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People of Faith and Science from Antiquity to Today

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People of Faith and Science from Antiquity to Today Extraordinary Wonder People of Faith and Science from Antiquity to Today Ian Robinson (editor) 1 Just one hundred pages of the stories they never tell you, how science has been pioneered by sincere religious believers, that the collaboration has been fruitful, so do make the connection. Keep wondering 2 SECTION ONE THE BEGINNINGS OF SCIENCE Antiquity and Middle Ages before the tenth century Alhazen 965-1040, Egypt, Muslim, ‘the first scientist’ Avicenna 980-1037, Persia, Muslim, polymath Hildegard of Bingen, 1098-1179, Germany, Moses Maimonides 1135-1204 Spain, Jewish Robert Grosseteste 1168-1253, England, theologian, scientist, bishop Roger Bacon 1214-1294, England and France, natural scientist, friar William of Occam 1287-1347 England, France, Bavaria, philosopher, friar Jean Buridan 1300-1358 France, priest, physicist Nicole Oresme, 1320-1382, France, bishop, scientist, philosopher Nicolas Copernicus 1473-1543 Prussia, canon, astronomer Francis Bacon 1561-1626 England, philosopher, statesman, scientist, author. Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 Italy, physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 Germany, Austria, mathematician, astronomer, Lutheran Blaise Pascal 1623-1662 France, mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher. Robert Boyle, 1627-1691 Ireland, England natural philosopher, chemist, physicist Isaac Newton 1642-1727 England, physicist and mathematician Christian Elena Piscopia, 1646-1684, Italy, theology, philosophy, maths, languages, music, Laura Bassi 1711 –1778, Italy, science, anatomy, mathematician Maria Gaetana Agnesi 1718-1799, Italy, mathematician and philosopher André-Marie Ampère 1775- France, physicist and mathematician, Christian William Conybeare 1787 – 1857 English geologist Mary Anning 1799-1847 English palaeontologist SECTION TWO AFTER DARWIN Albert Einstein, 1877-1955, Germany, theoretical physicist, Jewish Michael Faraday, 1791-1867 England, scientist in electromagnetism, James Clerk Maxwell, 1831-1879 Scotland, mathematical physicist, evangelical Lord Kelvin, 1824-1907 Ireland, Britain, mathematical physicist, engineer, Christian Henrietta Leavitt 1868-1921 astronomer, USA Teilhard de Chardin, 1881-1955 France, philosopher, priest, palaeontologist and geologist Max Born 1882–1970 German/British Jewish/Lutheran, physicist Michael Polanyi - 1891-1976 scientist, philosopher, Hungary Mary Keller 1914-1985 computer scientist USA John Polkinghorne, 1930- , UK, theoretical physicist, theologian, writer, Anglican priest. Michal Kazimierz Heller, 1936- Poland, cosmologist, philosophy of science and logic, priest. John Hedley Brooke 1944-, Professor of History of Science, UK LIST of more 20th Century scientists John Lennox, 1945- mathematician, philosopher of science UK Francis Collins, 1950-, physician-geneticist, USA. Alisdair McGrath 1953- molecular biophysics and theologian, UK Jennifer Wiseman astronomer USA Rosalind Picard 1962- computer science USA LIST of more 21st Century scientists SECTION THREE FOUR ESSAYS On Galileo and Darwin – John Polkinghorne Keeping Me Awake – Ian Robinson Zoning In on the Evidence from Science – Ian Robinson An Experiment in Extraordinary Wonder – Ian Robinson Short Bibliography and websites of international level science and faith organisations 3 Science needs Christianity and Christianity needs science. 4 INTRODUCTION This collection of profiles shows that faith can be good for science. It has become popular to believe that holding a faith-conviction is bad for your practise in science, but the reality has been quite the opposite. Without doubt, people with a personal faith-conviction have been and still are among the founders and heroes of modern science. The faiths considered here are mostly Christian, but also Muslim. They first appeared on maxdoubt.wordpress.com and other articles can be found there. So many more profiles could have been used, and additional lists are given. I must emphasise that this is not a piece of original research – the information is sourced from several publically available sources on the internet, checked with a few authors as listed. My role in sections one and two is only as editor, with some authorship in section three. There is one larger reason for making this collection, though. In the recent writing of history the contribution of Christianity is simply omitted. Or worse, religion is accused of undermining science. This collection shows that such an approach is a wilful blindness to the nature and the history of science. Faith has founded, shaped and sustained science. Science has helped religions to avoid superstition and cultural captivity. They argue like a married couple. There has certainly been a standoff in twentieth century philosophies of Reason. For instance Bertrand Russell: “Religion is something left over from the infancy of our intelligence, it will fade away as we adopt reason and science as our guidelines” has been shown to be over-optimistic about his brand of ‘reason and science’. But compare his contemporary Max Born, a quantum physicist:” Those who say that study of science makes a man an atheist must be rather silly.” Both voices sound very confident, yet very opposite conclusions - how did we get to such an impasse? As high school graduates walk onto this campus for the first time to pursue their dream in science, I detect Russell’s assumption that scientists must ordinarily be atheists. That perception has been fed 5 to them somehow. It is a one-sided dogma about science and faith. Such hubris is not good for science or anything else. Christianity has so shaped western culture and science in particular that its contribution has become invisible. Before Darwin famously said that the world was old and that things happened slowly, several Christians in astronomy, paleontology and geology had already been saying that. All that is now forgotten, Christian achievements are routinely taken for granted as though they are an inevitable or universal norm or the fruit of reason. The truth is more interesting than that. A great many of the core values of humanity and science and other disciplines are the legacy of Christian philosophies and beliefs. This is not a philosophy text, teasing all the separate questions - what is knowledge? What counts as evidence? Does God exist? arguments from design and from being? Can miracles occur? What is consciousness? Are healings helped by prayer? And so on. Nor does it define the relationship between science and faith in philosophical terms. MY focus is the lived history, what actually works. As the title of the collection suggests, it is a witness to many lives lived in extraordinary wonder in both faith and science. May I just begin by unmasking two assumptions: firstly, science is not one voice, and nor is religion. Arguments go on within religion, and within science and between those two plural systems of thinking. It has never been a simple question of ‘faith versus science’. Yet at their best both spheres subscribe to the pursuit of truth, the inspiration from wonder and the driver of curiosity, the knowability of things, the assumption of causality, the observer as a valid point of view, the importance of ethical integrity and the application of their benefit to others’ lives. Compatibility plus. A second assumption can be put like this. In history, people did not think like we do today. ’Reason’ does not carry the same meanings. That does not make us better than them. In time, we will be shown to be just as wrong about some things, of which we are currently convinced, as they were about some things in their time. Science, theology, knowledge – they are all the same exciting enterprise. It is a trite error to say ‘science pursues evidence but faith is simply blind’. If any of these profiles interest you, Google or Wikipedia them and explore from there. Let me know what you find out on ian.robinson @uwa.edu.au or comment on maxdoubt.wordpress.com This is a work in progress so it needs to hear from you. Let me know especially if you feel their profile failed to represent the scientists’ true position, but please give me your evidence. My thanks to the many scientists with whom I regularly meet to talk, pray and serve, to the Religion and Globalisation Initiative at UWA and the amazing students of the Youth Science Forum. Rev Dr Ian Robinson BA MA PhD University of Western Australia , February 2015 6 SECTION ONE THE BEGINNINGS OF SCIENCE 7 Antiquity and the Middle Ages Astronomy, Maths and medicine were strong in the medieval Islamic world, with significant interchange happening between east and west, Muslim and Christian. The ‘Dark Ages’ were not all that dark. The following list shows that the precursors of scientific thinking were widespread. John Scotus Eriugena, a ninth-century Irish monk and philosopher taught for many years in France, and was commemorated on the Irish five pound note. He wrote, “Christ wears ‘two shoes’ in the world: Scripture and nature. Both are necessary to understand the Lord, and at no stage can creation be seen as a separation of things from God.” Nemesius (?-c. 390) A bishop of Emesa whose De Natura Hominis blended theology with Galenic medicine and is notable for its ideas concerning the brain. It also may have anticipated the discovery of the circulatory system. John Philoponus (c. 490 – c. 570): His criticism of Aristotelian physics was important to medieval science. He also theorized about the nature of light and the stars. As a theologian he rejected the Council of Chalcedon and his major Christological work
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