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Trophic Ecology of Intertidal Harpacticoid Copepods, with Emphasis on Their Interactions with Bacteria

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Trophic Ecology of Intertidal Harpacticoid Copepods, with Emphasis on Their Interactions with Bacteria Trophic Ecology of Intertidal Harpacticoid Copepods, with Emphasis on their Interactions with Bacteria ISBN: 9789090278285 EAN: 9789090278285 Printed by: Qualicopy bvba., Maaltebruggestraat, 169, 9000 Gent Marine Biology Research Group Campus Sterre - S8 Krijgslaan 281 B-9000 Gent Belgium Academic year 2012-2013 Publically defended on October 4th, 2013 Cnudde C (2013) Trophic ecology of intertidal harpacticoid copepods, with emphasis on their interactions with bacteria. Ghent Unversity (UGent), 209 pp. For citation to published chapters in this thesis, please refer to the original publications. Trophic Ecology of Intertidal Harpacticoid Copepods, with Emphasis on their Interactions with Bacteria Trofische ecologie van intertidale harpacticoide copepoden, met de nadruk op hun interacties met bacteriën Clio Cnudde Promotor: Prof. Dr. Tom Moens Co-promotors: Dr. Marleen De Troch Prof. Dr. Anne Willems Academic year 2012 - 2013 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Sciences: Marine Sciences This work was supported by a Ph.D. grant from the agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT) Onderzoek gefinancierd met een onderzoeksbeurs van het agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT) Members of the examination committee and reading committee * Prof. Dr. Tom Moens, Promotor Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Dr. Marleen De Troch, Co-promotor Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Prof. Dr. Anne Willems, Co-promotor Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Prof. Dr. Magda Vincx* Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Prof. Dr. Ann Vanreusel Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Dr. Carl Van Colen* Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Dr. Maria-José Caramujo * University of Lisbon, Portugal Prof. Dr. Koen Sabbe* Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Prof. Dr. Olivier De Clerck, Chairman Ghent University, Gent, Belgium DANKWOORD Het dankwoord, de allerlaatste schrijfsels van een doctoraatsthesis. Even stilstaan bij de weg die ik heb afgelegd, terugblikken op die vele, vaak alledaagse momenten, die nu blijken een speciale waarde te hebben. Ik heb steun gekregen vanuit vele hoeken. Met de voorverdediging van het doctoraat nog vers in het geheugen, wil ik vooreerst de juryleden van de examencommissie bedanken voor hun waardevolle bijdrage aan de thesis. Bedankt Prof. Magda Vincx en Prof. Ann Vanreusel, met jullie kennis van zaken, hebben jullie een grote bijdrage geleverd aan de waarde van dit werk. Bovendien, Magda, vind ik het bewonderenswaardig hoe jij de Marien Biologie leidt, en Ann, dankzij jouw financiële steun kon ik het eerste jaartje zonder eigen beurs toch al aan de slag bij deze onderzoeksgroep. Ook dank aan Dr. Carl Van Colen, voor jouw objectieve kijk op mijn werk en de goede, gerichtte suggesties. I would also like to thank Koen Sabbe and Maria-José Caramujo whose comments contributed to the improvement of this work. Ik wil mijn oprechte dank betuigen aan mij drie promotors, Prof. Tom Moens (Mariene Biologie), Dr. Marleen De Troch (Mariene Biologie) en Prof. Anne Willems (Microbiologie). Net afgestudeerd en wat onzeker over de toekomst, zo startte ik bij de sectie Mariene Biologie. Dit doctoraat heb ik voornamelijk te danken aan Marleen. Na de licentiaatsthesis, gaf jij me het vertrouwen om nog een stap verder in de academische wereld te zetten. Dat vertrouwen heeft me gedurende het hele doctoraat gesterkt. Marleen, ook jouw positieve ingesteldheid, je gedrevenheid en je efficiënte ’problemsolving’-aanpak zijn een constante kracht voor mij geweest. Jij was die vaste rots in de branding. Wanneer mijn gedachten chaotisch waren, gaf jij me weer vaste grond onder de voeten, een vast punt om op verder te bouwen. Ik kon altijd bij jou terecht. Ook als vrouwen onder elkaar hebben we gelachen, of de doos kleenex gedeeld (al moet ik hier wel duidelijk stellen dat ik 99% van de doos heb benut). Jij hebt een diepe indruk op mij nagelaten. Bij moeilijke maar ook alledaagse keuzemomenten, zal ik terugdenken aan jouw onuitputtelijke kracht en efficiënte aanpak. Marleen, jij bent in zoveel opzichten anders dan mij en dat heeft mij verrijkt! Ook wil ik héél graag een speciaal woord van dank aan Tom richten. Wanneer ik mijn IWT-beurs behaalde en jij mijn hoofdpromotor werd, liet je me in de vertrouwde handen van Marleen. Jij zag dat het goed was zo. Later in het doctoraat, heb ik veel voldoening gehaald uit onze gezamelijke discussiemomenten. Met z’n drieën, Marleen, jij en ik, was er steeds open overleg. Door jullie verschillend karakter en werkwijze, kwamen we altijd tot een oplossing of deadline waarbij ik me goed voelde en dat merkten jullie dan wel aan mijn gedurfde grappen. Ook met je gedetailleerde correcties, Tom, gaf jij me een gevoel van appreciatie. Daarnaast voelde ik me ook erg begrepen door jou! Met vragen over het microbiële werk, kon ik steeds terecht bij Anne. Hoewel wij elkaar niet op regelmatige basis ontmoetten, heb ik jouw vlotheid en bereidwilligheid geapprecieerd op momenten dat ik jouw hulp nodig had. Je was altijd aanspreekbaar, waarvoor dank. Ik ben ook vele anderen van de MarBiol groep erg dankbaar. De Marbiol is een grote, verscheiden groep en dat geeft iedereen de kans om er zich goed te voelen en zijn plaatsje te vinden. Ellen, wij zijn samen aan dit avontuur begonnen en als beginnertjes konden wij bij elkaar onze twijfels kwijt en dat is over de jaren zo gebleven. Het was een plezier om samen te evolueren en het doet me goed dat jij er nog steeds bent om mij bij de laatste stappen van het doctoraat te steunen. Annick, ik apprecieerde erg je praktische aanpak en je flexibile ingesteldheid. Ik kon vele keren op jou rekenen, vooral voor het uitpikken van copepoden. Guy, ik wil jou bedanken voor onze twee trips naar Roscoff, het wierenparadijs. Ik kende jou toen nog niet goed, dus ik was nog heel bedeesd, het was geen wilde maar wel een veilige trip! Dirk, bedankt voor de grondige chemische analyses en voor je oneindige geduld met mij (en mijn vele vetzuur- en pigmentdata) wanneer ik je tijdens je analyses kwam onderbreken. Jij was ook een aangename vaste waarde aan de lunchtafel samen met Carl, Joke, Jan VA, Jan R, Tim, Ellen, Ulrike, Freija, Thibaud (, ...). Bart en Niels, ook jullie waren een grote hulp bij de staalverwerking, dank je wel daarvoor. Annelien, jou vertouwde ik het DGGE-werk en de proteinen-carbohydraten-lipiden extracties toe. Ook jij was een enorme hulp en jij nam hiermee een beetje van mijn zorgen over. Dat werk was allerminst evident, maar ik kon erop vertrouwen dat het tot een goed einde kwam. Jurgen en Yves, bedankt voor het maken van het staalnamemateriaal en de onderdelen van mijn experiment. Ik kon ook rekenen op jullie hulp tijdens de zware staalnames. Sommigen hebben voor mij de strenge koude of de zwoele warmte doorstaan. Zonder jullie was dit zware werk onmogelijk geweest! Het is fijn om te zien dat het groepje ‘copepodologen’ is uitgebreid de laatste jaren, met de komst van Thibaud, Eva en Christophe (en binnenkort Klai) en dat schepte toch ook wel een leuke band. Dank je wel, Thibaud en Eva, voor jullie uitpikhulp en copepodenexpertise. En Klai, jij zal jouw weg ook snel vinden, het gaat jou goed! Ik heb ook fijne tijden beleeft in het CeMoFE (Centrum voor Moleculaire Fylogenie en Evolutie) met de trouwe CeMoFE gangers onder de Marbiol (Annelien, Jelle, Nele, Sofie en Annelies). Ik kon ook bij medewerkers van andere groepen met vragen terecht en de sfeer was er aangenaam. Dank daarvoor aan Karolien en Sofie (Microbiologie) en voor de toffe babbels aan Sofie, Tine, Ann-Eline, Joke en Frederica (en enkele andere PAE medewerkers). Ik zou ook graag enkele medewerkers van de groep Microbiologie willen bedanken voor hun hulp bij het microbiële werk. Dank je wel, Margo, Bart H., Liesbeth en Koenraad voor de goede ontvangst bij de Microbiologie. Tijdens het doctoraat, kreeg ik ook de kans om op congres te gaan. Ik heb niet het geluk gehad om dit samen met collega’s van de Marbiol te doen. Anderzijds, gaf dit mij de gelegenheid om mij open te stellen en de meisjes waarmee ik de kamer deelden waren steeds super. Een paniekmoment brak uit tijdens een congres in Slovenië... 3 dagen zonder koffer en mijn presentatiedag kwam steeds dichterbij. Mateja, jij hebt me toen erg op mijn gemak gesteld, jij was er voor mij. De buitenlandse labovrienden, Charles, Quang, Kosmas, Michael, Tatiana en Giovanni, waren ook altijd een garantie voor vrolijk intermezzo-gesprekjes in de wandelgangen. Jullie brachten altijd de zon en ik werd altijd vrolijk van jullie. De studenten die ik de afgelopen jaren heb begeleid, Milica, Fangchao, Jonas en Willem, Klai, hebben mij ook enorm veel geleerd. Voor het eerst moest ik het werk uit handen geven, jullie dit toevertrouwen en dat was niet altijd zo gemakkelijk maar ik kon erop vertrouwen dat het werk goed was uitgevoerd. Ik dien ook het IWT (Innovatie door Wetenschap en Techniek) te bedanken voor de financiele ondersteuning van dit doctoraat. Tenslotte, nog een persoonlijke boodschap voor mijn familie. Peter en Ludwine, jullie zijn een superstel! Altijd te vinden voor nieuwe uitdagingen en jullie leren mij steeds nieuwe dingen ontdekken of nemen me mee op avontuur (Winterberg, Kerstmis in de Ardennen, ...). Bij jullie zijn is altijd pure ontspanning. Ik heb genoten van jullie. Heidi, Christophe en de kindjes, ook bij jullie is het altijd feest. De zuiderse drukte zorgde voor afleiding en onze dinsdagmiddagen op visite bij mijn mama waren de ideale gelegenheid om bij elkaar eens te zijn. Het was niet altijd evident om contact te houden tijdens de hectische periode van het schrijven, maar ik weet dat je hier wel begrip voor had. Mijn jeugdvriendinnetje Ellen T., jij zal ook altijd een speciale plaats in mijn leven hebben. Wij zien elkaar niet zoveel meer, jij hebt nu ook je drukke gezinsleven maar ik heb je het laatste jaar zo gelukkig gezien en ik weet als ik down ben dat ik je steeds kan bellen.
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