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Spatial Distribution of a Chrysomelid Leaf Beetle (Cadmus Excrementarius Suffrian) and Potential Damage in a Eucalyptus Globulus Subsp

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Spatial Distribution of a Chrysomelid Leaf Beetle (Cadmus Excrementarius Suffrian) and Potential Damage in a Eucalyptus Globulus Subsp Australian Forestry Vol. 65, No. 4 pp. 227–231 227 Spatial distribution of a chrysomelid leaf beetle (Cadmus excrementarius Suffrian) and potential damage in a Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus plantation Norivaldo dos Anjos1, Jonathan Majer2 and Andrew D. Loch3 1Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil Email: [email protected] 2Department of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia 3CSIRO Entomology, c/- Department of Conservation, Brain St, Manjimup, WA 6258, Australia Revised manuscript received 20 May 2002 Summary contains several species that have been recorded as pests of eucalypts in Australia. Of particular concern is the genus Cadmus, The spatial distribution of the chrysomelid beetle Cadmus which is a large group of eucalypt defoliators. Only the adult excrementarius Suffrian and associated damage was studied in a stage of Cadmus species feeds on eucalypts because the larval 9-mo-old bluegum plantation (Eucalyptus globulus subsp. stage lives on the ground in an ovoid case made of faecal matter, globulus Labill.), growing at Rocky Gully in south-western and feeds on litter and leaves (Reid 1999a; dos Anjos et al. in Australia. Adult beetles had a clumped distribution between trees, press). However, Reid (1999b) recorded Cadmus aurantiacus with beetle numbers being significantly positively correlated with larvae eating young eucalypt seedlings in a south-eastern tree size. Beetles were also aggregated within trees, with over Australian forest. In Australia, only two species of Cadmus have 92% present in the upper crown. Defoliation in the upper crown been reported as pests in eucalypt plantations: C. australis in was greater than for the lower crown, and ranged from 0 to 50% Tasmania (Elliott and de Little 1984) and Victoria (M. Matsuki of total upper crown foliage, averaging 6.3%. This damage was pers. comm.); and C. excrementarius in south-western Australia significantly correlated with tree size and number of beetles. (Loch and Floyd 2001). Female beetles consumed significantly more foliage over 48 h (2.9 ± 0.4 cm2) than the smaller males (0.8 ± 0.1 cm2). A regression Cadmus excrementarius is one of the major chrysomelid pests of model exploring the relationship between beetle numbers and Tasmanian blue gum, Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus Labill., cumulative foliage consumption was developed. It predicts that plantations in south-western Australia (Loch and Floyd 2001). 31 or more beetles could completely defoliate the upper crown Only scant information on the species is available because the within 3 mo. species has only recently been recognised as a serious pest, and only a handful of previous collection records exist (dos Anjos et Keywords: plantation; defoliation; spatial distribution; leaf beetle; al. in press). Cadmus excrementarius is a univoltine species in chrysomelid; Cadmus excrementarius; Eucalyptus globulus subsp. south-western Australia, with adults emerging in mid-summer globulus; Australia and causing damage to new adult and juvenile shoots and leaves of E. globulus subsp. globulus through until early autumn (dos Introduction Anjos et al. in press). In this paper, we report on the distribution and abundance of C. excrementarius adults within a plantation Chrysomelid leaf beetles are common and serious pests of eucalypt and quantify the feeding damage caused by adults of this species. species growing in native forests and plantations throughout Australia (Abbott 1993; Bashford 1993; Neumann 1993; Stone 1993; Elliott et al. 1998). Most chrysomelids reported as pests of Methods eucalypts in Australia are in the subfamily Chrysomelinae, which The E. globulus subsp. globulus plantation where we studied includes the important genera Chrysophtharta and Paropsis. C. excrementarius was situated at Rocky Gully (34°32'S, Species in this group defoliate new leaves and shoots as both 117°01'E), where average annual rainfall is about 750 mm. The adults and larvae, often resulting in the characteristic ‘broom- plantation comprised 1313 ha of trees planted in June–July 2000 topped’ appearance through the removal of the apical crown. on an ex-pasture site. Site preparation prior to planting involved Extreme levels of defoliation by chrysomelids can lead to a broad-spray application to reduce weed cover, and ground significant reductions in tree height, diameter and volume growth, cultivation to produce parallel mounded planting beds 4 m apart. and potential growth malformation (Candy et al. 1992; Elliott et Following the application of NPK fertilizer, trees were planted at al. 1993; Elek 1997). a density of 1000 stems ha–1. The chrysomelid subfamily Cryptocephalinae, although not The study was conducted over 11 mo, from late January to early thought to be as economically important as the Chrysomelinae, December 2001. Most measurements were made during the peak 228 Chrysomelid beetle in Eucalyptus globulus period of adult activity in February and March, although regular Beetle distribution and abundance field inspections for adult activity were made throughout the year. A single transect was established in each of five randomly-selected Cadmus excrementarius was present in all plantation compart- compartments on 8 February 2001, to determine if beetle density ments sampled but 30% of all trees had no beetles at the time of and damage exhibited any edge effects. Each transect commenced observation, and 71% of infested trees in all transects had fewer at the second tree from the edge of the compartment and comprised than 10 adults per tree. Numbers of adult beetles per tree ranged 14 trees spaced 12 m apart. Transects ran from the northernmost from 0 to 59, with a mean and standard error of 6.6 ± 1.3 (n = 70) corner to the centre of each compartment. Each tree was divided for all transects. There was no correlation between the average into an upper and a lower crown, with each stratum corresponding number of beetles per tree and distance from the plantation edge. to half the total tree height. The numbers of C. excrementarius In occupied trees, 92% of all insects were found in the upper males and females were counted visually in the upper and lower crown. Only 29% of these trees had insects in their lower crown. crowns of each tree. Beetles were sexed on the basis of size, shape The mean and standard error of the number of beetles per upper of abdomen and tarsal colour: females are larger and have tarsi and lower crown was 6.1 ± 1.2 (n = 70) and 0.5 ± 0.2 (n = 70) of a similar colour on all legs, but tarsi 3–5 are darkened in males respectively. Numbers of beetles in the upper crown were not (dos Anjos et al. in press). The level of defoliation in the upper correlated with distance from compartment edge, but there was a and lower crowns of each tree was visually assessed as a fraction positive correlation with tree height (r = 0.40, P ≤ 0.05, n = 70) of total foliar area lost through adult C. excrementarius feeding. and tree diameter (r = 0.56, P ≤ 0.05, n = 70) (Figs 1a, b). Defoliation was estimated to the nearest 10%, with smaller graduations near 0% (i.e. 0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%). Tree height The mean and standard error of the proportion of female beetles and stem diameter (20 cm above ground) were measured for all on trees on 8 February was 0.73 ± 0.03 (n = 49), producing a sex examined trees, and the general status of the apical shoot, where ratio of 2.7:1. There was no significant relationship between sex leaves had not yet opened (intact or removed), was recorded. ratio and distance from edge of the compartment. Solitary females were found on 26% of the infested trees and, within these trees, On 28 February we revisited the same trees and recorded the on 58% of infested leaves. Solitary males were only found on number of beetles on five selected leaves on which beetles were 4.1% of the infested trees and, within these trees, on 12.6% of known to be present. On 4 March we selected 10 trees (2 per infested leaves. Copulating pairs were found on 21% of the transect) of about medial height (102 cm). We removed the top infested leaves. half of each crown and measured the surface areas of all leaves with the aid of a Macintosh® computer scanning system. Leaves were maintained in cool, moist conditions until measured. The consumption of foliage by beetles was also examined on the same date by installing a set of three vials containing water under each (a) of the 14 trees that we inspected along one transect. A leaf was 50 placed in each vial, which was then enclosed in mesh. Either one y = 0.1171x – 5.8057 male, one female, or one male plus one female was introduced 40 r 2 = 0.16 P < 0.05 into one each of the three vials in each set. The mean leaf area 30 consumed by males, females and pairs was measured after 48 h using the Macintosh computer scanning system. The mean dry 20 No. of beetles weight of male and female beetles (n = 20) was also measured. 10 We looked for correlation between the distance from plantation 0 edge and the tree dimensions, numbers of beetles, sex ratio, and 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 damage levels by applying the Pearson product-moment Tree height (cm) coefficient of correlation. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the area of leaves consumed by beetles of each sex. (b) 50 Linear regression was employed to examine the relationship y = 8.9547x – 8.5187 between numbers of beetles and the extent of defoliation in the 2 40 r = 0.31 tree crown.
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