The 21 Century American Family in Californication – Issues of Ideology

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The 21 Century American Family in Californication – Issues of Ideology The 21st Century American Family in Californication – Issues of Ideology, Narrative and Gender Eeva Likitalo University of Tampere School of Modern Languages and Translation Studies English Philology Pro Gradu Thesis March 2010 ii Tampereen yliopisto Englantilainen filologia Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos LIKITALO, EEVA: The 21st Century American Family in Californication – Issues of Ideology, Narrative and Gender Pro gradu -tutkielma, 121 sivua + liitteet ( 1 kpl) Kevät 2010 Pro gradu -tutkielmani tavoitteena oli tarkastella, miten ja millaisena amerikkalainen televisiosarja Californication esittää amerikkalaisen perheen. Käsittelen perheen esitystä sarjassa ideologiana, joka tuotetaan katsojille tuttujen narratiivien avulla yhä uudestaan normatiivisen viitekehyksen sisällä, mikä tuottaa tietyille esityksille hegemonisen ja luonnollisuutta imitoivan aseman suhteessa muihin, vaihtoehtoisiin esityksiin. Yhtenä merkittävistä teoreettisista välineistäni on Louis Althusserin näkemys ideologiasta yksilön kuvitteellisena suhteena tämän elettyyn kokemukseen todellisuudesta, ja Althusserin käsitys televisiosta yhtenä merkittävimmistä ideologisen työn välineistä yhteiskunnassa. Lähestyn sarjaa osana media- ja televisiotuotannon järjestystä, missä normit, perinteet ja tutut kaavat ohjaavat sarjassa tarjottua esitystä amerikkalaisesta perheestä. Mielestäni eksplisiittisestä ja mediassa kritisoidusta sisällöstään huolimatta Californication on nähtävissä osana perheen televisioesitysten jatkumoa, joka on perinteisesti keskittynyt kuvaamaan valkoista heteroseksuaalista ydinperhettä muiden etnisyyksien ja perhemuotojen kustannuksella. Analyysini sijoittaa sarjan perheen representaatioiden trendien jatkajaksi, jossa keskeisellä sijalla on jo 1970- luvulta lähtien ollut ns. dysfunktionaalinen ydinperhe, jonka sisäiset konfliktit ja ongelmat ovat keskeisessä asemassa sarjan dramatiikassa. Vaikka (ydin)perheen patriarkaalinen instituutio esitetään sarjassa päällisin puolin kriisissä olevana ja toimimattomana, se asetetaan sarjassa ideologiseen kamppailuun muiden, perheen tärkeyttä potentiaalisesti haastavien ideologioiden, kuten individualismin ja liberaalin seksuaalisuuden, kanssa. Tämän kamppailun seurauksena sarja luo dikotomian valkoisen, heteroseksuaalisen ydinperheen arvomaailman ja sarjan tapahtumapaikan, Hollywoodin, korruptoituneen kulttuurin välille. Nojaamalla voimakkaasti romanttisen komedian narratiiviseen rakenteeseen sarjan kritiikki toimimatonta ydinperhettä kohtaan kääntyy toissijaiseksi tehostuskeinoksi kuvattaessa sarjan päähenkilön, Hank Moodyn, kasvua kohti aikuisuutta ja vastuullista vanhemmuutta korruptoituneessa ympäristössä. Perheen ideologia sukupuolittuneena sosiaalisena instituutiona on myös läsnä Californicationissa, ja sarja tarjoaa pitkälti nykyisin televisiossa jo vallalla olevia sukupuolittuneita subjektipositioita. Ulkonäkökriteerit ovat merkittäviä kummankin sukupuolen edustajille sarjassa, mutta naiseus tuotteistetaan ja asetetaan suhteessa miehen dominoivan positioon sarjan tapahtumissa ja Hankin kertojaäänen kautta. Naiseuden esitysten problematiikka ilmenee selkeimmin tarkasteltaessa perheen äidin, Karenin, esitystä suhteessa sarjan lapsettomiin ja perheettömiin naishahmoihin, jotka kalpenevat moraalisuudessaan ja ovat vapaampia seksuaalisen suuntautumisensa suhteen kuin sarjan ideaaliäiti. Isyyden esityksessä taas patriarkaalinen, etäinen perheenisä on väistynyt emotionaalisemman ja ”pehmeämmän” isähahmon tieltä. Feministiseltä kannalta tarkasteltuna merkittävin muutos perheen sisäisessä järjestyksessä onkin vanhemmuuden esittäminen haluttuna ja sukupuolesta riippumattomana positiona, jossa tärkeintä on kyky antautua, sitoutua ja asettaa toisen etu oman edelle. Kokonaisuutena Californication esittää nykyaikaisen amerikkalaisen perheen ikuisen rakkauden ideologian ja romanttisen komedian heteronormatiiviseen ja konservatiiviseen ydinperheasetelmaan kietoutuneena. Avainsanat: ideologia, narratiivi, ydinperhe, heteronormatiivisuus, hegemoninen maskuliinisuus iii Table of Contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….………...1 2. Theoretical Framework of Reference…………………………………………..………...9 2.1. Ideology and Television……………………………...…………..……...........9 2.2. Theorising the Family in Society and Television……………....................…19 3. Deconstructing the Family in Californication – Typicalities, Ideology and the Power of Narrative………….………………………………….……...………..34 3.1. Californication and the Normative American Television Family...................34 3.2. The American Family Ideal Challenged? Competing Values and Ideologies………………………………………………………….……......48 3.3. “The Ballad of Hank and Karen” – The Hegemony of Genre, Narrative and the Ideology of True Love……………………………....…...60 4. The Gendered Subject in Californication: Representation, Responsibility and Parenting………………………………………………………………...…………73 4.1. Men, Hegemonic Masculinity and the “New Man”……………...………...74 4.2. The Liberated “Second Sex”? Contradictions in the Representations of Women……………………………………....………....85 4.3. Sosialisation, Parental Relations and Family Responsibility – Towards Equal Parenting?.............................................................................98 5. Conclusion………………………………………………...………………….……….109 6. Bibliography………………………………………………………...………….…......115 Appendix……………………………………………………………................….…...…122 1 1. Introduction Historically, families, both as audience and a narrative force, have a long tradition on American television since the rise of the medium as an everyday home appliance in the 1950s. Numerous television shows have relied on, and continue to rely on, the domestic sphere occupied by a family as the central locale in which the events, comic or dramatic, are presented to take place. One need only choose one of the many present-day sitcoms such as Everybody Loves Raymond or According to Jim, to see that the representations of the American family continue to be recycled and re- invented in television production. Furthermore, the discussions of family are not restricted to depictions of the domestic sphere, but family is often presented as one of the motivational factors affecting the lives of the characters of television shows even when the family does not serve as the primary focus in the narrative. For instance, in the case of professionalism, in shows such as Lipstick Jungle and Grey's Anatomy, family is referred to as clashing with the careers of the characters, male and female, and as such a factor in their lives that creates conflict and trouble, or, at times, provides them with comfort and a new perspective. The depictions of the family, in short, feature frequently in American television narratives, making it a crucial object of research in media and television studies. This also applies to the primary material of this thesis, the Showtime Networks Inc. produced American television show Californication, which, despite its explicit content, to a large extent focuses on the family.1 I find that the show offers as the central motif the reunion of the family, which connects it with the traditions of television representations, as well as ties it into a wider social context as the ideology of the nuclear family has been one of the key values in American society for decades. At present, many critics argue that the American family is at a state of crisis. William 1Californication: The First Season, perf. David Duchovny, Natasha McElhone, Madeleine Martin, Madeline Zima and Damian Young, Showtime Networks Inc., DVD, 2007. Showtime Networks Inc. is a subsidiary of the American mass media company CBS corporation. For more information, see www.cbscorporation.com. 2 Douglas sees that the debate ranges from nostalgic and dated views, promoted especially the conservative political Right, which see the family as facing serious deterioration due to the structural and demographic changes taking place within the family. Issues of divorce, one-parent households, and decreased fertility rates, for instance, are seen as signs of “the erosion of the American family.”2 On the other hand, others view the changes taking place as “the inevitable imposition of more compelling and more enduring social trends.”3 While the debate remains unresolved and the family will undoubtedly serve as a source for political ammunition for decades to come, Chambers notes that during the postmodern era, when “nations are engaged in struggles over local, national and international identities,” the family as a topic of research holds special importance. “In this period of major shifts in meanings, everyday practices and representations of 'family' we find that social and cultural theory, political debate and the news media claim 'the family' as a critical topic. It now occupies centre-stage.”4 Thus, during a time of significant changes, the family continues to serve as a central issue both in society and on television. In 2007, Tom Kapinos, the creator of Californication, characterised his work as follows: “I see it as a family show. It just happens to be a very fractured, f*cked up family . .”5 With Kapinos' blunt yet revealing comment in mind, in this study, I will examine the first season of Californication first aired in the United States in 2007.6 The aim of my study is to detect how the family, family members and the family order are represented, reproduced, justified and organised on contemporary television in the US. As the quotation above suggests, despite many other issues the show touches upon, Californication can be seen as most
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