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Mentha: a Genus Rich in Vital Nutra-Pharmaceuticals—A Review

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Mentha: a Genus Rich in Vital Nutra-Pharmaceuticals—A Review Received: 10 February 2019 Revised: 20 May 2019 Accepted: 4 June 2019 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6423 REVIEW Mentha: A genus rich in vital nutra‐pharmaceuticals—A review Farooq Anwar1 | Ali Abbas1,2 | Tahir Mehmood1,3 | Anwarul‐Hassan Gilani4 | Najeeb‐ur Rehman5 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan The genus Mentha comprises several aromatic species, which are cultivated world‐ 2 Department of Chemistry, Government Post over due to their distinct aroma and commercial value. In addition to traditional food Graduate Taleem ul Islam College, Chenab Nagar, Pakistan flavoring uses, Mentha are well recognized for their folk medicinal uses, especially to 3 Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, treat cold, fever, and digestive and cardiovascular disorders. A number of biological University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, biopesticidal, antitumor, anticancer, anti- Lahore, Pakistan viral, antiallergic, antiinflammatory, antihypertensive, and urease inhibitory activity 4 Natural Products Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical have been ascribed to Mentha. The traditional pharmacological attributes of Mentha Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical herbs can be linked to the occurrence of bioactive phytochemicals such as terpenoids, College, Karachi, Pakistan 5 Department of Pharmacology, College of alcohols, rosmarinic acid, and antioxidant phenolics among others. A rich source of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz bioactives, different species of Mentha, can be explored as a promising candidate University, Al‐Kharj, Saudi Arabia for the development of nutra‐pharmaceuticals. This review covers the nutritional, Correspondence phytochemical, and traditional medicinal aspects and multiple biological activities of Professor Dr. Farooq Anwar, Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha some commonly available species of Mentha so as to explore their potential 40100, Pakistan. applications for nutra‐pharmaceutical and cosmo‐nutraceutical industry. Detailed Email: [email protected] chemical profile and pharmaceutical attributes of various Mentha essential oils are Professor Dr. Anwarul‐Hassan Gilani, Natural Products Research Division; Department of also covered. Moreover, based on computational analysis, quantitative chemical Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga component–antioxidant activity relationship model is reviewed to predict and corre- Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. late structure–activity relationship of potential bioactives in selected Mentha essen- Email: [email protected] tial oils leading to discovery and developmenmt of novel natural drugs. KEYWORDS genus Mentha, bioactives, medicinal uses, biological activities, functional foods, nutraceuticals 1 | INTRODUCTION obtained from various plants are considered safer (Abbas, Anwar, & Ahmad, 2017; Ahmad & Sher, 2001; Ahmed & Gilani, 2014). In view Historically, plants have been used as a vital source to fullfill shelter, of some reports, currently, a large proportion (approximately 80%) of fuel, and food related needs of human beings. On the other hand, the world's population, especially in the Africa and South Asian plants have always served as a source of folk medicine and modern regions depend on traditional medicine, mainly the plant derived nat- drugs to meet health care needs of mankind (Gilani & Atta‐ur‐Rahman, ural products and phytomedicines for maintenance or improvement 2005; Mishra et al., 2018; Mishra et al., 2018; Saily, Sabu, Mohan, of health (Emiru, Ermias, Wolde, & Degitu, 2011; Muhammad et al., Gupta, & Sondhi, 1994; Sharifi‐Rad et al., 2018). Due to the high cost 2015). Many food and medicinal plants, especially aromatic herbs and safety issues of pharmaceutical medicine, there is renewed inter- and spices, have been evaluated for their nutra‐pharmaceutical poten- est in the utilization of plants/herbs both as a food and medicine tial due to the presence of a wide array of natural bioactive com- (Anwar et al., 2016; Jamshed, Sultan, Iqbal, & Gilani, 2015; Muham- pounds and novel chemical entities (Akhtar et al., 1992; Ali & Qaisar, mad, Hussain, Anwar, Ashraf, & Gilani, 2015). The medicinal products 2009; Descalzo & Sancho, 2008; Dorman & Deans, 2000). Phytotherapy Research. 2019;1–23. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ptr © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1 2 ANWAR ET AL. Likewise, genus Mentha is popular for its medicinally and/or eco- in cross section. Its roots are fibrous, and leaves are 2–6 cm long and nomically important aromatic species with potential bio‐prospects. 1–4 cm broad, and flowers are tiny and pinkish or purple in color. It is The genus Mentha, with more than 30 reported species, grows across commonly called as water mint (Blamey & Grey‐Wilson, 1989; Huxley, the world at almost all agro‐climatic conditions (Gulluce et al., 2007). 1992). Some of the common species of Mentha such as M. aquatica, M. Mentha longifolia is characterized by the length of its plant up to arvensis, M. citrata, M. longifolia, M.piperita, M. pulegium, M. rotuntifolia, 40–120 cm and have oblong elliptical leaves with 5–10 cm long and and M. spicata are commonly grown for the production of essential 1.5–3 cm broad. Its flowers are lilac or white colored and produced oils (EOs) and/or utilized as food flavoring and medicinal agents in in dense cluster. Mentha piperita, commonly known as peppermint, is many countries of Europe, Australia, America, and the Middle East 30–100 cm tall with smooth stem. Leaves of this species are 4–9cm (Gulluce et al., 2007; Nickavar, Alinaghi, & Kamalinejad, 2008; Pandey, long and 1.5–4 cm broad; flowers are purple in color and produced Rai, & Acharya, 2003; Savithri, Priti, Sushil, & Anil, 2002). in the form of whorls (Clark & Menory, 1980). The plant of Mentha Mentha species are widely used as a flavoring agent in raw and spicata usually grows 30–100 cm tall with leaves 5–9 cm long and processed foods such as soups, salads, herbal teas, cheese, and bread 1.5–3 cm broad. Its flowers are produced in slender spikes and have (Kofidis, Bosabalidis, & Kokkini, 2004; Moreno, Bello, Prime‐Yufera, & white or pink color. Esplugues, 2002). Likewise, the EOs and extracts from Mentha plants The herbaceous plants of genus Mentha are widely distributed in are now gaining popularity as natural ingredients in herbal cosmetics temperate and subtemperate regions of the world. Many intermediary and pharmaceutical preparations (Salehi et al., 2018; Yadegarinia forms can be produced by freely crossing of different members of et al., 2006). Mentha EOs and extracts are used in the treatment of dis- these species (Hefendehl & Murray, 1973). Polyploidy is a frequent eases such as fever, cough, and digestive disorders due to their antipy- phenomenon in Mentha genus and has played a significant role in bio- retic, bronchodilator, spasmodic/antispasmodic, and carminative diversity of these species. For example, Mentha piperita is an earliest properties (Gulluce et al., 2007; Moreno et al., 2002). Moreover, the group hybrid resulted by cross between Mentha spicata and Mentha EOs and extracts from Mentha have also been reported to exhibit mul- aquatica. On the other side, Mentha spicata is known to be a hybrid tiple biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, of Mentha longifolia and Mentha rotundifolia (Savithri et al., 2002). antiinflammatory, antihypertensive, antiviral, and antiallergic, which Although Mentha citrata, also named as lemon mint, is accepted to can be linked to the presence of bioactives such as terpenoids and be a hybrid variety of Mentha aquatica and Mentha arvensis (Croteau aromatic substances (aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, and methoxy deriv- & Gershenzon, 1994). atives; Dorman, Kosar, Kahlos, Holm, & Hiltunen, 2003; Gulluce et al., Several, medicinally and domestically important, species of mint 2007; Hosseinimehr, Pourmorad, Shahabimajd, Shahrbandy, & are widely cultivated throughout the world, especially for food Hosseinzadeh, 2007). flavoring and pharmaceutical applications. Typically, peppermint and Widespread functional food and folk medicinal uses along with spearmint oils are mainly produced in the United States (Chambers various pharmaceutical attributes of Mentha species, urged us to com- & Hummer, 1992). Peppermint (Mentha piperita) is mainly cultivated pile a comprehensive article reviewing multiple uses of these herbs. in the states of Oregan, Idaho, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan; however, This manuscript mainly covers the nutrients profile, traditional medic- spearmint (Mentha spicata) is cultivated in Indiana and Michigan inal uses, and multiple pharmacological properties of some common (Savithri et al., 2002). Mentha spicata is also cultivated in the United species of genus Mentha. Efforts have also been made to focus on Kingdom, France, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Russia, Vietnam, the detailed bioactives' profile of these species. Furthermore, extrac- Thailand, and South Africa. Mentha citrata (Bergamot mint) is mainly tion and chemical composition of Mentha EOs have also been cultivated in Taiwan, China, and India, and menthol in China, India, reviewed so as to explore potential applications of these species for Pakistan, Thailand, Taiwan, Japan, and Brazil (Aflatuni, 2005; Patra, nutra‐pharmaceutical industry. Kumar, Shukla, Ram, & Srivastava, 2002). 2 | TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF 3 | TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL AND MENTHA FUNCTIONAL FOOD APPLICATIONS OF
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