CULTURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW FOR THE 700 DEXTER PROJECT, KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON

JANUARY 23, 2018

PREPARED FOR EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc.

PREPARED BY SWCA Environmental Consultants

CULTURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW FOR THE 700 DEXTER PROJECT KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON

Prepared for EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc.

Prepared by Amber Earley

SWCA Environmental Consultants 221 1st Ave W, Suite 205 Seattle, WA 98119 (206) 781-1909 www.swca.com

SWCA Project No. 42255 SWCA Cultural Resources Report No. 18-51

January 23, 2018

Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

ABSTRACT

SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) was retained by EA Engineering, Science and Technology to conduct a review of a parcel slated for development in the South Lake Union area north of downtown Seattle. The project is within the Government Meander Line and is subject to the City of Seattle Director’s Rule 2-98. SWCA carried out background research to identify previous cultural resources investigations and known archaeological sites within the project vicinity by reviewing historic maps and published historic, ethnographic, and environmental information. Background research indicates the project area has moderate to high potential for cultural resources to be present, and archaeological monitoring during construction is recommended.

i Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

ii Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

CONTENTS

Introduction...... 1 Project Description and Location...... 1 Regulatory Context ...... 1

Methods...... 3

Natural Environment...... 3 Geology and Geomorphology...... 4 Paleoenvironment ...... 5 Vegetation...... 5 Fauna...... 7

Cultural Environment ...... 7 Pre-contact History ...... 7 Ethnography Ethnology ...... 8 European American History ...... 10 Historic Land Use ...... 14

Previous Archaeological Research ...... 1

Archaeological Potential for Project Area...... 7

Recommendations...... 8

References Cited...... 9

iii Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Figures

Figure 1. Project location...... 2 Figure 2. Map showing historic and modern elevations of the project parcel...... 6 Figure 3. General Land Office map showing project area and nearby homes. Note the road leading from the lake to Elliott Bay...... 11 Figure 4. Historical map, 1874, showing the project area, the Denny and Mercer residences, and the Lake Union shoreline...... 12 Figure 5. Bird’s Eye, 1891, map showing project area and the Western Mill Company railroad trestle...... 15 Figure 6. Sanborn Fire Insurance (Sanborn) map, 1893, showing project area and buildings.” ...... 16 Figure 7. Sanborn map, 1905, showing project area and buildings...... 17 Figure 8. Baist Atlas, 1912, showing project area and the changing lake shoreline...... 1 Figure 9. The historic municipal dump near the corner of 8th and Aloha, the Aloha Street Substation at Aloha and Dexter in the immediate background (Courtesy Museum of History and Industry)...... 1 Figure 10. Sanborn map, 1917, map showing project area and buildings...... 2 Figure 11. Sanborn map, 1950, map showing project area and buildings...... 3

Tables

Table 1. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations Within Approximately 0.5 Mile of the Project Area...... 4 Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites Within Approximately 1 Mile of the Project Area...... 5 Table 3. Previously Recorded Buildings Within and Adjacent to the Project Area...... 7

iv Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

INTRODUCTION

Biomed Realty is planning to construct a two-tower office building at 700 Dexter Avenue in the South Lake Union neighborhood south of downtown Seattle. The proposed project is within the area designated by the City of Seattle as the Government Meander Line buffer, making the project subject to the City of Seattle Director’s Rule 2-98, designed to elaborate on the Washington State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) and provide guidance for identification, protection, and treatment of archaeological sites on the city’s shorelines. SWCA was retained by EA Engineering, Science and Technology (EA) to conduct research regarding the probable presence of archaeologically significant sites or resources, and to recommend potential mitigation for impacts to the resources.

Project Description and Location

The project is in the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle in Section 30, Township 25 North, Range 4 East, Willamette Meridian (Figure 1). The project area consists of the entire 59,818-square-foot block bounded on the west by Dexter Avenue N, on the south by Roy Street, on the east by 8th Avenue N, and on the north by Valley Street (King County Parcel No. 224900- 0285). The parcel is currently vacant but recently housed an industrial dry cleaning operation, a parking garage, and an auto repair shop.

The proposed project includes construction of a 175-foot-tall, two-tower office building with 13 to 14 stories of office space, ground-level retail, and three levels of below-grade parking for 520 vehicles. The towers would be connected by an open space with a level plaza.

Regulatory Context

The project is within the Government Meander Line, established in the late 1800s and approximating historical shorelines. Because of its proximity to the Meander Line, the project is subject to the Seattle Department of Construction and Inspection (SCDI) Director’s Rule 2-98 (Chapter 25.05.675 H, SMC). The rule elaborates on SEPA historic preservation policy (RCW 43.21C) and provides guidance for the identification, protection, and treatment of archaeological sites on the city’s shorelines. As noted in the rule, many of Seattle’s existing and former shoreline areas may be sites of potential archaeological significance due to settlement patterns of Native Americans and early European Americans. Archaeological sites and their resources may be directly or indirectly threatened by development or redevelopment projects, and the SEPA policy provides the opportunity for analysis of those sites.

SEPA and its implementing rules require project proponents to identify any places or objects on or adjacent to the project that are listed in, or eligible for, national, state, or local preservation registers, and to identify sites of archaeological, scientific, or cultural importance on or adjacent to the project. Project proponents are required to describe proposed measures to reduce or control impacts to those places, objects, and sites. The Director’s Rule 2-98 requires applicants for projects within 200 feet of the Government Meander Line to conduct research regarding the

1 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Figure 1. Project location.

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probable presence on the site of archaeologically significant sites or resources and to identify potential mitigation depending on the results of that investigation.

Other Washington state laws address archaeological sites and Native American burials. The Archaeological Sites and Resources Act (RCW 27.53) prohibits knowingly excavating or disturbing prehistoric and historic archaeological sites on public or private land. The Indian Graves and Records Act (RCW 27.44) prohibits knowingly destroying American Indian graves and provides that inadvertent disturbance through construction or other activities requires re- interment under supervision of the appropriate Indian tribe. In order to prevent the looting or depredation of sites, any maps, records, or other information identifying the location of archaeological sites, historic sites, artifacts, or the site of traditional, ceremonial, or social uses and activities of Indian tribes are exempt from disclosure (RCW 42.56.300).

The purpose of this report is to aid the project proponents in complying with these various legal requirements by assessing the potential for encountering archaeological materials during construction based on existing sources and field reconnaissance. Recommendations are also included for any additional archaeological resources investigations needed to avoid or mitigate adverse effects.

METHODS

The assessment of the project area relied on documents, maps, research publications, King County Assessor records, geotechnical data, and popular articles and books that provided information about the settlement and land use within the project vicinity. Background research on the environment and cultural setting of the area was carried out with resources from the University of Washington Libraries, the Seattle Public Library, and SWCA’s internal sources. A check was made of the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation’s (DAHP’s) Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data (WISAARD) database, King County Historic Preservation Office records, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods Historic Preservation database of historic properties, and City of Seattle Landmarks listing to determine the distribution of previously recorded pre-contact and historical archaeological sites, ethnographic sites, and historic buildings and structures in and near the project. Logs from geotechnical borings recently conducted in the project area were also analyzed.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Archaeological evidence indicates the Pacific Northwest has been occupied by humans for the past 14,000 years, since the end of Pleistocene glaciation. Following retreat of the continental ice sheet, geomorphic, geologic, and climate processes continued to shape the landscape and influence the people who resided in the region. Natural processes such as sea-level rise, changes in climate, and tectonic events have affected the potential distribution of resources used by people and created landforms suitable for human occupation. At the same time, these processes have also altered the archaeological record itself by selectively preserving or destroying sites that contain evidence of how people lived.

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Geology and Geomorphology

The project area is in an elongated trough and structural depression called the Puget Lowland, oriented on a north-south axis, and bordered on the east by the Cascade Range and on the west by the Olympic Mountains. The topography and surficial geology of the Puget Lowland is the result of multiple continental glaciations that advanced south from Canada during the Pleistocene epoch between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago (Booth et al. 2003; Easterbrook 1993; Porter and Swanson 1998). The most recent glacial cycle, the Vashon Stade of the Fraser glaciation, began about 25,000 years ago and ended abruptly at the close of the Pleistocene (Armstrong et al. 1965). The Puget Lobe of the Vashon Ice Sheet reached the Seattle area by 14,500 radiocarbon years before the present (B.P.) and retreated from the area by 13,650 B.P. during the Vashon Stade (Porter and Swanson 1998). The project vicinity was buried by up to 3,000 feet (900 m) of ice at the height of Vashon glaciation.

Large lakes formed along the front of the ice sheet during glacial retreat. Prior to 13,650 B.P., the lakes drained to the southwest into the ancestral Chehalis River through the Black Lake Spillway (Porter and Swanson 1998). Drainage north to the Juan de Fuca Strait was blocked by the ice sheet (Thorson 1989; Waitt and Thorson 1983). The project area was inundated by meltwater lakes at the close of the Pleistocene (Mullineaux et al. 1965; Thorson 1980, 1993; Troost and Booth 2008). After 13,650 B.P., marine water flooded the Puget Lowland when the Puget Lobe retreated north past the Admiralty Inlet between Whidbey Island and the Olympic Peninsula and opened Puget Sound to the sea (Dethier et al. 1995; Mosher and Hewitt 2004). The marine incursion resulted in the formation of deep, fjord-like embayments, and the remaining glacial lakes drained into the rising marine waters (Thorson 1989). The project area was exposed and available for human occupation when glacial lakes drained.

The Puget Lowland began to rise in elevation soon after it was freed from the weight of ice (Troost and Booth 2008). The rate of rebound was faster than sea-level rise in the Puget Sound, resulting in a relative sea-level decline between 12,000 and 11,000 years ago. During rebound, rivers established new courses and carved valleys and channels deep into the sediment deposited by the glaciers in an effort to reach their lowered base level. Rebound was complete in the project vicinity around 11,000 years ago, after which continued global sea-level rise drowned the earliest Holocene shorelines (Dethier et al. 1995; Dragovich et al. 1994). The levels of nearby Lake Washington and Lake Union were controlled by the Holocene sea-level rise and construction of a large alluvial fan at the mouth of the Cedar River during the early to mid- Holocene (Troost and Booth 2008).

As a result of this glacial history, the Puget Lowland is characterized by undulating glacial uplands that are crossed by large ice-carved troughs filled in with unconsolidated sediment. The largest troughs are now occupied by the marine waters of the Puget Sound and freshwater lakes, such as Lake Washington and Lake Union (Galster and Laprade 1991; Liesch et al. 1963; Yount et al. 1993). The uplands are capped with glacial till that was deposited by the ice, and lower elevations between the uplands are blanketed with outwash deposited by the glacial meltwater (Troost and Booth 2008). Older pre-Fraser sediments deposited before the ice ages are exposed in just a few places where ice scraping was extensive or there are large bluffs. The surficial geology of the project vicinity reflects the project area’s glacial formation history.

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The project area is on the glacial upland where Vashon till and ice-contact deposits are mapped (Troost and Booth 2008; Troost et al. 2005; Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources 2016). Vashon Stade ice-contact deposits typically consist of poorly sorted silty sand and gravel with a locally hummocky topography suggestive of dead-ice terrain, with lenses of glacial till and outwash. Older pre-Fraser deposits are exposed in the project area as well. The pre-Fraser units are non-glacial older deposits marked by organic layers and laminated silt deposits. Sandy glacial outwash and glaciolacustrine sediment are also mapped nearby (Troost et al. 2005).

Elevation on historical maps shows that the project area once sloped steeply to the east toward the lake, with a difference in east-west elevation of as much as 40 feet (Figure 2). Geotechnical boreholes excavated within the project area show that the depth of fill across the parcel reflects its natural topography. The deepest fill up to 18 feet below surface (fbs) is in the northeast corner of the parcel. Fill in the southern part of the parcel extends up to 11.5 fbs, however, two borings excavated in the southwest corner did not encounter fill. In all borings, fill material directly overlaid glacial till. The only cultural material noted in borelogs were bricks at 10 to 11.5 fbs in boring DB03 in the northeast quadrant of the parcel (Roberts and Schepper 2017).

Paleoenvironment

As the glacial period ended, newly deglaciated land surfaces were colonized by lodgepole pine and bracken fern, followed by Douglas-fir, white pine, spruce, and alder (Barnosky 1984). Before about 6000 B.P., Pacific Northwest conditions were warmer and drier than today, with drought-like periods prevailing in the summer. Forested areas were more open, broken by scattered areas of prairie (Whitlock 1992). From about 10,500 B.P. to 7000 B.P., warming and drying conditions led to an expansion of grasses, oak, and hazel, with Douglas-fir persisting. After about 7000 B.P., cedar and hemlock began to flourish in cooler and moister conditions, and by about 5000 B.P. they were dominant. By about 6000 B.P., conditions became more similar to those found in the area today and gradually stabilized, with closed forests of western red cedar, hemlock, and Douglas-fir becoming established by about 5000 B.P. (Whitlock 1992).

Vegetation

Before large-scale urbanization, native vegetation in the Seattle area was typical western hemlock forest, dominated by coniferous Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar. Alder and big-leaf maples are the most common deciduous trees and may be more common in disturbed situations. Forest understory communities follow a moisture gradient, and in the western hemlock forests generally consist of dense shrubs and herbaceous plants, including sword fern, bracken fern, salal, Oregon grape, oceanspray, blackberry, red huckleberry, and red elderberry (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). At the end of the nineteenth century, logging throughout the lowlands and on the hills above Lake Union led to dramatic alteration of the once densely forested environment.

Naturally treeless areas such as marshes and wetlands like those once found at the southwest corner of Lake Union host associations of moisture-loving to semi-aquatic plants, including willow, alder, cattail, reeds, cranberries, skunk cabbage, and wapato (Deur and Turner 2005;

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Figure 2. Map showing historic and modern elevations of the project parcel.

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Franklin and Dyrness 1973). In their natural state, these areas would have provided food or useful resources for humans as well as food and cover for some of the game and waterfowl they hunted. Historic accounts indicate a large prairie or seasonal meadow was located in the area of today’s Seattle Center, part of it reaching to the southern terminus of Lake Union and westward to the Belltown area above Elliott Bay (Bass 1937; Waterman 2001). This type of habitat may have been burned periodically to create a specialized environment that could be relied on seasonally for berry crops and other plant materials.

Fauna

Much of the wildlife that provided a significant source of food, hide, skins, and bone for Seattle’s Native people would also have been important to early settlers in the area. Elk, black- tailed deer, bear, and mountain lion, and smaller animals such as rabbit, raccoon, red fox, porcupine, squirrel, coyote, weasel, and river otter are all found in western Washington. Marshes and wetlands provided habitat for beaver and muskrats and a migration corridor for ducks, geese, and other waterfowl. Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest relied most predominately on fish and shellfish. Lake Union, Lake Washington, and nearby rivers and streams supported runs of Chinook, coho, and sockeye salmon, as well as freshwater fish such as bulltrout, suckers, Dolly Varden, sculpin, and numerous other fishes. The tideflats in Elliott Bay and Shilshole Bay supported a variety of shellfish, and saltwater fish, harbor seal, sea lions, and porpoises were found in coastal waters.

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

Archaeological evidence indicates that humans arrived in the Pacific Northwest at the end of the Pleistocene glaciation over 14,000 years ago, when the modern landscape, climate, and vegetation began to provide resources favorable for human occupation. Following the retreat of the continental ice sheet, geomorphic, geologic, and climatic processes continued to shape the landscape, affecting the potential distribution of resources available for human use and creating landforms suitable for their settlement. These processes have also altered the archaeological record itself by selectively preserving or destroying sites that record earlier lifeways. Modifications that began with European American settlement have continued to radically alter the landscape, removing or burying earlier remains of pre-contact land use and historical development in response to economic, technological, and demographic changes.

Pre-contact History

The earliest evidence of human presence in Washington state comes from distinctive projectile points and stone tools believed to be associated with highly mobile Paleoindian groups adapted to hunting large fauna such as mammoth and mastodon (Martin 1973; Meltzer and Dunnell 1987). Materials from this period are rare in Washington, known from widely separated isolated finds (Meltzer and Dunnell 1987). Evidence for this adaptation includes the Manis Mastodon Site near the town of Sequim where extinct bison and mastodon remains were found in possible association with cultural remains (Gustafson and Manis 1984; Kirk and Daugherty 1978). Radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis confirmed that a mastodon rib on the site was associated

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with the other remains and is dated to 13,800 years ago (Waters et al. 2011). A fluted point was found in a peat bog on a terrace in Maple Valley, about 14 miles southeast of Seattle. Large concave, unfluted projectile point bases were found beneath peat radiocarbon dated from 12,820 to 8420 B.P., at the Bear Creek Site near Redmond (Kopperl et al. 2010).

The period from about 8000 to 5000 B.P. is characterized by sites referred to as “Olcott” after the type site in Snohomish County and referred to in adjacent areas as “Old Cordilleran” or “Early Lithic” (Butler 1961; Fladmark 1982; Kidd 1964). The distinctive Olcott large, leaf- shaped and stemmed points and cobble and flake tools, often made of heavily weathered volcanic rock like dacite or basalt, are usually found inland on raised terraces where human occupation likely became established as landforms stabilized during the middle Holocene (Carlson 1990; Mattson 1971). Beginning about 5000 B.P., sites in the Puget Sound region appear to show increased population with more complex socioeconomic organization. Ground stone and tools of bone, antler, and shell associated with fishing and plant processing become more common and increasingly diversified. The developing importance of woodworking is evident in the presence of tools such as adzes, wedges, and mauls (Ames and Maschner 1999; Matson and Coupland 1995).

A number of significant archaeological sites investigated in the immediate Seattle area represent occupation from over the last 5,000 years. Favored areas for settlement and resource gathering were littoral, riverine, and estuarine locations where today sites may lie under deep fill (Hudson et al. 2005). The West Point Site Complex (45KI428 and 45KI429), used continuously from approximately 4300 to 200 B.P., consists of two main shell midden sites with a rich assemblage that includes stone and bone tools (Larson and Lewarch 1995). Several other significant sites have been found from the period between about 1700 B.P. and the historic contact period in the middle of the nineteenth century. These include occupation sites in estuarine settings such as the Duwamish No. 1 Site (45KI123) south of downtown Seattle which revealed cultural materials dating to three main occupation periods between A.D. 15 and 1600, with evidence of longhouses, mat lodges, fish drying racks, hearths, and food processing features in association with lithic and bone artifacts and faunal remains (Hudson et al. 2005). Other sites in south Seattle (45KI152) and west Seattle (45KI432) are shell middens containing charcoal and fire-modified rock (FMR), bone and lithic artifacts, and remains of shell, fish, and mammals.

Ethnography Ethnology

The project area is within the traditional territory of the Duwamish or Xacho-absh, Lushootseed- speakers who made their villages along the shorelines of Lake Union, Lake Sammamish, Lake Washington, Elliott Bay, Shilshole Bay, and the Duwamish, Black, and Cedar Rivers in present- day Seattle and Renton (Ruby and Brown 1992; Smith 1940; Waterman 2001). According to early settlers, Lake Union was known to local Duwamish as tenas chuck (little lake/waters) (Bagley 1916:371). An early resident reminisced about wandering the shores of Lake Union in her childhood and seeing a Native camp on the southwest shoreline somewhere in the vicinity of the coal train tracks. A cedar structure existed in the late nineteenth century at this location, and local Duwamish were engaged there in traditional activities such as fish and clam smoking, basket making, and berry drying (Bass 1937:67). Not far from the camp, an expanse of marshy flats on the southwestern end of the lake was known to the Duwamish as Spa’Lxad.

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The Lake Union location provided a perfect vantage point for movement throughout the Puget Sound region on the inland waterway that connected the Elliott Bay shoreline with Lake Washington and points to the south along the Green and White Rivers. A wagon road between the south end of Lake Union and Elliott Bay seen on an 1856 Government Land Office map was probably built over a native trail, Cta’qwcld (Denny-Lindsley 1906; United States Surveyor General 1856; Waterman 2001). Along that trail, an open prairie or seasonal meadow, Baba’kwob, stretched from the southwest end of the lake westward through the area that is now Seattle Center. Another trail crossing the northeast end of the lake in the area of today’s Montlake approached a narrow place for canoe portage that met up on the other side with a trail to longhouses that once stood at the site of the present-day University of Washington (Miller and Blukis Onat 2004; United States Surveyor General 1856; Waterman 2001). On the east side of Lake Union, a narrow creek connected with Salmon Bay and Shilshole, the location of another Duwamish settlement (Waterman 2001:45). Recorded Lushootseed place names for various creeks and promontories around the lake reflect Duwamish familiarity with the area (Waterman 2001:77–80).

The Duwamish home bases were winter villages of cedar plank houses at the confluences of rivers and major streams, generally at places where large amounts of fish could be harvested seasonally. Village groups were autonomous, with control over nearby resource territories associated with their villages. Duwamish groups were linked by marital ties and shared use of some resource areas with other Duwamish groups as well as neighboring people that included the Suquamish to the west, Snohomish to the north, Snoqualmie to the east, and White and Green Rivers groups to the south collectively known today as the Muckleshoot.

Like other Puget Sound groups, the Duwamish followed an annual cycle of fishing, hunting, and gathering, moving throughout their territory by trail or canoe to take advantage of resources as they became available in different locales at different times. In spring and summer, small bands made temporary camps at fishing or shellfish-gathering sites, locations of edible roots, ripening berries, or other resources. Surplus foods preserved by smoking or drying for winter use were brought back to the central villages in baskets, twine bags, or cedar boxes (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930; Smith 1940). Salmon and shellfish, especially clams, formed the most important part of the Duwamish diet. Other resources included freshwater fish caught in the lakes and streams of the area, deer, bear, and small mammals hunted in the valleys, uplands, and lake shores, and waterfowl found on the numerous waterways. Marine resources included mammals, crab, shrimp, oysters, mussels, and other invertebrates found along the saltwater shoreline. At the end of the food-gathering season, the Duwamish returned to their villages. The winter months when food-gathering activities slowed were important for tending to social relationships, visiting, trading, and engaging in festivities and ceremonies with neighboring groups (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930; Miller 1999; Smith 1940).

For the most part, the Duwamish maintained friendly relations with Seattle pioneers, providing them with labor, salmon, shellfish, baskets, and other resources. Treaty-era tensions erupted into hostilities throughout the Pacific Northwest, but in spite of some conflict in the Seattle area, the Native people continued to live in the town (Thrush 2007). Diminishing means of pursuing a traditional lifestyle, shifts in settlement and inter-group relationships, and loss of land to the increasing white population eventually brought an end to most vestiges of Native life in the urban area. Today many people of Duwamish descent live among the Muckleshoot, Snoqualmie,

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Suquamish, and Tulalip Tribes as a result of reservations established by treaties concluded with the U.S. Government in 1855–1856 for the Puget Sound Salish. Other Duwamish continue to seek independent Duwamish Tribal status (Ruby and Brown 1992).

European American History

In 1851 a small scouting party explored the Duwamish River, followed a year later by a group of settlers led by Arthur Denny (Denny-Lindsley 1906; Watt 1931). Seattle’s pioneers landed first on the shoreline at Alki but soon filed for homestead claims under the Oregon Donation Act in the area of present-day downtown. Among them, David Denny and Thomas Mercer established homes on the west shore of Lake Union (Bagley 1929:68; Becker et al. 2007; United States Surveyor General 1856) (Figure 3). After settler Henry Yesler built Seattle’s first lumber mill on Elliott Bay, settlers cut a road through the thick forest to reach the Lake Union shoreline to gather timber, but settlement was slow around the lake shore due to the thick timber and the impassibility of early wagon roads.

In 1872, the Lake Union area began to open up when the Seattle Coal and Transportation Company began transporting coal from mines in Renton and Newcastle. The coal was portaged across the narrow cut at the north end of the lake, loaded onto barges and brought to company docks at Valley Street at the south end of the lake. From there the coal was transported along a route now occupied by Terry Avenue N on the company’s narrow gauge railroad to coal bunkers on Pike Street at Elliott Bay (Crowley 2005; Dorpat 1984, 1989:85; Mackintosh Searcher of Records and Dealer in Real Estate 1874; Reinartz 1993). The first Lake Union neighborhood gradually grew up in the area around the coal docks and train tracks at the south end of the lake, and soon after, ferry service was launched from the dock to various points around the lake (Campbell and Jackson 2005).

When the coal train line was abandoned in 1877, the Seattle Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad laid streetcar tracks along the same route, extending from the vicinity of today’s Westlake Center to the lake. The original line was soon extended north to Fremont on an elevated roadway that crossed the marshlands on the southwest edge of the lake (Armbruster 1999; Bagley 1929; Dorpat 2002). Seattle built its first horse-drawn streetcar in 1884 and 2 years later extended it to the lake shore and along Westlake (Blanchard 1968). By 1890, street cars of the Seattle Electric Railway had replaced the horse-drawn cars of the original street railway (Fullerton 1982).

As Seattle’s population grew throughout the 1880s, the demand for timber and other commodities grew with it. Increasingly, the thick-timbered hills around the Lake Union shoreline were logged. Timber could be cut and rolled down to the lake to be floated to the shoreline where it was loaded onto wagons to be taken to area mills (Bagley 1929; Reinartz 1993). In 1882, a group of business partners built the first sawmill on the lake and in 1884 sold it to David Denny, who renamed it the Western Mill Company. Denny built a new larger mill, converted the original mill to a separate door and sash company, and built a separate planning and lathing mill (Campbell and Jackson 2005; Reinartz 1993). Originally built on pilings over the water, the mill gradually moved northward as the lake was filled in with mill waste and facilities expanded. Over the years as sawdust was dumped into the lake, the marshy southwestern corner underwent a process of infilling that eventually moved the shoreline north about two city blocks from its original location (Campbell and Jackson 2005; Reinartz 1993) (Figure 4). In 1899, Denny sold

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Figure 3. General Land Office map showing project area and nearby homes. Note the road leading from the lake to Elliott Bay.

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Figure 4. Historical map, 1874, showing the project area, the Denny and Mercer residences, and the Lake Union shoreline.

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the mill to two of his employees, J.S. Brace and Frank Hergert, and following a fire, it was rebuilt on fill north of Valley Street. It was sold in 1921 to the Stimson Timber company which continued to operate it into the 1930s.

At the end of the nineteenth century, a series of historic events led to the growth of Seattle’s population and economic base, bringing new development to the Lake Union area. In 1889, fire devastated much of the town’s central business core, leading to a demand for timber and brick as well as labor for rebuilding. The arrival of the Great Northern Railroad in 1893 provided Seattle with a transcontinental link, and in 1897 the Klondike Gold Rush created a boom for local business with an influx of trampers making their last supply stop at Seattle before heading north to the gold fields. In 1909, the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPRR) built a belt line in the Lake Union area, eventually constructing numerous spur lines along Terry Street and Valley Street to provide light industry along the lakeshore with shipping access (Cole 2000; Nelson 2001; Tobin and Hart Crowser 1994). The line followed Terry Street to Valley Street, where it split into east and west lines that followed the southern shore of the lake. In 1911 or 1912, the NPRR built a track over a 2-mile-long wood trestle, extending it from a point near Mercer Street and Westlake Avenue N to the Fremont Bridge across the shallow shoreline of Lake Union.

Continued growth of the area and connection with the central core was impeded by high hills, like steep Denny Hill that rose between the central business core and Lake Union. Between 1898 and 1930, city engineers carried out a series of three regrading projects to remove Denny Hill and level adjacent terrain, effectively connecting the lake and points north with the main area of Seattle. During this period, low-lying areas including ravines and the marsh on the southwest corner of the lake were filled in with regrade spoils, as were open areas around wharfs and elevated roadways, including the Westlake trestle. It was probably during this period that regrade spoils were dumped into the north-south-trending ravine between Westlake Avenue and Terry Avenue N and extending east to Fairview (Campbell and Jackson 2005; Lewarch et al. 1999). In 1907 Valley Street was graded and filled (Campbell and Jackson 2005; Tobin and Hart Crowser 1994).

By the early years of the twentieth century, Westlake Avenue had become a paved thoroughfare, and warehouses, boatbuilding enterprises, and steam laundries were beginning to line the lakeshore (Baist 1905, 1912; Dorpat 1984:58; Nelson 2001; Sanborn Map Company 1905, 1917). Growth of light industry and other commercial concerns was facilitated by access to shipping on the NPRR Railroad Belt Line around Lake Union. Opening in 1917, the Lake Washington Ship Canal connected Lake Union with Lake Washington through the Montlake Cut in the northeast end and with Puget Sound via the Fremont Cut, Salmon Bay, and the Chittenden Locks to the west. Lake Union remained a busy maritime and industrial center until the opening of the Aurora Bridge in 1932 limited mast heights, ending the era of the tall ships and the heyday of maritime activity on Lake Union (Becker et al. 2007; Dorpat 1989:85). During the Depression years of the 1930s, the diversified activity that had made Lake Union a busy economic hub waned. Increased dependence on the automobile brought the next wave of change to South Lake Union. Through the 1930s the Westlake and South Lake Union area became something of an “auto row” with showrooms and repair and service shops lining Westlake Avenue. Though the area briefly saw a new industrial boom during World War II, the post-war economy became more mercantile as new shops selling hardware, household goods, building materials, and

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industrial equipment moved into South Lake Union, and warehouses replaced many of the older industrial type of enterprises (Campbell and Jackson 2005).

The project area is on the west edge of what was once the Cascade Neighborhood, a working- class area composed of Norwegian, Italian, Greek, and Russian laborers who settled in the area to work in the sawmills, boatyards, lumberyards, brickyards, steam laundries and the other commercial and industrial enterprises that once flourished around the lakeshore. The Cascade community centered on the Cascade School, built in 1893, and churches that included St. Spiridon, St. Demetrios, and Immanuel Lutheran. A shrinking industrial base, condemnation of the Cascade School following earthquake damage, and changes in traffic infrastructure all contributed to a decline of the Cascade neighborhood and the surrounding Lake Union area in the middle years of the twentieth century. When the Battery Street Tunnel opened in 1954, traffic and retail patterns in the area changed significantly. Light manufacturing moved into the Cascade area, facilitated by a 1957 zoning ordinance that prohibited new residential uses (Campbell and Jackson 2005). When Interstate 5 was built in the 1960s, close to 300 houses and as many apartment units were demolished, and the new freeway created a physical barrier between remaining sections of the old Cascade Neighborhood (Tobin and Hart Crowser 1994).

In recent years, the South Lake Union area has experienced changes as dramatic as any throughout its eventful history. The development of large-scale medical and genetics research facilities, the extensive Amazon complex, and “urban village” architecture have brought both a new visual and economic character to the area, now linked with Seattle’s central shopping area by the South Lake Union Streetcar. A new park on the southwest shore of the lake, the move by the Museum of History and Industry to the old Naval Reserve Armory, and the community- oriented activities of the Center for Wooden Boats have added a distinctly public element to the lakeshore, anchored by the round-the-lake Cheshiahud Trail named in honor of one of Lake Union’s last Duwamish residents. Some remnants of the shipbuilding and warehousing industry remain in the area, along with marinas, yacht brokerages and restaurants along the west and south shore of the lake. Immediately south of the lake, Westlake Avenue N has been revitalized with the advent of numerous new businesses, restaurants, and condominium housing.

Historic Land Use

Historical maps indicate that the southwestern shoreline of Lake Union was altered significantly soon after European American arrival in the area. The 700 Dexter Project area was historically much closer to the shoreline of Lake Union, and may have been partially within the lake when the General Land Office mapped the area in 1856 (see Figure 3). By then, the Mercer and Denny families had claimed much of the land in the project vicinity, and a road extended from the southwest edge of the lake to Elliott Bay.

By 1874, the shoreline was east of the project area, which supported a wetland environment fed by nearby streams (see Figure 4). Over time refuse from the Western Mill (later Brace Hergert Mill) on the southern lake shore began to fill in the areas between shoreline wharfs, gradually extending the land and moving the shoreline. Construction of a railroad trestle along the western shore apparently involved some dredging of the marshy area along the original shoreline of the lake (Figure 5). Spoils from road building and grading were washed into the western side of the lake as well, gradually infilling much of the southern portion of the railway trestle. During the

14 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Figure 5. Bird’s Eye, 1891, map showing project area and the Western Mill Company railroad trestle.

period of extensive land modifications carried out in the early part of the twentieth century, some areas of high terrain, including Denny Hill west between South Lake Union and Queen Anne, were leveled. In other areas low ravines and low-lying areas were filled, contributing to leveled terrain with highly variable subsurface profiles.

Buildings in the project area had been constructed by 1893 (Figure 6). A house with a shed and another outbuilding was on the southwest part of the parcel, and a house with several attached outbuildings and a stable were in the northwest part of the parcel. The block had not yet been leveled with fill, and still sloped steeply down to the northeast. In 1905, both houses were still on the parcel, but many of the outbuildings were gone, and the eastern half of the parcel remained undeveloped. Other residential buildings were cropping up on adjacent blocks as well (Figure 7).

By 1912, significant filling had occurred or was planned around the south end of the lake, creating land for Westlake Avenue adjacent to the old Western Mill Company railroad trestle (Figure 8). By 1914, the city was using the south end of the lake as a municipal garbage dump (Dorpat 2017). A photo from 1915 shows trucks dumping garbage into the lake near the corner of 8th and Aloha (Figure 9), so the project vicinity had not yet been filled and leveled. In 1917, the house and outbuildings on the north half of the project parcel had been removed, and only the

15 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Figure 6. Sanborn Fire Insurance (Sanborn) map, 1893, showing project area and buildings.”

16 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Figure 7. Sanborn map, 1905, showing project area and buildings.

17 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Figure 8. Baist Atlas, 1912, showing project area and the changing lake shoreline.

1 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Figure 9. The historic municipal dump near the corner of 8th and Aloha, the Aloha Street Substation at Aloha and Dexter in the immediate background (Courtesy Museum of History and Industry).

house on the south half remained (Figure 10). The rest of the neighborhood remained mostly residential, but a bakery and a sash and door company had been established to the northeast.

The 1950 Sanborn map shows significant changes to the neighborhood (Figure 11). Most of the residential buildings in the project vicinity gave way to manufacturing and other industries. The house on the project parcel was gone and replaced with buildings associated with an auto repair and a refueling facility that included underground petroleum storage tanks (Department of Ecology 2018). The American Linen Supply Company began dry cleaning operations on the site in 1966 and continued until the 1990s. All buildings on the parcel have been demolished.

PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Previous cultural resources investigations and identified archaeological sites in the project vicinity provide information on the types of resources that could be found in the project area, as well as data on geomorphology and depth of cultural deposits. Table 1 summarizes the 28 investigations related to development of utilities infrastructure, transportation, trails and parks, roadway work, and private construction that have been carried out within 0.5 mile of the project area.

1 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Figure 10. Sanborn map, 1917, map showing project area and buildings.

2 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Figure 11. Sanborn map, 1950, map showing project area and buildings.

3 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Table 1. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations Within Approximately 0.5 Mile of the Project Area

Relation to Author Date Project Results* Project Area Forsman et al. 1997 Denny Way/Lake Union Combined Sewer Overflow Control Overlaps Ethnographic place Project, Seattle, King County, Cultural Resources Assessment names and historical buildings Moore et al. 1998 Cultural Resources Survey and Assessment of Naval Reserve 0.1 mi E Historical buildings Centers in Southwest Division, Engineering Field Activity West, Engineering Field Activity Northwest, Pacific Division, Atlantic Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command: Naval Reserve Readiness Center Seattle, Washington Courtois et al. 1999 Central Link Light Rail Transit Project Final Environmental 0.1 mi S Historical buildings Impact Statement: Historic and Prehistoric Archaeological Sites, Historic Resources, Native American Traditional Cultural Properties, Paleontological Sites Nelson 2001 Cultural Resource Investigations for the West Lake Union 0.1 mi NE 45KI502 Improvement Project, Seattle, Washington Roedel et al. 2003 Denny Way/Lake Union CSO Control Project, Archaeological Adjacent Historical debris, Resources Monitoring, Seattle, King County, Washington not significant Dellert and 2004 Letter Report: Valley Street Tunnel, South Lake Union 0.1 mi E Historical debris, Larson Pipelines Phase 3/4, Denny Way/Lake Union Combined Sewer not significant Overflow Project Archaeological Resources Construction Monitoring Demuth et al. 2004 Part 2 Historical Resources (Section 106) Technical Report for 0.3 mi W Historical buildings the Green Line EIS LAAS 2004 SR 99: Alaskan Way Viaduct & Seawall Replacement Project 0.1 mi W Overview Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Appendix M: Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Technical Memorandum Lewarch et al. 2004 Part 1: Seattle Monorail Project Green Line, King County, 0.3 mi W None Washington Archaeological Resources and Traditional Cultural Places Assessment Shong and Miss 2004 Letter Report: Results of Cultural Resources Monitoring for the 0.1 mi NE Historical debris, City of Seattle West Lake Union Trail Improvement Project not significant King County, Washington Campbell and 2005 Technical Report: South Lake Union Streetcar Project Cultural 0.1 mi E Historical buildings Jackson and Historic Resources Gillis et al. 2005a Archaeological Resources Monitoring and Review of 0.1 mi W None Geotechnical Borings from Harrison Street to Valley Street Gillis et al. 2005b Draft: South Lake Union Park Development Cultural Resources Within 0.5 mi Overview and Traditional Cultural Places Overview Seattle 2005 Environmental Impact Statement for the South Lake Union 0.1 mi S Overview Department of Research and Administrative Office Space: Phase 2 and 3 Planning and Development Development Gilpin 2007 Draft: Archaeological Monitoring at the South Lake Union 0.4 mi SE Historical debris, Streetcar Maintenance Facility, Seattle not significant Bundy and Gray 2008 Cultural Resources Assessment, Washington State 0.1 mi NW None Department of Transportation. Alaskan Way Viaduct & Seawall Replacement Program, Battery Street Tunnel Fire and Safety Upgrades Project Durio and Bard 2008 Mercer Corridor Improvements Environmental Assessment, Adjacent American Linen Historic, Cultural, and Archaeological Resources Discipline Supply, Puget Report Sound Power and Light Rooke et al. 2010 Cultural Resources Discipline Report for the Aurora 0.1 mi W Historical buildings RapidRide—E Line Project, NEPA Documented Categorical Exclusion Final Historical, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources Discipline Report

4 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

Relation to Author Date Project Results* Project Area Wegener et al. 2010 Archaeological Exploration within the Seattle DOT Harrison 0.2 mi SW 45KI958 Street Maintenance Yard in Support of the SR 99 North Access Project, King County, Washington Blake and Huber 2011 Archaeological Resources Monitoring of Geotechnical Borings 0.2 mi SW Historical debris in from Harrison Street to Thomas Street, SR 99 Alaskan Way fill Viaduct Replacement Project, Seattle, Washington Piper 2012 Cultural Resources Assessment for South Lake Union Block 0.2 mi SE Overview 45, Seattle, King County, Washington Piper and Rinck 2014 Cultural Resources Assessment for Block 25 & Block 31 0.2 mi E Overview Developments, Seattle, King County, Washington Stevenson 2014 Results of Archaeological Monitoring for King County Metro’s 0.2 mi SW Historical debris in RapidRide E-Line, Seattle, Washington fill Finley 2015 Letter Report: Results of a Cultural Resources Study of the 0.3 mi E Historical buildings SEA South Lake Union Cell Site (Trileaf #618493), Seattle, King County, Washington Heideman 2015 Cultural Resources Assessment for the 1016 Republican 0.3 mi SE Overview Street Development, Seattle, King County, Washington Piper and 2015 Cultural Resources Assessment for Block 38 Development, 0.2 mi SE Historical railroad Heideman Seattle, King County, Washington trestle Valentino 2015a North Access Connection Project, Archaeological 0.2 mi SW 45KI958 testing Investigations, 45KI958, King County, Washington: Technical Memorandum Earley 2016 Cultural Resources Overview for the Seattle Cancer Care 0.4 mi E Overview Alliance Expansion Project, King County, Washington

Review of previously recorded archaeological sites in the South Lake Union area show that five previously recorded sites are within 0.5 mile of the project area (Table 2). Though none of these are within the project parcel, they are representative of social and economic themes in local history.

Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites Within Approximately 0.5 Mile of the Project Area

Site No. Compiler/Date Age Description Relation to Project Area

45KI85 DAHP 2018 1861 Seattle Cemetery 0.5 mi S 45KI502 Cole 2000 1911 Northern Pacific Railroad belt line 0.1 mi NE (Westlake Avenue N segment) 45KI958 Van Galder 2010; Early 1900s to SDOT Maintenance Yard (multiple 0.2 mi SW Valentino 2015b; 1950s historical features) 45KI1146 Elliott 2013 1905–1912 Harrison Street Regrade 0.3 mi SW 45KI1297 Pickrell and Punke 2016 1890s–1930s Historic Debris Scatter 0.3 mi SE

The Seattle Cemetery (45KI85) was on the original claim of pioneer David Denny, who donated land for use as a cemetery. The first burial occurred in 1861, and by 1878 it contained 124 white, Native, and Chinese burials. Most burials were relocated to the Lakeview Cemetery (now Evergreen-Washelli) in 1884 when the original cemetery site was donated the city to become Denny Park. During the third phase of the Denny Regrade of the 1930s, the park was lowered some 60 feet (DAHP 2018).

Archaeological investigations for the West Lake Union Improvement Project identified a segment of the Northern Pacific Railroad line (45KI502) along the east side of Westlake Avenue N on the west side of Lake Union (Cole 2000; Nelson 2001). Features include intact tracks and

5 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

trestle and trestle sections. Archaeological monitoring carried out by Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc., for the same project encountered native sediments at depths between 8 and 15 feet below the surface and revealed a historical fill layer in the upper 11 feet. The fill contained historical debris that included lumber, red brick, metal fragments, and machine-made bottles. An earlier fill episode, possibly related to the 1907 Denny Regrade, appeared at about 11 to 14 feet below surface. In addition, numerous pilings and associated horizontal timber associated with the railroad or previous streetcar were located (Shong and Miss 2004).

A historic-period site (45KI958) recorded several blocks southwest of the project included brick or concrete foundations, concrete utility vaults, and a ceramic sewer pipe at depths up to 17 feet below current elevation. Some of the foundations were found to correspond with structures seen on a 1905 Sanborn map and 1937 aerial photo (Van Galder 2010). Historic-period diagnostic artifacts, including bricks, jars, and bottles, dating to the period of the 1880s to the 1960s were found in features and in historical fill. Some derived from the 1907 Denny Regrade. In addition to the historic-period artifacts, two possible Native American grinding stones were recovered from the regrade materials.

Archaeological remains related to the Harrison Street Regrade of 1905–1912 (45KI1146) were uncovered during excavations for the north portal of the Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project (Elliott 2013). The primary historical component of the site is approximately 11 feet below ground surface (currently paved) and also contains historical and modern regrade fill up to current ground level. Remains included portions of a bulkhead/retaining wall, pre-1950 brick building footings, vertical wooden posts (parallel to the retaining wall), and several historical debris scatters/concentrations. The historical scatters included burned slag ashy deposits and an abundance of structural debris including clear flat glass, bricks (both loose and fragmented), nails, and dimensional lumber with some mixing of domestic ceramic ware, functional ceramic, vessel glass fragments and bottles, unknown metal objects, and domestic metal items and containers. Wooden structural remnants may be associated with landings/staircases that were built to connect the houses to the new street elevation following the Harrison Street Regrade. The recorder notes that “This discovery is contrary to WSDOT’s expectation that everything south of Harrison Street had been destroyed with the Second Denny Regrade (c.1929-1930)” (Elliott 2013). It illustrates the potential for informative remains to be found even within areas where major disturbance is known to have taken place.

Historical site 45KI1297 was identified near Fairview and Mercer during construction of a new hotel. Archaeological monitors identified a historical surface beneath modern and historical fill that included artifacts associated with initial European American occupation. A feature interpreted as a historical trash deposit was excavated that included housewares, bird and mammal bones, seeds, and clothing. The feature was determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) for its potential to yield information about life in Seattle at the turn of the nineteenth to twentieth century (Pickrell and Punke 2016).

Several historical buildings have been recorded within and adjacent to the project parcel (Table 3). The American Linen Supply building on the project parcel was recorded in 2011 before it was demolished. The building was originally constructed in 1925 at the corner of Dexter and Roy. Subsequent additions and alterations to the building rendered it ineligible for the NRHP. The Puget Sound Power and Light building to the east was constructed in 1926 and was

6 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project determined eligible for the NRHP. Seattle City Light currently owns the vacant building. The Seattle School District Warehouse and the Fageol Motor Sales Company building have both been demolished and replaced with apartment buildings.

Table 3. Previously Recorded Buildings Within and Adjacent to the Project Area

Relation to Project Compiler/Date Age Description Eligibility Area Durio 2007a 1925 American Linen Supply (demolished) Determined Not Inside Eligible Dodrill 2009 1928 Fageol Motor Sales Company – Truck Dealership Determined Not To W (demolished) Eligible Wickwire 2000; 1926 Puget Sound Power and Light Determined Eligible To E Durio 2007b; Sheridan 2009 DAHP n.d. 1920–1921 Seattle School District Warehouse (demolished) Unevaluated To NW

ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL FOR PROJECT AREA

The project is on a glacial upland landform where there is typically relatively low potential for encountering intact, significant pre-contact or ethnographic period archaeological resources. But there is heightened archaeological sensitivity around creeks, lakes, and other water features, such as Lake Union, and around prairie habitats. Baba’kwob, the prairie that occupied much of the area now occupied by Seattle Center, was of major significance to local Native American groups. Prairies often provided habitat for resources that were important, and the open spaces were often used as meeting and gathering spots.

Any pre-contact cultural materials found in undisturbed portions of the glacial upland would probably not be buried deeper than 3 feet (0.9 m) below the base of the fill. If present, potentially significant evidence of pre-contact or ethnographic-period human activity might include FMR, animal bone, concentrations of shell, ground and flaked stone tools, flaked stone tool-making debris, burned earth, cordage or fiber, organically stained sediments, charcoal, ash, and exotic rocks and minerals. Construction of roads, buildings, and the addition of fill across the project area during the historical period may have resulted in the blading away of naturally formed soils at the surface and disturbance where Holocene-aged soils were not removed prior to blading and filling. Although geotechnical borehole logs did not make note of buried surfaces, pre-contact archaeological material may still be present at the contact between fill and native glacial till.

Historical development of the project vicinity began by 1856 with the Denny and Mercer residences and the construction of a road between the lake and Elliott Bay. Two single-family residences were constructed on the parcel as early as 1893, and may have included outdoor privies, which often provide significant archaeological data. The east side of the project area once sloped down to the lake, and nearby areas were used as a municipal dump. Similar dumping activities may also have occurred during fill episodes and could provide information about domestic life in the early twentieth century, similar to deposits associated with nearby site 45KI1297. One borehole excavated on the project parcel noted bricks within the fill, and other historical archaeological material may also be present.

7 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

RECOMMENDATIONS

No previously identified significant archaeological resources are within the project area. Borehole data indicate that fill rests directly on glacial material. One borehole log noted the presence of bricks within the fill, and additional historical material may be within the fill. Furthermore, there may be buried remnants of the early residences on the parcel. Although borehole logs did not note the presence of buried surfaces, the contact between the fill and glacial sediment may retain pre-contact cultural material. Depending on the construction and filling methods for the parcel, stable pre-contact and early historic surfaces with archaeological material may be present.

Given the presence of potentially stable pre-contact surfaces and possible historical material associated with the residences or with the nearby dump, archaeological monitoring during construction is recommended to identify any significant archaeological sites that may be present. In the eastern half of the parcel where buildings were not constructed until after the area was filled, monitoring should focus on depths where the fill intersects with underlying sediments. In the northwest and southwest portions of the parcel where residences once stood, monitoring should be conducted when excavation reaches the historical surface as well as at the intersection between fill and native sediments. The monitoring should be guided by a monitoring and discovery plan submitted to DAHP and affected Tribes for review prior to construction.

8 Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project

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CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET

Author: Amber Earley

Title of Report: Cultural Resources Overview for the 700 Dexter Project, King County, Washington

Date of Report: January 23, 2018

County(ies): King Section: 30 Township: 25N Range: 4E Quad: Seattle North Acres: 1.9

PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED) Yes

Historic Property Export Files submitted? Yes No

Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No

TCP(s) found? Yes No

Replace a draft? Yes No

Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? Yes # No

Were Human Remains Found? Yes DAHP Case # No

DAHP Archaeological Site #: