DOCSLIB.ORG

Determining the Cuticular Hydrocarbons Involved in Chemosensory Systems of the Parasitoid Wasp, Dasymutilla Occidentalis Dasymut

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Determining the Cuticular Hydrocarbons Involved in Chemosensory Systems of the Parasitoid Wasp, Dasymutilla Occidentalis Dasymut Determining the Cuticular Hydrocarbons Involved in Chemosensory Systems of the Parasitoid Wasp, Dasymutilla occidentalis Deep Sangani and Bradley Vaughn December 6th, 2013 Dasymutilla occidentalis Dasymutilla occidentalis Copyright © 2004 Sara A. Tangren Copyright © 2011 Roy Brown Female Male Ovipositor Also Known As: Velvet Ant, Cow Ant, & Cow Killer Nests of Bombus colonies Brood Chamber © Peter O'Toole / gettyimages.com Brood Chambers of the Bombus Host Larvae Ovipositor Parasitic D. occidentalis larva feeding on a host larva © Ernie Hunter How does the velvet ant find the underground nest of its host? Search Discovery? Key Hypothesis: During excavation of their nest, the host inadvertently impregnate soil with hydrocarbons from the hairs and outer layers of cuticle. Dasymutilla occidentalis uses these chemosensory cues to localize nest opening. C0 – coconut husk C1 –house cricket HB –honeybee BB – bumblebee Dried substrates were ground with HB mortise and pestle, then filtered to particles less than 1mm. Equivalent masses were glued to filter paper in 11.3 cm2 circular areas. C0 C1 Relative position of four substrates in arena were random for each run. Each female D. occidentalis was allowed to roam for 6 minutes in the arena. The total time the head was BB above each substrate was recorded to calculate percent occupancy time. Full 6 min First 2min B time time B occupancy occupancy A A A A A A Percent Percent Substrate Substrate Red line represents expected random occupancy time for given area of a substrate (8%). The percent time spent on bumblebee substrate was significantly greater than the other substrates (ANOVA, n = 15, α = 0.05, p < 0.0001). Which cuticle hydrocarbons from the Bombus host are chemosensory signals for the velvet ant? What chemosensory compounds are we looking for? The cuticular hydrocarbons excreted by bees. H3C CH3 C25H52 C15H31CO2C25H51 CH3 O O H3C CH3 C25H50 H3C Table of hydrocarbon compounds in wasps Extracting hydrocarbons Protocol: 1. Place bees in sample vial with 1 mL hexane (C6H14). 2. Swirl 3 minutes to extract hydrocarbons. Let rest for 2 minutes .. for a total of 5 minutes. 3. Pipet off hexane‐ hydrocarbon solution into GC/MS vial. 4. Inject 1 L into GC/MS. Gas chromatography (GC): The laboratory separation technique Wofford GC/MS Capillary Helium carrier Column gas Chromatogram of bumble bee hydrocarbons Time (minutes) Each peak in the spectrum is an individual hydrocarbon. Identifying the compound is the difficult work. The mass spectrum provides a good guess at the compound Library spectrum Bumble bee honey bee comparison reveals target compounds Red –Honey bee hydrocarbons Black – Bumble bee hydrocarbons Target compounds Matching compounds on the gas chromatogram We purchased pure pentacosane (C25H52). C25H52 Red – pure pentacosane (C25H52) Black – Bumble bee hydrocarbons Something handy in the lab helped identify several hydrocarbons Bumblebee C H 25 52 hydrocarbons C27 C26H54 C28 C H Parafilm wax 25 52 C29 C30 C24H50 C31 C23H48 C32 C33 C34 Bees preferentially produce the odd numbered hydrocarbons. What are our target compounds? Red –Honey bee hydrocarbons Black – Bumble bee hydrocarbons Target compounds Library matches have been a big help. To confirm our target molecules we would like to purchase pure tricosene and pentacosene. Continuing research Our big goal is to develop a separations scheme that will allow us to isolate our two target compounds. Try target compounds in the velvet ant study . Develop a method to determine the amounts of compounds present on the bees. Questions ? time occupancy Percent Substrate Figure 3. Plot of individuals from Mutillid species that do not use bumble bees as hosts..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Speciation of Ants in the Tropics of South America
    Ludwig Maximilians Universität Master‘s Program in Evolution, Ecology and Systematics Speciation of Ants in the Tropics of South America Master’s Thesis September 2012 Adrián Troya Supervisors Prof. Dr. Gerhard Haszprunar (Zoologische Staatssammlung München - ZSM) ForDr. Stephan Review Hutter (Ludwig Maximilians Universität Only - LMU) PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition www.CutePDF.com 2 …to my dad For Review Only 3 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Background................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................... 8 2.1 About the Species and the Specimens ...................................................................................... 8 2.2 Molecular Lab Methods .......................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Molecular Analyses and Phylogenetic Inference .................................................................... 13 2.4 Morphological Phylogenetic Inference ................................................................................... 16 2.4.1 Cladistic Analyses ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Repeated Evolution in Overlapping Mimicry Rings Among North American Velvet Ants
    ARTICLE Received 22 Jun 2012 | Accepted 8 Nov 2012 | Published 11 Dec 2012 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2275 Repeated evolution in overlapping mimicry rings among North American velvet ants Joseph S. Wilson1, Kevin A. Williams2, Matthew L. Forister3, Carol D. von Dohlen2 & James P. Pitts2 Mu¨llerian mimicry, in which two or more harmful species share a similar appearance for mutual benefit, is a widely appreciated, yet relatively uncommon natural phenomenon. Although Mu¨llerian mimicry occurs in vertebrates, most studies are focused on tropical, herbivorous invertebrates. Here we identify a large Mu¨llerian mimicry complex in North American velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). These are conspicuous, diurnal parasitoids of bees and wasps that defend themselves with a powerful sting. We investigate morpho- logical and genetic variation and ask whether morphological similarities are the result of convergent evolution or shared ancestry. We find that 65 species in the velvet ant genus Dasymutilla can be placed into one of six morphologically distinct and geographically delimited mimicry rings. Mu¨llerian colour patterns are primarily the result of independent evolution rather than shared, phylogenetic history. These convergent colour syndromes represent one of the largest known Mu¨llerian mimicry complexes yet identified, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. 1 Department of Biology, Utah State University, 1021 W. Vine Street, Tooele, Utah 84074, USA. 2 Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. 3 Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.S.W. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 3:1272 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2275 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 & 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Sphecos: a Forum for Aculeate Wasp Researchers
    APRIL 1991 SPHECOS A FORUM FOR ACUlEATE WASP. RESEARCHERS MINUTIAE FROM THE ty• of digger wasps had a slightly une­ MUD D'AUB ARNOLDS. MENKE, Edhor ven distribution while the •nesting Tony Nuhn, Assistant Editor com­ Systematic Entomology Labratory munity• had a more patchy distnbution. Still no official word from the old Agricultural Research Senrice,USDA Sphecid communHies were more di· BMNH regarding personnel changes, c/o National Museum of Natural History verse on patches w~h relatively low but as of last November, Nigel Fergus­ Smithsonian I1Stitution, Washington, DC 20560 plant diversHy and cover. Diversity de· FAX: (202) son (a cynipoidist) was put in charge 786-9422 Phone: (202) 382-t803 creased in response to watering and of Coleoptera. Nigel informed me that watering combined wHh mechanical iso­ Tom Huddleston is now in charge of lation and increased after removal oi Hymenoptera. By the time you receive the upper layer of soil and plants. this issue of Sphecos, Mick Day may RESEARCH NEWS no longer be employed at The Natural lynn Kimsey (Dept. of Entomology, Alexander V. Antropov History Museum (aka BMNH). (Zoological Univ. of California. Davis, CA 95616, Museum of the Moscow lomonosov George Eickwort of Cornell Universi­ USA) reports "I am revising the wasp State ty is the President-elect of the Interna­ University, Herzen Street 6, Mos­ family Tiphiidae for the world, and have cow K-9 I tional Society of Hymenopterists. The 03009 USSR) has described begun sorting all of our miscellaneous a new genus of Crabroninae Society's second quadrennial meeting from Bra­ tiphiid wasps to genus and species.
    [Show full text]
  • Scramble Competition by Males of the Velvet Ant Nemka Viduata (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
    Behaviour 150 (2013) 23–37 brill.com/beh Scramble competition by males of the velvet ant Nemka viduata (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) Carlo Polidori a,∗, Amparo Beneitez b, Josep Daniel Asís b and José Tormos b a Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain b Unidad de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071 Salamanca, Spain *Corresponding author’s e-mail address: [email protected] Accepted 26 October 2012 Abstract The mating systems of mutillid wasps have rarely been studied. Here we present information on the mating system of Nemka viduata. At a site in southern Spain, many males of this species were seen flying over host (digger wasp) nest aggregations while searching for females. Male activity was greatest in the early morning and late afternoon, when females were more active searching for hosts, and on days when relatively large numbers of females were active. Males were not territorial but instead attempted to find emerging females before their competitors. As many as six males might arrive at a receptive female more or less simultaneously. Struggles to control access to females continued until one male copulated with the female on the ground or carried it off in flight to a location away from rival males. Male size seems to affect the patrolling behaviour (number of patrolled sites), but there is little evidence of an advantage for larger males, as expected in a scramble competition mating system. Scramble competition mating systems often evolve in species in which large numbers of males compete for scarce receptive females, a factor that makes male territorial defence of large areas highly costly.
    [Show full text]
  • Velvet Ants from Across the United States Avoid Predation by Representatives from All Major Tetrapod Clades
    BearWorks College of Natural and Applied Sciences 6-1-2018 The indestructible insect: Velvet ants from across the United States avoid predation by representatives from all major tetrapod clades Brian G. Gall Kari L. Spivey MSU Graduate Student Trevor L. Chapman Robert J. Delph Edmund D. Brodie See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/articles-cnas Recommended Citation Gall, Brian G., Kari L. Spivey, Trevor L. Chapman, Robert J. Delph, Edmund D. Brodie Jr, and Joseph S. Wilson. "The indestructible insect: Velvet ants from across the United States avoid predation by representatives from all major tetrapod clades." Ecology and evolution 8, no. 11 (2018): 5852-5862. This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Brian G. Gall, Kari L. Spivey, Trevor L. Chapman, Robert J. Delph, Edmund D. Brodie, and Joseph S. Wilson This article is available at BearWorks: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/articles-cnas/1419 Received: 27 December 2017 | Revised: 26 March 2018 | Accepted: 28 March 2018 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4123 ORIGINAL RESEARCH The indestructible insect: Velvet ants from across the United States avoid predation by representatives from all major tetrapod clades Brian G. Gall1 | Kari L. Spivey2 | Trevor L. Chapman3 | Robert J. Delph4 | Edmund D. Brodie Jr5 | Joseph S. Wilson6 1Department of Biology, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana Abstract 2Department of Biology, Missouri State Velvet ants are a group of parasitic wasps that are well known for a suite of defensive University, Springfield, Missouri adaptations including bright coloration and a formidable sting.
    [Show full text]
  • A Nomenclatural Summary of the Plant and Animal Names Based on Images in Mark Catesby’S Natural History (1729–1747)
    Reveal, J.L. 2012. A nomenclatural summary of the plant and animal names based on images in Mark Catesby’s Natural History (1729–1747). Phytoneuron 2012-11: 1–32. Published 1 February 2012. ISSN 2153 733X A NOMENCLATURAL SUMMARY OF THE PLANT AND ANIMAL NAMES BASED ON IMAGES IN MARK CATESBY’S NATURAL HISTORY (1729–1747) JAMES L. REVEAL L.H. Bailey Hortorium Department of Plant Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4301 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The English naturalist Mark Catesby is best known for his two volume work entitled Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands wherein he described and illustrated numerous plants and animals found mainly in the eastern North American English colonies of Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and the Bahamas. This monumental work, published in parts from 1729 until 1747, became an important source of new species described by the Swedish natural Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s and 1760s. The summary presented here attempts to account for all instances where a new taxon was proposed wherein a reference was made by the author of the name to a published plate in Catesby. The nomenclatural status of each image is evaluated with a footnote providing a reference to both where the name was proposed and who, in the case of plants, designated a lectotype. Images are not considered to be types under the rules governing zoological nomenclature. No attempt is made here to account for the subsequent neotypification of names established under that code. KEY WORDS: Mark Catesby, nomenclature, typification, North America The English naturalist and artist, Mark Catesby, was born on 24 March 1683 (Julian) in the village of the Castle Hedingham, Essex, as the fifth son of John Catesby, a lawyer, and Elizabeth Jekyll, the daughter of a prosperous family of lawyers.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Ciências E Letras De Ribeirão Preto Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Entomologia
    UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, CIÊNCIAS E LETRAS DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA “Padrões ecogeográficos da coloração em formigas-feiticeiras (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)” Vinicius Marques Lopez Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, obtido no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia Ribeirão Preto - SP (2020) UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, CIÊNCIAS E LETRAS DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA “Padrões ecogeográficos da coloração em formigas-feiticeiras (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)” Vinicius Marques Lopez Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, obtido no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia. Orientador: Dr. Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira Ribeirão Preto - SP (2020) Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Lopez, Vinicius Marques Padrões ecogeográficos da coloração em formigas-feiticeiras (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Ribeirão Preto, 2020. 116 p. : il. color ; 30 cm Dissertação de Mestrado, apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto/USP. Área de concentração: Entomologia. Orientador: Ferreira Guillermo , Rhainer.
    [Show full text]
  • Specimen Study List
    SPECIMEN STUDY LIST -- Insect Identification Contest, Nebraska State Fair Superintendent -- Jim Kalisch, UNL Entomology Department, Lincoln Order Name Order Members No. Common Name Scientific Name BLATTODEA Cockroaches 1 German Cockroach Blattella germanica 2 Oriental Cockroach Blatta orientalis 3 Pennsylvania Wood Cockroach Parcoblatta pennsylvanica COLEOPTERA Beetles 1 Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata 2 Cottonwood Borer Beetle Plectrodera scalator 3 Dogbane Leaf Beetle Chrysochus auratus 4 Eastern Firefly Photinus pyralis 5 Emerald Ash Borer Agrilus planipennis 6 Fiery Hunter Ground Beetle Calosoma scrutator 7 Green June Beetle Cotinis nitida 8 Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica 9 Masked Chafer Cyclocephala sp. 10 Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle Harmonia axyridis 11 Rhubarb Curculio Lixus concavus 12 Soldier Beetle Chauliognathus sp. 13 Water Scavenger Beetle Hydrophilus triangularis COLLEMBOLA Springtails 1 Longbodied Springtail Entomobrya sp. DERMAPTERA Earwigs 1 European Earwig Forficula auricularia DIPTERA Flies 1 Black Horse Fly Tabanus atratus 2 Crane Fly Tipula sp. 3 Flesh Fly Sarcophaga sp. 4 Green Bottle Fly Lucilia (Phaenicia) sericata 5 Longlegged Fly Condylostylus sp. 6 Mosquito Culex sp. 7 Mydas Fly Mydas clavatus 8 Picturewinged Fly Delphinia picta 9 Robber Fly Diogmites sp. 10 Syrphid (Hover) Fly Syrphus ribesii EPHEMEROPTERA Mayflies 1 Giant Mayfly Hexagenia sp. HEMIPTERA Cicadas, 1 Buffalo Treehopper Stictocephala bisonia (Suborder Leafhoppers, Auchenorrhyncha) Treehoppers, Planthoppers, Spittlebugs 2
    [Show full text]
  • Red Velvet Ant Or Cow Killer
    INSECT PESTS Red Velvet Ant Prepared by Camille Goodwin, MG 2008 Texas AgriLife Extension Service Galveston County Office Dickinson, TX 77539 Educational programs of the Texas AgriLife Extension Service are open to all people without regard to race, color, sex, disability, religion, age, or national origin. The Texas A&M System, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas cooperating. FIG. 1 Type Pest: chewing insect (Dasymutilla occidentalis Linnaeus) • These insects resemble large ants but they are wasps (Order Hymenoptera, which contains bees, wasps, and ants) Type Metamorphous: complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult stages) Other Common Names • Velvet ant, cow killer, and mule killer • The name ‘cow killer’ was given to the velvet ant because of the reputation of the female’s painful sting FIG.FIG. 2 Period of Primary Occurrence: late spring into summer • Adults are most common in late spring and summer • Majority of human encounters involve solitary red velvet ant females • They can occasionally occur in large numbers on flowers of landscape plants and can be found crawling through lawns and digging in soil Identifying Characteristics of Insect Pest EGG STAGE • Females seek the immature stages of ground-nesting bees and wasps, digging to the nesting chambers and eating a hole through the cocoon • A female then deposits an egg on the host larva, and the egg soon hatches into a white FIG. 3 legless grub LARVAL & PUPAL STAGES • Larvae are solitary, external parasitoids of developing bumble bees and certain other ground nesting bees and wasps • Larvae are solitary, external parasites of white grubs (larval stage of a beetle) that infest lawns • Larvae develop through several larval stages before forming a pupa FIG.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of the Plants and Animals Illustrated by Mark Catesby for His Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands
    Reveal, J.L. 2013. Identification of the plants and animals illustrated by Mark Catesby for his Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands . Phytoneuron 2013-6: 1–55. Published 28 January 2013. ISSN 2153 733X IDENTIFICATION OF THE PLANTS AND ANIMALS ILLUSTRATED BY MARK CATESBY FOR HIS NATURAL HISTORY OF CAROLINA, FLORIDA AND THE BAHAMA ISLANDS JAMES L. REVEAL L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Department of Plant Biology 412 Mann Library Building Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-4301 [email protected] ABSTRACT A revised summary of the organisms illustrated by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in his 1729-1747 Natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands is presented based on the findings of the author and several of the participants who gave papers during the Catesby Tercentennial symposia (4–9 November 2012). This paper updates the findings published earlier by Reveal (2012a). In addition to a full account of the published images, the identity of the organisms illustrated by Catesby and preserved mainly as watercolors at the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, England, is also presented along with indices of scientific names with common names, scientific names arranged by common names, Catesby etching and watercolors arranged by scientific names, and an index to Catesby’s polynomial and common names with references to the published etchings. The purpose of this paper is to provide an up-to-date identification of the plants and animals illustrated by Mark Catesby (1729–1747) in his Natural History and depicted in the currently available original watercolors (Catesby 1996) preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle outside London, England.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the North American Deserts and Arid Lands
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2010 Historical Biogeography of Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the North American Deserts and Arid Lands Joseph S. Wilson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Wilson, Joseph S., "Historical Biogeography of Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the North American Deserts and Arid Lands" (2010). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 750. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/750 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF VELVET ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE) IN THE NORTH AMERICAN DESERTS AND ARID LANDS by Joseph S. Wilson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biology Approved: James P. Pitts Terry Griswold Major Professor Committee Member Carol D. von Dohlen Steven R. Larson Committee Member Committee Member James A. MacMahon Byron R. Burnham Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2010 ii Copyright © Joseph S. Wilson 2010 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Historical Biogeography of Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in the North American Deserts and Arid Lands by Joseph S. Wilson, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2010 Major Professor: James P. Pitts Department: Biology Understanding the history of diversification in the North American deserts has long been a goal of biogeographers and evolutionary biologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies of North America
    Insects of Western North America 4. Survey of Selected Arthropod Taxa of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma. Part 3 Chapter 1 Survey of Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Fort Sill, Comanche Co., Oklahoma Chapter 2 Survey of Selected Arthropod Taxa of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma. III. Arachnida: Ixodidae, Scorpiones, Hexapoda: Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University 1 Cover Photo Credits: The Black and Yellow Argiope, Argiope aurantia Lucas, (Photo by P.E. Cushing), a robber fly Efferia texana (Banks) (Photo by C. Riley Nelson). ISBN 1084-8819 Information about the availability of this publication and others in the series may be obtained from Managing Editor, C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Ddiversity, Department of Bbioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1177 2 Insects of Western North America 4. Survey of Selected Arthropod Taxa of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma. III Edited by Paul A. Opler Chapter 1 Survey of Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Fort Sill, Comanche Co., Oklahoma by Paula E. Cushing and Maren Francis Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature and Science Denver, Colorado 80205 Chapter 2 Survey of Selected Arthropod Taxa of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma. III. Arachnida: Ixodidae, Scorpiones, Hexapoda: Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera by Boris C. Kondratieff, Jason P. Schmidt, Paul A. Opler, and Matthew C. Garhart C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 January 2005 Contributions of the C.P.
    [Show full text]