Classification and Nomenclature of Flower and Ornamental Plants
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Classification and Nomenclature Classification and nomenclature of flower and ornamental plants Classification Classification is the systematic grouping of plants based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics to kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus and species. Outlines of classification according to Bentham & Hooker system Plant Kingdom Sub-kingdom 1. Cryptogamae 2. Phanerogamae Non-flowering & non-seed-bearing plant Flowering & seed-bearing plant Division 1. Thallophyta 2. Bryophyta 3. Pteriodophyta Plant body not differentiated into Plant body differentiated into Plant body differentiated into root, stem & leaf stem & leaf, Lack of true root root, stem & leaf e.g. Algae, fungi, lichens e.g. Mosses, liverworts e.g. Ferns Division 1. Gymnospermae 2. Angiospermae Naked seeded plant Seeds in a fruit e.g. Cycas, pinus Class 1. Dicotyledonous 2. Monocotyledonous Two cotyledons One cotyledon Floral parts often in 4s or 5s Floral parts usually set of 3 Leaves often reticulate veined Leaves often parallel veined Tap root present Fibrous root present Sub-class 1. Polypetalae 2. Gamopetalae 3. Monochlamydeae Having many distinct or separate petals Having petals those are fused along Petal absents e.g. Rose, camellia, magnolia the margins to form a tube. e.g. Jackfruit e.g. Morning glory, oleander Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 15 March 2021 Page 1 of 6 Classification and Nomenclature Nomenclature Nomenclature is the formal naming of taxa according to the rules of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). Rules for writing: A two-word scientific name; developed by Carolus Linnaeus. According to binomial system name of any species consists of two names Genus: First letter is always capitalized and the name is underlined or italicized. Species: First letter is generally NOT capitalized; the name is underlined or italicized. e,g. Cornus florida or Cornus florida In plant nomenclature, tautonyms are not valid i.e. generic name and specific name should not be same in plants. e.g. Mangifera mangifera Cultivar: A cultivar name is capitalized and placed within single quotes. e,g. Cornus florida ‘Cherokee Chief’ Variety: A variety name is preceded by var. and is underlined or italicized. e,g. Rudbeckia fulgida var.compacta Intergeneric cross: A cross between two genera of plants. e,g. x Fatshedera lizei Interspecific hybrids or interspecific cross: Two plants in the same genus with different species: e,g. Abelia x grandiflora Example: Nomenclature of purple coneflower Kingdom Plantae Division Phanerogamae Class Angiosperm Subclass Dicotyledonae Order Asterales Family Asteraceae Genus Echinacea Species purpurea Conventional classification of flowers and ornamental plants A.1. Classification according to growth habit A.1.1. Herb Herbs or herbaceous plants are those which have succulent leaves and stem. Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials. A.1.1.1. Bushy herb: Periwinkle, marigold etc. A.1.1.2. Non-bushy herb A.1.1.2.1. Vine type Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 15 March 2021 Page 2 of 6 Classification and Nomenclature Creeper: Ipomoea, oxalis, dracaena, tecoma grandiflora etc. Climber: Cuscuta, clitoria, passiflora, gloriosa etc. A.1.1.2.2. Non-vine types: Lilies A.1.2. Shrub Shrub is a small to medium sized bushy plants with several semi-woody stems. It is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually less than 6 m tall. They branch profusely from the base of the stem to present a bushy appearance, without having a clear trunk. A.1.2.1. Flowering shrub: They are grown for flowers. e.g. Rose, jasmines, oleanders, camellia etc. A.1.2.2. Foliage shrub: They are grown for their beautiful leaves. e.g. Croton, acalypha, aralia etc. A.1.2.3. Hedge: These are special type of shrubs planted in border, usually very closely for protection of garden. e.g. Duranta, streblus, justicia, sesbania etc. A.1.3. Tree Tree is a perennial, tall plant with clear trunk, supporting branches and leaves. A.1.3.1. Monocot: Palms A.1.3.2. Dicot A.1.3.2.1. Flowering trees: The trees which are known for their beautiful flowers and are suitable for garden are called flowering trees. e.g. Magnolia, bauhinia, kadam, ashoka, peacock, Indian medlar etc. A.1.3.2.2. Foliage trees: The trees which are well known and attractive for their charming leaves and branches. Here the flower is of secondary importance. e.g. Ficus, albizzia, pinus, eucalyptus etc. A.1.4. Aquatic ornamental plants Aquatic plants are those plants adapted to living in aquatic environments. They are also referred as hydrophytes or macrophytes. Aquatic plants can only grow in water or in soil that is permanently saturated with water. A.1.1. Floating plants: Water lettuce, water chestnut etc. A.1.2. Rooted floating: Water lily, red lily, blue lily, lotus, royal water lily etc. A.1.3. Bog plants: Sweet flag, alocasia etc. A.2. Classification according to conventional method A.2.1. Seasonal flowers The flowering plants which complete their life cycle within one growing season are called seasonal flower. They are of three groups: Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 15 March 2021 Page 3 of 6 Classification and Nomenclature A.2.1.1. Winter seasonal flower: They complete their life cycle within winter season. e.g. Aster, cosmos, dianthus etc. A.2.1.2. Summer seasonal flower: They complete their life cycle within summer season. e.g. Balsam, cock’s comb, zinnia, petunia etc. A.2.1.3. Year-round flower: They can be grown during both in winter and summer season. e.g. African daisy, butterfly pea, arctotis, coreopsis etc. A.2.2. Bulbous plants The ornamental and flowering plants, which are usually propagated by underground modified structures like bulb, corm, rhizome, tuberous root etc. are called bulbous plants. The main features of them are long narrow leaf, lack of aerial stem, development of long peduncle from the base of the plant etc. Example: Tuberose, gladiolus, caladium, asparagus, zinger lily, dahlia etc. A.2.3. Shrub Look up A.1.2. A.2.4. Tree Look up A.1.3. A.2.5. Palms The plants under the family palmaceae are called palms. They have long stem without branching, having a bunch of leaves at the top. They are of three groups: A.2.5.1. Tall palms: Royal palm, oil palm, areca palm, coconut palm etc. A.2.5.2. Medium sized palms: Wild areca, cane palm etc. A.2.5.3. Pot palm: Butterfly palm, lady palm etc. A.2.6. Climbers A group of plants with weak stems and climb up the support with the help of modified organs. Example: Cuscuta, clitoria, passiflora, gloriosa, bougainvillia, lonicera, hiptage etc. A.2.7. Conifers The word comes from Latin word conus meaning cone and ferre meaning to bear, that means, one that bear a cone. An evergreen gymnosperm belonging to the order coniferales bearing cones and generally needle shaped or scale like leaves. Example: Thuja, aurocaria, pinus, tamarisk etc. A.2.8. Aquatic ornamental plants Look up A.1.4. A.2.9. Cactus The word comes from Greek word ‘kaktos’ first used by Theophrastus for spiny plant. The plants with succulent stem and leaf under the family cactaceae are called cactus. Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 15 March 2021 Page 4 of 6 Classification and Nomenclature Example: Prickly pear, star cactus, orchid cactus, rose cactus etc. A.2.10. Orchid The plants under the family orchidaceae are called orchid. They grow well in humid and partial shady place but not in stagnant water. They exhibit a wide range of diversity in form, size, colour and texture of flowers beyond the imagination of human mind. Example: Dendrobium, vanda, cattleya etc. A.2.11. Fern The cryptogams plant under the family polipodiceae are generally termed as fern. Tropical humid mountains are the natural house of fern. They need high temperature, humid and shady place. Example: Adiantum, polypodium, lygodium, pteris, osmunda etc. A.2.12. Succulents Succulent plants also known as fat plants, having some parts that are thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word "succulent" comes from the Latin word sucus, meaning juice, or sap. Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves and stems. Example: Agave, opuntia, euphorbia, portulaca, sansevieria etc. Miscellaneous 1. Cycads Cycads are group of plants have a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff and compound evergreen leaves. Cycads are resembled to palms in overall appearance. They possess a pachycauls. The word is derived from the Greek pachy meaning thick or stout, and Latin caulis meaning the stem. Example: Cycas, macrozamia, zamia etc. 2. Traveller’s tree Ravenala madagascariensis, commonly known as traveller's tree or traveller's palm. The word Ravenala comes from Malagasy word ravinala meaning "forest leaves". It is not a true palm. It is called "traveller's palm" because the sheaths of the stems hold rainwater, which supposedly could be used as an emergency drinking supply for needy travelers. Another plausible reason for its name is that, the fan tends to grow on an east-west line, providing a crude compass.