Von Opfern Und Anderen Deutschen?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more

Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. xi + 179 S. $15.95, paper, ISBN 978-0-312-12159-4. Reviewed by Rainer Ohliger Published on HABSBURG (February, 1997) Mehr als 50 Jahre nach dem Ende des Zweiten Der Autor ist amerikanischer Weltkriegs und dem Verschwinden der sozialisti‐ Staatsbürger und ausgebildeter Jurist, der in schen Regime in Ostmitteleuropa normalisieren New York als Rechtsanwalt arbeitete, bevor er sich die Beziehungen Deutschlands zu seinen sich nach einem einjährigen Aufenthalt an östlichen Nachbarn Schritt für Schritt. der Universität Tübingen entschloss, Diese gegenseitige Annäherung steht aller‐ seine Anwaltskarriere zu unterbrechen, um an dings unter dem Vorzeichen der Erinnerung an der Historischen Fakultät der Univer‐ den von Deutschland verursachten Krieg und sei‐ sität Göttingen eine Dissertation zum ne Auswirkungen und Folgen. Einem Teil dieser Vertriebenenproblem zu schreiben, womit er of‐ Folgen widmet Alfred-Maurice de Zaya sein Buch fenbar sein Lebensthema fand. Er wurde 1977 mit A Terrible Revenge. Der Autor schildert das der Arbeit Nemesis at Potsdam. The Anglo-Ameri‐ Schicksal der Flüchtlinge und Vertriebenen cans and the Expulsion of the Germans. Back‐ aus den ehemals deutschen Ostgebieten (Schlesi‐ ground, Execution, Consequences[2] promoviert, en, Ostpreussen, Vorpommern und Ostbranden‐ die 1980 auf Deutsch erschien und--un‐ burg) sowie der deutschen Minderheiten in den gewöhnlich für historische oder sozial‐ ostmittel- und osteuropäischen wissenschaftliche Dissertationen, wenn man ein‐ Ländern (Polen, Tschechoslowakei, Ungarn, mal vom Goldhagen Phänomen absieht--sich Jugoslawien, Rumänien und der UdSSR). Das in Deutschland zu einem Bestseller entwickelte, Buch ist die überarbeitete und erweiterte der bereits acht Auflagen, die letzte 1996, erlebte. englische übersetzung der 1986 erschienen‐ Als Kenner der Materie beriet der Autor sowohl en deutschen Fassung mit dem lakonischen Titel den Bayrischen Rundfunk als auch den Anmerkungen zur Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Südwestfunk für seine Dokumentatio‐ dem Osten,[1] das in der Bundesrepublik bislang nen zum Thema Flucht und Vertreibung und ar‐ drei Auflagen erlebte. beitete am Bildband Flucht und Vertreibung mit. [3] Seine Bücher brachten ihm Un‐ H-Net Reviews terstützung und wohlwollende Vorworte zukünftiges Leid und Unheil verhindern bundesdeutscher konservativer Politiker ein, er könnten (S. 147) geriet allerdings mit seinen Arbeiten auch in die Ordnet man A Terrible Revenge in das bishe‐ Gefechtslinien der Auseinandersetzungen um die rige öuvre des Autors ein, so ist es mehr eine Ostpolitik Willy Brandts und Walter Scheels, in Nachschrift bzw. eine po‐ der Vertriebene und ihre Fürsprecher als pulärwissenschaftliche Abfassung seines Gegner dieser politischen Verhandlungen Verrat wissenschaftlichen Werkes, insbesondere seiner deutscher Interessen witterten, die Dissertation. De Zayas bietet seinen Lesern in Befürworter jedoch einen notwendigen sechs Kapiteln einen knappen Ueberblick Schritt zur Normalisierung des über die Vorgeschichte von Flucht und Ver‐ Verhältnisses zwischen der Bundesrepublik treibung (The Germans of East Central Europe; Deutschland und ihren östlichen Nachbarn The Expulsion Prehistory: Interbellum Years and sahen. World War II), die politischen Hintergründe Dass sieben Jahre nach dem Ende des Ost- (War and Flight),ihren Verlauf (Allied Decisions West-Konflikts und sechs Jahre nach der deutsch- on Resettlement, Expulsion and Deportation), und deutschen Vereinigung die Interpretation von das Schicksal der Vertriebenen nach der Vertrei‐ Flucht und Vertreibung deutscher bung in den Aufnahmegebieten (The Expellees in Bevölkerung in der Nachkriegszeit ein bis Germany - Yesterday and Today). Die deutsche heute sensibles und umstrittenes Thema sind, Ostkolonisation des hohen Mittelalters als auch zeigte jüngst erst wieder das zähe Rin‐ die Peuplierungspolitik im 18. Jahrhundert, die gen um die deutsch-tschechische Erklärung, u.a. von deutschsprachigen Kolonisten getragen die von der unterschiedlich gelagerten histori‐ wurde, werden knapp und präzise darge‐ schen Erinnerung beider Länder stellt, um zu verdeutlichen, wie die ur‐ überschattet wurde, nämlich einer Op‐ sprüngliche ethnische Heterogenität ferperspektive auf beiden Seiten, die wenig Raum Ostmittel- und Südosteuropas zustande kam, für die Rolle der Täter liess. die im 20. Jahrhundert einer zunehmenden Ho‐ De Zayas schreibt also zu einem Thema, das mogenisierung gewichen ist. Kultur- und geistes‐ neben dem Holocaust zumindest zentral für geschichtliche Leistungen bedeutender Ostdeut‐ das Selbstverständnis und die politische scher (Ostdeutschland hier im historischen Sinne) Identität der alten Bundesrepublik war und werden herausgehoben, um den Verlust deutlich darüber hinaus über ein Thema, das zu machen, den Flucht und Vertreibung bewirk‐ mit dem kriegerischen Konflikt im zerfallenen Ju‐ ten (sieht man einmal von dem Lapsus ab, dass goslawien eine überaus aktuelle Brisanz ge‐ der Geburtsort Caspar David Friedrichs, Greifs‐ wonnen hat. Dass der Krieg auf dem Balkan, der wald in Vorpommern, fälschlicherweise den erneut Massenvertreibungen in Europa ehemals deutschen Ostgebieten zugeschlagen auslöste, Anstoss zur vorliegenden engli‐ wird, tatsächlich aber auch heute noch ein schen Auflage des Buches gab, wird schon im Un‐ Teil des vereinigten Deutschlands ist). tertitel (The Ethnic Cleansing ...), mehr aber noch Die Entwicklungen der Zwischenkriegszeit im Text deutlich, in dem der Autor in seinem Re‐ und der Zeit des Zweiten Weltkrieges, die der Au‐ sumee das Gedenken an die Vertreibung der deut‐ tor als Vorgeschichte der Vertreibung deutet, wer‐ schen Minderheit Jugoslawiens nach 1945 an‐ den in erster Linie unter den Auswirkungen des mahnt, um so Lehren aus der Geschichte zu zie‐ Versailler Vertrags und der Nichtbeachtung des hen, die gegenwärtiges und Selbstbestimmungsrechts der Völker geschil‐ 2 H-Net Reviews dert. Dieses Selbstbestimmungsrecht sei nach tisch zu zügeln, so lange der aussenpoliti‐ 1918 grob fahrlässig verletzt worden, indem sche Druck dieses zuliess. es Deutschland und insbesondere den Deutschen Folgt man de Zayas Interpretation, sind alle in Oberschlesien und im Sudetenland, die wider Katzen des Nationalismus nachts auf einmal grau, Willen in Polen bzw. der Tschechoslowakei leben die des deutschen allerdings noch ein wenig grau‐ mussten, vorenthalten worden sei. Eine Interpre‐ er. Ohne die Auswirkungen des Versailler Ver‐ tation, die sich sehr stark an die zeit‐ trags für die politische öffentlichkeit genössischen politischen Debatten der Wei‐ der Weimarer Republik und des "Dritten Reichs" marer Republik anlehnt, aber neuere und nicht unterschätzen zu wollen, ist eine Reduktion mehr ganz so neue sozialgeschichtliche Deutun‐ der komplexen sozialen und politischen Probleme gen, die die Kontinuitäten spezifisch deut‐ hierauf doch zu einseitig. Das Argument hat in scher Entwicklungen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert etwa die Ueberzeugungskraft wie die Interpretati‐ heraus betonen (Sonderweg) oder aber das span‐ on des Autors, dass das Attentat auf den nungsreiche Wechselverhältnis von Staats‐ österreichischen Thronfolger im Juni 1914 nation, ethnischer Minderheit und "Mutterland," in Sarajewo den casus belli dargestellt habe (S. wie es z.B. Rogers Brubaker[4] analysiert, aussen 14). Vierzig Jahre nach der Fischerkontroverse vor lässt. In diesem Blick werden die Deut‐ über die Ursachen des Ersten Weltkriegs schen, insbesondere die jenseits des Staatsterrito‐ und drei Jahrzehnte nach dem Siegeszug der Sozi‐ riums dann allein zu Opfern einer verfehlten in‐ algeschichte ist es für Historiker nicht mehr ternationalen Politik erklärt ("The frst vic‐ legitim, so stark zu vereinfachen bzw. einem Ein‐ tims of the war were the Volksdeutsche, ethnic zelereignis solch herausgehobene Bedeutung bei‐ German civilians, resident in and citizens of zumessen. Poland," S. 21). Die politische Mobilisierung und Bevor der Autor die Vertreibungen und ihre Radikalisierung der deutschen Minderheiten in Begleitumstände selbst schildert, deutet er Ostmitteleuropa und die daraus resultierenden die aussenpolitischen Zusammenhänge der Konflikte lassen sich jedoch ohne das politische unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit, in die die Vertrei‐ Einwirken von deutscher Seite und die Nationali‐ bungen nach seiner Ansicht einzuordnen seien. sierung der deutschen Minderheiten nicht Zentral sei das Versagen der Westalliierten Gross‐ erklären. Auch ist die Aussage, dass die Ra‐ britannien und USA gewesen, die sowjetischen dikalisierung unter nationalistischen Vorzeichen Expansionsbestrebungen auf den Konferenzen in Ostmittel- und Mitteleuropa in der Zwischen‐ von Jalta und Potsdam nicht nachhaltig Einhalt kriegszeit allgegenwärtig war, nur ein geboten hätten und so die politische und schwaches Argument, um den deutschen Anteil moralische Verantwortung für die an der Vorgeschichte der Vertreibung zu verklei‐ völkerrechtswidrigen Vertreibungen nern. trügen. Eine These, auf der auch schon die Gerade das vom Autor gewählte Beispiel
Recommended publications
  • Integration of East German Resettlers Into the Cultures and Societies of the GDR

    Integration of East German Resettlers Into the Cultures and Societies of the GDR

    Integration of East German Resettlers into the Cultures and Societies of the GDR Doctoral Thesis of Aaron M.P. Jacobson Student Number 59047878 University College London Degree: Ph.D. in History 1 DECLARATION I, Aaron M.P. Jacobson, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 ABSTRACT A controversy exists in the historiography of ethnic German post-WWII refugees and expellees who lived in the German Democratic Republic. This question is namely: to what extent were these refugees and expellees from various countries with differing cultural, religious, social and economic backgrounds integrated into GDR society? Were they absorbed by the native cultures of the GDR? Was an amalgamation of both native and expellee cultures created? Or did the expellees keep themselves isolated and separate from GDR society? The historiography regarding this controversy most commonly uses Soviet and SED governmental records from 1945-53. The limitation of this approach by historians is that it has told the refugee and expellee narrative from government officials’ perspectives rather than those of the Resettlers themselves. In 1953 the SED regime stopped public record keeping concerning the Resettlers declaring their integration into GDR society as complete. After eight years in the GDR did the Resettlers feel that they were an integrated part of society? In an attempt to ascertain how Resettlers perceived their own pasts in the GDR and the level of integration that occurred, 230 refugees and expellees were interviewed throughout the former GDR between 2008-09.
  • Genocide: a Comprehensive Introduction Is the Most Wide-Ranging Textbook on Geno- Cide Yet Published

    Genocide: a Comprehensive Introduction Is the Most Wide-Ranging Textbook on Geno- Cide Yet Published

    ■ GENOCIDE Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction is the most wide-ranging textbook on geno- cide yet published. The book is designed as a text for upper-undergraduate and graduate students, as well as a primer for non-specialists and general readers interested in learning about one of humanity’s enduring blights. Over the course of sixteen chapters, genocide scholar Adam Jones: • Provides an introduction to genocide as both a historical phenomenon and an analytical-legal concept. • Discusses the role of imperalism, war, and social revolution in fueling genocide. • Supplies no fewer than seven full-length case studies of genocides worldwide, each with an accompanying box-text. • Explores perspectives on genocide from the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science/international relations, and gender studies. • Considers “The Future of Genocide,” with attention to historical memory and genocide denial; initiatives for truth, justice, and redress; and strategies of intervention and prevention. Written in clear and lively prose, liberally sprinkled with illustrations and personal testimonies from genocide survivors, Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction is destined to become a core text of the new generation of genocide scholarship. An accompanying website (www.genocidetext.net) features a broad selection of supplementary materials, teaching aids, and Internet resources. Adam Jones, Ph.D. is currently Associate Research Fellow in the Genocide Studies Program at Yale University. His recent publications
  • Exodus, Expulsion, Explication

    Exodus, Expulsion, Explication Collective Memories of Silesia as a German-Polish Frontier Zone Steven Jefferson BA, PGDip, MRes, MCIL Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the School of Advanced Study, University of London February 2016 1 I hereby declare that this work is entirely my own except where explicitly stated in bibliographic and copyright notices Steven Jefferson BA, PGDip, MRes, MCIL The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. 2 Abstract This thesis addresses the traumata associated with Poland’s frontier changes in 1945, within a collective memory paradigm. These events include expulsions from German territories incorporated into Poland, and population transfers between Poland and the USSR. The thesis addresses two components: a central trauma complex, and the resulting collective memory discourse. Being a matter of historical record, the statistical details and chronology of these events are seldom contested, although they have often been instrumentalised by various stakeholders. Instead, the relevant collective memory discourse has focused on the production of broad, often exculpatory, narrative frameworks designed to explain a set of largely accepted facts. Accordingly, my thesis is primarily focused on this collective memory discourse. As an active phase, dominated by stakeholders with a high level of emotional investment in the narration and memorialisation of the relevant events, this collective memory discourse is currently undergoing a transition to the domain of History as a scholarly pursuit. This transition is best symbolised by the fact that, as of 2016, for the first time since 1945, all restrictions on the acquisition of agricultural land and forests in Poland’s former German territories, by Germans, will be lifted.
  • WWII in EE Spring 2011 Webversion

    WWII in EE Spring 2011 Webversion

    HIS 350L Spring 2011 World War II in Eastern Europe Dr Tatjana Lichtenstein Office: GAR 0.110 Office Hours: Th 5-7 pm Email: [email protected] Class meets M 4-7 pm in GAR 1.126 Course Description In Eastern Europe, the Second World War was, as the Czech Jewish woman Heda Margolius- Kovaly remarked, “a war no one had quite survived.” Wedged between Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Soviet Empire, Eastern Europe was the site of unprecedented human and material destruction in the years between 1938 and 1948. As the staging ground for Stalin’s terror and Hitler’s vision for a new racial order in Europe, the region was devastated by genocide and ethnic cleansing, programs of economic and social exploitation, and warfare. Using a wide variety of sources, this course will examine the war in Eastern Europe with a particular emphasis on state violence, occupation, collaboration, and resistance; the Holocaust; and the connection between ethnic cleansing, population transfer, and the establishment of Communism in postwar Eastern Europe. Course Goals • Explore the history of World War II in Eastern Europe • Learn how to analyze primary and secondary sources • Engage the course materials through active participation in class discussion • Write analytical, thesis-driven papers based on close reading of the course materials Please Note: The use of electronic equipment incl. laptops, net books, iPads, phones, MP3 players among others is not allowed in this class. A designated note taker will assist students with documented needs. Course Books Alan Adelson, ed., The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Łódź Ghetto (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) Christopher R.
  • The Explosion of Ethnic Retributive Violence in Czechoslovakia at the End of the Second World War

    The Explosion of Ethnic Retributive Violence in Czechoslovakia at the End of the Second World War

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2013 The Explosion of Ethnic Retributive Violence in Czechoslovakia at the End of the Second World War Bryson David Taylor West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Taylor, Bryson David, "The Explosion of Ethnic Retributive Violence in Czechoslovakia at the End of the Second World War" (2013). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 418. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/418 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Explosion of Ethnic Retributive Violence in Czechoslovakia at the End of the Second World War Bryson David Taylor Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In History Robert Blobaum, Ph.D., Chair Katherine Aaslestad, Ph.D.
  • The Contemporary Right to Property Restitution in the Context of Transitional Justice

    The Contemporary Right to Property Restitution in the Context of Transitional Justice

    OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES THE CONTEMPORARY RIGHT TO PROPERTY RESTITUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE Written by Rhodri C. Williams for the International Center for Transitional Justice May 2007 About the ICTJ The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) assists countries pursuing accountability for past mass atrocity or human rights abuse. The Center works in societies emerging from repressive rule or armed conflict, as well as in established democracies where historical injustices or systemic abuse remain unresolved. In order to promote justice, peace, and reconciliation, government officials and nongovernmental advocates are likely to consider a variety of transitional justice approaches including both judicial and nonjudicial responses to human rights crimes. The ICTJ assists in the development of integrated, comprehensive, and localized approaches to transitional justice comprising five key elements: prosecuting perpetrators, documenting and acknowledging violations through non- judicial means such as truth commissions, reforming abusive institutions, providing reparations to victims, and facilitating reconciliation processes. The Center is committed to building local capacity and generally strengthening the emerging field of transitional justice, and works closely with organizations and experts around the world to do so. By working in the field through local languages, the ICTJ provides comparative information, legal and policy analysis, documentation, and strategic research to justice and truth-seeking institutions, nongovernmental organizations, governments and others. About the Author Rhodri C. Williams is a consultant and researcher on human rights and forced displacement issues. Mr. Williams holds a J.D. from New York University and worked in Bosnia for four years with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) coordinating legal policy and monitoring of the post-war restitution process.
  • After the Holocaust

    After the Holocaust

    Historical Memory and the expulsion of ethnic Germans in Europe, 1944- 1947 Thesis submitted by Robert Bard to the University of Hertfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2009 1 Contents Page no. Abstract--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Chapter 1 Historical Background --------------------------------------------------------------------18 Chapter 2 Historic and Collective Memory: The Nature of German History ------------------38 Chapter 3 Historical memory of the expulsions in the 1950s and 1960s -----------------------51 Chapter 4 1986: Hillgruber and de Zayas -----------------------------------------------------------66 Chapter 5 Historical memory: from 1993 to the present day -------------------------------------74 Chapter 6 Historical memory: Visual imagery and Guido Knopp -------------------------------85 Chapter 7 The Bund der Vertriebenen and the shaping of historical memory-----------------123 Chapter 8 The Reception of German historical memory of the expulsions by Polish historians and politicians --------------------------------------------------------144 Chapter 9 The Reception of German historical memory of the expulsions by Czech historians and politicians --------------------------------------------------------155 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------170 Illustrations
  • Germans Displaced from the East: Crossing Actual and Imagined Central European Borders, 1944-1955

    Germans Displaced from the East: Crossing Actual and Imagined Central European Borders, 1944-1955

    GERMANS DISPLACED FROM THE EAST: CROSSING ACTUAL AND IMAGINED CENTRAL EUROPEAN BORDERS, 1944-1955 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Amy A. Alrich, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee Approved by Professor Alan Beyerchen, Advisor Professor Birgitte Soland _______________________ Professor Robin Judd Advisor Department of History Copyright by Amy A. Alrich 2003 ABSTRACT At the end of World War II the Allies demilitarized, divided, and democratized Germany. The dismantling of Germany involved setting up four zones and eventually two states, the Federal Republic and German Democratic Republic (GDR), and also giving large German territories to Poland and the Soviet Union, which required the initiation of a forced population transfer of the Germans who lived in those areas. Whether they fled as the Soviet troops advanced, or faced the postwar expulsions arranged by the Allies, the majority of Germans from the Eastern territories, approximately 12 million altogether, survived the arduous trek West. Roughly 8 million ended up in West Germany; 4 million went to the GDR. This dissertation comparatively examines the postwar, post-flight experiences of the German expellees in the Federal Republic and GDR in the late 1940s and 1950s. This analysis involves an examination of four categories of experience: official images of the expellees, their self-images, their images as outsiders, and expellees' reaction to these outsider-images. The two Germanies' expellee policies differed dramatically and reflected their Cold War orientations. West Germany followed a policy of expellee-integration, which highlighted their cultural differences and encouraged them to express their uniqueness.
  • Beyond the Conceivable 00A-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page Ii

    Beyond the Conceivable 00A-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page Ii

    00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page i Beyond the Conceivable 00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page ii WEIMAR AND NOW: GERMAN CULTURAL CRITICISM Edward Dimendberg, Martin Jay, and Anton Kaes, General Editors 1. Heritage of Our Times, by Ernst Bloch 2. The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890Ð1990, by Steven E. Aschheim 3. The Weimar Republic Sourcebook, edited by Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg 4. Batteries of Life: On the History of Things and Their Perception in Modernity, by Christoph Asendorf 5. Profane Illumination: Walter Benjamin and the Paris of Surrealist Revolution, by Margaret Cohen 6. Hollywood in Berlin: American Cinema and Weimar Germany, by Thomas J. Saunders 7. Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption, by Richard Wolin 8. The New Typography, by Jan Tschichold, translated by Ruari McLean 9. The Rule of Law under Siege: Selected Essays of Franz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer, edited by William E. Scheuerman 10. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923Ð1950, by Martin Jay 11. Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture, edited by Katharina von Ankum 12. Letters of Heinrich and Thomas Mann, 1900Ð1949, edited by Hans Wysling, translated by Don Reneau 13. Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910Ð1935, by Karl Toepfer 14. In the Shadow of Catastrophe: German Intellectuals between Apocalypse and Enlightenment, by Anson Rabinbach 15. Walter Benjamin’s Other History: Of Stones, Animals, Human Beings, and Angels, by Beatrice Hanssen 16. Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present, by Anthony Heilbut 17.
  • The MS Wilhelm Gustloff in German Memory Culture

    The MS Wilhelm Gustloff in German Memory Culture

    The M.S. Wilhelm Gustloff in German Memory Culture: A Case Study on Competing Discourses A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of German Studies of the College of Arts and Sciences by Michael Joseph Ennis B.A. Xavier University, May 2002 M.A. University of Kentucky, December 2005 Committee Chair: Richard E. Schade, Ph.D. Abstract The sinking of the German M.S. Wilhelm Gustloff in the Bay of Danzig on January 30, 1945 is by many accounts the deadliest maritime disaster in recorded history. Although the ship was a valid military target within the context of World War II, most of the passengers were German civilians fleeing the Soviet advance. For many years, the survivors and their advocates argued that a focus on National Socialism and the Holocaust had complicated and politicized any attempts at publicly remembering and mourning the Gustloff in Germany. Recently, however, the ship has received increased attention in German high and popular culture, leading many to claim that a taboo has been broken. The dissertation investigates the shifts in textual and audio-visual representation of the Gustloff from the time of its sinking to the present in an attempt to locate and understand this cultural phenomenon within the greater context of a society perpetually coming to terms with its dark past. i © Michael Joseph Ennis, 2014 All Rights Reserved ii In memory of the victims of the Wilhelm Gustloff, Christa Wolf (1929-2011) and Heinz Schön (1926-2013), and my father (1939-2013).