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THE DICHOTOMOUS SPECIES of CODIUM in BRITAIN by Paul C. Silva

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THE DICHOTOMOUS SPECIES of CODIUM in BRITAIN by Paul C. Silva J. Mar. bioi.Ass. U.K. (1955)34, 565-577 565 Printed in Great Britain THE DICHOTOMOUS SPECIES OF CODIUM IN BRITAIN By Paul C. Silva Department of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana (Plate I and Text-figs. 1-5) The name Codiumtomentosum(or its nomenclatural synonym C. dichotomum) has been applied to dichotomous representatives of the genus in the British Isles eier sincethe genus was establishedby Stackhousein 1797.The purpose ofthis paper is twofold:!to showthat three distinct speciesare involved; and to clarify the nomenclature. I am grateful to the directors and curators of the followingherbaria for the loan of specimens: British Museum (BM); RoyalBotanicGarden, Edinburgh (E); Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University (FH); University of Glasgow (GL); Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K); Rijksherbarium, Leiden (L); Linnean Society of London (LINN);University of Michigan (MICH);New York Botanical Garden (NY); University of Oxford (OXF);Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Paris (PC); Marine Bio- logical Associatio~,Plymouth (PL); Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm (S); Trinity College,Dublin (TCD); University of California,Berkeley(UC); United States National Museum (US). Licjuid-:preservedand dried material, whi<;:hhas been placed in the Herbarium of the:University of California, was kindly provided by Dr Sheila Lodge, Dr !BertyMoss, Dr Mary Parke, Dr M::iirinde Valera, and Dr M. A. Wilson. Specialthanks are due to Dr Mary Parke for her sustained interest, encouragement, and help in this study. , Ii" . i : Codium fragile "(Sur.) Har~ot subsp. atlantit:um (Cotton) Silva, n.comb. i \ (Text-fig. 1) Codium'mucronatumJ. Ag. var.' atlanticum Cotton,11912, p. II4, pI. VII; pI. VIII, figs. 3-5." " \ C. fragile (Sur:) Hariot var.' typicum o. C. Schmidt subvar. atlanticum (Cotton) O. C. ,Schmjdt;'19,23, p. 47. '. " C. tomentosum Stackh, va~. atlanticum, (Cotton) Lily Newton, 1931, p. 106. C. fragile ($).Ir.) Hariot f. atlimticum (Cotton) Levring, 1937, p. 34~ C. atlanticum (Cotton) De Valera, 1939, p. 12. Thallus composed of one to several erect robust fronds arising from broad, spongy, basal disk; fronds 15-25 ( - 50) em high, dichotomously branched (to 9 orders), dichotomies at times telescoped to give fastigiate appearance; 37-2 566 PAUL C. SILVA A Text-fig. 1. Codiumfragile subsp. atlanticum. A, utric1es from tip; B, utric1es from base; C, D, utricles from middle of frond. A, B, D, Carna, de VaUra; c, Pon St Mary, Lodge. CODIUM SPECIES IN BRITAIN 567 branches terete (at times flattened at base), tapering from base (c. 10 mm diam.) to apex (2'5-4 mm diam.). Utricles irregularly cylindrical or clavate, (130 -) 17°- 330p. max. diam., 78o-II °° (- 1200) p.long, usually 3-5 x long as broad; apices slightly rounded, often terminating in a blunt (or occasionally sharp) point or umbo; wall of utricle c. 1'5p. thick, thicker at apex ( - 12P.)and often prolonging point into mucron 10-14p. long. Hairs (or hair scars) common, one or two per utricle, borne 130-200P. below apex. Gametangia ovoid, oblong, or fusiform, 80-130P. diam., 260-400p. long, one or two per utricle, each borne on protuberance near middle of utricle. Medullary filaments mostly 28-68 p. diam. Type. Rock pool, Roonah Point (opposite Clare Island), Co. Mayo, Eire, June 1910, A. D. Cotton (K). Geographic distribution. Western Ireland northward to western Scotland, Orkney Is., Isle of Man, Northumberland, Dorset, Norway. Representative specimens examined. Ireland. CLARE: Kilkee, Oct. 1897, E. George (BM). GALWAY:Muigh Inis, Carna, Oct. 1943, M. de Valera. MAyo: Kinnacorra, Clare I., Aug. 19II, A. D. Cotton (BM); Roonah Point, June 1910, A. D. Cotton (K) (type). SLIGO: Sligo Bay, July 1850, Hennedy (GL). DONEGAL:Bundoran, July 1850, W. H. Harvey (TCD). ANTRIM: Portrush, Oct. 1858, Hennedy (GL); Giants Causeway, May 1910, A. D. Cotton (K); Larne, Aug. 1865, Mrs C. A. Johnson (BM). DOWN: Tara Point, Ards Peninsula, Aug. 1953, C. 1. Dickinson (K). Isle of Man. Bradda Head, Port Erin, April 1912, R.J. Harvey-Gibson (K); Port St Mary, May 195°, S. Lodge. Scotland. BUTE: Eilans, Cumbrae, Aug. 1891, E. Batters (BM); Keppel, Cumbrae, Apr. 1955, E. Conway (GL). ARGYLL:Iona, June 1826, R. K. Greville (E). ORKNEY:South Ronaldshay, Aug. 1891, G. W. Traill (BM); Pharay, Aug. 1880, Boswell (E); Westray, Aug. 1845 (TCD). INVERNESS:Mallaig, Aug. 1949, E. Conway (GL). England. NORTHUMBERLAND:Berwick-upon-Tweed, Oct. 1949, B. Moss; Farne Is., Nov. 1952, B. Moss. DORSET:Swanage, Aug. 1894, E. Batters (BM). Codium fragile (Sur.) Hariot subsp. tomentosoides (van Goor) Silva, n.comb. (Text-figs. 2, 3) Codium mucronatum J. Ag. var. tomentosoides van Goor, 1923, p. 134, fig. Ie. Thallus as in C. fragile subsp. atlanticum. Utricles irregularly cylindrical or more often clavate, frequently with broad constriction at or just below middle, (105 -) 165-325 (-4°°) p. max. diam., 550-1050p. long, usually 2'5-5'5 x long as broad; apices rounded-apiculate; wall of utricle c.l'5p. thick, thicker at apex (- 12p.), prolonging point into mucron up to 68p.long. Hairs (or hair scars) common, one or two per utricle, borne 160-260p. below apex. Gametangia ovoid, oblong, or fusiform, 72-92p. diam.,260-330p.long, 568 PAUL C. SILVA one or two per utricle, each borne on protuberance near middle of utricle (410-S60p. below apex.) Medullary filaments mostly 26-68p. diam. Type. Huisduinen, Netherlands, 1900, Mrs J. L. Redeke-Hoek(specimen not located). In the absence of the holotype, I have selected as neotype a specimen from Helder, Netherlands, annotated by van Goor, in the possession of Prof. J. Heimans, Hugo de Vries Laboratorium, Amsterdam. Geographic distribution. Southern England, Scotland (Argyll), Ireland (Cork) France, Netherlands, Scandinavia. A B Text-fig. 2. Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides. A, utricles from tip; B, utricles from base; C, D, utricles from middle of frond. A, D, Steer Point, Hunt; B, c, Schouwen, Holland, Aug.1938,N.J. N. Kamp(L). CODIUM SPECIES IN BRITAIN 569 Representative specimens examined. England. CORNWALL:Trevone, Aug. 1953, open pool in current, mid-littoral, M. A. Wilson. DEVON:Bantham, July 1953, edge oflarge deep pool, M. A. Wilson; Yealm Estuary, near Steer Point, Nov. 1939, on oyster, G.D.Hunt (BM). DORSET:Kimmeridge Ledges, Apr. 1955, C. 1. Dickinson (K). SUSSEX:Elmer Sands, 3 miles E. of Bognor, Aug. 1954, cast up, R. W. J. Keag (K). Scotland. ARGYLL: Loch Sween, June 1953, E. Conway (GL), Ireland. CORle Lough Ine, July 1950, S. Lodge. Text-fig. 3. Codiumfragile subsp. tomentosoides.Lough Ine, Lodge. A,utticles from tip; B,utticles from middle of frond. I.' Codium tomentosum Stackhouse (Plate I, fig. I; Text-fig. 4) Codium tomentosum Stackhouse 1797, p. xxiv. 1795, p. 21 (sub FucUs tomentosus Hudson excl. syn. Linn.). Fucus tomentosus Hudson var. marginifer Turner, 18II, p. I. Thallus composed of one to several erect fronds arising from br9ad, spongy, basal disk; fronds 20-4° em high in pools, 45-60 (- 9°) cm high in deep water, dichotomously branched (to nine orders), dichotomies at times tele- scoped to give subfastigiate appearance, at other times distant (internodes 57° PAUL C. SILVA 7-8 em long), rarely proliferous; branches mostly terete but frequently flattened at dichotomies, 3-S mm diam. in lower parts, to 8 mm at dichoto- mies, attenuating to I'S-2 mm at apices, terminal segments often long (S-II em). Utricles cylindrical or slightly clavate, often with hip-like en- largementnearbase,(6S- ) 100-200(- 27S)P,max. diam., (420- ) soo-800 (- 10SO)P, long,(3-) 4-7 (-9) x longasbroad;apicesroundedor tending to be pointed; apicalwall usually moderatelythickened (-44p,), lamellate, at times introrsely umbonate and/or extrorsely bluntly PQinted. Hairs (or hair ~:! t)j A .> .;,. ?lft ~,,;,,~"""','.'i"~~Ifj ;.:[ Text-fig. 4. Codium tomentosum. A, utdcles from tip; B, utricles from base; C, D, utricles from middle of frond. A-G, Carna, de Valera; D, Wembury, Ryder. CODIUM SPECIES IN BRITAIN 571 scars) common, numerous, borne at conspicuous distance below apex (13°- 2351-"),forming collar below broadest part of utricle. Gametangia ovoid, oblong, or fusiform, 5°-11°1-" diam., 165-34°1-"long, one to four per utricle, each borne on prominent protuberance one-half to two-thirds distance below apex. Medullary filaments mostly 20-5°l-"diam. Type. 'On the Devonshire and Cornwall Coasts: on the Long Rock between Marazion and Pensance1 plentiful. Hon. Mr. Wenman' (specimen not located). In the absence of the holotype, I have selected as neotype a specimen in the Linnean Society collected at Acton Castle, presumably by Stackhouse. Geographicdistribution. Western Ireland, Orkney Islands, southern England, Channel Islands, Netherlands south~ard to Morocco, Azores Islands, Algeria. Representative specimensexamined. Ireland. CORK:Bantry Bay, July 1808, Miss Hutchins (K) (type of Fucus tomentosus var. marginifer Turner). CLARE: Kilkee, July 1833, W. H. Harvey (TCD, K, NY). GALWAY:Muigh Inis, Carna, Oct. 1943, M. de Valera; Renvyle Point, Jan. 1831, R.J. Shuttleworth (BM). MAyo: Clare Island, Aug. 1911, A. D. Cotton (BM, K, NY). SUGo: Sligo Bay, July 1850, Hennedy (GL). DONEGAL:Malin Head, July 1897, M. R. Clarke (FH, NY). ANTRIM:Ballycastle, 1797-98, R. Brown (BM). Scotland. ORKNEYISLANDS,J.H. Pollexfen (BM). England. CORNWALL: St Mary's, Scilly Islands, Sept. 1953, E. Conway (GL); Acton Castle, Stack- house (LINN) (neotype); King's Cove, June 1799, D. Turner (BM, K); Mullion Cove, Jan. 1932, Lyle (BM); Gerrans Bay, E. M. Holmes (BM); West Looe, Nov. 1952, M. Parke (PL). DEVON:Wembury, Oct. 1953, F. G. C. Ryder (PL, UC); Salcombe, May 1953, D. Ballantine (PL); Torquay, Wyatt's Algae Danmonienses no. 35 (BM, E, K, L, NY, TCD, UC); Exmouth, 1864, Mrs C. A.Johnson (BM). DORSET:Weymouth, Sept. 1892, E. Batters (BM); Swanage, Aug. 1894, E. Batters (BM). SUSSEX:Brighton, July 1889, Miss Palmer (BM).
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