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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Film, Politik & nationale Identität – Die filmische Konstruktion Amerikas der Bush-Ära anhand ausgewählter Remakes“ Verfasser Stefan Bößner angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: ao. Univ.- Prof. Dr. Rainer Maria Köppl 1 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung..............................................................................................................................5 Teil I – Gesellschaft & Nationale Identität(en)..................................................................7 Geschichtliche Perspektive.................................................................................................7 Ethnische Identität vs. Nationale Identität.......................................................................10 Erfundene Traditionen......................................................................................................15 Rolle der Medien ..............................................................................................................18 Kritische Theorie – Frankfurter Schule – Kulturindustrie.........................................19 Systemtheoretische Medientheorie............................................................................22 Cultural Studies Ansatz .............................................................................................26 Fazit ..................................................................................................................................30 Teil II – Der gesellschaftliche Raum USA........................................................................35 Melting Pot, Cultural Pluralism & National Identity .....................................................36 Religion & Amerikanische Gesellschaft .........................................................................40 Die „protestantische Ethik“ nach Max Weber ........................................................44 Civil Religion ...........................................................................................................47 Republikanismus, Demokratie und Amerikanische Gesellschaft ...................................49 Geschichtliche Perspektive ......................................................................................49 Bedeutung für die amerikanische Gesellschaft ........................................................51 Liberalismus und Amerikanische Gesellschaft ...............................................................53 Geschichtliche Perspektive.......................................................................................54 Bedeutungen für die amerikanische Gesellschaft ....................................................56 Individualismus und Amerikanische Gesellschaft .........................................................59 Frontier-Mythos und Amerikanische Gesellschaft .........................................................63 Fazit ..................................................................................................................................64 Teil III – Die USA unter George Walker Bush ...............................................................67 George W. Bush: Ein “Man of faith“ ...............................................................................67 Die religiöse Rechte .........................................................................................................70 Die Wahlen 2000 & 2004.................................................................................................74 Der 11. September 2001...................................................................................................77 Außenpolitik.....................................................................................................................79 Neokonservatismus & Unilateralismus ..................................................................80 3 Der Krieg in Afghanistan......................................................................................... 83 Der Krieg im Irak..................................................................................................... 86 Innenpolitik...................................................................................................................... 89 Wirtschaft, Soziales & Faith-Based Initiatives ....................................................... 89 Energie & Umwelt ................................................................................................... 91 Bürger- & Menschenrechte...................................................................................... 93 Fazit.................................................................................................................................. 97 Teil IV - Remakeanalyse ................................................................................................. 101 Methode ......................................................................................................................... 102 USA im Bild .................................................................................................................. 103 The American Adam.................................................................................................. 103 Der Frontier Mythos im Film .................................................................................... 105 Der einsame Streiter & The American Monomyth ................................................... 106 Republikanismus und Engagement............................................................................ 107 Der Erfolg des Self-Made Man.................................................................................. 108 Filmpaar 1: ................................................................................................................... 110 Fun with Dick & Jane (Originalversion 1977)........................................................... 111 Fun with Dick & Jane (Remake 2005)....................................................................... 115 Unterschiede und Fazit............................................................................................... 128 Filmpaar 2: ................................................................................................................... 131 The Day the Earth stood still (Originalversion 1952)............................................... 132 The Day the Earth stood still (Remake 2008)........................................................... 137 Unterschiede und Fazit.............................................................................................. 152 Filmpaar 3: ................................................................................................................... 157 The Manchurian Candidate (Originalversion 1962) .................................................. 157 The Manchurian Candidate (Remake 2004) .............................................................. 164 Unterschiede und Fazit............................................................................................... 183 Bibliographie ..................................................................................................................... 190 Filmographie……………………………………………………………………………....207 Abbildungsverzeichnis…………………………………………………………………….208 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………........210 Lebenslauf…………………………………………………………………………………211 4 Einleitung In dieser Arbeit werde ich mich mit der Frage beschäftigen, wie kulturelle Produkte, in meinem Beispiel der US-amerikanische1 Hollywood Spielfilm, gesellschaftliche Tatsachen widerspiegeln und so bei der Konstruktion nationaler Identität unterstützend wirken können. Als konkretes Beispiel habe ich die Ära der Präsidentschaft George W. Bushs2 gewählt, da eine weitere, dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegende Hypothese lautet, dass das Gesellschaftssystem der USA in dieser Zeit eine schwere Erschütterung erfahren hat, deren Nachhall in den von mir analysierten Filmen zum Ausdruck kommt. Zu diesem Zwecke werde ich in Kapitel I einige theoretische Konzepte vorstellen, die sich mit dem durchaus umstrittenen3 Begriff der nationalen Identität beschäftigen und in weiterer Folge einige medienwissenschaftliche Zugänge präsentieren, wie Massenmedien auf eine Gesellschaft wirken und welche Funktionen sie somit bei der Produktion von nationaler Identität spielen. Im zweiten Kapitel werde ich mich in weiterer Folge eingehender mit dem Gesellschaftssystem der Vereinigten Staaten auseinandersetzen und versuchen, dieses große, bevölkerungsreiche Land in begriffliche Kategorien zu fassen. Ebenso werde ich in diesem Kapitel herausarbeiten, warum das Konzept einer nationalen Identität im Falle der USA trotz, oder vielleicht gerade wegen der Größe und Pluralität dieser amerikanischen Gesellschaft, seine Berechtigung hat. Es muss nämlich einen Grund geben, warum sich diese inhomogene, fragmentierte Masse an Menschen immer wieder als eine Nation begreift und in Statistiken der Universität Chicago den Nationalstolz betreffend, unangefochten an erster Stelle steht.4 1 Der Einfachheit halber werde ich in dieser Arbeit die Begriffe „US-amerikanisch“ und „amerikanisch“ in all ihren Flexionen synonym verwenden. „Amerikanisch“ etc. meint daher immer US-amerikanisch 2 Im Folgenden wird der 43. Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten „Bush“, oder „George Bush“ genannt. Sollte ausnahmsweise sein Vater
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