THE PATTIMURA REVOLT OF 1817 Its Causes, Course and Consequences A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History in the University Canterbury by P.J.M. Noldus University of Canterbury 1984 THESIS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i. Abstract ii. List of Maps iv. Glossary v. Introduction 1 Chapter I: The Setting 8 Chapter II: The British Interregnums 31 Chapter III: The Revolt 67 Chapter IV: The Inquest 120 Chapter V: The Aftermath 151 Conclusion and Epilogue 174 Bibliography 186 i. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people without whose help and assistance I could not have completed this thesis that it is difficult to know where to begin and I can only mention a few here. I wish to thank the Institutions and Archives in which I worked: the University of Canterbury Library and especially its interloan department, the University of Auckland Library, Monash University of Melbourne, the Algemeen Rijsarchief and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague, the Koninklijk Instituut voor Land-, Taal- en Volkenkunde and the University Library in Leiden, the Provincial Archief voor Gelderland in Arnhem and the India Office Library and Records in London. I am grateful to Dr Richard Chauvel of Sydney for his introductions to Drs Richard Leirissa and Dr Parimate Abdulrachman of Jakarta, with whom I had some very useful discussions. Dr Leonard Andaya, at the University of Auckland was also helpful in the early stages of research. I am most of all indebted to Dr Ian Catanach for guiding me through the intricacies of obtaining permission to use archives as well as writing numerous letters on my behalf to officials, colleagues and friends in Australia, Britain and Holland, all of whom proved most helpful. His calm reflection often tempered a dogmatic or over enthusiastic mind into a calmer reappraisal of historic facts, and his guidance of the literary efforts of one who barely knew the meaning of the split infinitive has been invaluable. Any remaining "cavalier" punctuation is of my own making. ii. ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with the "Patti.mura" Revolt which broke out at the end of the British Interregnum, in 1818, when the Moluccas were handed back to the Dutch. The dissatisfaction that led to the revolt was in part religious and in part economic. The thesis traces the causes of this dissatisfaction to the Christianisation of the islands and the consequent neglect of the Ambonese church by the Dutch rulers particularly in the 18th century_ This affected the position of, in particular, the schoolmaster/ pastors who, with the Regents, constituted the highest indigenous leaders of the community. Many of the leaders of the revolt came from this group. Oppression may have been part of the system - but this was not realised till the British came along. The British relaxation of the rule of the previous Dutch regime resulted in apprehension when it became known that the Dutch were returning. This,combined with the incompetence of the officials who took over from the British, plus the agitation of the disgruntled members of the disbanded native battalion, founded by the departing British government, led to the bloody revolt of 1817. The course of this revolt is traced in some detail, from the earlier successes of Matulesia to the final defeat of the revolutionaries. Finally the immediate and long range consequences are explored. The conclusion arrived at is that the revolt, which is seen as something of an abe~ation after three hundred years t" of contact ~ symbiosis perhaps describes it better than co-operation or collaboration -, with the Europeans, had the iii. seemingly controversial effect of strengthening the bond between the Dutch and the South Moluccans. It is argued that the population, hereafter, began to realise that there was not much prospect for them in the cultivation of spices for European markets, but that close co-operation with the Dutch government in military and civil services, would give them the scope they felt their special position as a Christian minority in an overwhelmingly Muslim Indonesian archipelago warranted. iv. LIST OF MAPS Map 1 Sixteenth Century Chart of South East Asia 183 Map 2 Modern Map of South East Asia 184 r-iap 3 The Ambon or U1iasan Islands 185 v. GLOSSA..~Y Adat: A number of meanings hide behind this word. It is used in the sense of culture in the general sense, but it is also used in the more limited sense of rule of law, a less formal "code of (good) behaviour". Adat is very clearly pre-Christian and certainly in contention with Christian (and surely Calvinistic) theology. This, however, does not seem to be a problem for most Ambonese. Protestantism of a Calvinist/fundamentalist nature is simply fitted together with ancient pre-Christian notions. It can, in many aspects, be compared with the Maori tapu. Atap: Woven split bamboo mats used for external house walls. Dendeng: Sun-dried meat. Doits: The smallest coin in circulation in nineteenth century Ambon. Dusun Dati: Communal land holdings. Gaba-gaba: Mats woven of the mid-ribs of palm leaves used for interior house walls. Hongi: Fleet. Kepala Soa: Head of a neighbourhood. Kora Kora: Large (usually war) prahu. Negory: Village. The word is derived from the Malay word Negara - District. Orangkaya: One of the titles for a village Head. The word literally means "rich man". vi. Orembaai: Large prahu, smaller than the Kora-kora. Patti: Title of village headman. More important than Orangkaya. Picul: Load = 60 lbs. Raja: Highest title of village heads. Collectively village heads are referred to as Regents. Tua Agama: Religious leader. Tuangku: Muslim religious leader. 1 INTRODUCTION The archives in Indonesia and especially in The Hague are literally bulging with documents and collections pertain- ing to Ambon. Much research has been done on those of the first hundred and fifty years of Portuguese and Dutch supremacy in these Spice Islands, but the archives from the period from about 1650 to about 1770, or even 1800, are still awaiting the attention of historians. The very extent of this project is too daunting and few, even they had the inclination, would have the time available. There is enough material available there to keep ten researchers busy for a lifetime. The period from about 1800 has been rather better covered, but there still room for an archivally based study of the 1817 revolt in the Moluccas, known as the Pattimura Revolt. This rebellion flared up during a relatively short period, from 14 May until 26 November 1817. Thomas l Matulesia , who had been a sergeant major in the Ambon Corps during the period of British rule in the Moluccas, was elected as leader, or Kapitan, of this revolt. The revolt There is some confusion about the name Pattimura. Thomas Matulesia does not seem to have used it personally. In the author's discussion with Moluccan historians the matter did not become much clearer. Richard Leirissa, of the Universitas Indonesia, maintains that the name an honorary title derived from the words Patti = Leader or Chief, and Murah = cheap or easy - thus indicating a natural leader. Dr Manusama, author of a Ph. D. thesis on the Hikayat Tanah Hitu, maintains that it was simply his middle name, as it appears on his baptismal certificate. Although the name Pattimura is now in common use, the name Matulesia will generally be used hereafter in this study to avoid confusion, since all historical documents relating to him use the latter name. 2 was fierce. Matulesia, who had military skills and expertise, won the first battles, but plans were not co-ordinated. Once the Dutch brought in reinforcements they put the revolt down ruthlessly and Pattimura and his chief lieutenants paid for it with their lives. The social ferment which preceded the outbreak of this rebellion had its roots well into the past - the immediate "British" past as well as the more distant "Dutch" past. The writer had the good fortune to be able to study a number of documents especially on the revolt itself, in the Rijksarchief in The Hague. These form the basis of this study. Both Ambon Commissioners, Van Middelkoop and Engelhard, wrote extensive Reports on their role in the revolt. There are also several reports by Commissioner Buyskes, \vho was sent to Ambon to quell the uprising. These reports help to put the reports of Van Middelkoop and Engelhard in per spec- tive. From the side of the rebels, not much written material has survived (probably not a great deal ever existed); but the "Porto Report", generally thought to have been written by the schoolmaster of Porto or Haria, describes events from the viewpoint of the islanders and a document written by Matulesia and signed by 21 Chiefs, Rajas, Pattis .and Orangkayas, sets out the Fourteen Points of complaint of the population. The author has also spent some time in the India Office Records in London, attempting to trace the "British" background to the revolt. A brief visit to Indonesia yielded a certain amount of printed material, but the author was unable, in the time available to him, to gain access to the 2 Arsip Nasional in Jakarta. He has been assured, however, 2 By Richard Leirissa of the Universitas Indonesia. 3 that copies of most of the relevant material - certainly quite enough for the writer of an M.A. thesis to cope with - are to be found in The Hague. To what extent maya student of the 1817 Ambon rebellion obtain an understanding of that revolt through comparing it with other colonial revolts? The nineteenth century saw a number of revolts and wars throughout Indonesia.