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Development of Western Education in Birbhum District During Colonial Period

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Development of Western Education in Birbhum District During Colonial Period Development of Western Education in Birbhum District during Colonial Period Md. Kamrul Hasan Research Scholar Department of History Aliah University Kolkata, W.B. Abstract Western education came in India with the establishment of British rule in India. It was same for Bengal and district Birbhum also. Western education started with the initiative taken by the Baptist Missionary. They were very active in the progress of western education in different parts of Bengal in general and Birbhum in particular. Specially by the Srirampur Missionary and the other Missionaries. Most important Centre of learning western education in the district was Birbhum Zila School, Bolpur High School, Rampurhat High School, Labpur High School, Krishna Chandra College etc. During the 1st quarter of 20th century western education started gaining impetus in the district. Keywords: Western, Education, District, Birbhum, Missionary, School Development of western education is said to have started with the establishment of British Rule in India. Western education in Bengal in general and Birbhum in particular started with the initiative taken by number of Missionaries, specially the Christian Missonaries.1 Development of western education in Birbhum district started with the establishment of Baptist Mission in Birbhum district by Srirampur Mission. The Mission was situated in Suri.2 Reverend James Williamson was entrusted with the responsibility to look after the work of the Mission. He was an assistant surgeon of Suri Jail. It is very important to note that modern and western education and the new ideas came with the establishment of the British Imperialist Authority. It is also important to note that English education spread throughout Bengal with the active effort and support of the Christian Missionaries .According to Sir Jadunath Sarkar, “The History of Indian Renaissance….began with our study of English literature and modern Philosophy and Science from books written in English language…. as early as 1789 we find an appeal published in a Calcutta paper by several Bengali gentlemen inviting some European to write a grammar of the English language for the benefit of the Bengal people…. But from 1810 onwards we find English education, at first of the School standard, spreading throughout Bengal, thanks to the efforts of the Christian Mission.”3 William Carey established the first Women School in Birbhum district in1821 along with Dacca and Chittagong. It is also reported in Adam‟s Report on vernacular Page | 661 Research Guru: Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects (Peer Reviewed) Research Guru Volume-12, Issue-1(June-2018) (ISSN:2349-266X) education in 1837 that the district had two English schools. One of the school was run by Reverend Jams Williamson was established in Suri town and other was established in Raipur. As per the recommendation of the Bengal Council of Education, Birbhum Zila School was established on 9th December 1851.4 Education made some progress in Birbhum district where the numbers of government and aided English schools rose from 2 to 21with 694 pupils from the time period of 1856-57 to 1870-71.5 During Sir George Campbell‟s administration of Bengal a vast expansion of primary education also took place. As per as the report of W.W. Hunter the Government Zola School of Birbhum was one of the best Government managed High English School in Bengal.6 It was reported in the statistical account that on 31st March 1873 it contained 270 peoples, the daily average attendance being 195 which was a decided improvement on the previous year. Eighteen candidates presented themselves for entrance examination to the Calcutta University.7From Hetampur School, two candidates appeared in the entrance examination in the Calcutta University while Birbhum Mission School send six students.8 There were two Government aided High English Schools one each at Surul and Hetampur with a total roll strength of 81 pupiles.9 There were also eight aided Middle Class English Schools receiving aid from the Government and two unaided Middle English Schools in which 36 pupils were studying.10 In the year 1884, a Middle Vernacular School for female was established after the name of Lieutenant Governor Rivers Thompson who was a great exponent of women edication.10 Similarly one boarding school was established for the women students by the Baptist Zenana Mission.11 The following table provides the Number of Students in rolled in Birbhum Zila School.12 Table -I Year Total Number of Students 18566 135 1873 270 1912 296 1917 287 1918 260 1922 278 1929 295 The table provides information about the numerical representation of students in Birbhum Zila School. There were 135,270,296, 287, 260, 278 and 295 students in the year 1856, 1873, 1912, 1917, 1918, 1922 and 1929 respectively in Birbhum Zila School which was a government school. It was only one government school in the district as far as the Quinquennial Report on the progress of Education in the Burdwan Division for the period 1916-21 was concerned. Page | 662 Research Guru: Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects (Peer Reviewed) Research Guru Volume-12, Issue-1(June-2018) (ISSN:2349-266X) According to L.S.S. O‟ Malley there were the existence of seven High English Schools with 1610 peoples in 1909-10 which were in existence in different places of the district e.g., Bandgora, Hetampur, Labpur, Rampurhat, Larakonda and these schools were mainly privately managed schools receiving aid from Government. The school at Kirnahar was an unaided private institution.13 L.S.S.O‟ Malley also stated that there were no less than 25 Middle English Schools (20 aided and 5 unaided) attended by 2565 boys and 15 girls.14 Similarly Narayanpur Mission Girls‟ School was established by a Danish Missionary Hans Peter Hansen Kamp.15 He was joined by his wife Mrs. Signey Kamp. The school has great influence of the development of educational system of Birbhum district. During colonial period there were two types of English Schools, namely the Middle English Schools imparting education either up to Class VI or Class VIII and Higher English Schools imparting training up to Class X.16 There were large numbers of schools which were established in different places of the district which had great contribution for the promotion and development of western education. Kaijuli Higher Secondary School, Kedarpur High School of Mahammad Bazar Police Station, Sainthia High School, Ahmadpur J.D High School of Sainthia Police Station, Hetampur Raj Higher Secondary School, Dubrajpur R.B.S.D. High School of Dubrajpur Police Station, Barhara High School, Nakraconda High School of Khayrasol Police Station, Bolpur Boys High School, Bolpur Girls High School, Bahiri Brajasundari High School, Bandgora Higher Secondary School of Bolpur Police Station, Labpur High School, Kurunnahar High School, Kurumba Mukundalal High School of Labpur Police Station, Kurnahar Sibendra High School, Khujutipara High School, Daskalgram High School, Nanur Chandidas High School of Nanur Police Station, Mayureswar High School, Kundola High School, Mallarpur High School of Mallarpur Police Station, Rampurhat High School, Chandpara High School, Rampurhat Girls High School, Bishnupur High School of Rampurhat Police Station, Nalhati Higher Secondary School, Mitrabhum High School, Lohapur Higher Secondary School of Nalhati Police Station, Paikar High School, Rajgaon High School, Murarai A.K.Institution of Murarai Police Station were the pioneer institutions of the district which were largely responsible for the promotion of education, specially western education among the inhabitants of the district during the period of study.17 Similarly Krishna Chandra College of Hetampur which was founded by Maharani Padma Sundari Devi of Hetampur Rajbati was established in 1896 was largely responsible for the promotion of the Western and Higher Education.18 Similarly Vidyasagar College at Suri which was established in 1942 as a branch of Vidyasagar Institute Calcutta had some great contribution for the promotion of western education in the district.19 It must have contributed in the development of western education to Page | 663 Research Guru: Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects (Peer Reviewed) Research Guru Volume-12, Issue-1(June-2018) (ISSN:2349-266X) the larger section of the society. Visva-Bharati has grown out of the Santiniketan Asrama founded in 1863 by Maharshi Devendranath Tagore, the father of Kabiguru Rabindranath Tagore in the vicinity of the mauzas of Bolpur.20 Surendranath Tagore and Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis jointly drafted the constitution of Visva-Bharati which was adopted and registered in 1922.21Large number of scholars like Sylvain Levi, G.Tucci, M.Collins, L.Bogdanow, Julius Germanus, J.B. Pratt visited Santiniketan and taught in Vidyabhabana.22 The establishment of Visva-Bharati infused the ideas of west into the minds of the students to understand Education and Philosophy in much deeper perspective which have influenced the promotion of Western and Scientific Education among the people of the District. Table – II Statement showing general statistics of attendance for the year 1916-17, 1917-18 and 1921-22 of High English Schools in the District.23 Name of the Year Number Year Number Year Number Schools of pupils of pupils of pupils Government Birbhum Zila 11916-17 287 1917-18 260 1921-22 278 School Aided Hetampur 1916-17 212 1917-18 231 1921-22 232 Nakrakonda 1916-17 235 1917-18 197 1921-22 225 Bolpur 1916-17 468 1917-18 465 1921-22 390 Labpur 1916-17 279 1917-18 345 1921-22 267 Rampurat 1916-17 534 1917-18 437 1921-22 280 Unaided Suri 1916-17 108 1917-18 252 1921-22 259 Benimadhab Kirnahar 1916-17 286 1917-18 309 1921-22 261 Rampurhat 1916-17 311 1917-18 307 1921-22 338 Union Nalhati 1916-17 313 1917-18 365 1921-22 224 Bishnupur 1916-17 …….. 1917-18 209 1921-22 266 Kundola 1916-17 ……… 1917-18 53 1921-22 114 The table provides information about the numerical representation of students in different categories of schools and unaided schools.
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