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The Ashgate Research Companion to Theological

Joshua R. Farris, Charles Taliaferro

Scripture and Philosophy on the Unity of Body and

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 John W. Cooper Published online on: 28 Feb 2015

How to cite :- John W. Cooper. 28 Feb 2015, Scripture and Philosophy on the Unity of Body and Soul from: The Ashgate Research Companion to Theological Anthropology Routledge Accessed on: 24 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315613673.ch2

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 dualism and are themainoptionsinphilosophical anthropology.Mostofthem of kinds These existence. disembodied affirm readily can which monism of kind only the and psychophysicalmonism).Withbody (neutral immaterialism is respecttotheafterlife, emergentism), orneitherpurelyimmaterialnormaterial butgeneratingbothsoul and and personalistmonism), material(physicalismand is immaterial(idealist,spiritualist, it whole person—body and soul. But monists disagree about thebasic ingredient—whether the affirm humans consistofonlyonebasicingredientwhichconstitutesorgeneratesthe counter that many matter—and and or body afterdeath.Monists the without soul orpersonexisting of the metaphysical possibility body, and ingredients—soul or parts basic well as the possibility of post-mortem existence. Dualists hold that humans consist of two capacities—as and properties spiritual and mental, physical, different irreducibly possess where theproblemistoexplainunityanddiversity ofhumanlife—howsinglebeings has todowithdeathandtheafterlife.Butitisalso a perennialquestioninphilosophy, Historically andexistentially,thebody–soulrelationisprimarilyareligiousissue that Overview 2 body-soul dualismorsomekindofmonism best representstheteachingofscripture. unity ofbodyandsoulintoacomprehensive theologicalanthropology. how philosophycanhelptoclarify,elaborate,andintegratewhatscriptureteachesaboutthe My goalistosurveyas awhole;itsfocusisonthebody–soulrelationanessentialpart. redemption inJesusChrist,toourfutureGod’severlasting kingdom. life aspresentedintheBible,fromourcreationGod’simageandfallintosin,through principle itaddresses all thecharacteristics, capacities, relationships, and ends of human a comprehensive accountofscripture’steachingabouthumanityinrelationtoGod.In The goalofChristiantheologicalanthropologyasanacademic disciplineisdaunting: Persons Philosophy andtheMind-BodyProblem”; Soul,Body,andSurvival: EssaysontheMetaphysicsofHuman ed. JoelGreenand StuartPalmer (InterVarsity 2005). Unity ofBodyandSoul: An Integrative Method forTheological Anthropology 1 A major reason forthisfocus is thecurrentdebateamongChristianscholars whether This chapter, liketheothersinthis volume, does not address theological anthropology

, ed. Kevin Corcoran (Cornell 2001); and Diverse positions arestatedinFaithandPhilosophy Scripture andPhilosophyonthe John W. Cooper In Search of the Soul: Four Views of the Mind-Body Problem , 12(4) (October 1995), on“Christian 12(4)(October

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 The Scripture teachesuniversallyexpressed inhistorically-situated,common- truths intelligible In myjudgmenttherightviewis between theseextremes—ordinary-languagerealism. are they ancient near-eastern religious imagery that is irrelevant to science and philosophy? about body, soul, life, , and precise philosophical or scientific concepts? Or all of doctrines. synthesis Application relatesbiblicaldoctrinetocurrentissuesoffaith,life,andlearning. coherent a into and topics specific on whole a formulate as scripture to of texts doctrine the all of teaching the synthesizes and collates interpretation canonical or devices, related biblicaltexts,anditsextra-biblical,cultural-religiouscontext.Theological and purposeoftheoriginaltextbyconsidering its vocabulary,syntax,genre,literary or canonical interpretation, and application. aims to understand the meaning theological method.Itconsists of threeinterrelatedphasesoroperations:exegesis,theological grammatical-historical- scripture isthe The historicChristianapproachtointerpreting Biblical Hermeneutics The UnityofBodyandSoulinScripture anthropology itentails. two-stage Christianity’s historic affirm I why clear eschatology—that persons exist between deathandresurrection—andthedualistic-holistic is it But position. a promote to than final The relation. andeschatology.Myprimaryintentionistodescribethedebatefairlyrather in body–soul positions competing the the of challenges and and strengths reason, the summarizes and section revelation of relation the scripture, diversityof thecurrent historic andmodernviewsof the views, contrasting of Christian body–soul relationinthislifeandthetocome.Itthenpresentshistoricalbackground and reason.Itsroleintheologicalanthropologyisextensive. relation to its and can help clarifyand elaborate biblical hermeneutics, doctrine, and the relationof revelation truth-content, itsenduring it but differences, these resolve cannot Philosophy basic. more are science and of scripture, philosophy views Different however. monism, andnon-reductive materialismarethemaincontenders. versionsChristian academics,but endorsed by are currently ofdualism,psychophysical Practice 1991, 2004);andDanielTreier,IntroducingTheological of Scripture:RecoveringInterpretation a Christian Osborne, Grant 2006); (Ashgate Vette J. trans 1993, 2004); Manfred Oeming, Contemporary Biblical Hermeneutics , and Updated (ThomasNelson, Jr., IntroductiontoBiblical Revised and RobertHubbard, Interpretation, DevelopmentSignificance Hermeneutics: and Theological Theology 13/2(2009):32–50. 218–28; “The Current Body-Soul Debate: A Case for Dualistic Holism,” Soul, Body and Survival: Essays on the of Human Persons (Eerdmans 1989; Eerdmans and Apollos, 2000); “Biblical Anthropology and the Body-Soul Problem,” 3 2 The genreofbiblicaldoctrineisakeyhermeneuticalissue. Are scripture’s teachings Given these issues, this chapter first summarizes the biblical presentation ofthe presentation biblical the summarizes first chapter this issues, these Given Philosophical disagreement is not theonlyreason for the debate among Christians,

Ash (Baker Academic 2008). Mark Bowald, RenderingtheWordinTheological Hermeneutics (Ashgate2007),Werner Jeanrond, John Cooper,Body,Soul and LifeEverlasting: Biblical Anthropology andtheMonism-Dualism Debate The Hermeneutical Spiral: The (IVP Academic A Comprehensive Introduction toBiblical Interpretation gate Research 2 3 Co mpan ion to The 28 (Crossroad1991);WilliamCraig Blomberg, Klein, ological An , ed. Kevin Corcoran (Cornell 2001), thro Southern Baptist Journal of p ology Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 ruach. by (cf.Ps.104:29–30). its ownruach.Thesepowers arenotderived fromtheearthbutarebestowed andwithdrawn abilities of humans, who interact withthegods and earthly creatures. movement, sentience,emotions—aswellpowers asthe distinctive ofangelsandgods andthe to thewholerangeofanimalpowers—self-but They refernotonlytowindandbreath derived from the earth.Ruach andneshamaaresynonyms in ancientnear-easternanimism. body. One being is constituted of two different components. The body is a non-living entity brings themtolife. or spirit—which bones andtissueintobodiesinfusesthemwith ruach—breath their Ezekiel 37:1–10 prophesiesthefutureresurrectionofGod’s people. TheSpiritofGodreassembles confusion.) much caused has dualistically, understood soul,” “living translation, theological anthropology. of discussions practical and persons, minds,andorganisms.Thusitcanbeanimportantbridgebetween scriptureand philosophical, scientific, contemporary to nature human of these texts,formulatingdoctrinefromthem, andapplyingthebiblicalview interpreting and resurrection.Thesearecentralissuesinthenarrative fromGenesistoRevelation. of death and reintegration disintegration and the of humanbeings, human beings,theunity number ofrelevantis massive, texts soweissues: God’scompositionof key focusonthree what scriptureteachesabouttheunityofbodyandsoulinthislifetocome.The the questionofultimateauthority. may ornotbeconsistentwiththeviewofhumanitypresentedinscripture,whichraises conclusions scientific and Philosophical sense. worldview religious generic, a in dualistic and theworldtocome. Thus biblicalanthropology(ifittakesaposition)ismonisticor precise in what itteaches about God, angels, miracles, body, soul, life, death,resurrection,

breath or spirit of life, so that he becomes a it into breathing and soil from body his forming by man first the of creation Two textsdepict God composing human beings. Genesis 2:7 narrates God’s God’s CompositionofHumanBeings sense, ordinary (sometimes figurative) language. figurative) (sometimes ordinary sense, Forms,” inHermeneutics, Authority, andCanon,ed.D.CarsonJ.Woodbridge (Zondervan 1986). come from the(subsistent)spiritinhumans.InOldTestament worldview,humansare ruach.Spiritualpower must animals lackeven(their kindsof) are animatedby they though because humans have the abilityto interact withGod and spiritual beings, a power which is theworkofanevilspirit.Bythatlogic,humanruachsubstantive intheOld Testament hold that visible powers manifest unseen beings—wind is the breath of God; an epileptic fit and evil spirits—spiritualbeings,notmere powers. Further, animist worldviews typically powersEvidence suggeststhat entities. spiritual imply subsistent physicalorbiologicalpowers—wind and breath. Butthatclaim is too hasty. It is currently popular to assert that ruach and In both texts,God makes living humans by infusingspiritor life-breath into a formed 6 5 4 Philosophy can assist with themethodological and epistemological aspects of The followingsectionsapplythegrammatical-historical-theologicalmethodtoascertain

Hans Walter Wolff, Walter Hans John Walton, AncientN ear EasternThoughtandtheOldTestament (Baker Academic 2006),Ch.9. Vanhoozer,Kevin DiverseScripture’s and Truth Literary Literature: Biblical of Semantics “The Scripture Anthropology of the Old Testament, trans.M.Kohl(Fortress1974),Ch. 4on

an d P hilo nephesh chayah, a living being. 29 s o ph 4 It is realistic but not alwaysnot is realisticbut It or literal y on the neshama are not substances but non- refers to God, the , angels, Ruach referstoGod,the Un ity o 6 Each kind of being has f Bo 5 (The King James d y neshama, the an d So u l Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 The is spiritual—thatalloflifeimages God,isagiftfromhim,andshould be lived forGod each otherincountlessways.affect and interrelated are minds, emotions, actions and choices, ourbodies, beliefs, fears, that hopes, values, relationships, andbelief experience human universal assumes confirms anthropology Biblical and dualism. substance orphilosophical Christian historic fit are notessentialtohumanlifeas God intendsit.These are popular caricatures that do not are separate,independent,antithetical,ormerelyjuxtaposed inhumanlife,orthatbodies living, activebody andsoul that humans. No oneinthemonism-dualismthinks debate dualists agree and relation—are diverse but interdependent,interactive, and integrated aspects or parts of life.Monists human of andintegration mind, andwill—whateverheart, soul, spirit, body, that and theirmetaphysicalnature unity the affirms scripture There is virtual consensus among biblicalscholars, theologians, and philosophers that The UnityofBodyandSoul . the Testament in Old affirmed the are from and emerge that eschatology and anthropology present intheseothertexts.Taken alltogether,theypresent amuch clearer pictureofthe are 37 Ezekiel and 2 Genesis in expressed themes and terms same The death. after humans diverseunities with humans asintegral happens to envision what capacities;andthosethat are relevant.related toothersthat We present those that considertwootherkindsoftexts: generalization thatmostphilosophicalmodelsofthebody–soulrelationclaimtorepresent. which isanon-philosophical created humannatureasaspiritual-physicalduality-in-unity, itteaches Perhaps believe? us to God is onlythat doctrinal point God fusedtwodisparateingredients.Butperhapsthe that require us or teach text the does matter—what another animating theirbodieswith spirit.Butdoctrinalcontentis constitutes livinghumansby worldview usingthetermsofanimisticHebrewanthropology.TheydoclaimthatGod stand that categories for substances,ingredients,powers, ortheircombination.Buttheydoexpressarealistic metaphysical or terms scientific not are 37 Ezekiel and 2 Genesis in contextualized Assuming be. to inspiration divine and life-breath, meant flesh, bones, above, stated as are realism ordinary-language actions divine and components the realistic philosophy. A key issue, noted above intheintroduction,isgenre—howprecise and endowing bodilybeingswiththewholerangeofhumancapacities. a material bodyand a spiritual entity,a soul. But monists claim that thetextsdepict God conjoining twoirreducibleelements— God createdhumansandwillresurrectthemby philosophy? Throughout the history of Christianity, both texts are taken to support dualism: these texts. human spirit is substantive or merely functionalcannot be determined with certaintyfrom component withdrawnbyGod,leavingthedead powerless. All thingsconsidered, whether and inactivean impersonal (9:1–10).Itsanthropologyisnotclear.Ruachcouldsimplybe agnosticism abouthumandestiny(3:19–20)andconsidersthedeadinSheolasunaware death. ButEcclesiastesalsoexpresses God after ascends andexistswith spirit the proof that human that clear not is it But both. of composed 8)—and (Psalm angels the than lower little a and unique creaturesinthatwe arebothearthlyandspiritualbeings—bothrulersofnature The most important featureof the biblicalemphasis on the unityof As noted,soundbiblicalhermeneuticsforbidsdrawingconclusions untilthesetextsare scripture and Scoring thisdebateisasoberingexerciseinthecomplexitiesofrelating imply for and whatmightthey import ofthecompositiontexts, What isthedoctrinal Ash ruach isasubstancethatsurvives death.Ecclesiastes 12:7 is traditionally regardedas gate Research Co mpan ion to The 30 ological An thro p ology Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 others likePaul’s expression“yourwholespirit,soul,andbody”in1Thessalonians 5:23, and above, discussed 12, Mark and 6 Deuteronomy as such terms, the conjoin which texts be dimensions of anirreduciblewhole,orparallelterms that refer tothewholeperson. Thus or materialists than better dimensions physical and spiritual idealists, whoviewoneasmorebasicthantheother. the both of integrity the interaction between body andsoul/spirit.Dualistspsychophysicalmonistsacknowledge basic unitymoreeasilythanhowdiversity arises. Neither side is able toexplainfully the biblical data. group candeclarevictoryordisqualify theotheronbasisof But neither ingredient. Monists counterthatGodhaselicitedtheinterconnecteddiversity fromasingleprimordial distinct ingredients.(Trichotomists view body,soul, and spirit as distinct components.) claim to express diversity-in-unity. Dualists hold that God has integrated metaphysically humans ascreatedandresurrectedbyGodinGenesis2Ezekiel37. related whole” are adequate. This conclusion is consistent with and enriches the pictureof whole. Perhaps phraseslike“diversity inGod-relatedunity”or“partsofanintegralGod- a as life within aspects and parts other from isolated or self-sufficient not are but functions God-related unityofdiverse aspects,capacities,andpartswhichmayhave distinctrolesand from OldandNewTestament booksismassive andconsistent.Human lifeisafundamental my fleshcryout”(Ps.84:2,KJV). overlapping ways thathave personal-spiritualas well as physical functions: “my heartand The terms for flesh (basar, almost exclusivelychoices, actions,andresponsestoGod. astheseatofemotions,thoughts, kardia are distinctbutoverlapping whenreferringtohumans. The same is true of“heart”—lebor the semanticrangesofnephesh breath andthepersonasself,subject,oragent. acts, and relates toGod and other humans. as wellhumans andanimals,tolife-breath, astotheperson—theselfor“I”—whoknow, as soul in older translations, also refers tothethroatanddiaphragm,living(anddead) constitute anintegralexistentialunity.Nephesh,forexample,whichisfrequentlyrendered pick outdistinctbutoverlapping and interdependent aspects, powers, and functions that parts, echoingPlato’s philosophy. Butmodern scholars largely agreeinsteadthatthey

unlike But 1:46–7). (Lk. Saviour” my God in rejoices spirit my and Lord, the magnifies soul “My strength.” God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your your Lord the “Love 12:30, Mark in quotation Jesus’ and strength”; your all with and soul your all with and heart your all with God your Lord the “Love 6:5, Deuteronomy nature, indifferent; naturallifeisnotseparatefromspiritualityorpublicpriv according tohiswill. All oflifeisreligiousorspiritual. Nopartispurelysecularorreligiously The diversity of aspects or parts does not requiredualism. Soul, spirit, and body could Dualists canaccountforthediversityMonists canexplain morereadilythanbasicunity. contenders All anthropology? philosophical particular a preference outcome this Does The cumulative result of studying these words in hundreds of texts of various genres 8 7 Pre-modern commentators oftenunderstoodtheseanthropologicaltermsasseparable Two iterationsofthelove command exemplify thediversity andspiritualunityofhuman

. Both Testaments refer tothephysical organ thatbeatsinthechest, but theyspeakof it nephesh, Wolff, Chs.2,4, and 5onnephesh Matthew and 6.MarkusesaSeptuagint Luke repeatDeuteronomy version which addsmind. 7 Loving God [and is neighbour] the unifying meaning and purpose of human life. ruach does not refertolivingorganismsorpartsofthem.InbothTestaments, Scripture sarx) and body or organism (soma) arelikewise used in distinct but andruach,theirGreekequivalents, psucheandpneuma,

an d , ruachandleb(heart). P hilo Ruach shares with nepheshthemeanings of life- 31 s 8 ThetermsaresynonymsintheSongofMary: o ph y on the Un ity o f Bo d y ate faith. an d So u l Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 The held thatthedeaddescend into theUnderworld—, Abaddon, or (). it does. Like the other religions around the Mediterranean from Egypt to Greece, the Israelites the OldTestamentthere ismuchevidencethat ismonisticanddoesnotenvisionanafterlife, eschatology involves no separationofbodyandsoul. after atemporalgap.Butmonismisreasonableaccountof biblicalanthropologyif immediately switchesbodies,orbothbodyandsoulareannihilated andrecreatedinstantlyor Dualism could be true even if immediate resurrection or a gap in existence occurred—the soul because theunityofhumannaturemerelyentailsholism, notmonism,asarguedabove. or bodies—thengenericdualismisestablished.Monismcannot beproven byeschatology flesh their from apart exist to said are persons or spirits, , if nature—especially human (discussed below).Thusifscriptureimpliesadivisionorsplitinthepsychophysicalunityof eschatologies: immediateresurrectionornon-existencebetween deathandfutureresurrection monists whoholdthatembodimentisessentialforpersonalexistenceproposetwoalternative because it may be decisive for monism or dualism. If not, the issue may be irresolvable. Most but death, of terms in life define to attempt morbid a to due not is move This life. everlasting Failure toresolve thedebatethusfarbringsustobiblicaleschatology—death,resurrection,and Disintegration andReintegration:DeathResurrection unclear whether soul or spirit can exist disembodied until we consider death and resurrection. are we that imply not do texts constituted oftwocomponents.Dualismisconsistentwithcomponents,butitremains the if only fits monism psychophysical But other. the from accord spiritandbodyasparallelcomponentswhereasidealismmaterialismderive one debate. and psychophysicalmonismareclosertothebiblicalviewofdiversity-in-unity the monism-dualism becausethey to resolution definitive no yields nature monism. Theyarecertainlynotdirectevidenceof imply they that follow not does it dualism, entail not do 5 Thessalonians 1 and 12, Mark 6, God (Fortress2003),Ch. 2. Worlds (Cornell 1996), Part Two, Ch. 5; Walton, Ch. 14, esp. 320–21; of theSon Wright, TheResurrection that monism is thebiblicalpositionfromevidence for holism. is point This crucial, becausesomemonistsfailtodistinguishmonismfromholismandfallaciouslyargue bodily. and affective, mental, spiritual, integrally is come to life the and life its compositionanddecomposition at death,thedivinely-designedstateofhumanityinthis do entail isholism—thathumanlifeinvolves anoperationalpart–wholerelation.Whatever that all of human nature consists of or derives from one basic stuff. What unity and integrity providetheevidencethatsoulandspiritareseparable. of different ingredients or parts woven seamlessly together by God, and that texts about the of humanlifedoesconsist the integrity not excludedualismortrichotomy.Itispossiblethat appeal to these textsas proofs are on shaky ground. But it is equally truethatsuch texts do provide nobasisformetaphysicaldualism or trichotomy.Traditionalcommentaries which or unified being (some sort of monism)”; also Warren Brown and Brad Strawn, 2008), 34:“myanalysiswilldemonstrate howtheBiblecanportrayhumanpersonasasinglewhole Christian Life:,Psychology,andthe Church 9 10 So we consider what scripture saysaboutdeathandwhatfollows. In spiteofclaims that In sum, analysis of the biblical texts about human composition and the unity of human In sum,analysisofthebiblicaltextsabouthumancompositionandunity In thesameway, theunityandintegrityofexistencedo not requiremonism—the view

Ash

The Formation Alan Bernstein,TheofHell:Deathand Retribution inthe Ancient andEarly Christian (Baker Academic Joel Green,Body,Soul, and HumanLife:TheNatureof Humanity in theBible gate Research Co mpan ion to The 32 (Cambridge2012),esp.Chs1and 2. ological An thro 9 Although Deuteronomy Although The Physical , dualism Prima facie,dualism p ology Nature of the 10

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 two monisteschatologies. precedent forimmediatebodilyresurrectionornon-existenceuntilfutureresurrection,the

Its dualisticholism is athirdoptionbetween andmaterialism. Testament, the anthropology of the Pharisees valued the body and emphasized resurrection. resurrection as souls or spirits, an elaboration of their Old Testament meanings. Like the Old at thecomingofMessiah. A numberoftextsfromthisperiodrefertothedeadawaiting judgment final and resurrection the until state intermediate conscious view—a two-stage rabbis developed theOldTestament teachingsaboutSheolandfutureresurrectionintoa toarticulatetheimmortalityofsoulandspiritualresurrection.ThePharisees appreciated Greekmaterialism, and didnotbelieve inanafterlife.Philoof Alexandria used annihilation, symbolizes Sheol that held Sadducees The relevant. are positions important Testaments. Theeschatological writings oftheperiodarevaried anddiverse, butthree death andresurrection. of anthropology Testament Old the fit not does it existence, discarnate If precludes monism eschatology. of two-stage affirmations Testament New and Temple Second anticipates have a well-developed eschatology, butthecombination of Sheol with futureresurrection cognate term for deified ancestors in Ugaritic) is more common. The Old Testament does not entity. not necessarilyanenduring God (Eccl.12:7),but of livinghumans.Ruachdeparts—takenby energy and bones, flesh, the without form bodily ethereal in is person ghost-like—the be to dead. Itseems realm ofthe person enduresinthe of the dead bodyisburied,andwhatleft human individuals. Israelites werethe is ampleevidencethat there but language, for an afterlife realistsabout figurative involve references these of all Almost resurrection. about explicitly speak 19:26 house of forever” (23:6). Only Isaiah 26:19, Ezekiel 37, Daniel 12:2, and possibly Job The ultimatedestinyofthefaithfuldeadisnotclear.Psalmisthopesto“dwell inthe 1 Samuel 28, where Samuel returns from Sheol to prophesythedoom of Saul and his sons. there, andtheprophetswarnis againstconsortingwiththedead.Theclearesthistoricaltext to be with his son, Joseph, in Sheol (Gen. 37:35).Isaiah 14 depicts the proud king of Babylon figurative—but it pales in comparison with a good life on earth, blessed by God. Jacob hopes Existence there isapparentlylethargic,ghost-like,perhapseven comatose—the allusions are which soul and spirit sometimes share. He also uses the first person in 2 Corinthians 12:2–4, Christ but I—the first person pronoun—“I … in the body or apart from the body,” a meaning respect toanthropologicalterminology,Paulhis soulorspiritwillbewith doesnotwritethat resurrection. ThereisnogapinfellowshipwithChristand no immediateresurrection.With texts envisioncontinuingfellowshipwithChristbetween bodilydeathandfuture 1 and Corinthians 15:52,hedatestheresurrectionatfuture return ofChrist.Togetherthese 4:16 Thessalonians 1 In Lord.” the with home at and body the from away be “to is is parallel), remaining alive is “at home in the body and away from the Lord,” whereas death 1:20–22 (Philippians 5:6–8 Corinthians 2 In resurrection. future until Christ with fellowship eschatology of present atwo-stage all hisassertionsarecombinedintoacoherentwhole,they the Paul’sunderstanding to key a is This resurrection. the and dead, the of spirits When letters. angels, of existence the regarding Sadducees the against Pharisees the with identifies The NewTestament adaptstheviewofPhariseesandrabbis. 12 11 It is important to considerSecondTempleIt isimportant Old andNew bridges the Judaismbecauseit Post-mortem existenceentailssomesortofgenericdualismintheOldTestament. The

Nephesh occasionally refers to the dead in Sheol (e.g. Ps. 16:10, 49:15) but Wright, 327,424, 448,and475–9. Wright, 190–200. Scripture

an d P hilo 33 s o ph y on the Un ity o 12 In Acts 23:6–8, Paul 23:6–8, Acts In f Bo d 11 y Thereisno rephaim (the an d So u l Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 who can kill the body but not the soul (Matt. 10:28). his hearerstofearGod,whocandestroybodyandsoul(psyche)inhell,nothumans, warns Jesus 24:37–9). (Luke evening Easter on appeared assured he when ghost He a not was 6:49). he them Mk. 14:26, (Matt. water on walking him saw they human—when a dead ghost, spirit—a a was Jesus that thought disciples The 3:19. Peter 1 and 12:26, Hebrews Christ in God of love the from us (Romans 8:38–9). All thesetextspromisecontinuousexistenceinGod’splanofsalvation. separate can death even Not final await 11:25–6). we (Jn. as exist] resurrection to [cease spiritually die never we physically, die we although that, find who all salvationfor in him to follow (1 Cor. 15:20). Meanwhile, the gift of eternal life in him means trail the blazes resurrection to death through journey His divinity. his just resurrection. Hisdisembodiedhumanspiritexistedbetween hisdeathandresurrection,not enacted atwo-stageeschatologyinwhichthereisneitheranexistentialgapnorimmediate in Paradise between hisdeathandresurrection.Jesusistrulyhumanaswell astrueGod.He The God. In God’s everlasting kingdom, humans will worship God, fellowship with him, and bodily resurrection, which completes and perfects the salvation of humans as created by is emphasis existence major Its it. personal of description It affirms little provides but resurrection and resurrection. death between final and existence discarnate of eschatology be madeimmortal,powerful, andgloriousbyGod’sSpirit. a materialentitywillbecomeimmaterial,butwhatwas mortal,weak, anddishonorablewill into spiritualbodies(somapneumatikos)likeJesus’ resurrected body.Thisdoes not meanthat earthly bodies, which are like Adam’s “soulish” body (soma psuchikos), will be transformed He statesthatthebodyraised is thesame body thatdied. He also makes clearthatour to occurputsitattheendofworld. last day.”Everyresurrection “onthe 11:24 placethe indicates whenresurrectionis that text resurrection with the return of Christ and the final judgment in Revelation 20. John 6:54 and renewalthe endofthisage.Johncorrelates at about ofallthings,”whichChristwillbring noted above. InRomans8:18–23healsocorrelates“theredemptionofourbodies”with the resurrection. to thecurrentbody-souldebate,however: the time oftheresurrectionandnature Testament toestablishitas the centralteachingaboutlifeafterdeath.Two issues are relevant spirit dualisticallyinconnectionwithdeathandtheafterlife. Testament, likeprominentstrandsofSecondTemple Judaism,speaksofbody,soul,and sometimes referrealisticallytothenotyet resurrecteddead. of the church triumphant who surround God’s throne inRevelation 7.Soul and spirit do saints 144,000 the as as well history, of end the at justice final and awaitresurrection 6:9–11 Platonic anthropology. Ancient Philosophy and EarlyChristianity(MohrSiebeck2008),arguesthat Paul blendsJewishand Paul’s God, Image of The Anthropology inContext: Assimilation to God, andTripartiteManin Judaism, Ancient alive. SurelyPaul believed thatpersonscanexistwithouttheirbodies. to visitParadisehis body he left where hewonderswhether intheThirdHeaven whilestill Withdead arementionedin respecttoterminology,thespiritsofexistent Acts 23:8, Paulthan fundamental More wasJesus that clear makes 23:43 Luke Jesus. is thief the with 14 13 In sum, the most natural and coherent readingof the NewTestament is a two-stage The natureoftheresurrectionismostclearlydescribed by Paul in1Corinthians15:35–54. With respecttotiming,theresurrectionoccurs at thereturnofChrist,accordingtoPaul, It is unnecessary to survey thenumerous references to resurrectionintheNew Giventhe New and reasonableconclusionisthat the mostnatural and context, thetexts Ash

It ispossibletoread Matthew10:28 non-dualistically,butspirit iscertainlydualisticin14:26. PaulJoel Green,Body,Soul,andHuman Life, 170–78,arguesthat isamonist.GeorgeVan Kooten, gate Research Co mpan ion to The 34 ological An 14 The souls of the martyrs inRevelation Thesoulsofthe thro 13 p ology Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 non-philosophical holisticdualismordualisticholism. is ageneric, anthropology respond toGodtemporarilyapartfromthebody.Thusbiblical sufficiently are they But unity. individual person—byGod’spowerthe souland/orspirit—the distinct that can existand holistic existential-functional an as soul/spirit and body some texts. Themostcoherentconclusion from allthreetopicsisthefollowing:Godcreated with non-existence—conflict temporary and alternatives—immediateresurrection monistic account fordisembodied personal existencebetween deathandfutureresurrection.Both coherent exegesis of the eschatological texts does require some sort of generic dualism to basic unity butdoes not clearly imply monism or dualism. However, the most natural and a within duality affirms life during humans of unity and composition the of presentation We have considered the composition, unity, anddestiny of humansinscripture.Its Conclusion: BodyandSoulinScripture Holy Spirit, summarizes the truth of God’s enduring revelation in scripture. in revelation enduring God’s of truth the summarizes Spirit, Holy continues to speakthroughit.Christiandoctrine, formulated by thechurch as led by the superintended itsformation and content throughhuman authors andtraditions, in allthatitteaches.Godistheprimaryauthorofbiblical canon,hasmeticulously Protestant churchesisthatholyscripturedivinelyinspired, true,andauthoritative The historicconsensusandcurrentdoctrineofOrthodox,Roman Catholic,andconfessional The HistoricEcumenicalPosition body–soul relation. allowed foravarietyof conclusionstheChristiandoctrinelifetocomeand about reversal This naturalism. theistic affirmed and reason and revelation between relationship to thesedoctrines until theseventeenth century,whensome Christians re-ordered the asteachingbody-souldualismandtwo-stageeschatology.Therewas norealchallenge church andChristian scholarshavetwo millennia.Sinceearliesttimesthe the interpreted This conclusion is the same one that thevast majority of Christians have reached for almost Debate The HistoricalDevelopment oftheChristianDualism-Monism or thechurch’sresponsibility fortrueinterpretation. authority and the authorityofscripture,butnotover thenature, inspiration,andauthorityof scripture churches disagreeover5, and7.Orthodox,RomanCatholic, andProtestant therelationofchurch’s 7/3/13; Catechism of theCatholicChurch,PtI.,Ch.2, Art. 3,“Sacred Scripture”; Belgic accessed http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7064/, Church,” Orthodox Eastern the of Teachings and Greco-Romancontext,notphilosophy. dualism of some sort. But thelanguageof the NewTestament is the vernacular of its Jewish implies that humanbeingsdisintegrateor“come apart” atdeath—adichotomy that entailsa teaching thatpersons,souls,orspiritstemporarilyexistapartfromtheirbodies,scripture rule withChristinthenewcreationasbodilybeings,justwe were createdtodo.In 15

WebsiteOrthodox oftheGreek Archdiocese of American, OurFaith,“TheBasicSourcesofthe Scripture

an d P hilo 35 s o ph y on the Un ity o f Bo , Arts. 3, Confession, Arts. d y 15 Sometimes an d So u l Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 excellent overview ofthevarious dualist andmonistpositions. but are sufficiently distinct beings that God can sustain them without their organisms without them sustain after death. can God that beings distinct sufficiently are but (W. Hasker,D.Zimmerman), whichholdsthatpersonsdevelop fromphysicalorganisms substance dualism (A. Plantinga, R. Swinburne). A recent addition is emergent dualism Descartes intheseventeenth century.World-classChristianphilosopherscurrentlydefend has beenheldbyChristiansever since.Itwas revisedasdualisticinteractionismby the bodyis“in”soulandpermeatesevery partofthebody.Thisposition dualism—the viewthatsoulandbodyaredistinctentitiesorsubstancessoconjoined To elaboratethesebiblicaldoctrines,thechurchfathersreformulatedPlato’s substance The scholars. most churches and presumablyisbelieved bymostChristians,includingsome leading II, E.Stump,J.P.Moreland). Paulof both.Itisavariation ofthehistoric Christian positionandisstillwidelyheld(John resurrection. His view is neither substancedualism nor standard monism but hasfeatures betweendisembodied state unnatural in the can existandfunctionintellectually deathand substances conjoined. Unlike , Thomas considered the soul to besubsistent,so it a humanis one integralbeingorsubstanceconsisting of two basic ingredients, nottwo Thus body. sensing living, a be to matter animates and organizes also but wills and thinks only not It body. the of form the is soul the that taught He matter. and form of metaphysics immaterial ingredientsandthatsoulsorpersonsexistbetween deathandresurrection. and material from humans created God that affirming in dualistic is It life. everlasting in unity ofbodyandsoulascreatedforearthlylife,redeemedbyChrist,consummated academics. and is embraced byrespected scientists, philosophers, theologians, and thoughtful non- reunion attheresurrection. Question/Answers 1and57ontheunityofbodysoul in life,theirseparationatdeath,and 2013; July (http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7076), Life” Everlasting Creed; website ofThe Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, Our Faith:“Death:The Threshold to Collins, Francis Language ofGod: A ScientistPresentsEvidenceforBelief(FreePress2006). and http://www.cin.org/jp2evolu.html; website, Network Information Catholic xiii (1915), 190–255; John Paul II, “Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences: On ” (1996), this theological-philosophicalworldview. about theage,structure,processes,anddevelopment oftheuniverse andlifeonearthinto historic Christianity has (sometimes reluctantly) incorporated modern scientific conclusions of physical and spiritual dimensions, and that humans participate inboth.Byand large, as well ashisimmanentactionwithinthenaturalorder.Itholdsthatcreatedrealityconsists terms ofthetruthtaughtinscripture. and understoodin compatible with and reasonshouldbe which arebasedonexperience ultimately, truth-claimsaboutnature,history,morality,God,andthebody–soulrelation extra-biblical knowledge properlychallengesreceived interpretationsofscripture.But 17 16 18 The holistic-dualistic anthropology of historic Christianity remains theteachingof The holistic-dualisticanthropologyofhistoricChristianity with dualism Aristotle’s substance Thomas modified century, Aquinas thirteenth the In h atrplg o hsoi eueia Crsint i hlsi i epaiig the emphasizing in holistic is Christianity ecumenical historic of anthropology The Historic Christianity affirms God’s transcendence and supernatural action in the world, the in action supernatural and transcendence God’s affirms Christianity Historic Ash

Catechism of theCatholicChurch(1994),expositionof Articles 11and12ofthe Apostles’ Creation,” of Doctrine “Calvin’s Warfield, B.B. example, For Stewart Goetz and Charles Taliaferro, Charles and Goetz Stewart gate 18

Research Co mpan ion to The 16 A BriefHistoryof the Soul It remains the official doctrine of most churches most of doctrine official the remains It 36 ological An The PrincetonTheological Review, (Wiley-Blackwell 2011)isan thro The HeidelbergCatechism, p ology The 17

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 beyond theuniverse totheafterlife. eety u as hv ros n h svnenh etr. hms obs a te first the was Hobbes Thomas century. seventeenth the in roots have also but recently are from materialism and psychophysical monism. They have notbeenwidelyhelduntil “Immortality oftheSoulorResurrectionDead.” and PlatoThey werehistoric Christianity. with than of Cullmann’sfamousessay, target the body incidental.These dualist andidealisteschatologies have more in common with Socrates earthly considers the life but idealism, whichallowsforpersonalexistencebeyondearthly Inthenineteenth body. century, some theearthly liberal Christians—influenced by Kant, Hegel, and of Schleiermacher—adopted resurrection the affirmed longer no naturalism, committed to but, immortality personal in believed who dualists were centuries eighteenth not body-souldualism.MostChristianrationalistsandDeistsintheseventeenthand with scientificnaturalismandphysicalism. It hasnurturedthedevelopment oftheologicalanthropologiesandeschatologiesconsistent havea beings since theEnlightenment. scholarship andmainstream theology in historical-criticalbiblical human that denies it widely assumed distinct spiritualcomponent.Theisticnaturalism hasbeen metaphysically monism, or psychophysical materialism scientific Second, theistic naturalismeliminatessupernaturalmiraclesand,whencoupledwith doctrinal contentismuchlesscoherentanddetailedthanhistoricorthodoxysupposes. guided collection of human responses to historically situated experiences of God. Its First, revelation andinspirationareentirelynaturalhistorical.TheBibleisadivinely A significant change occurred during the Enlightenment, when Deists andChristian whenDeists conclusions of reasonas basic criteriafordeterminingthetruthofscripture. theEnlightenment, during rationalists, tiredof interdenominational bickering,progressively adopted the rules and occurred change significant A Modern Christianity complete conformity to the order and states of nature. naturalism, theviewthatallofGod’sactioninnatureandhistoryisimmanent of science—isauniversal principle. is theistic and theology An implicationforreligion they conflicted. Rationalists agreed that the uniformity of nature—an operative assumption after Galileoand Newton. Modern criteria ofrationalitytrumpedtraditionaldoctrines when theological constructionwithintheframework of the philosophyand science that developed the historicorderofrevelationand andreason,theyengagedinbiblicalinterpretation Scholarship.” also scholarship; biblical critical Alvin Plantinga, of assumptions the of critique and elaboration an for 1996) (Oxford (Fortress 2007),especially“EmergentMonism”and“TheisticNaturalism.” published Fragments, Wolfenbuettel his in principle Hume’s posthumously byLessing. to according scripture interpreted to reason. Hume’s contemporary, Hermann Reimarus, the fatherof modern biblical scholarship, to reason.” But Hume’s “On Miracles” argues that beliefin supernatural miracles is always contrary not “contrary miracles as“beyondreason”but Reasonableness of Christianitystillacceptedbiblical The immortality ofthe soul,thusunderminingdualist readingsofscripture. the dominantteachingwithin Christianscripturesisthephysicalresurrectionofbodynot the (1956), Theistic naturalism has implications for the nature of scripture and what it teaches. it of scriptureandwhat nature Theistic naturalismhasimplicationsforthe 21 20 19 Currently themain challenges to historic Christian anthropologyand eschatology 22 The first major departure from ecumenical Christian doctrine pertained to the afterlife, the to pertained doctrine Christian ecumenical from departure major first The

(London: Macmillan, reprint 1965). Cullman famously argued that argued famously Cullman 1965). reprint Macmillan, (London: Immortality and Resurrection C. Stephen Evans,C. Stephen Historical The Arthur Peacock, Livingston, James Oscar Cullmann, “Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead?,” Warranted Scripture All ThatIs: A Naturalistic Faith for theTwenty-FirstCentury ,ed.P.Clayton , Vol. 1 (Fortress 1997, 2006), Chs 1 and 2. Locke in Locke 2. and 1 Chs 2006), 1997, (Fortress 1 Vol. Modern ChristianThought, Christian Belief(Oxford2000),Ch.12,“Two (orMore)KindsofScripture

an hrist and the Jesus of Faith:IncarnationalNarrativeJesus The Christ andthe as History d P hilo 37 s o ph y on the 22 20 Supernatural action is relegated Un ity o f Theologische Zeitschrift Bo d y 19 an Reversing d So u 21 l

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 The the doctrinesofmostChristian churches and manyChristianscholars. But theologically to scienceand philosophy. Currently, holistic dualism and two-stage eschatologyremain how it portrays human beings and the afterlife, and different ways of relating its perspective of understandings different Bible, the about beliefs different from century seventeenth the The diversityhas developedof positionsinthecurrentChristianbody-souldebate since Summary interim existenceandcontinuingpersonalidentity. Philosophy ofReligion that constitutesorgeneratesthepersonuntilresurrection. body a and corpse a into body earthly the of matter the splits God At death O’Connor). T. exist untiltheirbodiesareresurrected—agapinexistence but notinexperience. existence until the final(J. resurrection Polkinghorne, J. Green, N. Murphy). Persons cease to Hick,W. Pannenberg).The otherisnon- immediate resurrectionatthemomentofdeath(J. regard thesoulasessentiallyembodied.Theyproposetwoalternative scenarios. One is refer totheseviewscollectively asmonism. I Griffin). D. Pannenberg, W. Polkinghorne, (J. both generate but immaterial nor material of human beings who are constitutedof primal energyor events thatareneitherpurely monism holds that souls and bodies or persons and organisms are correlative aspects physical andbiologicalprocesses capacities generatedbyoftheirbodies.Psychophysical and distinct andirreducibleproperties individual personswhopossessontologically are with distinctcapacities.Emergentism(A.Peacocke, holdsthatsouls P.Clayton,T. O’Connor) Baker, (L. are distinctbeings their bodiesbut persons areconstitutedby K. Corcoran)istheviewthat constitution Material them. with interact and organisms on “supervene” They souls or persons are generatedbyorganisms but notexplainable bybiologicalcategories. defend human agency and spirituality. Non-reductive (N. Murphy) affirms that dualism attempttoavoidthereductionismanddeterminismofclassicalmaterialism in termsofmaterialism,emergentism,orpsychophysicalmonism. All thesealternatives to andevangelical oftraditional mainstream (W. Pannenberg, J.Moltmann, A. Peacocke). byadherents is embraced (P. vanChristianity Inwagen, J.Green,N.Murphy)aswell asthoseinthetheological worldview scientific the and this synthesisoftheology natural evolutionaryprocesses.that by Itisnoteworthy energy generated everything intheuniverse, including humansouls, from primordial (physical) Christians to attractive from arangeoftheologicaloutlooks.Theycould now proposethatGodhasprogressively and tenable monism psychophysical and first the materialism for made 1960s time the since cosmology Bang Big with theology of was synthesis The Thisperspective century. energy. orpsychic adapted byWilliam James, Teilhard de Chardin, and vital A.N. Whitehead earlyin the twentieth primordial of configurations correlative In hiswake, panpsychismregardedmindandbodyasdistinctbut nineteenth-century as antithetical to theism. Spinoza held that mind and body are two aspects of one substance. Not many Christians followed him until recently,because materialism was long regarded Christian tointerpretscriptureandexplainthebody–soulrelationintermsofmaterialism. 23 A few monists have hypothesized a bodily (L. Baker, K. Corcoran, K. Baker, (L. state intermediate bodily a hypothesized have monists few A Christians whoholdmonismdenydisembodied typically interimexistencebecausethey Most whoadoptthistheistic-naturalistperspective understandthebody–soulrelation Ash

T.Journal for Resurrection,” European Individuals andthe O’ConnorandJ.Jacobs,“Emergent gate Research 2(2010),69–88. Co mpan ion to The 38 ological An 23 Thisscenariodoesaccountfor thro p ology Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 Space doesnotpermitasummary ofthephilosophicalstrengthsandcriticisms of dualism scientific naturalism. The mainweakness ofdualism is thatitseems false and old-fashioned to peoplepartial united tohisdivinityuntilresurrectiononEaster. but disembodied existed Jesus of humanity the that allows Dualism time. second a flesh on separated hishumanityanddivinity.Hisresurrectionwould have beenGodtheSontaking embodiment, asmonism holds, thenheceased to existwhen hedied,whichwouldhave natures ofChristareneithermixednorseparated.IfJesus’ humanlifedependedonhis compatibilism (offreedomanddeterminism). completely correlate mental events with bodily events have difficulty avoid determinism or physical-organic processes upon whichtheyalso partially depend. which causal chainsof the transcend andcanengage persons asagents holds that because it powers bodily. of God inthehuman spirit understood as a substancethatexpresses its God-imaging Because God is Spirit and does not have a body, traditionalorthodoxylocates the image only mention—theimageofGod,freedomthewill,andtwonaturesChrist. consciousness—Islam, Hinduism,Buddhism,animism,andpopulardeism. embodiment isnotnecessaryforthesoulor most oftheworld’sreligionsbeliefthat faith ofalargemajoritytheworld’s Christians. Inaddition,thisanthropologyshares with Catholic, and most historic and evangelical Protestantchurches, and thus itis likely the Its holisticdualismremains the doctrineon thehumanconstitution.ofOrthodox,Roman reflection scientific and philosophical for framework the as perspective biblical the takes It accounts foritstwo-stageeschatology—personalexistencebetween deathandresurrection. the early church. It not only affirms the biblical emphasis on the unity of human life, but also wayhistorical context.Scripturehasbeenunderstoodthat since inecumenicalChristianity The historicpositionseems to bethemost natural interpretationofthebiblicaltextinits Historic ChristianDualism-in-Unity theological anthropology. the strengthsandchallengesofeachposition’s philosophical mediation ofscriptureto modern theistic naturalist monism, and historic Christian monism. This section summarizes identifies three general positions in the current body-soul debate: historic Christian dualism, This historical survey of approaches to scripture, theology, and theological anthropology Scripture, Philosophy,andtheUnityofBodySoul monism aswell. conservative andprogressive Christiansalikepromoteseveral kindsofnon-reductive Theological anthropologyrequires sound philosophy aswell asfaithfulnesstoscripture. These are some strengths ofdualism-in-unityphilosophies for theologicalanthropology. Dualism supports ChalcedonianChristology,whichasserts that thedivineandhuman free will(ifhumanspossessit—anoldChristiandebate) Dualism supportslibertarian Dualism provides asubstantialandnotmerelyfunctionalviewoftheimageGod. Dualism isalsoimportantforthreeothermajortopicsintheologicalanthropologyIcan Scripture

an d P hilo 39 s o ph y on the Un ity o f Bo d y an d So u l Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 (InterVarsity 2005)are anthologiesofvarious dualismsand monisms. 2001) and evidence ofordinaryexperienceandthesciencesthatstudyhumans. perspective, earnsthehighestscore in philosophical debate, andbestcomports with the which kindofphilosophicaldualismismostcompatiblewiththenuancesbiblical Theologians whoareconvinced thatscriptureteachesdualisticanthropologymustdecide and humannature. by resurrection.Onlythenon-existence/futureresurrection viewseparatesChrist’s divine by aseriesofappearancestohisdisciples,orastemporary etherealembodimentfollowed will becauseprocess metaphysics holds that allentitiesself-actualizefrom genuine options. free libertarian affirm does theology process of monism psychophysical The organism. its of nexus causal the transcends sufficiently agency personal emergent if will free libertarian agrees withtraditionaltheologians,such as JonathanEdwards. Emergentism can allow for if this explanation implies compatibilism (freedom and determinism are compatible),it functions but are irreducible and exercise “top-down” causality on brain functions. Even in humans. God isSpiritandhumansarephysical isnotimportanttoGod’simage like. Thefactthat which areanalogoustoGod’sabilitieslove, know,dojustice,careforcreation,andthe freedom ofthewill,andeven thedeityandhumanityofJesusChrist. They progress. education and wish toshowthattheChristianfaithisnottiedoutdatedphilosophyandscience. research scientific as acceptance increasing gain will they believe them affirm who Christians But religions. world most or Christians, most churches, embodied interim existence.Intheseways monists can claim to agreewithbiblicaldoctrine. of account a monistic adopt and eschatology two-stage affirm even can They eschatology. embodied and persons embodied to references figurative as dualism support to seem that of humanlifeandbodilyresurrection.Theycanreinterpret therelativelyunity fewtexts anthropology andembodiedeschatology.Theycanpointtothebiblicalemphasison asdoctrines. counted arenot recentcreation, anda The other conclusion is that thetraditionis mistaken and scripture does present amonistic earth flat a as such views, scientific two-stage eschatology—butnotregardthesebeliefsasenduringdoctrines, just asotherpre- acknowledgeis correct—adualisticanthropologyand thatthetraditionalinterpretation can takeeitheroftwoapproachestoward thebiblicalperspective onhumanity.Oneisto consistent inadoptingamonisticanthropologyandreadingscriptureaccordingly.They entirely are worldview scientific current the and naturalism theistic accept who Christians Theistic NaturalismandMonism The resurrection faceaphilosophical problem,however: theidentityofperson beforeand anthropology. in relation to various monisms or the merits and challenges of different kinds of dualism. of kinds different of challenges and merits the or monisms various to relation in 24 These examplesillustratehowmonismcanapproach other topicsoftheological Jesus’ death andresurrectioncanbeunderstoodasanimmediatefollowed brain of effects simply not are action and choice human that hold monists Most The imageofGodinhumans is functional—thoseabilitiesthatembodied humans have Monists are eagertoreformulatetheologicalanthropology,includingtheimageofGod, doctrines ofmost may not bethe Theistic naturalismandmonisticanthropology The monisteschatologies of immediateresurrectionandnon-existence/future Ash

Soul, Body,andSurvival: EssayontheMetaphysicsofHumanPersons gate In Search of the Soul: Four Views of the Mind-Body Problem, ed. Joel Green and Stuart Palmer Research Co mpan ion to The 40 ological An , ed.KevinCorcoran(Cornell thro p ology 24

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 How DoWe Survive our Death?(Ashgate2010),arerecentanthologies onthistopic. beings—humans arealways bodilybeingsbutnotalways material. persons, souls, orspiritsareimmaterialbodily most similartoadualismwhichholdthat dualism. Itis dead. Butitlookssuspiciously likeemergent and thesoulsspiritsof ethereal bodilybeing—aghost,aspirit.This scenario does account fortwo-stageeschatology ontological dichotomyinwhichthepersonsurvives thedissolutionofwhole.Sheisan personal identityinimmediateorfutureresurrection.Godsupernaturallycauses an But thisviewcommitsGodtoaweak andarbitraryontologyofidentity. respond that personal identity is guaranteed ifthisis how God brings abouteverlasting life. and allwouldhave equallyvalidperson, whichisimpossible.Monists that claimstobeing that theyareidentical.Multiplecopiesoftheearthlypersonhypotheticallypossible, person as embodiments. Itisaspossiblethattheresurrectedpersonacopyofearthly in existence,thentheidentityofpersonhasnometaphysicalbasis,continuitybetween preserved ifasoulswitchedbodies,butthatrequiresdualism. If resurrectionfollowsagap essentially tiedtotheirbodies.Exactsimilarityisnotnumericalidentity.Identitywouldbe are persons that holds body—and resurrection a and corpse bodies—a different two posits emergentism viewthebodyasbasicandsoulderivative. it accords the soul and body correlative status,as scripture does, whereas physicalism and of bodyandsoul.Psychophysicalmonism might bemoreappealingtheologicallybecause unity the of accounts integral functionally multi-dimensional, non-reductive, offer monism are constantly debated.Non-reductive physicalism, material constitution,and emergent

and theological interpretation) consistent with thehistoric doctrine of the inspirationand not warrantmonism.) Biblicalmonismmustmakeitscaseusinghermeneutics(exegesis life are notdecisively dualist or monist. (Duality does not entaildualism; holism does life tocome because, as argued above, thetextsaboutcomposition and unity of human scientific naturalism. anthropology which is at odds with theirprofessed view of scripture and which sides with it doesnotteach dualism,monistsholdan teaches monism,oratleastthatbiblical the Bible can demonstratethat current scienceandphilosophy.Unlessthey doctrines comportwith must interpretscriptureonitsowntermsbythemost reliable methods and thenseehowits truth-claims andconstrueitsdoctrineinconformitywith scienceandphilosophy.They view thatscriptureistheultimateauthority,biblicalmonists may notevaluate thescripture’s scripture teachesmonisminsteadofdualism.Givenchallenge istoshowthat greatest their authority ofscripturebutholdsthatcurrentmonism is correctaboutbodyandsoul.Its and nature the of view ecumenical historic the affirms It anthropology. its and scripture view of its between tension the of because debate body-soul the in hold to position difficult Unless it canaccountfortwo-stageeschatology,biblicalmonism in myviewisthemost Biblical Monism the soulissubsistent formofthebody. Personal IdentityandResurrection,ed.G.Gasser,103–25,proposes something likethis. Aquinas held that after resurrection. The thirdmonisteschatology—survival ofanembodiedperson—does account for Monist , likedualisms, have philosophical assets and liabilitieswhich 26 25 A soundcaserequiresanalternative monisticexegesisofthetextsaboutdeathand

Thomas Schaertel,“BodilyResurrection: WhenMetaphysicsNeedsPhenomenology,”in K. Corcoran, ed., 25 Immediate resurrection seems to imply two different persons because it Scripture Soul, Body, and Survival, and Georg Gasser,

an d P hilo 41 s o ph y on the Un Personal Identity andResurrection: ity o 26 f Bo d y an d So u l Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:47 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613673, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613673.ch2 metaphysical frameworkforphysics,biology,andpsychology. still bethemostreasonableinterpretationofscripture,anddualism will stillbeanample choice The will notbebetween revelation andreason,however, becausegenericholisticdualismwill naturalism. scientific from follows what and scripture of doctrine historic the historic hermeneutics. Then biblical monists will have to choose between what follows from it willbereasonabletoconclude thatscripturecannotbeinterpretedmonisticallyusing case, an adequate to produce fail effort and time sufficient if But millennia. two had have eschatology mightbeaway. Monistshave beenatitonlyafewdecades, whereas dualists The life—body andsoul. that throughthelife,death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, hegraciously gives us everlasting Gospel. stake, butnotthe God createdus—bodyandsoul—and agree that All participants reasonable articulationsoftheBible’steachingaboutunity ofbodyandsoul. and non-reductive physicalism to formulatewhattheyregardasthemost faithful and theologians employphilosophicaldualism,idealism,psychophysical monism,emergentism, so. Depending ontheirreadingsofscriptureanditsrelationtoextra-biblicalknowledge, to extra-biblicalknowledge,theological anthropology.Itcontinuestodo andelaborating Philosophy hasplayedit scripture, relating historical roleininterpreting animportant and theGospel Conclusion: Scripture,Philosophy,Theological Anthropology, Dualism’s Demise: A Review Green’s] Essay on [Joel B. GreenandNanceyMurphy,” Philosophia Review 7(2010),3–18.I challenge his exegesis in“The Bible and Dualism Once Again: Replyto Joel Discussion,” Body-Soul the into Forays Exegetical Three …? about “What and Life; for atwo-stageviewofthelifetocome and anon-Platonic dualistic-holistic anthropology. have notshownthatthetextsimplymonism. In factcurrentscholarshipstrengthensthecase interpretations of anthropological terms are not sufficiently nuanced and overly Platonic, they few selectedtexts.Grantedthatmodernbiblicalstudieshave shownthatsome traditional same the with monism biblical breadth anddepthasthecasefordualism. coherent a into texts particular the all synthesizes which justify it.)Further,biblicalmonism must present analternative theologicalinterpretation, as thebestcasefordualistexegeses.(Simplyproposinganalternativedoes not interpretation in contextareasstrong monist exegesesofthetexts misinterpreted them.Itmustshowthat has realism Christian historic persons—that embodied to references figurative are all that about Jesus’deathandresurrection.Itmustshow the body,andmostcruciallytexts from dead, existenceapart souls orspiritsofthe refer tothe that texts all the must re-exegete of scripture,whichregardsalltextsaspartsthatcontributetoacoherentwhole.It authority (2009), 453–64. 27 It mightbepossibletodevelop acompletecaseforbiblicalmonism. Two-stage monist 28 The debate remains vigorous, rigorous, and sometimes tedious. Important issues areat remains vigorous,rigorous,andsometimestedious.Important The debate In myjudgment,biblicalmonism has notmade this case. Ash

Joel Green is the leading Bible scholar who is a biblical monist. SeehisBody,Soul,andHuman Joel GreenistheleadingBiblescholar whoisabiblical N.T. Wright,Resurrection , isthemostextensive studyto date. gate Research Co mpan ion to The / (07, 5–9 ad Eagrtd uos of Rumors “Exaggerated and 459–69; (2007), 9/2 Christi 42 Body, Soul and HumanLife,” ological An 27 Most monists only address a thro Philosophia p ology Criswell Theological Christi 11/2 28