Sistemas De Aproximação RNAV E RNP AR. Estudo Para Aeroporto Da Ilha Do Pico

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Sistemas De Aproximação RNAV E RNP AR. Estudo Para Aeroporto Da Ilha Do Pico UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Sistemas de aproximação RNAV e RNP AR. Estudo para aeroporto da Ilha do Pico Duarte Manuel da Costa Medeiros Dissertação para a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Engenharia Aeronáutica Covilhã, Junho de 2010 UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Sistemas de aproximação RNAV e RNP AR. Estudo para o aeroporto da Ilha do Pico Duarte Manuel da Costa Medeiros Dissertação orientada por: Prof. Doutor Jorge Miguel dos Reis Silva Dissertação para a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Engenharia Aeronáutica Covilhã, Junho de 2010 Resumo Este trabalho estuda a possibilidade de implementação das aproximações RNAV e RNP AR ao aeroporto da Ilha do Pico no Arquipélago dos Açores. O principal objectivo consiste em provar que estes novos tipos de tecnologias de aproximação podem ser implementados nos aeroportos das Ilhas do Arquipélago dos Açores de acordo com as regras da ICAO, providenciando um aumento na operacionalidade e reduzindo os custos associados à operação e manutenção dos sistemas de aproximação tradicionais. Assim, procedeu-se a um estudo aprofundado sobre o desenho dos procedimentos RNAV e RNP AR de forma a averiguar se existiam restrições que impossibilitassem a implementação destes novos tipos de aproximações no aeroporto da Ilha do Pico. Utilizando a ferramenta de software MET do EUROCONTROL, calcularam-se também as altitudes mínimas de aproximação permitindo assim uma comparação entre os vários tipos de tecnologias de aproximação. Deste modo, de acordo com regulamentos da ICAO, podemos desenhar novos tipos de procedimentos de aproximação ao aeroporto da Ilha do Pico, evidenciando as respectivas vantagens sobre os sistemas tradicionais já instalados. Palavras-chave: Sistemas de Aproximação RNAV e RNP AR, Regras da ICAO, Aeroporto da Ilha do Pico i Abstract This work deals with the possibility of the implementation of RNAV and RNP AR approaches to Pico Island airport in the Azorean archipelago. The main objective is to prove that this new type of approach technology can be implemented in the Azorean islands airports in accordance with the ICAO rules, providing an increase in safety and lowering approach minima, thus reducing the costs associated with the operation and maintenance of others traditional approach systems. So a study of the design procedures of RNAV and RNP AR systems will be conducted in order to find out if these new types of approaches can be fully implemented at Pico Island airport without any type of restrictions. Using the MET software tool from EUROCONTROL, the approach minima can be calculated allowing a comparison among the several types of approach technologies. Then, a design of the particular approach procedures to Pico Island airport can be made in accordance with the ICAO standards and recommended practices. Key words: RNAV and RNP-AR Approach Systems, ICAO Rules, Pico Island Airport ii Agradecimentos Em Primeiro lugar quero agradecer ao meu orientador, Prof. Doutor Jorge Miguel dos Reis Silva pelo acolhimento da ideia, motivação, constante disponibilidade e por todo o tempo que despendeu para me apoiar na elaboração desta dissertação. Agradeço também à minha família pelo apoio incondicional durante toda a minha formação, sem o qual não teria sido possível a realização deste trabalho. Para todos eles fica o meu obrigado. Ainda um obrigado especial ao meu irmão Eng. Rui Medeiros pela sua preciosa ajuda no desenho das cartas de aproximação e cedência da foto de capa e à minha Mãe que reviu o texto final. iii Índice Geral Resumo .............................................................................................................................. i Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ii Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................... iii Índice Geral ..................................................................................................................... iv Índice de Figuras ............................................................................................................. vi Índice de Gráficos ............................................................................................................ vi Glossário ......................................................................................................................... vii 1. Introdução .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Enquadramento do Tema.................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objectivo do Trabalho ........................................................................................ 2 1.3. Estrutura da Dissertação ..................................................................................... 3 2. Estado da Arte .............................................................................................................. 4 2.1. Introdução ........................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Sistemas Actuais de Aproximação ..................................................................... 4 2.2.1. Aproximações de não-Precisão .......................................................... 5 2.2.2. Aproximações de Precisão ................................................................. 6 2.3. Conceitos de RNAV, RNP e PBN ..................................................................... 9 2.3.1. RNAV ................................................................................................ 9 2.3.2. RNP .................................................................................................. 12 2.3.3. PBN .................................................................................................. 13 2.4. Sistema GNSS .................................................................................................. 14 2.4.1. ABAS ............................................................................................... 19 2.4.2. SBAS ............................................................................................... 21 2.4.2.1. WAAS................................................................................ 23 2.4.2.2. EGNOS .............................................................................. 24 2.4.3. GBAS ............................................................................................... 25 2.5. Novos Sistemas de Aproximação ..................................................................... 26 2.5.1. RNP APCH ...................................................................................... 26 2.5.1.1. RNAV (GNSS) .................................................................. 26 2.5.1.2. APV Baro-VNAV .............................................................. 28 2.5.1.3. APV SBAS ........................................................................ 30 2.5.2. RNP AR APCH ............................................................................... 31 iv 2.5.2.1. Juneau ................................................................................ 33 2.5.3. Aproximações Baseadas em GBAS ................................................. 34 2.6. Conclusão ......................................................................................................... 35 3. Aplicação no Pico ...................................................................................................... 37 3.1. Introdução ......................................................................................................... 37 3.2. Caracterização Geral da Ilha do Pico ............................................................... 37 3.3. Aeroporto do Pico ............................................................................................ 39 3.3.1 Nota Introdutória .............................................................................. 39 3.3.2. Localização e Limitações ................................................................. 40 3.3.3. Aproximações RNAV no Pico ......................................................... 42 3.4. Conclusão ......................................................................................................... 46 4. Desenho dos Procedimentos ...................................................................................... 48 4.1. Introdução ......................................................................................................... 48 4.2. Construção dos Procedimentos ........................................................................ 48 4.2.1. Áreas de Protecção ........................................................................... 50 4.2.2. Procedimentos de não-Precisão RNAV (GNSS) ............................. 52 4.2.3. Procedimentos APV Baro-VNAV ................................................... 54 4.2.4. Procedimentos RNP AR APCH ....................................................... 58 4.3. Determinação de Mínimos ............................................................................... 59 4.4. Cartas de Aproximação .................................................................................... 64 4.5. Conclusão ......................................................................................................... 73 5. Conclusões ................................................................................................................
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