David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an Historical Dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 1
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David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an historical dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 1 Sevenoaks – looking north, early 20th century. This postcard offers a view north across Sevenoaks from the 90-foot tower of St Nicholas parish church. In the immediate foreground is Six Bells Lane, to the left Rockdale. Centre, almost on the skyline, is the spire of the new Methodist church built in The Drive in 1904. David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an historical dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 2 Sevenoaks An Historical Dictionary Compiled and edited by David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves for the Sevenoaks Historical Society and the Sevenoaks Society David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an historical dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 3 Contents Acknowledgements Contributors Introduction Maps Entries Bibliography David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an historical dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 4 Acknowledgements We are grateful to Roger FitzGerald for letting us use his watercolours on the front cover and elsewhere in the book. Other illustrations have been provided by Andrew Bamji, Andrew Beard, the Kent History and Library Centre, Paul Dunn, Eric Keys, David Killingray, Colin Miles, Richard Mitchell, Peter Moss, Tim Pearce, Jim Purves, Peter Rosling, St Nicholas parish church, Salmons, Sevenoaks Library, Sevenoaks Society, Sevenoaks Town Council, Ed Thompson and David Williams. Funding for the book has come from a number of local organisations and bodies: Kent County Council Member’s Fund, with thanks to Councillor John London; Sevenoaks District Council; Sevenoaks Town Council for two grants; the Kent Archaeological Society for grants from the Allen Grove Fund, and also from the Kent History Fund; the Sevenoaks Historical Society; and the Hollybush Residents Association. We are also grateful to Chris Dance who compiled the index. David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an historical dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 5 Contributors This book has been a communal effort, and the editors are most grateful for the contributions made by: Anthony Akerman; Richard Aldrich; Brian Alleeson; Mark Ballard; Mike Bamforth; Andrew Bamji; Juliet Bankes; Susanne Beard; Chris Bell; Maureen Bennell; Les Best; Phyllis Black; Mike Bolton; Robert Brewer; Robin J. Brooks; Marjorie Brown; Elizabeth Cairns; Ian Campbell; Merilyn Canet; Janice Castle; Carol Cheeseman; Jim Cheeseman; Tony Clayton; Philip Clucas; Patrick Connelly; Lucile Corby; Heather Cornwell-Kelly; Roland Courtney; Neil Crabtree; David Cufley; Ed Diplock; Helen Doherty; Gill Draper; Katharine Draper; Paul Dunn; Margaret Durdant-Hollamby; Barbara Eastwood; Pauline Edwards; Mary Fagg; Avril Ferguson; Roger FitzGerald; Joan Gamble; Sue Gosling; Pat Harman; Michael Harrison; Gerry Hayward; Patricia Hayward; Philip Headley; Charles Hebert; Sue Henson; Ramon Higgs; Richard Hillary; Michael Hobbs; Chris Holgate; Margaret Holgate; Barbara Ide; John Ingram; Dan Jeffcote; Gillian Jones; Kate Kendell; Eric Keys; David Killingray; Jim Latheron; Di Latter; Deidre Le Faye; Sarah Lloyd; Keith Loney; Frank Marshall; Peter Mayes; Derek Medhurst; Colin Miles; Tina Milman; Penny Morrison; Peter Moss; Peter Mountfield; Diana Newall; Edward Oatley; Bob Ogley; Monty Parkin; Doreen Pascall; Tim Pearce; Iain Pearson; Deborah Petrick; Barbara Piper; Nick Polkinhorne; Henry Pound; Elizabeth Purves; Jim Purves; Sheila Reynolds; Adrienne Rogers; Evelyn Rogers; Peter Rogers; Susan Roome; Arthur Russ; Maureen Russ; Ray Russell; Robert Sackville-West; Charles Salmon; Jo Salmon; Jonathan Sargant; Rosemary Sassoon; Marigold Seal; Sevenoaks Town Council staff; Roger Sheldon; Denise Sims; Ann Slater; Harriette Smale; Terry Steley; Phyllis Styles; Chris Sutton; Magda Sweetland; Bill Taylor; Iain Taylor; Ed Thompson; David Toser; Graham Usher; Keith Wade; Ian Walker; Pam Walshe; Roger Walshe; Jill Webster; Alan Wilkinson; Claire Williams; David Williams; Michael Willsher and Peter Young. David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an historical dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 6 Introduction Sevenoaks: An Historical Dictionary has been written by people of Sevenoaks for the people of Sevenoaks. More than 100 local residents have submitted research and illustrations for this history, which covers the great estates, buildings, trades, industries, occupations, transport, notable people, organisations, schools, churches, events and themes relating to our town and its environs. Essentially the book is an A-Z of the area covered by the historic parish of St Nicholas (which stretched south from the river Darent to include Weald village), but is flexible in allowing for many people’s modern mental maps of Sevenoaks. When we were planning the book one idea of a subtitle was ‘Nearly everything you wanted to know about nearly everybody and everything in Sevenoaks in the past’. That would have been a near impossible task, resulting in a very long and unwieldy book. Our aims have been more modest: to raise and answer some of the questions that people curious about the locality have often asked; and to do so in the framework of a modern agenda of local history which, we hope, extends and challenges how the past is viewed. So, how to use this book? The entries are alphabetically arranged. Within each entry other relevant entries are cross-referenced, indicated in bold italics. At the end of many entries there are suggestions for further reading, indicated by a name and date in italics which refers to the bibliography at the end of the book. There is also a comprehensive index which enables the reader to find references throughout the book to people, places and topics which do not have individual entries. A couple of final points are worth emphasising. This book has been the work of many contributors and two editors. All have striven hard to present an accurate account of Sevenoaks’s past and we hope this will stimulate a wider interest in our local history. There might be errors in the Book. Please let us know, so that we can amend future editions of Sevenoaks: An Historical Dictionary. And if readers think that there should have been an entry on a place, person, topic or theme, why not write it and submit it for possible inclusion in a further edition. David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an historical dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 7 Maps 1. Sevenoaks in 1903, from Salmon’s Guide to the town . 2. Codsheath, late 18th-century 3. The heart of Sevenoaks in 1867 4. The heart of Sevenoaks in 1936 5. Major landowners in the1840s 6. Town growth 1870-1970 7. Hartsland 1844 8. Sevenoaks in 1933, from Salmon’s Guide and Directory 9. The manors and parishes of the Sevenoaks area in late medieval times 10. A map of Panthurst Park, 1630 11. Quarries and brick works since the mid-19th century . 12. The Rye Road on Philip Simonson’s map of the County 1596 13. The St Botolph’s estate in 1841 14. The boundaries of St Nicholas Sevenoaks and adjoining parishes in 1850 15. Public air raid shelters 1939 16. Turnpikes and railways, with dates of construction 17. Watermills and windmills 18. Sevenoaks in 1957, from Salmon’s Guide and Directory David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an historical dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 8 Entries Map 1 Sevenoaks in 1903, from Salmon’s Guide to the town. A small market town of large estates – Knole, Bradbourne, Montreal Park, Kippington and Wildernesse, but also a growing number of new ‘gentry’ houses, many of which are named on the map. David Killingray and Elizabeth Purves, Sevenoaks: an historical dictionary © Sevenoaks Historical Society Page 9 A agriculture Sevenoaks stands on the high ground of the greensand ridge, running gently down to the clays of the Vale of Holmesdale to the north and falling sharply to the wealden clays to the south. The greensand is not very fertile; much of it remains wooded or as parkland at Knole. The lighter soils on either side of the ridge have been cultivated over centuries for various crops. There are only patchy records; a useful overall snapshot is the Tithe Survey of 1841. But at different times wheat, oats, barley and hay, beans and peas, hops, apples, and soft fruits have been grown. Commercial woodlands, deciduous and in later years coniferous, have always occupied large areas, although the difficulty of transport meant that much heavy timber was used locally. Other trees were regularly coppiced, for basket making, hop-poles and housing. There was also much pasture land, particularly on the heavier soil which was difficult to plough; sheep were more common on the chalk downs to the north of Sevenoaks. Most of the produce went for local consumption, sold at Sevenoaks market because of high haulage costs on poor roads, although cattle were sometimes driven to London. After the arrival of the railway in 1862, access to wider markets became possible, so market gardening and soft fruit for London were added to local production. Owen Aisher (1900-1993) Builder, entrepreneur, and founder of Marley Ltd. In the 1920s Aisher and his father established a building materials firm producing cement roofing tiles. The Marley Tile Company began production at Riverhead in 1935, extracting sand from what became Chipstead Lake. During the war, when house building was at a stand-still, Marley was involved in making prefabricated concrete Mulberry harbours for the D-Day landings in France. The company prospered with the post-war housing boom, also making plastic floor tiles and guttering and plumbing fixtures. Aisher was not sympathetic to trade unions in his plant. In 1968 he was one of the highest paid business executives in Britain, when Marley recorded its best ever profits of £4.5 million, and employed more than one hundred workers at the Riverhead factory. Aisher was knighted in 1981. He contributed to various local interests, most notably the Aisher Hall at Sevenoaks School. Sand on the Riverhead site became exhausted in the 1980s and the tile plant closed in 1989, the land being sold for housing development and a Tesco supermarket.