, 51, 70, 144, 231 fundamental rights 23, 90, 108, 206, 209, First Amendment 21, 189, 196, 351, 362 212, 217, 265 Fischman, Joshua B. 196 Fusaro, Carlo 293, 294 Fish, Eric S. 371 Fisher, Louis 24 Gadbois, George H., Jr. 215 Fiss, Owen M. 15, 29 Galligan, Brian 208 Fitzgibbon, Russell H. 310 Gandhi, Indira 94–5, 146–7, 207, 214, 220

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Gandhi, Mahatma 93–4 constitutional 61, 64, 78, 300, 394 Gandhi, Maneka 95, 394 democratic 3, 64, 66–7, 69, 72–3, 77, 80, Gandhi, Sanjay 95 376 Gardbaum, Stephen 27, 290, 291, 296, 318, judicial roles in 142–3, 145, 147, 150–51, 329, 406 153, 155, 158–60, 163 Garditz, Klaus Ferdinand 254 government 26–7, 29–31, 109–10, 146–7, Gargarella, Roberto 309–11 250–51, 257–63, 275–7, 373–5 Garlicki, Lech 164, 166, 170 action 5, 54, 75, 185, 188–9, 194, 197, 348 Garoupa, Nuno 47, 166 agencies 157, 166, 172–3, 175 Garrett, Geoffrey R. 148 central 93, 143, 145, 255 Gatmaytan, Dante 36, 39 democratic 3, 63, 101, 152, 171, 251, 301 Gelter, Martin 404, 410 federal 90, 93, 190–91, 278 general jurisdiction 5, 45, 62, 166–8 good 148, 357, 367 Gentili, Gianluca 404 local 43, 50–51, 56, 143, 148, 166, 172 Georgia 146, 154, 196, 300, 384 national 56, 87, 90, 145, 147, 195 Gerber, Scott D. 85 officials 122, 126, 148, 259, 304 Germany 89–91, 206–7, 212, 216–18, 251–4, representative 16, 362 264–7, 389, 413–15 state 90–91, 93, 131, 352 Constitution/Basic Law 90, 254, 264–7, subnational 44, 145, 147 388 governmental power 42, 44, 71, 75–6, 172 Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) 90–91, Graber, Mark 148, 228, 290 254, 264–5, 267–8, 280–82, 380–81, Grant, J.A.C. 319 387–9, 415 Greene, Jamal 9, 10, 370, 379–400 Nazi 216–17, 221 Grey, Thomas C. 85 Ghai, Yash 103, 406 grievances 2, 13, 17–22, 24–5, 27–8, 32, Giblin, Colleen E. 47 144–5 Gibson, James L. 206, 210, 249, 280 individual 19, 22, 24, 27, 32, 166, 172–4, Gicquel, Jean 322 179 Giles, Michael 279 Griffin, Stephen M. 294 Gillman, Howard 213–14, 218–19, 235, 279 Grimm, Dieter 285, 344, 415 Ginsburg, Tom 1, 2–3, 13, 23, 36–57, 68–70, Groppi, Tania 403 83–4, 85, 100, 105, 107, 143–6, 153–5, Guardian Council 127–8 158, 159, 164, 166, 169, 173, 174, 179, Guarnieri, Carlo 144, 149, 153, 154 185, 197, 228, 269, 272–4, 279, 290–91, Guha, Ramachandra 214 293, 295–8, 312, 324–6, 328, 385, 411 Gulener, Serdar 43 Glazer, Nathan 101 Glenn, H. Patrick 404 habeas corpus 156, 207, 215 globalization 159, 258, 263, 403 Hadfield, Gillian K. 186, 188, 295 Gloppen, Siri 1, 241, 311 Hailbronner, Michaela 206, 212, 216, 220–21 goals 15–17, 227–9, 236, 241, 284–5, 331–2, Halabi, Sam 412 342, 357 Ha-Levi, Yehudah 416 constitutional 15–16, 29 Hall, Melinda Gann 274 general 29, 129, 285 Halliday, Terrence C. 153 legitimate 366, 375 Halmai, Gabor 160, 168, 414 policy 6, 50, 295, 346 Hamburger, Philip 85, 86, 87 political 204–5, 210, 212, 228 Hamilton, Alexander 71, 85–6, 190, 194–5, Goldstein, Leslie F. 85 320 Goldsworthy, Jeffrey 329, 361, 390 Hardin, Russell 186, 293 good government 148, 357, 367 Harding, Andrew 416 Gopalan 393–4 Harel, Alon 2, 13–33, 100, 185, 251, 264 governance 43, 86, 125–6, 142–5, 150–53, harm 21, 30, 69, 229, 362–3, 369, 371–2, 375 158–9, 272, 295 harmony 129, 210, 373, 396 anti-democratic 311 Harrington, Matthew P. 85

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Hart Ely, John 16, 76, 342 human rights 60, 63, 246, 249, 258–61, Haupt, Claudia E. 418 404–5, 415, 417 Hawkins, Darren G. 250, 259 Huneeus, Alexandra 144, 258, 259, 263 Hayek, F.A. 186 Hungary 37, 63, 68, 142, 269, 280, 404 health 30, 89, 219, 232–3, 238–9, 255, 363 Constitutional Court 142, 168, 274, 280 hearing(s) 2, 13–15, 17–22, 25–8, 31–3, 156, Huntington, Samuel 67 178, 214 Huppert, George 409 hegemonic elites 83, 87–8, 91 hybrid systems 4, 118, 125, 129, 133–4, Helfer, Laurence 255, 257, 259, 261, 262 138–9, 319, 333–4 Helmke, Gretchen 46, 273–5, 279 Hendrianto, Stefanus 39, 155 IACtHR see Inter-American Court of Human Rights Hertel, Shareen 237 Iaryczower, Matias 273, 276–7 heterogeneity 6, 226–7, 230, 380 ICCPR see International Covenant on Civil hierarchical order 171, 180, 182 and Political Rights hierarchy 131, 137–8, 343 ICJ see International Court of Justice Higginson, Stephen A. 21 ideal types 23, 209, 324, 333 Hilbink, Lisa 37, 40, 144, 210 ideational conflicts/tensions 99–100, 103, Hill, Enid 122 105–7, 111, 113 Hirschl, Ran 1, 2, 8, 9–10, 36, 38, 39, 43, 61, identity 19, 100–101, 414, 416 83–5, 87, 88, 96, 99, 100, 111, 118, 142, conflicts 101, 103, 105 144, 149, 155, 157, 228, 290, 293, 294, constitutional 10, 267, 409 403–18 groups 102–3, 109 Hirschman, Albert O. 102 linguistic 100–101, 105 historical argument 380, 384–5, 389, 392–3, national 99, 101, 104–6, 217, 397, 416 395–7, 399–400 identity-formation factors 411, 413, 415 historical meanings 364, 382, 390 ideological projects 208, 211–12 historical wrongs 3, 83, 87, 89, 96 ideologies 144, 206, 210–11, 216 history 9–10, 85–6, 379–85, 387–9, 391–2, legitimating 6, 204, 206, 209–10, 213, 216, 394, 397–400, 408–10 218, 222 constitutional 9, 379–80, 384, 388–9, illicit motives 341, 343, 347–9 391–3, 396–7, 399–400 immanent values 206, 217 legislative 344, 391, 399 incentives 37, 46, 48–9, 53, 185, 187, use 9, 383, 393, 400 190–91, 240 Hobbs, Harry 361 Inclán, Silvia Oseguera 26, 39, 40 Hoffman, Elizabeth 47 incumbents 5, 43, 54, 144–6, 158, 185, 188, Hoffmann, Florian 234, 239, 240 228 Hogg, Peter W. 329, 346, 406 independence, judicial 40–41, 51–4, 64, 125, Holden, Richard 298 190, 282–3, 311, 392 Hollis-Brusky, Amanda 142 independent judicial review 3, 36, 40, 52–3 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 214, 219–20, 366 India 23–4, 92–6, 107–12, 210–12, 215–18, Holmes, Stephen 105 236, 391–2, 394 Holocaust 87, 90–91, 389 Constitution 23, 75, 93–5, 211, 214, 220, Hong Kong 28, 272, 379, 394–5, 404, 411, 391, 393–4 416 Supreme Court 72, 74, 92–5, 110, 155–8, Basic Law 394–5 227, 229, 416–17 courts 394–5 indigenous rights 259–60 Horowitz, Donald L. 19, 101, 104, 113 individual grievances/complaints 19, 22, 24, Horwitz, Morton 186, 205–6, 213–14, 218–19 27, 32, 166, 172–4, 179 housing 30, 50, 150, 234, 238 individual rights 42, 45, 87–8, 91, 95, 383, Howell, P.A. 92 385–6, 390–91 Huls, Nick 148, 153 Indonesia 39, 102, 119, 167, 326, 416, 418 human dignity see dignity inertia 369–70, 376

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influence international judicial review 246, 259, 262–3, loss of 42–3, 51, 56 268 policy 3, 36, 41, 56 international law 6–7, 244–52, 254, 257–60, political 36, 249 263–5, 267–9, 405, 407 injunctions 29, 74, 134–6, 232, 238, 261 culture of constitutional obedience to 244, institutional design 2, 5, 113, 118–19, 164–5, 247–8, 268 168–9, 178–82, 340–41 violations of 246–7, 250, 262 institutional legitimacy 7, 29, 155, 273, 281, international legal review 247, 249, 259 391 international treaties 133, 153, 246, 251–2, institutional prestige 169–70, 180–81 257–8 Institutional Revolutionary Party see PRI interpretation 9–10, 100–1, 118, 120–21, 174, 176–9, 382, 395 institutional structures 2, 16, 47, 65, 118, 120 constitutional 9, 21–2, 121, 361, 363, institutions 15–17, 19–21, 29–30, 103–4, 386–7, 398–9, 403–4 109–10, 275–6, 323–4, 326–7 expansive 145, 191, 397 democratic 60–61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, purposive 380, 397, 404 75 statutory 196, 380, 390 international 246, 262, 267 invalidation 164, 168, 349–50, 353, 369, 372, mediating 66, 68 375, 383 political 32, 60, 105, 153, 181, 189, 340, invalidity, suspended declarations of 372–3, 343 376 instrumentalism 15–16, 19, 206, 210–12, 216, Ip, Eric C. 394, 395 218, 220–22, 411 Iran 118–20, 123, 125, 127 insurance 2–3, 36–9, 42, 44–8, 50–53, 56, 84, Guardian Council 127–8 87 Islamic Consultative Assembly 127–8 constitutional 37–8, 40–41, 43, 46–9, 52–6 Iraq 67, 103, 119, 121–2 contracts 48–9 Ireland 414, 416 idea of 36–7, 43–4, 56 Islam 4, 112, 117–20, 122, 126–30, 132–8, personal 44–5 396; see also Muslims policy-based 43–5, 51 constitutional commitment to 4, 117–18, political 2–3, 36–40, 44–6, 48, 52–6, 144 138 power-based 41–2, 44–5 role 4, 112, 126, 135, 139 theory 3, 38–40, 44, 46, 56, 273–5 Islamic Consultative Assembly 127–8 two-sided 38, 46, 49–50, 52 Islamic establishment clause 4, 117, 120, insurance-based logic 50–51, 54 126–7, 129 intent 236, 276, 341, 365, 388, 392–3, 395–8 Islamic judicial review 118, 125, 129, 135, original 379, 386, 395, 398 138–9 intentions 9, 54, 296, 380, 383–4, 386–8, Islamic law 92, 117–20, 125–6, 132, 134–5, 390, 397 137, 139 legislative 341, 352 Islamic model 129, 138 Inter-American Court of Human Rights Islamic principles 127, 136–7 (IACtHR) 249, 259–60, 263 Islamic review 118, 135 interdisciplinary approach 1–2, 419 Islamic revivalism 117, 131 internally displaced persons 30, 236 Islamic Sharia see Sharia international constitutional review 6, 244, Islamic state 4, 111, 117–18, 120, 127, 138, 246–7, 259, 268–9 416 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 175, 246, Islamism 111, 123–4, 131, 136, 138–9, 155, 251–3 397 international courts 1, 6–7, 244–7, 249, 259, Israel 23–4, 75–6, 100, 102, 108–12, 155, 262–3, 268–9; see also individual courts 405, 413–17 International Covenant on Civil and Political self-definition 413–14 Rights (ICCPR) 178, 411, 417 Supreme Court 31, 109–10, 154–5, 280, international institutions 246, 262, 267 282, 326, 405, 413–16

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Issacharoff, Samuel 1, 3, 43, 60–80, 100, judicial reasoning 23, 193, 205, 338, 350, 157, 208, 279, 281, 282, 291, 311, 372, 354, 363 373 judicial roles 3, 5, 142–3, 145, 150–55, 158, Italy 39, 52, 60, 63, 83, 148, 326, 355 231, 234–5 Iturralde, Manuel 23 judicial supremacy 22, 27, 71, 84, 158, 291, 301 Jackson, Michael 211 judicialization 7, 111, 290, 292 Jackson, Vicki C. 9, 10, 357–76, 403, 404, jurisdiction 42–5, 51–3, 131–2, 136–7, 165–6, 406 171–2, 320–21, 399–400 Jacobi, Tonja 5, 10, 13, 185–201, 275 compulsory 245, 252 Jacobsohn, Gary 105, 111, 413, 415, 416 exclusive 92, 99, 121, 129 Japan 38, 83, 92, 297, 300, 380, 406, 416 general 5, 45, 62, 166–8 Jefferson, Thomas 294 jus gentium 407 Jeffries, John C. Jr 29 justification analysis 342–3, 373 Jellinek, Georg 320 Johnsen, Dawn E. 20 Kagan, Robert 5, 142–60, 204–5, 210 Johnson, Timothy R. 278 Kahan, Dan M. 363 Jolowicz, H.F. 21 Kalb, Johanna 411 Jordan 121, 125 Kapiszewski, Diana 1, 5, 142–60, 311 Joy, Lina 131–2, 396–7 Kaplow, Louis 294, 369 judges 143–6, 175–6, 230–32, 272–7, Katyal, Sonia K. 393 279–80, 282–6, 324–9, 339–41 Keller, Helen 251 appointment 325–6 Kelly, Donald 408 career 176, 181, 234 Kelsen, Hans 307–8, 319–20, 333 charismatic 6, 205, 207, 215–16, 218, Kende, Mark 142 221–2 Kennedy, Duncan 206, 212 ordinary court 177, 226, 230, 232, 242 Khomeini, Ayatollah 127 politically committed 207, 220 Kiefel, Susan 359–62 judicial action 5, 143–5, 154, 158–9, 241 Kim, Jongcheol 171, 181 judicial activism 142, 227, 229, 235, 239, Kirby, Hon. Justice Michael 391 241, 348, 379 Kirp, David L. 29 judicial appointments 37, 44, 53, 95, 147, Klare, Karl E. 208, 211–12, 221 169, 175, 211 Klarman, Michael J. 381 judicial authority 72–4, 76, 158, 166, 169–70, Klug, Heinz 99, 144, 146, 150, 153–6, 158, 244 285, 292, 294, 297 judicial behavior 6–7, 40, 226, 230, 233, Knapp, Steven 380 272–3, 408 Koh, Harold Hong 258 judicial decisions 17, 27–8, 166–9, 172–3, Komesar, Neil K. 16, 17 177–8, 181–2, 228, 235–6 Kommers, Donald 62, 167, 205, 387–90 constitutionality 166, 168, 171 Koopmans, Tim 282 judicial deference see deference Korea see South Korea judicial discretion 281, 290–93, 295–6, 299, Kramer, Larry 22, 187–92, 291 303, 307, 309, 311 Krehbiel, Jay N. 273, 275 judicial empowerment 6, 38, 52, 88, 144, Krisch, Nico 251 228, 285 Krishna Iyer, V.R. 155, 207, 215, 220–21 judicial enforcement 3, 83, 87, 136, 257–8 Krishhnaswamy, Sudhay 72 judicial independence 40–41, 51–4, 64, 125, Kronman, Anthony T. 54 190, 282–3, 311, 392 Kull, Andrew 69 judicial intervention 100, 109, 151, 238 Kumm, Mattias 337–8, 341 judicial legitimacy 158–9, 272, 284, 373 Kümmel, Gerhard 266 judicial power 88–9, 157–8, 165, 170–72, Kuwait 118–19, 121–5, 138, 149, 155 180–82, 193, 226–7, 241 Kymlicka, Will 104, 338

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Lalander, Rickard 310 legislators 21, 31, 78, 337, 339–42, 344–6, land reform 94, 261 349, 352 land rights 259–61 legislatures, state 86, 130, 190, 208, 213, 219, Landau, David 6, 10, 29, 30, 45, 61, 113, 302, 304 226–42, 295, 311, 312 legitimacy 70, 109–10, 112–13, 272–3, Landes, William M. 38, 281 276–7, 337, 339, 343 language 61, 64, 124–5, 354, 386–7, 393, democratic 64, 67, 77, 180, 182 395, 410 institutional 7, 29, 155, 273, 281, 391 ambiguous 99–100, 105, 112, 167 judicial 158–9, 272, 284, 373 La Porta, Raphael 296 political 2, 156, 337 Lasser, Mitchel de S.-O.-’E. 153, 328 legitimate goals 366, 375 Latin America 238, 240, 260, 268–9, 308–11, legitimating ideologies 6, 204, 206, 209–10, 324–5, 327–8, 409 213, 216, 218, 222 Lau, Martin 135–8 Leiter, Brian 206, 210, 214, 219 Laws, John 25 Lemaitre, Julieta 23, 238 Lawson, Gary 21 Leongómez, Eduardo Pizarro 231 leaders Lerner, Hanna 4, 10, 99–113, 293, 312 political 40–41, 44, 49, 143–4, 146–8, Lesaffer, Randall 305 150–51, 153–4, 157–9 Lever, Annabelle 17 religious 110, 127, 138 leverage 31, 166, 226, 236–7, 244, 388 Leahy, James E. 304 Levinson, Daryl 79, 293 Lee, Yi-Li 164–82 Levinson, Sanford 293, 294, 407 legal cultures 86, 159, 170, 238, 245, 247, liberal values 107, 149 250, 257 liberalism 102, 112–13, 268, 337 legal positivism see positivism Libson, Gideon 408 legal realism 204–6, 212, 214, 217–20, 296 Liebenberg, Sandra 208, 232 legal traditions 92, 205, 227, 269, 329, 338, life tenure 176, 190, 194, 275, 327 410, 415 Lijphart, Arend 101, 103, 104 legal-cultural actors 213, 218, 221–2 Lim, Jibong 172 legalism 6, 206–12, 215–18, 220–22, 361, limit condition 5, 185, 187–94, 196–200 390–91 limited unconstitutionality 173–4 legality 86–7, 168, 172–3, 176, 244, 246, limiting doctrines 7, 276, 279, 281 263, 268 linguistic identity 100–101, 105 legislation 120–2, 125–6, 128–9, 166–7, LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) 320–25, 332–4, 344, 346–9; see also 277 statutes Llewellyn, Karl 219, 220, 296 constitutionality 83, 85–6, 90, 123, 166 Lo, P.Y. 394 federal 195, 199, 274 local governments 43, 50–51, 56, 143, 148, ordinary 100, 105, 108, 136, 157, 318–20, 166, 172 322–5, 327 Lochner 205, 207, 219, 394 review 85, 87, 123, 137, 318, 320–25, 328, Lombardi, Clark B. 112, 118, 120, 123, 135, 333–4 136 legislative action 36, 296, 341, 346, 348, 352, Lopez, Enrique Guillen 62 372 Lorenz, Astrid 296 legislative branch 104, 147, 326, 328–9, 332, Lovell, George 290 348 lower courts 166, 171, 174, 176–8, 181, 267, legislative history 344, 391, 399 276, 325–7 legislative majorities 41, 46, 48, 53, 55–6, 71, Ludsin, Hallie 103 399 Lupia, Arthur 295 legislative motives 342, 352–3 Lustick, Ian 101 legislative powers 190, 292, 367 Lutz, Donald S. 296 legislative purpose 344, 353, 355, 364–5 luxury good 7, 245, 250–51, 257–8, 264, 268 Legislative Yuan 175–6, 180 Lyke, Sheldon 405

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Index 437

McBain, Howard Lee 307 PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) 39, McCann, Michael 229, 236 51, 231–2 McCloskey, Robert G. 189, 191, 198 Supreme Court 150, 284 McCrudden, Christopher 403 Meyer, John 61, 419 McCulloch 93, 187, 191, 198, 200–201, 285 Michaels, Walter Benn 380 McGarry, John 101 Michelman, Frank I. 340–41 McGuire, Kevin T. 279 middle class 211, 233–4, 239 McHugh, Michael 391 military rule 39, 72, 411 McLachlin, Beverley 405 Mill, John Stuart 213, 338, 390 McLeod, Andrew 404 Miller, Bradley 387 Madison, James 71, 85, 87, 157, 186, 190, Miller, Russell 62, 167, 205, 387–90 195, 197 minimal impairment test 368–70, 372–6 Madondo, Bongani 77 minority rights 63, 144, 186, 295 Magalhães, Pedro C. 144 Mittal, Sonia 5, 10, 13, 185–201 Magaloni, Beatriz 145 models 121, 125, 165–6, 311–12, 318–19, Mahmood, Tahir 108 322, 324, 332–4 Mahoney, James 204 causal 151–2 Mainwaring, Scott 231 cooperation 169, 175, 179–80 majorities European 8, 318–25, 328–9, 332–4 democratic 65, 291, 294–5, 312 hybrid 4, 125, 129, 139 legislative 41, 46, 48, 53, 55–6, 71, 399 Islamic 129, 138 political 38, 53, 56, 148 never again 91, 380, 388 Mak, Elaine 410 secular review 118, 121, 129, 134, 138 Malaysia 117, 119, 129–31, 138–9, 155, United States 8, 319–21, 327, 329–30, 334, 396–400, 413–14, 416–17 341 Constitution 129–30, 396, 398, 416 Modi, Zia 95 Mandel, Michael 142 Mohamed, Maznah 131 Marbury v Madison 71, 73, 85, 87, 157, 195, Möller, Kai 359 198, 281–2 Mongolia 28, 38, 55 marriage, same-sex 149, 229, 233, 281, 385 morality 149, 216–17, 345, 393, 414 Marshall, John 86–7, 187, 191–2, 194–5, 198, political 17, 208, 216 200, 320, 384 Moravcsik, Andrew 248, 411 Maryland 93, 187, 285 Morewedge. Carey K. 47 Mason, Sir Anthony 205, 207–8, 211, Morocco 119, 121, 125, 325 216–17, 221, 343, 362, 391 Moseneke, Dikgang 208, 405 Massey, Calvin 348 Moses, Bernard 61 Mate, Manoj 75, 146–7, 149, 155–8, 207, 285 Moss, Randolph D. 29 meaning 137–8, 194, 197, 205–6, 283–4, motive inquiry/scrutiny 347–9 379–80, 383–4, 395–6 motives 8–9, 54, 155, 217, 338, 341–3, constitutional 4–5, 21–2, 143, 195 345–9, 352–3 historical 364, 382, 390 illicit 341, 343, 347–9 original 380–81, 385, 390–91 legislative 342, 352–3 Medellín 253–4 Mourtada-Sabbah, Nada 72 mediating institutions 66, 68 Moustafa, Tamir 111, 117, 124, 131, 142–3, mega-politics 290 145, 269 Mehta, Pratap Bhanu 110, 111, 207 Moyo, Sam 261 Meierhenrich, Jens 218, 221 Mugabe, President Robert 259, 261–3 Mendes, Conrado 328 Müller, Jan-Werner 268 Merrill, Thomas W. 199 multiculturalism 104, 406 methodology 8, 10, 119, 317, 362, 403, multiple final courts 5, 164, 174 417–18 Munir, Muhammad 138 Mexico 39, 44, 51, 66, 70, 231–2, 238, 253–4 Mureinik, Etienne 217 Constitution 309 Murphy, Walter F. 274

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Muslim Brotherhood 124, 139 Oakes test 9, 343, 357–8, 374, 406 Muslims 102, 129–30, 132, 134–7, 396, 414; Obergefell 193–4 see also Islam office-holders 41, 69, 292–3, 296, 304, Myerson, Roger B. 185, 188 311–12 O’Connor, Karen 294 Nagel, Robert F. 21 O’Flynn, Ian 104 Nakornin, Nat Taporn 326 Ohlin, Jens David 249, 254 national governments 56, 87, 90, 145, 147, Oklopcic, Zoran 407 195 Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O. 383 national identity 99, 101, 104–6, 217, 397, Oliver, Dawn 293, 294 Ordeshook, Peter C. 185 416 ordinary courts 43, 164, 168, 170, 172–4, national security 150, 210, 213 176–7, 179–81, 234 National Socialism 206, 216, 220–21 ordinary legislation 100, 105, 108, 136, 157, natural law 216–17, 408 318–20, 322–5, 327 natural resources 260, 297, 387 original intent 379, 386, 395, 398 Navia, Patricio 324 original meaning 380–81, 385, 390–91 Nazi Germany 216–17, 221 originalism 206–7, 210, 379, 384–8, 391, Nazism 84, 90–91 393–4, 398–9, 404 necessary and proper clause 191, 198, 200 Osiatynski, Wiktor 417 necessity 9, 321, 341, 357, 359, 362, 364, Otto, Jan Michiel 118 367 Ottoman Empire 119–20 Negretto, Gabriel L. 308, 310, 311 Nelken, David 209 Pakistan 117–19, 129–30, 134–8, 154–5, 411, Nelson, Caleb 356 413–14, 416, 418 Nelson, William E. 85 Constitution 129, 134–5 Neo, Jaclyn Ling-Chien 130, 131, 397, 398 Council of Islamic Ideology 129, 135 Netherlands 148, 322, 417 Federal Sharia Court 129, 134–8 Neuborne, Burt 46, 394 Supreme Court 136, 149 neutral umpire 83–4, 89–90, 210 Palmer, Matthew S.R. 78 never again model 91, 380, 388 Parenti, Michael 294 New South Wales 360, 417 Paris, Michael 148 New Zealand 27, 43, 142, 290, 300, 405, 417 Park, Jonghyun 180 parliamentary elections 52, 123, 412 NGOs 23, 226, 230, 236, 240, 259 parties 29–31, 38, 43–4, 46–9, 51–4, 68–70, Nicaragua 259–60 78–9, 230–34 Nicholas, Barry 21 religious 43, 109–10 Niemeyer, E. Victor 309 ruling 38, 48, 149, 151, 153 Nikitinsky, Leonid 280, 282 party politics 150, 258, 412 Noel, Sid 104 party systems 151, 153, 227–8, 231–2, 234, Nohlen, Dieter 332 240, 274, 412 Noll, Alfred J. 320 Pasquino, Pasquale 26, 37, 282, 285, 328 noncompliance 191, 247, 255–7, 277, 283 Patapan, Haig 207, 217 Nonet, Philippe 160, 216 Paulson, Stanley L. 320 nonjusticiable provisions 99–100, 106 Pegoraro, Lucio 324, 331 Nordlinger, Eric A. 101 Perju, Vlad 359 Noriega, San Lopez 231 permissiveness 4, 104, 106–7, 109, 113 North, Douglass 159, 186, 293 Perry, H.W., Jr. 280 nullification 3, 38, 46, 52–3, 56, 153, 157, personal insurance 44–5 191 persuasive authority 404, 416 number of unique words 297–8 Petersen, Niels 74–5 Nunes, Rodrigo 36, 37, 43 Phelan, William 248 Nzelibe, Jide 258 Philippines 39, 414, 418

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Index 439

Pickard, Duncan 99, 112 political realignment 213–14, 218 Pierce, Jason L. 205, 207, 217, 221 political rights 144, 150, 209 Pildes, Richard H. 70, 76, 350 political risk 36, 38, 41, 43–4, 57, 142, 148 Poland 37, 269, 274, 307, 325, 414 political science 1, 85–6, 144, 230, 239, 307, police power 213, 218–19, 366 309 policy goals 6, 50, 295, 346 political structures 5, 151–2, 155 policy influence 3, 36, 41, 56 political support 3, 53–4, 144, 158, 239, 241, policy-based insurance 43–5, 51 269 policymaking 291–2, 302–4, 307–8, 311–12 political systems 103, 105, 109, 112, 231–3, political actors 4–5, 38–9, 42–3, 48, 53–4, 238, 240–41, 259 130–31, 228, 230–31 political values 155, 212, 214, 217, 353 political attacks 7, 234, 236, 239 politically committed judges 207, 220 political authority 62, 68, 142–3, 151–2, 158, politicians 145, 148, 150, 154, 158–9, 290, 209–10, 213, 218 327, 337 political backlash 100, 149, 152, 155–6, 158, politics 5–6, 142–4, 185, 187–8, 204–10, 228, 232, 412 212–14, 218, 221–2 political branch 72–4, 76, 189–90, 280–81, constitutional 16, 205, 300 325, 367, 398–9 democratic 76, 159, 207 political changes 57, 229, 236, 268, 407–8 judicialization 111, 290, 292 political coalitions 49, 53–4, 211, 228, 291, national 207, 215, 220 293 ordinary 4, 107–8 political communication, freedom of 208, party 150, 258, 412 342, 360 stakes in 5, 185, 187–8, 190, 192, 197 political competition 39, 41, 53, 56, 67–8, polities 100, 143–5, 295, 297, 403–4, 406, 210 409, 413–14 political context 1, 6, 8, 228, 230, 412, 419 democratic 292, 297–8, 300–301 political culture 21, 146, 245, 248, 264 Ponthoreau, Marie-Claire 403 political developments 113, 216–17, 221, 294 popular constitutionalism 22, 25 political dynamics 2, 5, 37, 49, 113, 131, popular control 7, 301–2, 305, 307 151, 155 popular support 185, 228, 239–40 proximate 154 popularity 52, 73, 226, 234, 280, 285 political elites 1–3, 36–7, 40–43, 45–7, 52, populism 68, 220, 233, 240, 250–51, 263, 56, 96, 294 268–9, 303 political forces 39, 68, 76, 121, 123 Porat, Iddo 25, 206, 341, 359 political goals 204–5, 210, 212, 228 Portugal 318–19, 322, 325, 410, 416 political institutions 32, 60, 105, 153, 181, Posada-Carbó, Eduardo 72, 73 189, 340, 343 positive rights 94, 150, 238, 296, 359 political insurance 2–3, 36–40, 44–6, 48, positivism 204, 216–17, 220 52–6, 144 Posner, R.A. 278, 281, 296–7, 312 political leaders 40–41, 44, 49, 143–4, 146–8, Post, Robert C. 22, 190, 191 150–51, 153–4, 157–9 Pound, Roscoe 214, 219–20 political legitimacy 2, 156, 337 Powe, Lucas A. 206 political majorities 38, 53, 56, 148 power 38–41, 51–6, 61–5, 67–76, 89–91, political morality 17, 208, 216 93–6, 164–77, 179–82 political opposition 40–41, 43, 48, 51, 73, exclusive 166–7, 177 249 executive 42, 50, 72, 74 political parties see parties governmental 42, 44, 71, 75–6, 172 political power 1–2, 4, 36–7, 41–2, 62, judicial 88–9, 157–8, 165, 170–72, 180–82, 70–72, 77–9, 88–9 193, 226–7, 241 political pressures 149, 152, 154, 215 loss of 40, 43, 48, 51 political process 3, 16, 22, 25, 44, 70, 76, 213 police powers 213, 218–19, 366 political question doctrine 71, 89, 156, 281–3, political 1–2, 4, 36–7, 41–2, 62, 70–72, 286 77–9, 88–9

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separation of powers 78, 83–5, 87–9, 96, inhumane 364, 398 99, 152–3, 369, 373 purposive approach 9, 45, 54, 380, 386–7, state 68–9, 79 394–5, 397, 404 power-based insurance 41–2, 44–5 Powers, David 121 Qatar 119, 124 Pozas-Loyo, Andrea 48, 52 Quebec 406 PR see public reason Queiroz, Cristina 319 Prakash, Saikrishna B. 85 Quint, Peter 74, 75 precedents 121, 143, 147, 340, 354, 359, 410, Quran 119, 126, 134–5 415 foreign 403, 410, 415–16 Radbruch, Gustav 206, 216 Prescott, J.R.V. 407 Rajah, Jothie 209, 210 presidential elections 133, 156–7, 190, 234, Rakove, Jack N. 85, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191, 412 prestige, institutional 169–70, 180–81 197 Preuss, Ulrich 104 Ralston, Hayden 307 PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) 39, 51, Ramachandran, Raju 75 231–2 Ramseyer, Mark 38, 53, 144, 274 principles 9, 61–2, 64–6, 126–8, 350, 357, Randazzo, Kirk A. 37, 40, 44, 53 370–76, 388 ratification processes 65, 130, 388 directive 45, 94 Rautenbach, Christa 405 general 9, 105, 352, 357 Rawls, John 102, 337, 339–40, 351–2, 417 Islamic 127, 136–7 Ray, Brian 31, 232 prisoners 29, 156, 346 Raz, Joseph 294, 339 privacy 126, 168, 196, 417 realignment, political 213–14, 218 private property 94, 195, 199, 385 reasonableness 27, 353, 362–3 promises, cross-collateralized 49 reasoned deliberation 13, 20 property 42, 44–5, 50, 155, 157, 189, 198–9, reasoning, judicial 23, 193, 205, 338, 350, 366–7 354, 363 private 94, 195, 199, 385 reciprocity 41, 165, 181, 337 rights 42, 45–6, 50–51, 75–6, 94, 157, 309, Redding, Jeffrey A. 119, 134, 136 311 Reddy, O. Chinnappa 142 proportional representation 64, 78 redistribution, economic 51, 294 proportionality 9, 207–8, 337, 341, 357–9, references 362–8, 370–76, 404 foreign 10, 403–5, 408, 410, 412–14, doctrine, choicefulness 359, 362 416–18 general concept/principle 9, 357, 359–62, voluntary 404, 413, 418 370, 372, 375–6 referenda 52, 296, 304–5, 412–13 sequenced 370, 375 reforms 125, 127, 136, 232–3, 235, 238, 257, structured 360–61 259 proximate political dynamics 154 constitutional 38–9, 72, 170, 233, 322, 406 prudence 54, 150, 281–2, 347 economic 180, 310 Przeworski, Adam 67, 185 Reichman, A. 154–5, 157, 280 public interest litigation 23–4, 149, 238, 285 Reilly, Benjamin 104 public opinion 7, 186–7, 191, 228, 276, 279, religion 101–2, 111–12, 119–20, 129, 131–2, 283–4 351–3, 396–7, 416 public policy 43, 144, 149, 206, 304, 310 freedom of 126, 131–2, 342, 344, 351–2, public reason (PR) 8–9, 337–41, 347–54 397 public support 6, 47, 95, 109, 158, 279, 283, official 127, 133 285 separation of state and religion 352, 380 public use limitation 198–9 religious communities 108, 111, 130, 407 punishment 41, 130, 187, 191, 364, 366, 389, religious law 44, 107, 120 398–9 religious leaders 110, 127, 138

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Index 441

religious parties 43, 109–10 protections 45–6, 64, 233, 238, 264–5, 268, religious status quo 108–9 394, 403 religious symbols 352–3 social 45, 94, 231–2, 238–9, 241 remedies 6–8, 28–30, 32, 232, 237–8, 252–3, socioeconomic 30, 45, 229, 232–3, 236, 259–60, 372 238, 309, 329 individual 229, 232–3 special group 103–4 structural 229, 236 veto 103, 189 weak 30, 32 women 99, 111 renegotiation 37–8, 46–9, 79 Rights from Wrongs hypothesis 84–5, 87–8, renewable terms 171, 175, 327 90–91, 93–6 representation 44, 79, 88, 370, 413 rights-based judicial review 14, 37 proportional 64, 78 rights-infringing actions 363, 369 representation model 169, 179–80 right-to-a-hearing conception 18–20 representative bodies 109, 282 right-to-food 236–7 representative government 16, 362 rigidity 105, 107–9, 293 representatives 42, 199, 385, 409 Riker, William H. 195 elected 122, 175, 291, 373 Ríos-Figueroa, Julio 48, 52, 153, 324 repudiation 3, 96, 196 risks 2–3, 36–42, 46, 48–52, 56–7, 103, 369, repugnancy clauses 4, 117–18, 122, 127, 375 133–4, 136, 138 political 36, 38, 41, 43–4, 57, 142, 148 resistance 151, 153–5, 157–9, 170, 188, 405 Roach, Kent 47, 358, 372 resources 46–7, 50, 102, 151, 229, 382 Robinson, James A. 293 natural 260, 297, 387 Robinson, Nick 46, 207, 211, 241 revivalism, Islamic 117, 131 Rodríguez Franco, Diana 236, 237, 329 Richman, Barak D. 273, 276, 277 Rodríguez-Garavito, César 30, 236, 237, 310, rights 13–18, 22–6, 60–62, 83–5, 87–8, 329 237–9, 357–8, 367–73 Rodríguez-Raga, Juan Carlos 311 basic 60, 75, 107–8, 172–3, 268, 307 Roeder, Philip G. 104 bills of 66, 83, 87, 94, 109, 153, 159, 221 Rogers, Lindsay 307 civil 41, 254 Roman law 408 constitutional 21–2, 29, 31, 128, 131–2, Romania 39, 55, 325, 412–13 206, 391, 397 Rose-Ackerman, Susan 274 economic 60, 150, 155, 285 Rosenberg, Gerald 228, 274 equal 132, 181 Rosenbluth, Frances 46, 275 equality 371, 373 Rosencranz, Armin 211 fundamental 23, 90, 108, 206, 209, 212, Rosenfeld, Michel 388 217, 265 Rosenn, Keith S. 318 human 60, 63, 246, 249, 258–61, 404–5, Rousseau, Dominique 323 415, 417 Roux, Theunis 6, 48, 51, 55, 156, 204–23, indigenous 259–60 231, 232 individual 42, 45, 87–8, 91, 95, 383, Roznai, Yanev 312, 329 385–6, 390–91 Rubenfeld, Jed 292, 381 jurisprudence 61, 150, 233, 240, 265, 404, Rubin, Edward L. 29, 237 416 Rubinstein, Amnon 108, 110 land 259–61 ruling elites 40, 48, 120, 294, 305 minority 63, 144, 186, 295 ruling parties 38, 48, 149, 151, 153 parental 365 Rushin, Stephen 29 to petition 21 Russia 68, 72, 80, 262, 272, 274, 277, 280 political 144, 150, 209 Rutherglen, George A. 29 positive 94, 150, 238, 296, 359 property 42, 45–6, 50–51, 75–6, 94, 157, Sabel, Charles F. 29 309, 311 Sachs, Stephen E. 381

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SADC (Southern African Development Sharia-based review 134, 136–7 Community) 261–3 Shaw, Stanford J. 119, 120 Sadurski, Wojciech 1, 8, 9, 62, 76, 143, Sheive, Sarah Wright 68 337–55 Sherry, Suzanna 85 Safran, William 103 Shinar, Adam 2, 13–33 Sager, Lawrence 15 Shklar, Judith N. 204 same-sex marriage 149, 229, 233, 281, 385 Shuaib, Farid S. 131 Sanchez Urribarri, Raul 159 Shukla 207, 215, 220 Sarawak 132, 396 Siddique, Osama 137 Satayanurug, Pawat 326 Sieder, Rachel 290, 311 Sathe, S.P. 207 Siegel, Andrew 142 Saudi Arabia 117–19, 125–7, 129, 138 Siegel, Reva B. 22, 190, 191, 209 Saunders, Cheryl 361 Siems, Mathias 404, 410 Scalia, Antonin 193–4, 197, 199, 210, Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph 320 379–80, 384, 415, 418 Sikkink, Kathryn 249, 310 Schauer, Frederick 16, 26, 294 Silva, Virgílio Afonso da 8, 10, 318–34 Scheingold, Stuart A. 229 Silverstein, Gordon 5, 142–60, 285 Scheppele, K.L. 142, 144, 259, 269, 280, Simon, William H. 29 308, 380, 388 Simonsohn, Uriel 408 Schneiderman, David 43 Singapore 285, 379, 396, 398–9 Schonthal, Benjamin 106, 111 Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter 328 Schwartz, Herman 308 Skaar, Elin 311 Schwartzberg, Melissa 294 Skach, Cindy 142 Scribner, Druscilla 147, 154 Skocpol, Theda 213, 218 secession 406–7 Slaughter, Anne-Marie 61, 411 Second Amendment 362, 382 slavery 87–8, 191, 197 secular review model 118, 121, 129, 134, 138 Sloss, David 249 secularism 44–5, 102, 396–7, 413 Smith, Adam 190, 416 security 7, 66, 144, 176, 199, 209 social rights 45, 94, 231–2, 238–9, 241 national 150, 210, 213 social science 206, 272, 407, 411 Segal, Jeffrey A. 144, 196, 276, 277 social security 238, 309 Seidman, Guy 21 socioeconomic rights 30, 45, 229, 232–3, Selejan-Guţan, Bianca 413 236, 238, 309, 329 self-governance, democratic 62, 294, 371–2, Solange doctrine 265, 267 376 Solomon, David 207, 217 self-government, democratic 76, 79 Solomon, Peter H. 259 self-stabilizing constitutions 5, 185–6, 188–9, Solyom, Laszlo 168 197, 200–201 Som, Reba 115 Selway, Brad 391 Somers, Margaret 213 Sengupta, Arjun 51, 393 Somin, Ilya 186, 199 separation of powers 78, 83–5, 87–9, 96, 99, Son, Hyun Hwa 51 152–3, 369, 373 Sosin, Jack M. 85 umpires 85, 87–9, 96 source of law clauses 4, 117, 120, 124, 138 separation of state and religion 352, 380 South Africa 63–6, 77–9, 208, 212, 217–18, sequenced proportionality 370, 375 221–2, 232, 405 sexual orientation 211, 348, 371, 393 Constitution 211, 290, 405, 410 Shaked, Avner 69 Constitutional Court 26, 30, 71, 154, 205, Shalakany, Amr 122 208, 231, 380–81 Shapiro, Daniel 41 Southall, Roger 210 Shapiro, Martin 25, 143–5, 158 South Korea 38, 54, 146, 164–5, 169, 171, Sharia 4, 111, 117–26, 128–9, 131, 133–5, 178–82, 279 137–8 Constitutional Court 165, 171–2, 177–9, courts 129–32, 134–8 181, 327

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Index 443

Southern African Development Community Strauss, David A. 197, 384 see SADC structural injunctions 232, 238 sovereignty 84, 251, 267–8, 290–91, 394, structural remedies 229, 236 409, 413 structured proportionality 360–61 popular 16, 67 structures special group rights 103–4 basic 72, 75, 95, 137–8, 147, 293, 392 special power theory 177 constitutional 3, 10, 42, 74, 78, 385, 404 specialized constitutional courts 5, 45, 121–2, federal 42, 86, 89 124–5, 307, 354 political 5, 151–2, 155 specialized courts 122, 321, 327 Stulz, René M. 49 specificity 29, 152, 291, 293–8, 300–305, Stuntz, William J. 369 307–12, 340, 365 Sturm, Susan 29 Spiller, Pablo T. 196, 199, 273, 274, 275, subnational governments 44, 145, 147 276, 277 Summers, Robert S. 206, 210 Spitzer, Matthew L. 47, 200 Sunstein, Cass 73, 105, 191, 290 Spriggs, James E. 278 superior authority 174, 179, 182 Sri Lanka 106, 111, 414, 416 support stability 4–6, 14, 16, 159, 186–7, 191, 193, external 6, 226, 229, 234, 236, 240–41 195 political 3, 53–4, 144, 158, 239, 241, 269 constitutional 185–94, 196–7, 201 popular 185, 228, 239–40 democratic 3, 67 public 6, 47, 95, 109, 158, 279, 283, 285 stabilization 3, 64, 66, 79–80, 159, 206, 211, structures 6, 226–31, 233, 235–41 220 supremacy 122, 124, 129, 132, 245, 249, 264, standards 9, 281, 284, 294, 342–3, 370, 374, 266 383 of Andean law 255, 257 Staszak, Sarah 142 of European law 264 state actions 74, 86, 232, 245, 247, 350 of international law 246–7, 258, 267 state actors 29, 247, 250 judicial 22, 27, 71, 84, 158, 291, 301 state authority 66, 69, 71, 74, 79, 350 suspended declarations of invalidity 372–3, state government 90–91, 93, 131, 352 376 state legislatures 86, 130, 190, 208, 213, 219, Sutton, John 69 302, 304 symbols, religious 352–3 state power 68–9, 79 Staton, Jeffrey K. 69, 144, 240, 273, 277, Taiwan 38–9, 146, 164–5, 169, 171, 174, 176, 284, 285 178–82 status quo, religious 108–9 Constitutional Court 164, 171, 177–80, 182 statutes 27–8, 157, 172–4, 337–8, 346–7, Council of Grand Justices 155, 164, 171, 362–6, 368–73, 375–6; see also 174 legislation Legislative Yuan 175–6, 180 constitutionality 172, 175, 177 Supreme Administrative Court 165, 171 unconstitutional 177, 179, 307, 318 Tamanaha, Brian Z. 205, 210, 219 statutory interpretation 196, 380, 390 Tamir, Yael 104 Stein, Tine 104 Tarr, George Alan 103, 302 Stelzer, Manfred 308 Tate, C. Neal 142, 290 Stepan, Alfred 103, 109 taxonomy 9, 379–80, 384 Stephenson, Matthew C. 38, 47, 53, 54, 228, Taylor, Matthew M. 311 274, 275 Teitel, Ruti 143 Sternglantz, Ruth E. 192 Teles, Steven 142 Stilt, Kristen 4, 10, 117–39, 149 tenure 133, 169, 263, 384, 391 Stone, Adrienne 361 life 176, 190, 194, 275, 327 Stone Sweet, Alec 142, 145, 158–9, 230, 244, Tew, Yvonne 9, 10, 379–400, 414 290, 307, 333–4 Texas 253–4, 300, 345 Stotsky, Irwin P. 143 textual formalism 219, 351

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444 Comparative judicial review

textualism 196, 286 of ordinary legislation 318–20, 323–4 Tezcür, Günes¸ Murat 128 un-entrenched constitutions 295, 301, 312 Thailand 146, 154, 279, 414 unique words, number of 297–8 Thayer, James B. 21, 85, 186 United Arab Emirates 119, 121, 124 Thio, Li-Ann 397, 399 United Kingdom 28, 83, 130, 322, 326, 405, Thiruvengadam, Arun Kumar 410 413–15, 417 threats 6–7, 37, 39–42, 75, 185, 187–8, 192, United States 83–9, 204–7, 210–12, 215–18, 194 251–4, 318–21, 362–5, 383–6 Tiller, Emerson H. 196, 199, 200, 275 Constitution 16, 21, 24, 185, 193–5, 291, timing 7–8, 252, 280–81, 301, 325 300, 321 tolerance intervals 150, 152, 157, 283, 285 model 8, 319–21, 327, 329–30, 334, 341 top courts 164–6, 170, 177–9, 181–2, 406 state constitutions 296–7, 301–2 traditions 80, 151, 192, 206–7, 221, 247, 340, Supreme Court 147, 149, 154, 156, 252–3, 352 279–81, 320–22, 325–7 legal 92, 205, 227, 269, 329, 338, 410, 415 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 60, Trakman, Leon E. 368 417 transition 3, 68–9, 71, 78, 152–3, 218, 221–2, Urofsky, Melvin I. 186, 187, 197–200 411 use of history 9, 383, 393, 400 democratic 3, 143, 146, 170–71, 179 transitional justice 145, 181 vagueness 4, 69, 155, 277 transitions, peaceful 65, 77 value formalism 216 Treanor, William M. 85, 86, 87 values 14, 49–50, 99–100, 102, 343–4, treaties 90, 167, 246, 249, 252, 255, 258, 383 353–5, 380, 382 international 133, 153, 246, 251–2, 257–8 constitutional 14–15, 21, 43, 146, 193–4, Tribe, Laurence H. 348–9 264, 388 Tridimas, George 36 extra-legal 211, 216, 221 Tripathi, P.K. 405, 411 immanent 206, 217 Trochev, A. 144, 146, 153–4, 156–8 political 155, 212, 214, 217, 353 Troper, Michel 329 Vanberg, Georg 69, 144, 239, 273–7, 283 trust 44, 94, 113, 304 Van der Walt, A.J. 208 Tully, James 104 Varol, Ozan O. 382 Tunisia 99–100, 102, 106, 111–12, 119 VCCR see Vienna Convention on Consular Turkey 43, 102, 382, 413 Relations Tushnet, Mark 27–8, 186, 200, 291, 352, 357, Vedel, Georges 322 403, 406 Venezuela 159, 255, 263, 269, 409 tutelas 23–4, 29, 236 Verdier, Pierre-Hugues 249, 257 Twight, Charlotte 37 Vermeule, Adrian 16, 17 Twining, William 218, 220 Versteeg, Mila 7, 10, 13, 36, 40, 43, 52, 100, two-sided insurance 38, 46, 49–50 249, 257, 273, 290–312, 325, 326, 328, typologies 8, 36, 317, 319, 328, 330–32, 334 405 typology building 319, 330–31 veto, rights 103, 189 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Uganda 411–12 (VCCR) 252–4, 264 Ukraine 80, 146, 154, 156 Virginia 191, 284, 350 umpires visibility 232, 234, 236–7, 240 neutral 83–4, 89–90, 210 Vogel, Frank 117, 126, 127 separation of powers 85, 87–9, 96 Vogel, Steven 159 umpiring, federalism 87–8, 90–91, 93 Volcansek, Mary L. 36, 39, 52 unconstitutional statutes 177, 179, 307, 318 Volokh, Eugene 192 unconstitutionality 55, 173, 233, 321–2, 327, voluntary reference 404, 413, 418 347–9, 351, 353 voters 78, 91, 112, 156, 274, 340, 361, 385 declarations of 8, 322, 327–8, 333 votes 42, 51–2, 78, 89–90, 174, 181, 345–6, limited 173–4 350

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Index 445

Wacks, Raymond 217 women 95, 108, 133, 137, 236, 264–6, 374, Wadehra, B.L. 23 386 Waheedi, Salma 117–39 Wood, Gordon S. 85 Waldron, J. 54, 100, 292, 340, 354, 403 working classes 305, 310 Wallis, John Joseph 303 written constitutions 37, 77, 83, 87, 108–9, Walters, Mark 406 112, 300, 304 Waluchow, Wil 292 wrongs 50, 84–5, 87–8, 90, 95 Wang, Jen-Cheng 40 historical 3, 83, 87, 89, 96 Wang, Wen 178 Watson, Alan 419 Yaacob, Mohamed Fauzi 130 weak judicial review 2, 27–8, 31–2, 329 Yamin, Alicia 233 Webber, Jeremy 329 Yap, Po Jen 1, 398 Weber, Max 158, 333 Wechsler, Herbert 89 Yeh, Jiunn-rong 164, 171, 180, 181 Weill, Rivka 28, 76 Yepes, Rodrigo Uprimny 30 Weingast, Barry R. 5, 10, 13, 145, 159, Yoo, John C. 85 185–201, 293, 295 Young, Ernest 292, 369 Weinrib, Lorraine 406 Young, Katharine G. 23, 236, 238, 368 Weis, Lael K. 390, 391 Young, Simon 395 Westerland, Chad 276 White, G. Edward 206 Zackin, Emily 7, 10, 13, 43, 100, 290–312 Whittington, K.E. 158, 191, 228, 274, 290–91 Zifcak, Spencer 142 Wilson, Bruce 229 Zimbabwe 261–3, 404 Wilson, Stuart 30 Zubaida, Sami 117 Wolfe, Christopher 85 Zurn, Christopher F. 354

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