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Islam Councils
THE MUSLIM QUESTION IN EUROPE Peter O’Brien THE MUSLIM QUESTION IN EUROPE Political Controversies and Public Philosophies TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia • Rome • Tokyo TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2016 by Temple University—Of Th e Commonwealth System of Higher Education All rights reserved Published 2016 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: O’Brien, Peter, 1960– author. Title: Th e Muslim question in Europe : political controversies and public philosophies / Peter O’Brien. Description: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Temple University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifi ers: LCCN 2015040078| ISBN 9781439912768 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781439912775 (paper : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781439912782 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Muslims—Europe—Politics and government. | Islam and politics—Europe. Classifi cation: LCC D1056.2.M87 O27 2016 | DDC 305.6/97094—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015040078 Th e paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Andre, Grady, Hannah, Galen, Kaela, Jake, and Gabriel Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction: Clashes within Civilization 1 2 Kulturkampf 24 3 Citizenship 65 4 Veil 104 5 Secularism 144 6 Terrorism 199 7 Conclusion: Messy Politics 241 Aft erword 245 References 249 Index 297 Acknowledgments have accumulated many debts in the gestation of this study. Arleen Harri- son superintends an able and amiable cadre of student research assistants I without whose reliable and competent support this book would not have been possible. -
Islamophobia As a Form of Governmentality: Unbearable Weightiness of the Politics of Fear
imer • mim The Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations is a forum for research in, and debate about, issues of migration, ethnicity and related topics. It is associated with guest AYHAN KAYA professorship in memory of Willy Brandt. Thus, the Series makes available original manuscripts by the Willy Brandt Guest Professors. The guest professorship in memory of Willy Brandt is a gift to Malmö ISLAMOPHOBIA AS A FORM OF University financed by the City of Malmö, and sponsored by MKB Fastighets AB. The Willy Brandt professorship was established to strengthen GOVERNMENTALITY: and develop research in the field of international migration and ethnic relations, and to create close links to international research in this field. UNBEARABLE WEIGHTINESS OF THE POLITICS OF FEAR The Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations is available in print and online. Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations 1/11 MALMÖ UNIVERSITY SE-205 06 Malmö M Sweden A tel: +46 40-665 70 00 LM www.mah.se Ö 2011 MALMÖ UNIVERSITY MALMÖ INSTITUTE FOR STUDIES OF MIGRATION, DIVERSITY AND WELFARE (MIM) Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers 2/06 Sandro Cattacin. 2006. 1/11 Ayhan Kaya. 2011. in International Migration and Ethnic Relations Why not “Ghettos”? Islamophobia as a form of Govern- 1/11 The Governance of Migration mentality: Unbearable Weightiness in the Splintering City. of the Politics of Fear Published 1/07 Eva Morawska. 2007. 2011 International Migration: Its Various Mechanisms and Different Theories Editor that Try to Explain It. -
The Role of British Newspapers in Shaping Attitudes Towards Islam And
Islamophobia in the UK: The role of British newspapers in shaping attitudes towards Islam and Muslims Fleur Allen 28001668 Contents Abstract ………………………………………………………... 1 1 Introduction …………………………………………………… 3 2 Literature Review ……………………………………………. 8 2.1 Introduction …………………………………………………….. 8 2.2 Islamaphobia – Its meaning and origins ……………………. 9 2.3 The relationship between Islam and the West …………….. 11 2.4 Islamaphobia and the press …………………………………. 12 2.5 The portrayal of Islam and Muslims in the press ………….. 15 2.6 Challenges for the press ……………………………………... 26 2.7 Conclusions ……………………………………………………. 28 3 Methodology …………………………………………………. 30 3.1 Introduction …………..…………..…………..…………..……. 30 3.2 Research strategy …………..…………..…………..………… 30 3.3 Data collection and interpretation …………..…………..…… 32 4 Findings and discussion …………..…………..…………… 36 4.1 Reporting prior to 9/11 …………..…………..…………..……. 36 4.2 Analysis of the reporting of 9/11 and its aftermath ………… 43 4.3 Analysis of the reporting of 7/7 and its aftermath ………….. 54 4.4 Analysis of reporting since 7/7 …………..…………..………. 65 5 Conclusions and Recommendations …………..………… 82 References …………..…………..…………..…………..……. 90 Appendices …………..…………..…………..…………..…… 109 1 Metropolitan police figures on Islamophobic crimes, ................. 2011 - 2013 …..…………..………..…………..………..……... 109 i 2.1 National hate crime figures, 2011 – 2012 …………..………. 110 2.2 National hate crime figures, 2002 – 2013 …………..………. 113 3 Political alignment of British national newspapers …………. 114 4 Circulation figures for British national newspapers ………… 117 Bibliography …………..…………..…………..…………..….. 118 ii Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how Islam and Muslims are portrayed in British mainstream newspapers, whether the image presented is distorted and misleading and what impact this has on public opinion. Events over the past two decades have led to the religion becoming hyper-visible. This increased interest and the recent Leveson Inquiry into press ethics makes the need for this research timely. -
Report on Islamophobia
Original: English SEVENTH OIC OBSERVATORY REPORT ON ISLAMOPHOBIA October 2013 – April 2014 PRESENTED TO THE 41st Council of foreign ministers Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 181818–18 –––19191919 June 2012014444 iii OICOIC----CSCSCSCS----7777ththth OBSOBS----REPREPREP----FinalFinalFinal----MayMayMay----20142014 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD by the OIC Secretary General 111 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 333 INTRODUCTION 555 111.1... ISLAMOPHOBIA, INTOLERANCE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINSTAGAINST MUSLIMS 777 2.2.2. MANIFESTATIONS OF ISLAMOPHOBIA 999 2.1. Islamophobia in USA 9 a) Islamophobic Behavior by US Military & Police 11 b) Anti-Sharia Laws 14 c) Quebec’s “Charter of Values” 16 2.2. Islamophobia in Europe 17 a) Anti-Halal Sentiments and Manifestations 21 2.3. Islamophobia in the Rest of the World 22 a) Rohyinga Issue 22 b) The Situation of Muslims in Sri Lanka 24 c) The Alleged Ban of Islam in Angola 25 d) The Persecution of Muslims in the Central African Republic 26 e) The Fear of Tatar Muslims in Crimea 27 2.4. Other Islamophobic Trends 28 a) Media Islamophobic Discourse and Campaigns 28 b) Discrimination against Muslims in Employment 31 c) Schools Bullying with Muslims as Victims 32 3.3.3. SOME POSITIVE DEVELOPMENTS 343434 I. Court Decisions against Islamophobes 34 II. Politicians Positive Views on Islam 35 III. On Hijab 37 IV. General Issues 37 444.4... OIC INITIATIVES AND ACTIVITIES TO COUNTER ISLAMOPHOBIA 38 4.1. Meeting with Pope Francis I 38 4.2. Istanbul Process Follow-up 38 iiiiii OICOIC----CSCSCSCS----7777ththth OBSOBS----REPREPREP----FinalFinalFinal----MayMayMay----20142014 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 404040 ANNEXES 434343 A.A.A. -
Eight Oic Observatory Report on Islamophobia
Original: English EIGHT OIC OBSERVATORY REPORT ON ISLAMOPHOBIA May 2014 – April 2015 PRESENTED TO THE 42nd Council of foreign ministers Kuwait City, State of Kuwait 27-28 May 2015 i OIC-CS-8thOBS-REP-Final-May-2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD by the OIC Secretary General EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1. ISLAMOPHOBIA, INTOLERANCE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MUSLIMS 7 2. MANIFESTATIONS OF ISLAMOPHOBIA 9 2.1. Islamophobia in the USA and Canada 12 2.1.1. Polls and Reports on Islamophobia in the United States and Canada 12 2.1.2. Islamophobic Discourses and Campaigns in the United States 15 2.1.2. Surveillance against Islam and Muslims 18 2.2. Islamophobia in Europe 20 2.2.1. Polls and Reports on Islamophobia in Europe 20 2.2.2. Islamophobic Discourses and Campaigns in Europe 21 2.2.3. PEGIDA Movements 23 2.2.4. The Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo Incident 24 2.2.5. The Rise of Far Rights 26 2.3. Islamophobia in the Rest of the World 29 2.3.1. Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar 29 2.3.2. The Rise of Islamophobia in Australia 29 2.3.3. The situation of Tatar Muslims in Crimea 30 2.4. Other Islamophobic Trends 31 2.4.1. Islamophobic Gestures and Policies against Veil, Hijab, and Burqa 31 2.4.2. Discrimination against Muslims in Employment 34 3. SOME POSITIVE DEVELOPMENTS 36 3.1. Court Decisions against Islamophobes 36 3.2. Politicians Positive Views on Islam 38 3.3. Counter-balances on Far-Rights 40 3.4. Anti-PEGIDA Trends 42 3.5. -
Jihadist Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in Western Europe: a Low-Probability, High-Impact Threat
Jihadist Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in Western Europe: A Low-Probability, High-Impact Threat Edwin Bakker and Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn ICCT Research Paper October 2015 The phenomenon of foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq is making headlines. Their involvement in the atrocities committed by terrorist groups such as the so-called “Islamic State” and Jabhat al-Nusra have caused grave concern and public outcry in the foreign fighters’ European countries of origin. While much has been written about these foreign fighters and the possible threat they pose, the impact of this phenomenon on Western European societies has yet to be documented. This Research Paper by Edwin Bakker and Jeanine De Roy van Zuijdewijn explores four particular areas where this impact is most visible: a) violent incidents associated with (returned) foreign fighters, b) official and political responses linked to these incidents, c) public opinion, and d) anti-Islam reactions linked to these incidents. The authors conclude that the phenomenon of jihadist foreign fighters in European societies should be primarily regarded as a social and political threat, not a physical one. They consider the phenomenon of European jihadist foreign fighters a “low-probability, high-impact” threat. About the Authors Edwin Bakker is Professor of (Counter-)Terrorism Studies at Leiden University, Director of the Centre for Terrorism and Counterterrorism (CTC) of that same university and Research Fellow at ICCT. He studied Economic Geography (Netherlands) and Political Geography (Netherlands and Germany). In 1997, he defended his PhD thesis on minority conflicts in Slovakia and Hungary. He taught classes in international policies on preventing and managing separatism and intra-state war in the Balkans at the Centre for International Conflict Analysis and Management (CICAM), Nijmegen University. -
Muslim Community Organisations and Leadership in Australia
Muslim Community Organisations and Leadership in Australia Submitted by Ryan Edwards ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5112-9363 A thesis in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2018 Asia Institute Faculty of Arts University of Melbourne i Abstract Contemporary Islamophobia, strengthened by its intersectionality with overlapping phenomena, such as racism and protectionist attitudes towards migration, has impacted and affected Australian Muslim communities in a variety of ways. Muslim community organisations (MCOs), often serving as the link between Muslim communities and government, media and wider society, are consistently required to navigate the challenges that arise amidst the socio-political context in which they operate. By exploring the socio-political context and developing an enhanced understanding of the overall structure of MCOs in Australia, this thesis identifies and examines the key contemporary challenges facing Australian MCOs. Through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with twenty-four representatives of MCOs from across the five Australian cities with the largest self-identifying Muslim populations (Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane and Adelaide), this research provides a new and valuable insight into issues that are both contemporarily important and significant for Australia’s future. After separating MCOs into three categories (peak bodies, collective religious leadership and community groups), this thesis identifies several key themes that emerged from the interviews representing internal challenges to MCOs. These included: the generation gap, employment of imams, diversity of Muslims in Australia, and staff, funding and governance. It then explores Islamophobia as an external challenge, addressing how it affects MCOs and some of the ways in which they have responded. -
On Islamophobia
On Islamophobia The Problem of Definition Trevor Phillips, Sir John Jenkins and Dr Martyn Frampton Foreword by Khalid Mahmood MP On Islamophobia The Problem of Definition Trevor Phillips, Sir John Jenkins and Dr Martyn Frampton Foreword by Khalid Mahmood MP Policy Exchange is the UK’s leading think tank. We are an independent, non-partisan educational charity whose mission is to develop and promote new policy ideas that will deliver better public services, a stronger society and a more dynamic economy. Policy Exchange is committed to an evidence-based approach to policy development and retains copyright and full editorial control over all its written research. We work in partnership with academics and other experts and commission major studies involving thorough empirical research of alternative policy outcomes. We believe that the policy experience of other countries offers important lessons for government in the UK. We also believe that government has much to learn from business and the voluntary sector. Registered charity no: 1096300. Trustees Diana Berry, Pamela Dow, Alexander Downer, Andrew Feldman, Candida Gertler, Patricia Hodgson, Greta Jones, Edward Lee, Charlotte Metcalf, Roger Orf, Andrew Roberts, George Robinson, Robert Rosenkranz, Peter Wall, Nigel Wright. On Islamophobia About the Authors Trevor Phillips OBE is a writer, broadcaster and businessman. He is the Chairman of Index on Censorship, the international campaign group for freedom of expression, and was chair of both the Equality and Human Rights Commission and the Runnymede Trust. Sir John Jenkins spent a 35-year career in the British Diplomatic Service. He holds a BA (Double First Class Honours) and a Ph.D from Jesus College, Cambridge. -
Islamophobia in Europe: How Governments Are Enabling the Far-Right ‘Counter-Jihad’ Movement
Aked, H., Jones, M., & Miller, D. (2019). Islamophobia in Europe: How governments are enabling the far-right ‘counter-jihad’ movement. Public Interest Investigations. http://powerbase.info/index.php/Islamophobia_in_Europe:_How_gover nments_are_enabling_the_far-right_%27counter-jihad%27_movement Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY-NC-SA Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via PowerBase at http://powerbase.info/index.php/Islamophobia_in_Europe:_How_governments_are_enabling_the_far- right_%27counter-jihad%27_movement . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Islamophobia in Europe: How governments are enabling the far-right ‘counter-jihad’ movement Hilary Aked Melissa Jones David Miller PUBLIC INTEREST Authors INVESTIGATIONS Hilary Aked Public Interest Investigations (PII) is an Hilary Aked is a freelance independent non-profit making organisation. writer and researcher currently Founded in 2004, PII promotes greater writing a book about the Zionist understanding of the role of PR, propaganda and movement in the UK and lobbying and of the power networks that they Israel’s response to the Boycott, support, through its website Spinwatch (www. Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) spinwatch.org) and its investigative wiki site movement. They hold a PhD in political sociology Powerbase (www.powerbase.info). -
FRAMING ISLAM AS a THREAT the Use of Islam by Some U.S
FRAMING ISLAM AS A THREAT The Use of Islam by Some U.S. Conservatives as a Platform for Cultural Politics in the Decade after 9/11 David Douglas Belt A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Planning, Governance & Globalization Gerard Toal (Chair) Timothy W. Luke Joel Peters Ariel I. Ahram September 19, 2014 Alexandria, Virginia Keywords cultural politics, discourse, identity politics, Islamophobia, security writing Copyright 2014 by David D. Belt FRAMING ISLAM AS A THREAT The Use of Islam by Some U.S. Conservatives as a Platform for Cultural Politics in the Decade after 9/11 David Douglas Belt ABSTRACT Why, in the aftermath of 9/11, did a segment of U.S. security experts, political elite, media and other institutions classify not just al-Qaeda but the entire religion of Islam as a security threat, thereby countering the prevailing professional consensus and White House policy that maintained a distinction between terrorism and Islam? Why did this oppositional threat narrative on Islam expand and even degenerate into warning about the “Islamization” of America by its tiny population of Muslim-Americans—a perceived threat sufficiently convincing that legislators in two dozen states introduced bills to prevent the spread of Islamic law, or sharia, and a Republican Presidential front-runner exclaimed, “I believe Shariah is a mortal threat to the survival of freedom in the United States and in the world as we know it”? This dissertation takes these puzzles as its object of inquiry. -
Islamophobia in Europe: How Governments Are Enabling the Far-Right ‘Counter-Jihad’ Movement Hilary Aked
Islamophobia in Europe: How governments are enabling the far-right ‘counter-jihad’ movement Hilary Aked Melissa Jones David Miller PUBLIC INTEREST Authors INVESTIGATIONS Hilary Aked Public Interest Investigations (PII) is an Hilary Aked is a freelance independent non-profit making organisation. writer and researcher currently Founded in 2004, PII promotes greater writing a book about the Zionist understanding of the role of PR, propaganda and movement in the UK and lobbying and of the power networks that they Israel’s response to the Boycott, support, through its website Spinwatch (www. Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) spinwatch.org) and its investigative wiki site movement. They hold a PhD in political sociology Powerbase (www.powerbase.info). Spinwatch is from the University of Bath and previously co- a founder member of the Alliance for Lobbying authored The Britain Israel Communications Transparency and Ethics Regulation in the and Research Centre: Giving peace a chance? EU (ALTER-EU) and the Alliance for Lobbying (Public Interest Investigations, 2013) and The Transparency UK (ALT-UK). Henry Jackson Society and the degeneration Further information: of British neo-conservatism (Public Interest Investigations, 2015). Website: www.spinwatch.org Melissa Jones Email: [email protected] Melissa Jones has been managing editor of Mail: Spaceworks, Easton Business Centre, Public Interest Investigations/Spinwatch and Felix Road, Easton, Bristol, England, BS5 0HE its Powerbase website since 2010. She has a background in journalism and not-for-profit investigations, and holds a masters’ degree in human rights from the Human Rights Centre at the University of Essex. David Miller is a director of Public Interest Investigations. -
Multiculturalism, Islam and Child Sex-Slavery
“Easy Meat” Multiculturalism, Islam and Child Sex Slavery Peter McLoughlin ○c Peter McLoughlin 2014 The PDF (Postscript Document Format) version of this document may be freely distributed. Printed copies of this document may only be distributed by Law And Freedom Foundation. Cover photo By Linsenhejhej (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons http://commons:wikimedia:org/wiki/File:Autistic_teenage_girl:jpg publishing history first edition March 2014 Contents 1. Introduction........................ 12 2. The Grooming Gang Phenomenon............ 22 2.1 Defining the Problem............... 30 2.2 Tip of the Iceberg................. 34 2.3 Invisible Victims.................. 36 2.4 National Dimensions............... 39 2.5 International Dimensions............. 41 2.7 Counting the Victims............... 44 2.8 Realising the Damage............... 47 3. Sikh Victims of Grooming Gangs............. 53 4. Chronology: Cover-up to Collapse............ 60 4.1 1988 Sikh/Muslim violence............ 62 4.2 1989 Sikhs convicted............... 64 4.3 1991 “The earliest case...”............ 65 4.4 1995 Bradford: Streets and Lanes ........ 67 4.5 1996 Rotherham.................. 69 4.6 1998 Sikh Awareness Society starts........ 71 4.7 2001 Derby and “Real Caliphate”........ 73 4.8 2003 Bradford/Keighley............. 74 4.9 2004 Edge of the City............... 77 4.10 2005 Radio 5 programme............. 81 4.11 2005 Luton and “Real Caliphate”......... 83 4.12 2007 Julie Bindel: a lone voice.......... 85 4.13 2008 My Dangerous Loverboy.......... 87 4.14 2008 BBC Panorama: Teenage Sex For Sale... 91 4.15 2009 Rise of English Defence League...... 97 4.16 2011 Andrew Norfolk’s pivotal article.....