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When Human Capital Becomes a Commodity: Philippines in Global Economic Changes and the Implications for the Development of Non-State Institutions

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When Human Capital Becomes a Commodity: Philippines in Global Economic Changes and the Implications for the Development of Non-State Institutions Durham E-Theses When Human Capital Becomes a Commodity: Philippines in Global Economic Changes and the Implications for the Development of Non-State Institutions GOODE, ANGELO,AUGUSTUS,SALTING How to cite: GOODE, ANGELO,AUGUSTUS,SALTING (2012) When Human Capital Becomes a Commodity: Philippines in Global Economic Changes and the Implications for the Development of Non-State Institutions , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3911/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 When Human Capital Becomes a Commodity: Philippines in Global Economic Changes and the Implications for the Development of Non-State Institutions by Angelo Augustus Salting Goode Ustinov College A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Durham University, England for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Politics July 2012 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Goode, ii Declaration on Plagiarism and Word Count This thesis is the result of my own work. Material presented in the thesis deriving from the published or unpublished work of others is credited to the authors in question in the text. The thesis is exactly 78,067 words in length. I have read and understood the Guidance on Plagiarism and Word Limits in the relevant course booklet. 2 July 2012 Angelo Augustus Salting Goode Goode, iii Abstract The human cost of globalisation has been widely discussed, but the specific process by which human beings are exported as commodities is a lesser known aspect. Studying this phenomenon is not only ethically important, but illustrative of the unique ways globalisation plays out in developing countries. The human cost of globalisation is not simply a result of a developed country exploiting developing countries but rather can be the conscious policy of the developing country itself. This thesis will explain how human exports are a major element in the Philippine economy due to recent government policy. By means of case study of migrant Filipino nurses, it shows how exporting citizens, although to some extent beneficial is ultimately costly both to the individuals and to Filipino society. An extended study of ASEAN, an East Asian economic bloc, shows that regional blocs cannot ultimately protect transmigrant workers. In a final case study, the thesis also shows that a multinational corporation (MNC) like Western Union fills in an economic vacuum and though appearing to help the plight of transmigrant labourers, ultimately exploits them. The thesis has chosen as its method the International Political Economy (IPE) approach because it has the advantage of making it easier to chart the interplay between a variety of economic, political and social elements. One of the contributions of the thesis is to make a compelling case for a new category of product within the IPE configuration, namely ‘non-product-based IPE’. The need for this new category poignantly underscores the dehumanisation of individuals for the sake of economic gain. Goode, iv Table of Contents Declaration on Plagiarism and Word Count.................................................................ii Abstract.........................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents..........................................................................................................iv List of Tables................................................................................................................vii List of Figures.............................................................................................................viii Dedication....................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................x List of Abbreviations.....................................................................................................xi Introduction and Methodology...................................................................................1 Need for the Study..........................................................................................................1 Advancing Economies of Countries in Transition: The BRIC Powers..............1 An Unconventional Emerging Market: The Philippine Contribution................3 Formation of Research Topic.........................................................................................5 First-Hand Experience as a Native Filipino.......................................................5 Insights from Working at the United Nations Headquarters..............................8 Inability of the Philippines to Care for OFWs Creates Vacuum for Western Union................................................................................................................12 The International Political Economy Approach: A Very Useful Alternative..15 Research Questions......................................................................................................18 Hypotheses and Case Study Methods in IPE...............................................................20 Fieldwork and Presentation of Data.............................................................................26 Secondary Analysis..........................................................................................26 Data Collection.................................................................................................27 Interviews.........................................................................................................28 Plan of the Thesis.........................................................................................................29 Chapter I. Literature Review and Analytical Framework.....................................32 1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................32 1.2 What is Globalisation?...........................................................................................33 1.2.1a Hyperglobalist Thesis............................................................................33 1.2.1b Sceptical Thesis.....................................................................................34 1.2.1c Transformationalist Thesis....................................................................35 1.2.1d Sources of Contention in the Globalisation Debate..............................37 1.2.1e Rethinking Globalisation.......................................................................39 1.2.2 Measuring Globalisation.........................................................................43 1.2.3 Governance in a Partially Globalised World...........................................45 1.2.4 Globalisation in East Asia.......................................................................46 1.3 Rise of Regionalism...............................................................................................48 1.3.1 East Asia: An Emerging Region within the Global System....................49 1.3.2 Regionalism and Globalisation...............................................................51 1.3.3 Constructing a Community.....................................................................51 1.3.4 Regional Leadership in East Asia...........................................................54 1.4 Transnationalism in Question.................................................................................55 1.4.1 Transnational Optic.................................................................................57 1.4.2 Transnational Space, Migration Studies and Non-State Institutional Development..........................................................................................59 Goode, v 1.5 Framework of Analysis..........................................................................................60 1.5.1 Globalisation Permeates National Economies: Situational Change of Nation-States...........................................................................................64 1.5.2 Promoting Regional Interaction..............................................................65 1.5.3 Transnational Non-Product-Based Commodification.............................66 1.5.4 Philippine Development Strategies.........................................................68 1.6 In the End...............................................................................................................72 Chapter II. Political Economy of the Philippines....................................................74 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................74
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