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Trends Phytochem. Res. 3(4) 2019 275-286 Trends in Phytochemical Research (TPR) Journal Homepage: http://tpr.iau-shahrood.ac.ir Original Research Article Phytochemical analysis and screening of antioxidant, antibacterial and anti- inflammatory activity of essential oil of Premna mucronata Roxb. leaves Diksha Palariya¹, Anmol Singh¹, Anamika Dhami¹, Ravendra Kumar¹* , Anil K. Pant1* and Om Prakash1 ¹Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, 263145 Uttarakhand, India ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Premna mucronata Roxb., commonly known as Agyon, is a plant of family Received: 20 July 2019 Lamiaceae. This study dealt with the phytochemical analysis of the essential oil Revised: 09 December 2019 from the leaves of Premna mucronata Roxb. (PMLO) using GC/MS technique and Accepted: 21 December 2019 screening of its antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ePublished: 27 December 2019 metal chelating and reducing power assays along with the corresponding anti- inflammatory activity using in-vitro albumin denaturation assay and antibacterial KEYWORDS activity using well diffusion method against pathogenic bacterial strains, e.g. Antibacterial Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The phytochemical analysis of PMLO Anti-inflammatory revealed the presence of over 71 compounds. Accordingly, 3-octanone was Antioxidant found to be the major constituent component accounting for 23.6% of the total 3-Octanone Premna mucronata oil composition. The other major constituents identified were ethyl hexanol (13.9%), 1-octen-3-ol (9.6%), linalool (5.5%), methyl salicylate (2.9%) and (E)- caryophyllene (2.9%). Moreover, it was found that PMLO possessed satisfied antioxidant activity using DPPH (IC50 = 11.18 ± 0.03 µg/mL), metal chelating (IC50 = 18.82 ± 0.46 µg/mL), and reducing power activities (IC50 = 21.69 ± 0.02 µg/mL) assays. The assessment of in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of PMLO also gave rise to an IC50 value of 30.27 ± 0.005 µg/mL. Antibacterial activity of PMLO showed zone of inhibitions of 14.33 ± 0.58 mm against E. coli and 14.66 ± 0.58 mm against S. aureus at higher concentrations (1000 ppm). This study revealed that PMLO contained high quantities of 3-octanone, 1-octen- 3-ol, ethyl hexanol, linalool, and exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammation and antibacterial activities. © 2019 Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch Press, All rights reserved. 1. Introduction system for several herbal preparations since prehistoric times (Mohammadhosseini, 2017; Wansi et al., 2018). Medicinal plants are scattered all over the world, Many studies have revealed that plants promote health having a large treasure of potential bioactive and well-being to human beings. The utility of herbal compounds hidden within them. It has been reported remedies is not only cost-effective but also safe and from time immemorial that plants possess great almost independent from any serious adverse effect. medicinal importance and the human race had a The rural elders, farmers and tribal cultures have dependence on botanicals and herbs for their food tremendous knowledge about the plants being used for and health care issues (Mohammadhosseini et al., 2017; various purposes of health since thousands of years and Mohammadhosseini et al., 2019). Plants are major are still a part of medical practices by folks of various source of therapeutic agents since prehistoric time. As regions of Indian sub-continents and China, Middle per WHO estimates, plant drugs, provide nearly 80% East and African countries, South American and other to the health needs of the entire world population. developing countries of the world (Venditti et al., 2018). Medicinal herbs have been used in traditional medicine India is a large hub of medicinal plants where more Corresponding author: Ravendra Kumar, Anil K. Pant Tel: +91-9759204533; Fax: +91-5944-233473 E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected] 276 Kumar et al. / Trends in Phytochemical Research 3(4) 2019 275-286 than 45,000 plant species have been documented and been reported that P. mucronata shows cardioprotective among these several thousands have been claimed activity in myocardial infarction (Savasani et al., 2014), to show medicinal properties (Mohammadhosseini, antioxidant (Subedi et al., 2014), larvicidal (Renjana and 2017). Ayurveda and other oriental medicinal systems John, 2013), hypocholestremics, antimicrobial, wound describe how to use the plants in the treatment of a healing power (Ram et al., 2004) and anti-inflammatory variety of ailments. To date, various phytochemicals activities (Kumari et al., 2011, Patel et al., 2015, Dianita possessing established or potential biological and Jantan, 2017; Jena et al., 2017). It has also been activities have been identified and discovered. In fact, shown that its essential oil has remarkable antifeedant the plant products are extensively used in various property (Patel et al., 2015; Rekha et al., 2015). medicinal systems by different practitioners who A simple literature search reveals that very little work require proper documentation and in some reports has been done on P. mucronata from Uttarakhand state, for further enhancement of their medicinal values India up to present. The present study aimed to establish (Mohammadhosseini, 2017). The interest in the area a comprehensive characterization of the chemical of natural product medicines is growing exponentially profile of the essential oil of Premna mucronata Roxb. due to the increased awareness of people towards the collected from Kumaun region of Uttarakhand and adverse effects of synthetic drugs (Venditti et al., 2018). evaluate its in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and The genus Premna is a medicinally important member antibacterial activity. To the best of our knowledge, of Lamiaceae family. This herbal genus was formerly this study is the first report dealing with the potential classified in the family Verbenaceae (Munir, 1984), but anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of this now is considered as a member of the family Lamiaceae, medicinal plant. subfamily Viticodeae (Harley et al. 2004; Olmstead 2010, 2012). Plants of Lamiaceae are herbs, shrubs, 2. Experimental trees, or rarely vines in habit and are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and coastal areas of China to 2.1. Collection of plant material tropical Asia. According to the botanical nomenclature, P. mucronata and Premna latifolia are synonyms of The fresh leaves of P. mucronata Roxb. were collected Premna mollissima, Roth (The Plant List 2013; WCSP, from village Bhaurasa, Aadi Kailash region of district 2018). P. mucronata, a low bushy tree with trunk up Nainital (29017'9.4"N 79037'19.8"E at1300 meters to 1.2 m height, commonly known as “Bari arani”, altitude), Kumaun region, Uttarakhand, India in June “Ganiar”, Agethu”, “Agnimatha” and “Agyon” has great 2017 (Fig. 1). The plant material was taxonomically ethnobotanical value. Furthermore, P. mucronata is an identified by Dr. D.S. Rawat, Assistant Professor (Plant aromatic and medicinal plant and one of the important Taxonomist), Department of Biological Sciences, ingredients of “Dashamula” herbal preparation. The College of Basic Science and Humanities, Pantnagar barks have been recommended to cure boils (Rekha et and voucher specimen (Acc No. GBPUH-916/28.5.2018) al., 2015), while the leaves have been applied externally was submitted to G.B. Pant University herbarium, to treat dropsy as diuretic (Suresh et al., 2011). It has Department of Biological Sciences, CBSH, Pantnagar. Fig. 1. The photographs of Premna mucronata Roxb. tree. 2.2. Isolation of essential oils from fresh leaves weighed, chopped and hydrodistilled for 3-4 h and the subsequent oil was extracted with hexane and dried The essential oils from freshly collected leaves of P. over Na₂SO₄. The essential oil, namely PMLO was stored mucronata Roxb. were obtained by hydrodistillation at a low temperature (4 °C in refrigerator) for further using Clevenger apparatus. The fresh leaves were use. The percent yield of the obtained oil was found to Kumar et al. / Trends in Phytochemical Research 3(4) 2019 275-286 277 be 0.093% (v/w). 1 mL of ferric chloride (0.1%) and the absorbance was finally measured at 700 nm. All the readings were taken 2.3. GC-MS analysis in triplicate and ascorbic acid was used as positive control. The percent inhibition (%) of reducing power Chemical composition of PMLO was analyzed using activity was calculated through the following formula GC-MS-QP 2010 Plus equipment. The column DB-5 (30 (Eqn. 2). m × 0.25 mm, i.e. 0.25 μm of film thickness) was used for chromatographic-based analyses. Exactly, 1 μL of Percent inhibition (%) of reducing power activity = (A₀- At)/A₀×100 PMLO was injected and the injector temperature was (Eqn. 2) set at 260 °C. The flow rate of the helium (carrier gas) was adjusted at 1.21 mL/min at a pressure of 69.0 kPa Where A₀ and At are respectively the absorbance values with the split ratio of 22.0. Initial temperature was 50 of control and test samples. Percent inhibition was °C, and increased to 210 °C with a ramp of 3 °C/min up. plotted against concentrations and the standard curve The chemical profile of PMLO was tentatively identified was drawn using standard antioxidant (ascorbic acid) to by comparing the Kovats indices of the constituent calculate the IC50 values for positive control and PMLO. components with those tabulated in the literature, the The lower IC50 value indicates greater reducing power library and published data of NIST-MS and FFNSC Wiley ability. libraries (Adams, R. P. 2007). 2.4.3. Metal chelating activity 2.4. Antioxidant activity The metal chelating activity of PMLO was examined 2.4.1. DPPH radical scavenging activity spectrophotometrically based on the principle of the Fe2+ chelation by the antioxidant to form ferrous iron- DPPH radical scavenging activity was evaluated based ferrozine complex which was measured at 562 nm on some previous standard methods (Blois 1958; Liu et (Kunwar et al., 2013).

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