SOME WORK OF LOUIS STEVENS OCTOBER, 1915 BVILDER
DEVOTED TO ARCHITECTVRE
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Louis STEVENS, ARCHITECT. THE BVILDER Vol. 32 PITTSBURGH, PA., OCTOBER, 1915 No. 7 call the splendid results of our war for independ PUBLISHED MONTHLY ence and our more terrible war for the preservation BY of the integrity of our nation when the blue and gray forgot their brotherhood in their loyalty to T. M. WALKER Owner their idealism. J. B. JOHNSTON Editor Many other answers can be found to speak the uncertainty of the world as to whether or no this LYCEUM BUILDING, PITTSBURGH, PA. most terrible of all wars our world has seen is to be the last great conflict of the nations. Entered at the Post office at Pittsburgh, Pa., as Second-Class Matter. Perhaps if we should consider some of the rea sons given for the present war we might be bet ter able to give a satisfactory answer. SUBSCRIPTION, INVARIABLY IN ADVANCE, ONE YEAR $3 Among the reasons presented are: 1. German imperialism and German ambition, Germany's will to win her place in the sun and Germany's ruthlessness in so doing, as witnessed THE REASON FOR WAR. by the ruin of Belgium. It is said that if Germany Is this to be the last War The question is of should achieve her aims and win the place in the ten asked and it receives many answers. Our peace- sun she so ardently desires, other nations would loving friends would have us believe that if we soon find themselves eclipsed and more than that, would lay aside our army and navy the other na finally subject to the wonderful energy and tre tions, admiring our fine example of reliance on the mendous force of the Teuton giant. So that the principles of righteousness, would do likewise and safety of the world demands an impediment placed so there could be no future war because there in the way of such a contingency. This opinion of would be nothing to fight with. Furthermore, the the nations seem justified by the facts of the war doing away with the implements of war would thus far made evident. And yet I feel sure we have show such a splendid trust in the amity and good not stated the ultimate reason for the war, will of other nations that a like feeling of peace 2. Again, many find in England's jealousy and and good will to all mankind would be aroused in alarm at Germany's marvellous commercial expan them and therefore they would, in consequence, be sion the real reason for the war. For many years ashamed of their former warlike propensities and now England has been mistress of the sea. Her would, with glad hearts and loud acclaim, herald proud title is justified by the fact that the sun the dawn of international good will, the long- never sets on her wide empire; that the numerous looked-for and earnestly prayed-for realization of colonies need the protection of the mighty fleet, the dream of all sincere admirers of the Prince of and more than all that, where English policy is Peace. What a beautiful faith in the inherent no dominant there the raaces of mankind are benefited bility of mankind shines forth in the belief of our by those ideals of justice and thrift which have pacific friends! been approved as sound by the greatest Teacher Then, again, the men of war—the men of Be the world has ever seen, the Galilean. lial, they might be termed by the pacifists—hold It is claimed that German's ideals are in direct just the opposite view and for just the opposite conflict with those of England and that the world reason. They say that since war has always ex approves our English cousins in taking up the isted in the world, due to the quite reasonable am gage thrown down by Germany when she trampled bition to make one's own national ideals paramonut, into dust and blood her Belgian neighbors, thereby or because of mankind's natural greed and the clearly outraging that sense of justice and mercy baser motives common to all, that therefore war common to mankind. So that here, indeed, is found will always continue, at least for many generations a reason adequate for the war. However this may to come, until the ideals of the world have been ele be, I will beg to differ from this most reasonable vated far above the present standard. conclusion and state most emphatically that we Still others see in war splendid results. They have not yet found the reason for the war. hold that it stimulates, purifies and ennobles by 3. Another theory is the deep-seated revenge reason of its terrible sufferings, sacrifices and the of France. About forty years ago the heart of giving up of all for worthy aims. They would re France was sorely wounded by the loss of her two beautiful daughters, Alsace and Lorraine. Ger- 14 THEBUILDER many was the brutal ravisher. Like a tiger stung war. My opinion is that such statements are un to madness by the cruel loss, France has waited for just to Italy. Rather do I believe that Italy, find the opportunity to spring at the throat of her neigh ing herself allied with nations who believe that bor; and now at last the time has come and all her scraps of paper may be destroyed at will, that children are heart and soulfired wit h a spirit of re solemn treaties may be abrogated if national am venge that will be satisfied by nothing less than bitions run counter to them, has decided to leave German life and blood and the recovery of beauti such partners, finding their methods incompatible ful Alsace and Lorraine. Single-handed France with her sense of reason and right, and has chosen could never have succeeded, but now that her pow wisely the best time for doing so. What folly for erful friends, England and Russia, are found willing her in the beginning of the war, to have taken to join hands with her in curbing once and for all such a step as she now has taken! All the world the dangerous tendencies of German ruthlessness, was amazed, stunned, at such action on the part she believes her hope may be attained. Once again of Germany. The confusion of ideas arising from it may be frankly replied we have not yet found such a piece of folly, the uncertainty as to her best the reason for the war. future policy quite natural under the conditions, 4. It is a long way from the sunny fields of and the unquestioned ruin she would bring upon France to the cold and frozen heart of Russia. But herself if in revenge at her disloyalty the armies the stream of madness flows very swiftly in these of Austria "came down like a wolf on the fold, their days of war, and the torpid, sluggish, frozen Rus cohorts all gleaming in purple and gold"; all these sian has become aroused at last, the summons to seem to me good and sufficient reasons for Italy war has met a quick and ready response, the growl doing as she has done. If I find that my partners of the bear is heard, his claws and cruel mouth are rascals, shall I forfeit my self-respect by con are stained with the blood of his Western neighbors tinuing my partnership with them? and his dull heart is fired with what he thinks a Have we not at last found the reason, the true noble ambition, to sweep away at last the barriers reason, for the war in Italy's decision; a decision which for so many centuries have, like a wall of in harmony with the sentiments of the world con adamant, withstood his progress to the sea. At demning the ruthlessness and barbarity of Ger last an open port is in sight, and that port Constan many and Austria? And once more shall we say, tinople. A door of wider opportunity is opening and most emphatically, no! soon Russia hopes that her immense grain fields Let us not puzzle ourselves any further, but will prove a veritable stream of gold in providing say that the true reason for this war and all the food for many millions beyond her borders. Surely wars the world has ever seen is found in the eating none can find fault with so noble an enterprise, of an apple. Ages and ages ago, when the soul of none can question the right of Russia to improve man was born, there began a conflict in that soul and develop her people and incidentally to increase entailing all the sorrow, all the tears, all the blood her wealth. Is she not justified in entering the shed and all the sin of man. It will be recalled tremendous conflict and making the most of that that the scene was a beautiful garden filled with opportunity now presented by joining the allies iscious fruits and fragrant flowers. The Owner and winning her way not to the sun but to the of the garden, a man, a woman, and a serpent were sea? Single-handed, she, too, could not hope to the actors in a tragedy. The serpent beguiled the achieve her aim for many years to come, because woman and tempted her to eat an apple; she in time, much time, is needed yet to develop her re duced her husband to partake. The Owner of the sources and teach her millions those lessons of garden was angry at the man and the woman be obedience, sacrifice and manhood absolutely essen cause He had told them not to eat the fruit of that tial in contending successfully with such an antag particular tree. In His anger He drove them out onist as Germany. of the garden because of their disobedience. The Have we not at last the answer or rather is not descendants of the man and woman inherited their the answer to found by the combining of all the tendency to disobey, and so sin came into the world. facts stated regarding Germany, England, France All will admit that if there was no sin in the world and Russia? Is not the war due to the jealousies, there would be no sorrow, no tears, no crime, no fears and false ambitions of all these nations of war, for all would live at peace and every one Europe? Once again we must say no; but we will would think as carefully of his neighbor's rights admit that all of these are secondary or contribu and happiness as of his own. Now, war is like an tory causes. epileptic fit. When the fit comes on the patient Let us try once again. Italy, the land of poetry falls to the ground, wallowing and foaming; he is and song, the land of art and sculpture, the home bereft of reason and is altogether a most disgust of the beautiful, the aesthetic, the delicate; Italy, ing and fearful object. The fit passes, reason re whose wonderful climate and more wonderful peo turns and the patient becomes quite normal again. ple draw to themselves all the admirers of the ele But the disease is still there and only time is need vated, the pure, the charming; Italy, even Italy ed for the recurrence of the terrible symptoms, has at last drawn the sword and become partner declaring most positively there is no hope of re in this feast of rage, passion, blood and devilish- lease for the tortured sufferer until the cause of ness. Moreover, her enemies say that Italy is a the disease is removed. All the wars of the world traitor, a turncoat, a coward, waiting until her al are but the recurring fits of madness and insanity lies, Germany and Austria, are surrounded by the which will surely continue to afflict mankind until foe and weakened by many a hard-fought battle, the disease of sin is removed. Is there no hope? then leaving them in the lurch and joining hands There still stands, glorious and beautiful, that tree with the Allies because she believes the Allies will whose leaves are for the healing of the nations. win and that she will be a sharer in the spoils of The leaves are a sure panacea, a never-failing THE BUILDER p. 15 cure for the terrible curse. All the world knows of ments, would we not bow our heads most humbly the cure, ten thousand times ten thousand souls and say, with contrite heart: In all Thy dealings will swear to its wondrous power in their own with Thy children Thou art just? lives and the glorious peace and calm content that JAMES W. JOHNSON. follows like a benediction falling on the troubled hearts of those who take the Master at His word, CLIFF DWELLERS HAD MUCH SYSTEM IN who heed His call: "Come unto me and rest, take THEIR HOUSES. my yoke upon you and learn of me, for my yoke Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Smithsonian is easy and my burden is light." Bureau of American Ethnology left recently for Again, war is the rod in the hand of Almighty Mesa Verde National Park in southwestern Colo God, laid on the backs of disobedient children who rado to continue the supervision of excavation and continually flout Him, break His laws and follow repair on the prehistoric cliff dwellings in the vi their own wills. Some day the world will wake cinity of Cliff Palace and Spruce Tree House, under up to the fact that it is folly to arouse His anger an appropriation from the interior department. and to invite tthe lightning of His wrath by such The operations to be undertaken this summer asininity, when it is very much more comfortable are in continuation of much previous work carried and pleasant to live in harmony with Him and to on under Dr. Fewkes' direction to preserve these enjoy the favor of His approval. He showers His remarkable ruins of the American cliff dwellers, richest blessings on those who seek Him and who supposed to be the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians. try to order their lives in accordance with His Three of the ruins, Spruce Tree House, Cliff Palace, commands. and Balcony House, have been put in shape, so that It needs but brief consideration to show clearly they are available for inspection to the many visit the relationship between sin and war. It was ad ors at the park, and the present season will be de mitted that the ambitions of Germany, the greed, voted to work on Community House, a ruin located the jealousy and fears of England, the revenge of two miles southeast of Spruce Tree house. France and the aims of Russia have had much to The Mesa Verde ruins are situated on the Mesa do with the war; undoubtedly they are secondary Verde in Montezuma county, Colorado, in the side and contributory causes. It only remains to show canyon of the Mancos, and are regarded as the larg how these secondary causes are due to sin. Are est and most remarkable examples of cliff dwellings not these secondary causes plainly the result of in the United States. These ruins were discovered forgetting or of breaking the law of God where He in 1888, although some smaller ones not far dis says: "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." tant were found 14 years before. In that year two How is love for one's neighbor to be reconciled ranchers riding over the Mesa and through its with an ambition so cruel and ruthless that the labyrinth of canyons in search of stray cattle, sud ruin of a nation of seven millions is but an in denly came into a deep canyon, and beheld in a great cident? How is love for one's neighbor to be rec cavern in the opposite cliff, a whole town in ruins, onciled with the ideals of an empire willing to re its crumbling buildings, walls and towers unmis duce a nation of over three hundred millions to takably the work of prehistoric man. It looked to the depths of vice and crime by forcing upon them their astonished eyes like a palace in a cliff and so use of opium, with all its horrors for the love of they named it Cliff Palace. On the same day they money? How is love for one's neighbor to be rec discovered, not far away, another large cliff dwel onciled with the fierce and fearful spirit of re ling which they named Spruce Tree House after a venge that for forty years has been one of the giant spruce tree which grew in front of the an guiding impulses of a mighty nation? "Vengeance cient ruins. During the course of the next few is mine, I will repay," saith the Lord, has been years these ranchers and their brothers, who were entirely overlooked, forgotten or disregarded. How named Witherill, explored the whole mesa and ex is love for one's neighbor to be reconciled with cavated in many places, gaining a vast knowledge that absolute disregard of one's own people, that of these early inhabitants, and a fine collection of terrible, cold, calculating, indomitable, grinding ancient skulls, pottery and implements of stone, down and blotting out of all the hopes, longings and bone and wood. Since that time the government, aims inherent in the human soul, seen in the cruelty through the bureau of American enthnology, and of Russia? the interior department, has sent exploring parties Is any further evidence needed to show the in which have added to the National Museum a series timate relationship between sin and these secon of objects illustrating the life, customs, and arts dary or contributory causes of the war? If break of the prehistoric American people who once in ing the law of God is sin, surely the nations of the habited these cliff-dwellings. About 1905 the Mesa world have sinned most grievously. And yet this Verde was made a National park and placed in is only part of the black record. What shall we charge of the interior department. A scenic road say of drunkenness, vice, murder, indifference to has been constructed, over which one can now ride the suffering of toiling, dying men and women from the town of Mancos on the D. & R. G. rail around us? What shall we say of that lack of ap road to the largest of the ruins. Progress has been preciation of the mercy and love of an infinite God made in the excavation and repair of the ruins, and so clearly proven by the worldly, selfish, pleasure- the public may now visit these ancient villages and loving multitudes, both in and out of the church, gain a good idea of the dwellings in which the na which merits the comment, "Without God and with tive inhabitants lived. out hope in the world" Surely the lightnings of In a report published by the bureau of Ameri His fury and the thunderbolts of His wrath are can ethnology, Dr. Fewkes describes in detail the morbe wrappee thand justified in the .consumin And shoulg flamd ouer o faif Hir sland punish, too, architecturprominent efeature of Sprucs oef Trethise villageHouse,. anIdt hapoints as disout- 16 THEBUILDER tinct likeness to a gigantic hotel built in a cave struction in buildings, and religious and secular with crescent-shaped roof, the floor of the cave be ceremonies of the ancient cliff dwellers. ing about 50 feet above the bottom of the canyon and the roof 80 feet high. Its total length is 216 THE ART OF ARCHITECTURE STRONGLY feet, and its greatest width 89 feet. In places the PRESENTED. rooms were originally three stories in height, the It is not difficult to state one of the potent rea final story at present having no roof except the top sons why architecture may be of even greater in of the cave, but most of the rooms now to be seen terest to all men than are its sister arts, painting are on thefirst floor, although in some places a sec and sculpture. While among civilized and histori ond story is still standing. There have been traced cal races all nations have at some time been sculp 114 separate rooms in this great structure, besides tors and painters, and while some nations have at eight subterranean ceremonial chambers, known as all times cultivated these arts, all civilized nations kivas. It has been determined that at least 14 of and races have at all times been architects and the rooms were used for storage and other purposes, builders. in t-he floors of some of which human skeletons In the light of this fact, architecture is an il have been found. The remaining 100 rooms were lustrated book of the history of mankind, because used as dwelling places, and it has been estimated it has always been closely in touch with all that is that the building had a population of about 350 nearest to his physical, intellectual, moral, social natives. It seems from the character of the rooms and religious life; and we may find that there are that no premeditated plan was followed in the con more sermons in stones than even Shakespeare struction of this village; a few rooms were first dreamed of, and that walls have not only ears to built and additions made as the population in hear, but mighty tongues to speak and to tell the creased. The arch of the early form found among true stories of the lives of those who have built the ruins of Central America, was unknown to these them and lived within them. "Curiously sensitive early builders. Their doorways are of rectangular to any essential phase in the progress of humanity, form slightly narrower at the top and capped with behind every form in architecture is a human lintel, although some of them have a T-form and motive. It is not merely an incident in the history are placed well up on the walls, being reached by of architecture, but an incident in the history of ladders. Cooking was evidently practiced on the mankind. roofs or in the corners, judging from the amount Under all real architectural forms lies a princi of soot on the walls, but there was little pretension ple of structure. The conditions of time and place among the dwellers for light, air or sanitation. may differ, varying with climatic and available ma Cliff Palace, the second of these important ruins, terials, with the characteristics of race and nation is nearly three times the size of Spruce Tree House, ality and the habits and customs of communities. and has over 200 rooms. It was repaired in 1909 But the underlying principles of art that makes and now presents a very respectable appearance to building architecture remain the same through the the visitor. Like Spruce Tree House, it sets within centuries, the same in the Valley of the Nile, on the a cave, the roof of which arches about 75 feet above Acropolis of Athens, on the seven hills of Rome it, and is located in Cliff Canyon, the floor of which (either in the days of the Empire or of the Popes), is several hundred feet above the level of the can the same in the Mediaeval cathedral, the same in yon. It is approached by means of steps cut in the boulevards of Paris to-day. We must disabuse the rock, and ladders. The buildings almost com our minds at once of the false but not uncommon pletelyfill th e 300-foot frontage of the cave, which idea that architecture is merely a superficial adorn is, as a rule, level, although at one end there is a ment and decoration of a structure otherwise well series of terraces rising one above the other ex built. This is not the fact. Good building and tending from the loose crumbling rocks in front of architecture, in the broad sense of the terms, are the cliff back to the solid wall itself. Deep under identical. Architecture, and the difference in so- the debris which covered the lower entrance of Cliff called architectural styles, is a matter of construc Palace the excavators found the ancient entrance tion and not of decoration; the one is the essence, to the building which leads by a gradual slope to the other only the incident—often only the mere the center of the village. This pathway extends accident—of the subject; and if we regard it from parallel with the high front wall of a centrally lo this point of view, and separate the essentials from cated kiva and passes to a large rock, in which the non-essentials, it will readily be found that what foot-holds were cut, after which it enters the lower atfirst ma y have seemed a subject involved in com level of the village through a narrow court with plications of styles and schools and epochs and tech high walls, by means of a movable ladder resting nicalities is in reality simple and clear and a pos on the main floor of the cave. In the western end sible source of great intellectual and artistic inter of this cliff ruin there is a ceremonial chamber est and pleasure to the layman as well as to the known as Kiva V, leading to which is a subterran artist. ean passage. This is one of the 23 rooms in which Recognizing, then, the truth that the essential ceremonies are supposed to have been performed factor which constitutes the difference in architec by the ancients. Evidently there were several clans tural styles is "not mere shape or color, but struc in each section of these great dwellings, and the tural significance," we can truthfully state that, in buildings are arranged in groups or sections around the broadest sense of the word, there are only two plazas or central courts. These wonderful archeo- great styles, popularly referred to as the classic logical ruins present to the visitor unusual oppor and the Gothic, more correctly as the Greek and tunities to see the early type of dwellings, and offer Roman and the Medieval, but technically and ac to the student opportunity to study early life, con curately called the styles of the lintel and the arch, THE BUILDER 17 and that in sub-dividing these into nationalities and that might be spanned, if one could construct a epochs we need name only five great dominating temporary framework big enough to spring the ma periods, which we call styles, that have become oi' sonry arch over and could build sufficient lateral important and permanent significance down to our buttresses to hold it up. But the arch at once be own day—the Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Medieval comes an active force in itself, "a force that never and Renaissance—each representing in a long chain sleeps." The greater the weight upon it, the greater of evolution a point where a certain final and dis its active power in lateral and oblique thrust—ready tinct result has been obtained, satisfactory to ex ever for its own destruction. With its advent into isting conditions for the time being—a resting place, the building world all scale and dimensions, as of as it were, in the ceaseless progression, but as former structures, were changed; the sense of much the result and offspring of what has gone be calm repose was lost. fore as it in itself became the progenitor of that It is in the varied treatment of these two broad which follows after. But in all this we find nowhere and general principles of structure—the lintel and a sudden, sharp dividing line; the transition in the arch—that all modifications of architectural time were the slow work of centuries, the modifi styles, ancient and modern, have their origin. cations in form often gradual; nowhere the con Our chronological starting point, the first im traction had been abruptly and radically changed; portant link in the historical chain, is the Valley of traditions of previous forms were not hastily for the Nile, "the cradle of all modern architecture." gotten, and, moreover, there is always to be no No remains exist sufficiently important of historic ticed effects of more or less temporary or external races prior to this to enable us to follow back the influences upon the dominating features of the style thread of evidence very intelligently; but 5,000 itself, such as the variations of climate and ma years ago the Egyptians were already as far ad terials in neighboring localities, or the contact, vanced in many lines of civilization as we are to temporary or permanent, with other races differing day, and their pyramids and temples and tombs in habits and religion, all resulting in an apparent were there. We know they were a deeply religious mingling and overlapping, but this showing not so people, and in their religion this sojourn here on much in the essential principles of construction as earth was only a temporary incident, while the in in the less essential and superficial forms of deco finite length and repose of eternity and the trans ration. migration of spirit was the pervading influence of Why the lintel and the arch are the exponents their life. Their chief buildings were the temple of the two great styles is this: The two simple and the tomb, and the character of these, in struc and essential factors of any building of any ma ture and form, was that of the greatest possible terial, whether it be a palace or a hut, a temple or stability, permanence and massiveness; the amount a tomb, are the upright wall supporting the super of time and material consumed in their erection was imposed roof—and this upright feature may be a matter of no consideration, and was far in ex either a solid wall, pierced with openings, or part cess of what would be needed to obtain the same of the wall may be reduced to columns, or, further, practical results to-day. Delicacy, refinement, ele the whole wall may become an open colonnade. It gance of form and detail, did not appeal to them; is the method adopted—either the lintel or the but what was lost in these was gained in the im arch—to span the spaces and openings between pressive grandeur, solidity and repose of the mass. solids that determines the style, and the statical It is neelless to say that the motive of the arch, in conditions, so to speak, of the two styles are simply its restless, sleepless action, did not appeal to them, these. In order to meet and counteract the powers although they were familiar with its form, as re of nature, ever ready to overthrow and destroy a mains here and there reveal, but it never appeared building, as gravity, or earthquake, or other natu in any position of importance. All construction ral phenomenon, the lintel and the beam offer but was that of the excessively massive lintel, resting one resisting force, the non-breaking strength of on the wall or column, and the columns themselves the material used to span horizontally an open space were huge cylinders of stone, with only the sym between perpendicular uprights and bearing all the bolic lotus blossom usecl as a mere suggestive form super-imposed weight above it. Gravity is draw of decorative capital. The high, blank, almost ing the mass to earth perpendicularly downward, fortress-like, exterior walls of the temples guarded and the strength of the lintel is resisting this force the mysteries of the ceremonies within. perpendicularly upward. There are no lateral or All interest centers upon the interior, where oblique forces at work anywhere, and that is the the great fore-court alone was open to the people. whole story, and the general structural result is and beyond was the sacred and secret shrine of the evidently squarehead openings of limited width, god. It is of interest to follow up what these fea while the impression, the effect produced upon the tures of temple plan developed into, without radical mind is that of simplicity, rest, repose; simplicity change, in the temple of the Greek and Roman, of in this sense implying not mere plainness of result, the early and Medieval Christian, and in our but directness of purpose. churches to-day. The unchanging monotony of this So much for the lintel. When, however, the style is about all we know of the world's architec Roman, in obedience to his needs and tastes, spread ture from 3000 B. C. till slowly through the cen the principle of the arch over his openings and turies, as civilization passed from Egypt into Eu adopted it as his dominating system of construc rope, it came under the influence of the subtle mind tion, at once all the questions of weights and forces and hand of Greece, where we find the next resting were changed and had to be met by new methods place, the next epoch, the next style. Some ruins of resistance, involving new forms. There became still extant, that formed connecting links, are note practically no limit to width of spans and openings worthy. 18 THE BUILDER That is what the Greek found and this is what dead, and new life and blood of another kind was he did with it. As a people, unlike the Egyptians, gradually being infused by the inroads of the the Greeks were an isolated colony of artists in the northern hordes, the so-called "Goth," upon the soil still half-barbaric Europe. "Keen of intellect and of the new Christian religion. Civilization was cen reason, they did not let their imagination lead them tering in France, Germany and England, in a astray from the truth." The enjoyment of life and northern climate of cold and snow and cloudy skies beauty in its fullest attainment was the end sought and granite rocks, as compared with bright suns for, for its own sake, and there were few compli and glowing marbles of the shores of the Mediter cations of life to dull this sense of enjoyment. In ranean. The national characteristics were largely their art, as in all else, they sought to obtain the the result of the new religious faith and life, rest best that an intelligent application of theory and less, superstitious, self-conscious, with a learning reasoning and ceaseless experiment could give, the and art chiefly confined to the cloister, a species of highest point of intellectual beauty and refinement clerical aristocracy ruling over both rulers and peo and satisfaction to the senses. This they accom ple. plished (perhaps they builded better than they The buildings were first the great churches, knew), so that by the verdict of all subsequent ages abbeys, monasteries—a little later the great cathed the nearest to perfection in art was that reached rals, where decorative carvings (in stone), some by the Greek in the third and fourth centuries B. C. times beautiful, often grotesque, were used as pic Unlike the Egyptian, the Greek studied his tures to tell the Bible story—to expound the faith forms, from the mass to the most minute molding. to the ignorant populace, who knew no other books. until he obtained for them such nearness to per Great was the skill of the men who that day as fection in both proportion and detail that all sub craftsmen and builders, and so great the spirit of sequent ages have found that any important varia true art still surviving, that soon it burst the nar tion detracts rather than adds to their beauty. row bounds of the cloister and the church and Unlike the Roman, who came after him, he spread among the people in the growing independ made every feature of his building, his column, his ent cities and states, in all their ambition and rival wall, his lintel, actually do the work they appear to ry, producing the great town halls and other civic do. There was no sham, no imitation, no conceal buildings, always still in the Gothic method of the ment. His buildings had the pure beauty of the arch and buttress. Rome and Greece were now far nude figure, while the Roman covered his forms away in time and distance, almost forgotten or only with the most gorgeous decorations he could afford remembered as the abode of anti-Christian heath to dress them in. Greece, even when finally con ens, and the influence of the ancient classic forms quered and "killed as a nation, lived on as an of order and proportion had been almost entirely artist," and, in spite of Rome, "hung on to the lost. And then the tide began to turn. Liberty borders of the nations," still living and breathing gradually became license; strength, weakness and through the Romans and the Dark Ages, her spirit decadence; and the great buildings of the Middle still felt through the Medieval centuries, awaken Ages grew to be often mere clever "tours de force" ing in the Renaissance, and still the source of our in ambitious rivalry of space and height and deco highest artistic aspirations to-day. ration. The flying buttress and the arch became The Roman was another creature. A great bolder and bolder, weaker and weaker. Moreover, constructor, but not an artist; a conquerer, but both the great feudal and religious spirits of the not a subtle philosopher; an administrator, but not age were fast departing—the castle was yielding to a man of sentiment or imagination; a politician, the the palace—while the mariner's compass, the new founder of civilization, if you will, but art to him world, the reformation and the printing press were was never an end, only a means of expressing, if turning men's minds into new channels. As has only on the surface, his power and grandeur. It been said, "Knowledge killed the legend, the book was a thing administered by the imperial govern killed the church." The old things were dead, and ment, not, as in Greece, part of the life of the peo the world was ready and awaiting for the Renais ple and subject to their verdict. "Rome placed her sance. institutions above her genius, while Greece her I aimed to show in the previous part of this genius first;" Rome conquered Greece and brought lecture that "style" in architecture was a matter her artists in chains, but she was perfectly satisfied of structure and not of ornament, and that in con with the apparent, rather than the real, and the struction there are only two great principles, dif forms of the genuine art of Greece were applied by ferentiating the two broad styles of the lintel and the Roman merely as a surface decoration to a the arch, that form the historic, geographic and form of construction behind it, with which it formed chronologic point of view the changes are those of no integral part, but only served to clothe, adorn a long, slow and unbroken evolution or chain, with and conceal the real forms which actually consti only five great epochs, which we term the Egyp tuted the building. tian, the Greek, the Roman, the Medieval and the So much for Rome—the third great architec Renaissance; and that of the chief underlying in tural epoch. fluence that created these styles, in their leading With the fall of Rome came the almost archi individual features and different characteristics, tectural blank of the Dark Ages, and the "barbarian what religion was to the Egyptian, law was to the destroyer brought no art with him." But, as the Roman and beauty to the Greek. With the Roman, natural soil at times needs a fertilizer, so there are law as the master, art the servant, and the spirit epochs when the times themselves seem to need a subservient to the letter, the result an art vast, but barbaric element," and that is what happened in the machine-made. With the Greek, art was the mas- great Middle Ages. The Greek art spirit was not (Continued on page 35.) HOME OF HON. JOSEPH C. SIBLEY, RIVER RIDGE FARM, FRANKLIN, PA. Louis STEVENS, ARCHITECT. HOME OF HON. JOSEPH C. SIBLEY, RIVER RIDGE FARM, FRANKLIN, PA. Louis STEVENS, ARCHITECT. HOME OF HON. JOSEPH C. SIBLEY, RIVER RIDGE FARM, FRANKLIN, PA. Louis STEVENS, ARCHITECT. HOME OF DR. PAUL H. FRANKLIN. Louis STEVENS, ARCHITECT. HOME OF DR. PAUL H. FRANKLIN. HOME OF MISS DICKEY. Louis STEVENS, ARCHITECT. HOME OF DR. A. STEWART. Louis STEVENS, ARCHITECT. HOME OF DR. J. F. EDWARDS HOME AND ENTRANCE GATE OF L. L. BANKS, OAKMONT, PA. Louis STEVENS, ARCHITECT. .n^H^!*;*^**^:--^*^*^ H X H^H>}QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. ..QQQQQQQQQQQX yf HX irirCrtrtiirtiiiiiZ-ttiriiitifititiS irtrtxirCrtjirMitirtri* I HH By CHARLOTTE PERKINS STETSON %H X t ^^^f^QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ-QQQQQQQQ^f^1^^1}^!-1 £ H W W W W* W W W# W-17^^ J a IS It takes great strength to train ITH TO modern service your ancestral brain; H"Z To lift the weight of the unnumbered years *fts Of dead men's habits, methods, and ideas; ft;* To hold that back with one hand, and support £S With the other the weak steps of a new thought. H^ It takes great strength to bring your life up square XH With your accepted thought, and hold it there; HX Resisting the inertia that drags back XH From new attempts to the old habit's track. •titH It is so easy to drift back, to sink; HX SO hard to live abreast of what you think! HX HX HX It takes great strength to live where you belong ti*7f*7f*7f*yt*yf*yf*yf*i Xftt When other people think that you are wrong; ^T7RT^,T-1\W HX People you love, and who love you, and whose i:fti Approval is a pleasure you would choose. To bear this pressure and succeed at length In living your belief—well, it takes strength. And courage, too. But what does courage mean Save strength to help you face a pain foreseen ? l Courage to undertake this lifelong strain j Of setting yours against your grandsire's brain; £ Dangerous risk of walking lone and free \ Out of the easy paths that used to be, £ And the fierce pain of hurting those we love \ When love meets truth, and truth must ride above ? £ But the best courage man has ever shown £ Is daring to cut loose and think alone. * Dark as the unlit chambers of clear space £ Where light shines back from no reflecting face. \ Our sun's wide glare, our heaven's shining blue, £ We owe to fog and dust they fumble through; £ And our rich wisdom that we treasure so \ Shines from the thousand things that we don't know. £ But to think new—it takes courage grim * As led Columbus over the world's rim. £ To think it costs some courage. And to go— £ Try it. It taxes every power you know. \ It takes great love to stir a human heart ? To live beyond the others and apart. £ A love that is not shallow, is not small, r Is not for one, or two, but for them all. \ Love that can wound love for its higher need; £ Love that can leave love, though the heart may bleed; * Love that can lose love, family and friend; £ Yet steadfastly live, loving, to the end. * A love that asks no answer, that can live * s* Moved by one burning, deathless force—to give. £ 5 J Love, strength and courage. Courage, strength and love, I tH The heroes of all time are built thereof. i 3 HQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ-QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ t * yf %*X*X*X*X*i^,i*7\i*yf-*ili*?f*^*'X i*Xrm!*x*x*x*x*ym THE BUILDER 35 (Continued from page 18.) mit it to be a much truer art than the Roman, and ter, and such laws as we have been able to formu a very fine art indeed. Its development was rapid, late from his work have necessarily been widely and at the end of two centuries it had reached its elastic in order to admit of that freedom of the high-water mark, and again the tide turned. As spirit that lived and moved within it, when the in the case of the Gothic, its weakness and decad hand becomes merely the cunning tool of the think ence came from the development into excess, with ing brain, sensitive to every impression of perfect out fixed motive and connection, of its own best beauty. inherent qualities, as mere whim and excuse for And again, while the Medieval buildings, in meaningless ornamentation. On the one hand, the the period we call the Gothic, were largely in grandiose monumental, artificial style of Louis fluenced by the spirit of the religion of their age, XIV., the sham imposing facades concealing in as were the Egyptian, and show also the aim at teriors with which they had little connection; and truth and genuineness of construction, as did the on the other, the socalled "Baroque" or "Jesuit," Greek, they lacked entirely the characteristics of most conspicuously exemplified in Spanish work, of massive stability and permanence of the one, or excessive, meaningless, vulgar ornamentation, los the intellectual sense of repose and perfect beauty ing sense of form and order. of the other, and were so devoid of that element In Italy the old Roman feeling never had lost of fixed law and order and proportion which dis its hold. The Gothic there had only a temporary, tinguished the Roman that this freedomfinally be halfhearted sojourn in superficial forms rather than came license, and ended in ruin, leaving the world spirit, and classic lines show themselves through both in mind and matter ready and eager for the the Medieval work till the latter yields the ground Renaissance. entirely to the full advancing wave of the Renais While we all know that the sixteenth century sance. France, however, did not blindly yield to was the period of the momentous revolution, "whose the new force, but rather captured it and became chief characteristic was the transfer of the al its master. So we find all through her borders the legiance of progressive nations from clerical au new classic revival greatly modified by the still pre thority to civil," the Renaissance of the fifteenth vailing Medieval spirit, and most intelligently and century was all pervading in literature and in other successfully applied so that the great chateaux of arts as well as in architecture, and its first and that period are among the best specimens of good strongest impulse was apparently the reaction architecture the world knows, and models for study from unguided liberty and license to the classic and inspiration for our own times. spirit of law and order, and the widespread desire, While we may not here, in limited time, dwell in the midst of the chaotic confusion and eager on them, one must not overlook entirely those side movement of the times, for a return to some form issues, as it were the more special styles of a nar of artistic standards. row scope—the Moorish, the Indian and those of While Greece was too distant and her ruins other Oriental nations—the results rather of more too utterly broken or buried at that day, the great purely local, though very strong, influences. These Roman remains were near enough and well pre are the double links, or pendants, in the long chain, served enough to become the Mecca for study and from which no continuous direct line has proceeded, inspiration, and after the famous expeditions of having no element in the features of their peculiar the French into Italy at the latter end of the fif style that found natural growth elsewhere; their teenth century the court returned deeply imbued reproductions in other localities are only artificial with the new spirit; and henceforth the classic art and conscious imitations and transplantings, not of Greece, as seen through the interpretation of genuine outputs of the soil. On these well-known Rome, and handled by the clever, artistic and in styles, however, which we term the "Byzantine" telligent skill of the Frenchman and the Italian, has and the "Romanesque" the remarkable results of been the guiding influence from the early days of a combination of Greek and Medieval spirit, whose the Renaissance to our own times. The spirit, not influence has been widespread, one might dwell with the mere letter, of classic architecture, was en great interest, as they produced two of probably thusiastically studied, and a careful, intelligent, ar the greatest buildings of the modern world—the tistic application made of it to new conditions, new St. Sophia of Constantinople and the St. Mark's of climates, new customs, new resources, and still in Venice. fluenced by the existing practices and traditions of In this gradual transition from style to style different localities. What modern Europe saw in two interesting elements may be noted; one we the old Roman temple and amphitheater and may call that of "reminiscence," the other of "an basilica and bath and triumphal arch it applied to ticipation ;" that is, the essential and structural the churches and villas and palaces and museums features of a given style have a tendency to appear of its own day—Italy, France, Germany, and fin as the incidental or ornamental features of the style ally England, each with their own individual char just preceding or succeeding it, super-imposed upon acteristics. different forms of construction. This, notably in It has been said that, up to the time of the that rather vague period of several centuries which Renaissance, architecture, Greek, Roman or Gothic, we term the "Romanesque," which followed the was real and pure in its own style, in its direct pur Dark Ages and led on to the great Medieval or pose and method of construction, with the excep Gothic period, when, even with the perfected struc tion of the sham decoration of the Roman, and that ture of arch and buttress, the influence of classic of the Renaissance, like it, was not a system of Rome is still long felt in the forms of molding architecture, but a scheme of decoration. True, per and ornament, as a reminiscence; and during the haps, but so intelligently applied that we must ad same period, broadly speaking, in the Byzantine 36 THEBUILDER work of the Orient, while the Roman structural nations. As the one new factor in the work there methods of arch and vault still prevailed, the promi is naturally suggested the tall, many-storied build nent features of the coming Gothic are creeping in ing of metal frame and construction, covered with as a mere matter of decorative form. And again, a screen of some other material in architectural centuries later, the same phenomenon reappears forms. This, although engineering rather than (as we will see later) when the Renaissance placed architecture, is as much a legitimate development upon its buildings, still Gothic in structural method, of the times as was the Roman. The steel and iron its modified Roman details, in anticipation of the skeleton itself has no suggestion of any architec return to classic forms. While this is not an ele tural forms, and is therefore decently and attrac ment of essential importance in the evolution of tively clothed with such as a frank outer garment, the great styles, it is an interesting step in the not necessarily without character and beauty, ex progress of events, and may be noted in one or two pression of purpose or mode of construction. of the world's great buildings of the period. These tell the same story in our timefirst told All this is what has been happening up to our by the Egyptian pyramid—that the architectural own times—say, into the eighteenth century. Since work of all men is but "the unconscious expression then has followed a repetition of the same forms, of their eras. Men are the instruments, not the sometimes a reproduction, of the one style or the authors, of styles." And if, then,finally comes the other, sometimes as genuine constructive work, question, "What part does the personality of the sometimes as mere sham, sometimes intelligently individual, the architect, actually play in the work applied, with knowledge and good taste, often show of our designing?" It is simply this: The facts ing only bad taste and ignorance. France keeping of structure and form and "style" are the alphabet, in the lead, more even as an academic teacher than the grammar, the rhetoric, the "technique" of the in executed work, with all that is the best, while subject, capable of use with infinite variety, while among inferior productions of other nationalities it still in obedience to the general laws that have be would be invidious to maake here any comparisons. come formulated through the long processes we And so we come finally back to the old ques have been hastily reviewing. And, as in literature tion, "What are we doing ourselves in America or music, sculpture or painting, it is assumed that to-day?" the educated workman is at least familiar with and Some one has said that "American architec master of this "technique;" there is a vast deal of ture consists of trying to make something look like difference in the results between the merely "not something else that would not be desirable if gen bad" because simply "correct" and the truly "ad uine," and also that, "owing to the general impres mirable" because, while successfullyfilling the prac sion that ugliness and prosperity go hand in hand, tical requirements of its destined purpose, it be we must accept the heritage of ugliness as a conse comes also, through the ability and talent of its quence of commercial success." author in using his knowledge with both freedom If this were ever so, it is so no longer. "Busi and restraint, a thing of beauty and of lasting sat ness men now begin to see that a beautiful city isfaction. means not only a pleasanter life, but better busi My aim has been to show that, in the evolu ness." It is true that the prevailing spirit of our tion and development of architecture, those changes age is scientific and commercial (not necessarily in only are of lasting importance when permanent, es a bad sense), and that truths, even religious truths, sential structural results are attained, having in are sought by scientific investigation rather than them something vital, something affecting the very otherwise; and with this has come in the last half life of what we term a style. We may mark, from century the almost overwhelming rush and com a point of view not altogether imaginative, condi plication of modern life and new developments in tions existing in the life of architecture somewhat science, creating in our cities new demands such as analogous to those of a race or a nation, or even the world has never known before. But our ma of an individual. In each, life may go on for a long terials, stone and wood and bricks and mortar, are period, year by year, with little change either in out about the same; no new inherent qualities are dis ward surroundings or inward conditions of charac covered in them, for either construction or expres ter, of thought and of feeling, and this, too, in spite, sion, which the Greek and the Roman and the Goth perhaps, of occasional special episodes that may have not already found and fully developed and startle and interrupt for the moment, but allow us shown to us. to drop back into the old lines. And then there We areflooded, throug h all sources of informa comes something radical from without or from tion, with the knowledge of all that has been done within, perhaps rather suddenly, perhaps so grad by all the ages before us. We find "there's nothing ually that we hardly note the critical moment, but new under the sun," and we cannot construct and it has come, it has touched an essential principle, a design unconscious of the precedents and traditions vital spot; there is a change from which we do not of the centuries, even if we would; for, though men revert; it may be for the better, it may be for the sometimes find it hard to remember, it is is still worse. Subsequent things may be stronger and harder to forget. But what we do know is this: brighter, they may be weaker and darker, but they We have seen, and we know the good from the bad, are different. We may partly recall the past as a the true from the false, the real from the sham. reminiscence, but the real, the vital new principle, We want to do the best we can with the conditions underlies the present. "And life is never the same in our own day and generation, and we are very un again." This is true for man himself, and it is prejudiced and intelligent and clever in doing this, true for his architecture. we Americans, perhaps—with France as our school And if we finally ask what, then, is the real master—solving the problems better than the other meaning of this thing "style" in architecture, I THE BUILDER 37 think we can say it is that same thing which we hinged and turns back to give access to a tray fit find in man himself, whether it be for good or for ted with all the necessities for sewing and deep evil—it is character. enough to hold any quantity of work, which is en tirely concealed when the cover is dropped. "HEMLOCK." The small sized gate-legged tables are not ex The strength of a hemlock stick a foot square actly new, in fact are copied from old models, but that had been in water for almost forty years, was are as interesting in their way as the large ones recently tested in the 600,000-pound testing ma and more generally useful. They come in either chine at Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, oak or mahogany and have drop leaves with an ex N. Y. The timber, which was sixteen feet nine tended diameter of about three feet. They cost inches long, had formed part of one of the piers of twelve dollars. the Congress street bridge at Troy. When the pier broke down after the flood in the spring of 1913, MOSCOW, "HOLY CITY" OF RUSSIA. the timber was turned over to one of the material Moscow is considered only as the quaint capi testing laboratories of the institute. It was kept tal of Russia's faith—the Holy City, it is called. in the open air for three months, and then placed Here is where the tsars are made with all the in a dry-room for a little more than nine months. pomp of the living and the solemnity of the dead When placed in the testing machine the column —for in the Cathedral of the Assumption once in failed under a load of 384,000 pounds; that is, the a while an ordinary man crowns himself tsar of all long-submerged wood showed an ultimate strength Russia, thereby raising himself in the eyes of mil of 2,670 pounds to the square inch. In the opinion lions to be more divine than human. of Prof. T. R. Lawson, who conducted the test the Russia sprang from Moscow and the Dukes of remarkable strength of this piece of hemlock seems Muscovy laid thefirst cornerstones . The churches to show that being immersed in water for a long are most wonderful, with their brilliant colorings time does not decrease the column strength of tim and historic interest, and the piety of the people ber that is subsequently permitted to dry out. is decidedly noticeable. MAKING THE MOST OF THE BAY WINDOW. Travelers have said that there is no city in the Abstractly considered the bay window is a world like it. Its blue, green and gold are only charming feature, but practically it is apt to leave seen in the imperial city in the heart of Peking. Its something to be desired. It is often difficult to cur fantastic architecture reminds one of the watch tain and its looks rather unfinished without cushion towers of Korea, the narrow streets of China, and seats, yet these are not always practical. A very its streets are so badly paaved that it is said to be large bay, say eight feet across, gains by being sep worse than Belgrade, which up till now has held the arated from the room behind it by long curtains prize for having the worst paved streets in the hanging straight and well pushed back, curtaining world. the separate windows with the thinnest of net. There are holy images in the streets at which In a living room there are two particularly the passerby stops to pray and it has all the re- good things to do with the bay window. One is to semblancees of Lourdes at pilgrimage time. fill it with a plant table, one of the substantial sort The sides of Moscow are in the form of an with a sunken top, zinc lined, into which the pots isosceles triangle; all three sides are marked by are set, the other to use its central space for a small pyramidal walls of pink brick, with here and there desk or writing table, with a chair to match it. This a watch tower, overlookingfive gates . latter use is specially good for the bays so common One gate leads from the river; this is the prison twenty or thirty years ago which had two long win gate. But the one that is always used is the Gate dows and a central one high up in the wall and often of the Redeemer, and all who pass beneath this are of stained glass. required to remove their hats. In utilizing the bay window in a bedroom, we The two most wonderful things in Moscow are cannot do better than to set a dressing table in it. said to be,first a cannon that has never been fired, This is an English fashion which has much to rec and, secondly, a bell that has never been heard. ommend it, as the light falling from both sides and In the arsenal yard may be seen an enormous from above on the sitter before the mirror gives an quantity of bronze cannons, and above them all a absolutely truthful impression, even if it is unflat huge and highly decorated one. This is the czar's tering. Moreover the thin curtains at the windows cannon, weighing 40 tons and with a bore of 18 of the bay are a capital background for a dressing inches. This was cast in 1586. It is merely an tablINTERESTINe draped withG chint PIECEz orS cretonne OF FURNITURE. . ornament, for it has been said that a handful of New pieces of furniture are constantly being powder would be capable of blowing it to pieces. devised, some of them very desirable. One of Further on may be seen the wonderful bell. them, in mahogany, for the dining-room is called This weighs more than 200 tons. While it was be the cache silver table. Its top lifts and gives access to ing placed in the tower in 1737 a small piece was two trays, one above the other, in which can be broken off and this piece weighs "11 tons. kept the entire supply of small silver, while noth The bell was left lying upon the ground and ing in its exterior would indicate that it was any the piece lies beside it. thing but an ordinary table. Napoleon brought to Moscow more than 800 Another table is among the cretonne covered cannons, but it is understood that he took only nine novelties and this, too, has a lifting top which is away with him. Of the remainder 365 are still here and with them are the cannons captured from Austria, Prussia and Italy. Moscow is full of the evidences of Napoleon's 38 THE BUILDER failure; his troops that were buried are lying in a had secured legislation setting better standards be narrow cemetery that stretches from the Cathedral fore last year, and 16 more then followed suit. In of the Assumption to the frontier; this church is 25 there is more vigorous enforcement of law. dazzling with gold and is in the same shape as it Thirty-six cities reported that their health depart was when built more than 600 years ago.—New ment had been strengthened, only 8 that it had York Evening World. been weakened. SOME THINGS AMERICAN CITIES DO HOW SHALL THE POOR BE HOUSED? NOT KNOW. It is one of the evidences of a broader humani In these days of investigations and surveys it ty and a more acute interest in the welfare of the would seem that American and Canadian cities unfortunate of society that much attention is be should be fairly well acquainted with themselves. ing given in all the large communities of the land The National Housing Association, however, is is to the housing of the poor and the surroundings suing a little pamphlet which effectively dispels any amidst which they dwell. Noble-hearted men and such notion. The pamphlet is based on answers to women, powerful social improvement associations questions received from sixty-five cities. Not only and Christian bodies are now at work doing educa the largest cities, but progressive cities of a size tional and practical work to mitigate the harsh con more manageable, and others not so large, in which ditions under which a large number live in the a knowledge of facts would not seem difficult to populous sections of cities. get, contribute to this proof that our cities do not It is high time! There is no greater menace yet know themselves. And yet these 65 cities are to the health and social order in large communities probably the best informed in the two countries, than a horde of men and women and children who, for out of 128 invited only these gave any of the from any cause, let it be their own fault or not, information sought. are more or less in a chronic state of want and hun After years of agitation by anti-tuberculosis ger. We have but recently had accounts of the societies, of preaching about light and fresh air, procession of the unemployed and hunger famished practically no city today knows how many dark, in London, and even in this land of plenty, we have windowless rooms there are in its houses and only seen, in times of industrial aand commercial depres one or two cities making any consistent effort to sion, much want and privation and misery in our reduce the number. New York is in a class by own city and cities. itself so far as record of accomplishment goes. Ten One of the necessities of this town is a re years ago it had 256,515 dark rooms. Last year it modeling of the noisome tenement house districts, had only 6,222. where not only want and thriftlessness and im Recognizing that privy vaults are a source of moralities and vice prevail, but where a generation such fly-borne diseases as typhoid, many cities have of incompetents is being reared because of vicious armed themselves to swat the fly, but few have surroundings and daily unsatisfied wants that con taken any effective measures to abolish the place duce to crime and vice as a means of gratifying the from which he draws his poison. Several cities ordinary appetites of the human animal. have become alarmed, however, and have made in There are in Pittsburgh sections here and there vestigations, with such discoveries as these: St. that are crowded to a degree that is unimaginable Louisfinds tha t it has 20,000 vaults; Philadelphia, until one visits them and enters the noisome habi 39,078; Minneapolis, 17,000; Grand Rapids, 4,400; tations where men, women and children huddle for Columbus, 1,800; Detroit, 5,800; Cleveland, 2,835. shelter. As many as nine families living in two A city awakened to a peril nearly always sets rooms has been discovered by inspectors of the to work to remove that peril. Toronto which had Civic Club and by the Tenement house inspectors 17,181 vaults in 1912, abolished 12,291 within two of this city. In a city of the wealth and generosity years. Philadelphia abolished an even greater num of Pittsburgh this is disgraceful, and should not be ber. St. Louis and Minneapolis, while agitated, permitted to continue; because there is no need for have no records to show what they have accom it! Ground is cheap in certain parts of the city, plished. Grand Rapids removed about 1,000 last and model tenements could and should be erected. year; Cleveland, 494; Detroit, 213; Columbus, 642. Even in some of the places where these dreadful New York'sfigures refe r only to tenement houses. conditions exist, the land could be made more profit Ten years ago it had 7,000 vaults; now it has only able to the owners if substantial model tenements 194 in its four largest boroughs. were erected on it than it is now, except for pur Thesefigures ar e indicative of the ignorance of poses of vice and crime to fester and pollute the our cities on matters that affect them vitally. They neighborhood and the community. do not know how many houses they contain which It is not unknown, either, that some of the are unfit for human habitation, though they are owners of these places are reputedly respectable beginning to enumerate those which constitute a members of society, hold high positions in the fire hazard. They do not know how many inhabited churches and Sunday schools, and even in the busi cellar and underground living rooms they contain. ness circles of the city. Exposure of them to the They do not know whether their supply of housing righteous indignation of the community is forbid is adequate. They do not know the number of their den by the iniquitous libel law of the Common tenement houses, nor how fast this number is grow wealth, which, ever since it was enacted, and much ing. Yet it is acknowledged that the tenement more so since it was amended, has been and is in house is in itself a menace. conspiracy with every boodler, respectable criminal During the past five years there has been a and panderer to vice and abomination in the State. housing awakening; of the 65 cities reporting, 25 Pittsburgh is pronounced by men who have THE BUILDER 39 ATLANTIC TERRA COTTA CO., W. F. TRIMBLE & SON, GOLDEN & CRICK, Fulton Bldg., 719 Penn Ave., Contractors, 3512 Fifth Avenue, Bell 2507 Grant. Pittsburgh. Bell 3280 Cedar. Pittsburgh. Bell Schenley 7 Pittsburgh. PATTERSON & SHAW, WILSON CABINET CO., LYTLE-CAMPBELL CO., General Contractors, Hard Wood Interior, Contractors, 30 E. Reliance St., 2603 Penn Ave., 1007 Forbes St., Bell 443 Cedar. Pittsburgh, Pa. Grant 133. Pittsburgh, Pa. Grant 844 Pittsburgh. JOHN H. TRIMBLE & BRO., H. R. WALTER LUMBER CO. S. G. BALDENSPERGER, Contractors, Fine Hardwoods and Mill Work. Contractor. 2022 Chateau St., Fayette and Manhattan Sts. Highland Building, Bell 3125 Cedar Pittsburgh, Pa. Cedar 4063. N. S., Pittsburgh, Pa. 3537 Highland, Pittsburgh. C. S. RADCLIFFE WM. T. McKISSOCK DAVID T. RIFLE, Conract Plasterer Sanitary Plumbing Contractor, 1409 Mutual St. 208 West Park Way Keenan Building, B 496 J Victor Pittsburgh Bell 1896 Cedar N. S., Pittsburgh Grant 763. Pittsburgh. RASNER & DINGER WATT MANUFACTURING CO., ANDREW RICHMOND & SON Copper Work, Ornamental Doors, Contractor, 200 Ferry Street Robinson & Darrah Sts., 541 Wood St., Bell 529 Court Pittsburgh. Bell Cedar 2374. Pittsburgh. Bell Grant 3723. Pittsburgh. given much of their lives to an amelioration of the As a first step, we would suggest that the in harsh conditions and the mitigation of oppressions spectors of the Bureau of Buildings should be au laid on the poor, to have more abominations in its thorized to condemn, subject to judicial review, old tenement house sections that are not discoverable barracks where are congregated those who lead in New York. This is a charge that should not be vicious lives, or where owners seek to make illicit allowed to stand any longer than it would require profit on their property by renting them out to to abate these conditions. It should be taken up several families. There should be a rigorous penal for correction by the city council. ty attached to sub-letting tenements. y*%r*Xr*$,i*iilri^^ ? — ** i * * * * * SAMUEL HOLMES 1 * X yf * * * * * Cut Stone and Masonry * Cypress Street & P. R. R. i * *+ * *+ i * *+ HILAND 7705 PITTSBURGH, PA. * *+ , 1 * |.^+^*^^**;-K*7i»«*JH'*4«*5^«***5H N»*4^W7«?HM«** *J * *4«*7K***7r4^H^-*7;-*7!-+7:-*7K*K*!-*-h*7;-*H-***7i-*-!-+1!-*7;i* + * + * + I * * AIKEN & CO. * I * + * + TILE WORK FOR I x* * X FINE RESIDENCES * * I * * CENTURY BUILDING | * * * The Natatorium electric sign is the most prominent in * -f i * Pittsburgh, each letter, eight feet high, towering 242 feet PITTSBURGH, PA. above the street. The Pittsburgh Natatorium is the finest* institution of its kind in the world and enjoys a patronage * ^*7»7H+7!-*ft7+-!:+n-*-;-*-:7+-:t*-:7*7H+H7*!7*H7+^7+7K+ftT*7!7+7K+1* ++++++*++++++++++++++++++++++++++* of over 150,000 men and women annually. A Turkis+ ++*++*+h bath * + with night's lodging costs only $1. A swim in the big pool * J or tub bath, 25 cents. Only ladies are admitted Thursday. X s * * 40 THE BUILDER *yf*^f*-\7*-:^-:t*-::*-[^-t*y-*^f*y,i*yf' Of * * i yf * yf 1 + I * + iii * yf * * yf I i * 1 DOORWAY DOLLAR SAVINGS & TRUST COMPANY BUILT BY 1 DAVID T. RIFFLE KEENAN BUILDING i PITTSBURGH, PA. &4*4*l*4*+3^'fc^ THEBUILDER 41 * + ! * ± * ± I SAMUEL HOLMES I J i Cut Stone + +* + * * x* * + + * and * * * |* MasonrITlfcLMMIiyy *| 4- X X t * x I t * i* Cypress Street & P. R. R. I * * * PITTSBURGH, PA. 1* ! + ! HI LAND 7705 I A * x t t t ?++++++*++++++++*++++++++++++••+ ••••••+•+•••*•+•*•++•+******************************** 42 THE BUILDER ;^r*:*:7**4*H7*^i^K^ ftK^^i^K***^**^^ _^ WARM AIR Theman f Natural Gas Furnace The New Model Theman Gas Furnace is our Latest Construction * yf Over 15 years of actual experience in building I Gas Furnaces and ex t* yf perimenting with Natur I al Gas. * * Why it is better than a cheap furnace. 1st. Supplied with the latest Scientific Gas Appliances. SEND FOR *' 2nd. No odor of burnt gases. 3rd. More radiating surface in ourfire pots. CATALOG I 4th. Larger radiating surface in our Radiators. 5th. More heat out of the gases used than any other furnace. I 6th. A Furnace that will last longer than any other. Why? 7th. We dry up the moisture before it passes over the sheet steel. (New.) 8th. Our cast iron fuel pans filled with potters stills gives you an increased heat 1 ing capacity which is not found in any other furnace. (New.) 9th. Top and bottom of Radiators cast iron. Do you find this on the other ¥ makes? (No.) 10th. It is supplied with a Theman Moisture-Proof Ventilating Check. (New.) 11th. Does not heat up the chimney. I 12th. A Special Air Conduit under burners. (New Feature.) 13th. It will heat 8 rooms at less than 2 Vz cents per hour. * 14th. Regulates gas and air flow by moving valve. (New.) |- 15th. The Theman furnace is the foundation of good heating. "; 16th. Select a heater with a good reputation for economy, durability, easy | management, and the manufacturer with a reputation for making good furnaces. §17th. When properly installed it is the best asset about the house. 18th. Who will guarantee a sheet steel gas furnace to last for 5 years or more. 1 THE GRAFF COMPANY I 945 LIBERTY AVENUE I PITTSBURGH, PA. THE BUILDER 43 :f -:--:-:-;-:~:-:--:-.-:--:-:-:-7:-;~:~!- :-;-i-:-;--:-:-:--:-f-:-:-:- Alquipco Ventilating 7b Alquipco Ventilating Oi Roll Awning % Roll Awning oi Appearance m (Truemper Patent) In neatness and style the ALQUIPCO AWNING is DRAWING SHOWS HALF EXTENDED POSITION exceptionally appealing. To fit an office building, apartment house or residence with ALQUIPCO Secure AWNINGS is to add to the structure's beauty. Rope Spool •* There are no slouchy, sloppy, bagging hoods when raised; instead a trim, compact roll nestled against Single Cord Easy Pull the window top. The pull is an easy one and quick ly made by the aid of a single cord. There is no tilting or lop-sided adjustment; no catch-basins No Wings No Flapping for rajn or (Just; no sagging or warping of wooden fixtures; no unsightly center cross bar; no wish- Novel Lock ing Device washy spring roller; no cannonading during a stiff K wind. Adjustable lo Any Posilion Utility •4 The ALQUIPCO AWNING is as simple to install and take down as a window shade. It can be left in place all the year round as the compact roll pro- Fixtures nol compiled tects the webbing and the snugness of the raised awning lends finish to the the plain window style. The many adjustments permit maximum shade, | maximum protection, maximum ventilation, and a maximum amount of light. The Truemper Patent 1 can be locked to force cool fresh air into the room; readjusted and locked to form a ventilating, I tightly drawn curtain over the entire window; and reset to drop to any position from the very 1 top to the very bottom of the window. 1 Cost | Compared to the balloon awning the ALQUIPCO AWNING is cheaper. It wears from three to five times as long, costs but one-fifth as much to put up and take down, and saves window frames by the use of permanent fixtures. As for the price, it is within the reach of everyone looking for beauty, style, comfort, convenience and real service. DISTRIBUTORS A. MAMAUX & SON AWNINGS, TENTS, FLAGS, CANOPY AND CRASH I 644 PENN AVENUE, PITTSBURGH, PA. 44 THEBUILDER ******** ++4^*++++***^+*+*+**+++*++*+*****'<^++++*****^*++*********++**++++X 4 * * THE BUILDER 45 Bell Phone 3761 Cedar Bell 1774 G ant. P. & A. 1774 Main. PITTSBURGH FINISH & STAIR CO. The Carter Electric Co. Mill, Stair and Cabinet ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS Work, Turning and Carving tsas^Wg^ Electrical Construction Work of all Des criptions OLIVER BUILDING 122S Pennsylvania Avenue North Side, Pittsburgh, Pa. PITTSBURGH, PA. 1 ROBERT W. ARDARY JOHN G. BURNS HENRY SHENK Ardary-Burns Co. CONTRACTORS FOR COMPANY HEAVY and GENERAL HAULING Contractors and Builders TEAMS FOR HIRE LIBERTY AVE. and 31st ST. PITTSBURGH, PA. Telephones: P. & A. 103 Lawrence—Bell 103 Fisk. CENTURY BUILDING PITTSBURGH •* i- ESTABLISHED 1842 W. N. Kratzer & Co. PITTSBURGH IRON & WIRE WORKS Manufacturers STRUCTURAL STEEL TAYLOR & DEAN FIRE ESCAPES FIRE PROOF PORCHES and STEEL CONSTRUCTION. ELEVATOR CABS BANK and OFFICE RAILING Buildings, Roof Trusses, Girders, Columns, SrC. ELEVATOR ENCLOSURES BUILDERS IRON WORK WROUGHT IRON FENCES and PORCH RAILING StructuralShapes in stock ARTISTIC GRILL WORK IN BRASS, BRONZE OR IRON for hurry orders General Office and Works. Penn Ave. and 25th St. PITTSBURGH, PA. 32I2'50 Smallman St. PITTSBURGH, PJt. Bell Telephone 817 Grant P. & A. Telephone 3094 Main RUDY BROS. CO. SANKEY BROTHERS MANUFACTURERS OF DESIGNERS AND ALL GRADES OF WORKERS IN GLASS- STAINED, MOSAIC RED BRICK AND LEADED. :: :: :: OFFICE: 2112 CARSON STREET, SOUTH SIDE, HIGHLAND AND CENTER AVENUES, PITTSBU RGH E. E. PITTSBURGH, PA. BOTH PHONES 46 THE BUILDER QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQitit**iiit*itiX-CtitiititiTitiiititit*^ H •&ft-Ct-ti-Cr&-lrtrCttt-ri--Ct-!ltttt S ftJ H i 1 I* tt C. W. GOERLITZ F. F. SCHELLENBERG, C. E. * * ft! H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HH ti i, * 9- H H iiH H n s $ H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H p. p. ^etyeWeyberty* 3 H H 3 3 H H H H H H H H H H H H it H H apd Company H H H H 11 H H H H H H H H HHtt H H H H H 11H H || I! CONSTRUCTING !( f i tt H H 3 a il i ENGINEERS %H H H * * H H H H BELL PHONE GRANT 1032 * H Oliver Building PITTSBURGH H H H H H H H H X ? H - 3 a H *^*-Critititiiitiiitititit*ii-ititit-{titi^^ g irliirtriiirtrliirtrirbi^^ H THE BUILDER 47 Just Around The Corner LOUIS B. TITZEL From The Painter HARD WOOD WHITE HOUSE FINISHER No. 30 East Robinson Street North Side PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA Residence Bell Telephone 21 Glenshaw Washington, D. C. On direct car line to Union Station and all other The Graff Company parts of Washington. Close to all leading theatres and the business district. 100 Rooms NEWLY FURNISHED, 50 Baths. MANTELS anJ TILING American Plan $3.00 per day and up. Write for illustrated booklet with map. 945 Liberty Street, CLIFFORD M. LEWIS, Prop. PITTSBURGH,PA •••»»»• » • » • • w ••••••••••••J E. KENNEWEC Kittanning Brick & Fire Clay Compahy R. H. ELLIOTT = AND = Martin Brick Company MANUFACTURERS OF Twin City Art Glass Works HIGH GRADE GRAY, BUFF, MOTTLED AND RED BRICK. Corner SANDUSKY and ROBINSON Streets P. & A. PHONE 515 NORTH N. S. PITTSBURGH, PA. Umpire Building PITTSBURGH, PA. . BELL PHONE 334--R CCDAK W. W. MILLER P. tfe A. TELEPHONE 757 W. H. KNODELL General Contractor Copper Work & Skylights 540 WINEBIDDLE AVENUE, E. E. 510 East Diamond Street PITTSBURGH N. S. PITTSBURGH, PA. THE B U I L D E R Bell Phone Brady 35S. P. & A. Phone Chester 68. ARE YOU BUILDING A HOME? IF SO BRUGKMAN LUMBER GO. We would be pleased to show you a line DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF of SARGENT & CO'S ARTISTIC HARD Building and Hardwood Lumber, Mill Work WARE, and quote Yards ; West Market Street and Preble Avenue prices which will be Office : Preble Avenue near Island Avenue attractive. N. S. PITTSBURGH, PA. STEINER & VOEGTLY HARDWARE CO. 230=234 DIAMOND STREET _^__=^____—___ LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE, FISK 90 BARTLEY-KENNEDY CO. VILSACK, MARTIN & COMPANY Ornamental Iron and Wire Works, ENGINEERING, HEAT= ING AND VENTILATING Iron Stairs and Railing, Fire Proof Porches and Escapes, Fencing and Entrance Gates. Work of Every Descrip tion for General Contractors and Builders. 224 THIRD AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. 3222 TO 3238 PENN AVENUE PITTSBURG, PA- Bailey Farrell Bell 'Phone 3976-J Cedar Manufacturing Co. James G. Stedeford A Specialty Repairing Clocks BATH ROOM FIXTURES of other days. 403 Federal Street, Corner Stockton Avenue Third Ave. and Ross St., N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa. PITTSBURGH, PA. W. H. HOfTMANN TELEPHONES : Bell, 1353 Court—P. & A. 2292 Main RODGERS SAND COMPANY Decorator DEALERS AND SHIPPERS OF ALL KINDS OF SAND AND GRAVEL FARMERS BANK BUILDING BY BOAT, RAIL OR WAGON PITTSBURGH. 123 Water Street PITTSBURGH, PA. THE BUILDER 49 ******4-*4^*4-******^**4-************************4-*^ A LIST OF BUILDINGS IN WHICH THE PLUMBING WAS INSTALLED BY + GEO. H. SOFFEL COMPANY, Plumbing and Drainage Contractors,* Phone: Bell 1860 Court 425 SECOND AVENUE, PITTSBURGH, PA. P.& A. 422 Main + OFFICE BUILDINGS Western Theological Seminary RAILROAD DEPOTS + H, W, Oliver Building Pennsylvania College for Women Wabash Depot, Pittsburgh. Pa. * Bessemer Building: Kindergarten Building—Blind Institute P. & L. E. Depot. Pittsburgh, Pa. Fulton Building Winchester School P. R. R. Steubenville Pass. Station +* Curry Building Franklin School P. & L. E. R. R. Shops, McKees Rocks Jones & Laughlin Building Lee School P. & L, E. R. R. Depot, Woodlawn, Pa, * Berger Building Beechview School P. & L. E. R, R, Depot, Aliquippa, Pa. * McCague Building Morse School P. & L. E. R. R. Depot, Monaca, Pa. German Fire Insurance Building Bane School CHURCHES * Pressed Steel Car Company Building, McKees Brashear School Third U. P. Church * Rocks, Pa, Chartiers Township School Church of the Ascension Peoples Bank Building, McKeespoit, Pa. Bon Air School Tree of Life Synagogue * Ben Franklin Insurance Co, Building University of Michigan, Hill Memorial Gates of Wisdom Synagogue House Building Addition Hutchison Central High School, Buffalo Grace Memorial Church Park Building—Remodeling PARKS First Baptist Church x Dime Savings Bank Building, Detroit West View Park HOSPITALS . Leader-News Building, Cleveland Coney Island Park Presbyterian Hospital * Quinby Block, Cleveland WAREHOUSES AND POWER BUILDINGS South Side Hospital + East Pittsbugli Savings and Trust Co. Build Best Manufacturing Co., at Oakmont, Pa, Montefiore Hospital 1 ing, East Pittsburgh, Pa. Pittsburgh Terminal (48) Warehouses St. Joseph's Hospital * W. G. Hawkins Building Phipps Power House HOTELS + Stambaugh Building Addition, Youngstown, Phipps Manufacturers Building Statler Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio * Ohio. Meyer-Jonasson Building & L. E. R. R. Fort Pitt Hotel Addition PUBLIC BUILDINGS Speer Building Schenley Hotel—Remodeling + Allegheny County Home Dormitory Packard Motor Car Co. Garage Collins Hotel. Woodlawn, Pa, *+ Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial E. J. Thompson Garage Kelly Hotel U. S. Postoffice, "Wheeling, W. Va. MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS * Pittsburgh Taxicab Co. Garage Tur- U. S. Postoffice, "Wilkinsburg, Pa. Power House, Brunots Island, F German Club + U. S. Postoffice, Uptown, Pittsburgh Point Building Pittsburgh Athletic Association Alterations to Allegheny County Court House West Penn Paper Co, Building Christian Home for Working Girls *+ SCHOOL BUILDINGS Kelly Drug Co. Warehouse Kipp Land Co. Apartments + Carnegie Technical School Group Atlantic Land Co. Garages Childs Dining Hall Margaret Morrison Building for "Women Westinghouse E. & M. Co. Machine Shop Victor Apartments * Science Building tie Creek. Pa. Byrn Mawr Apartments * Machinery Hall T. C. Fulton Estate Building B. F. Jones, Jr., Residence School of Applied Design Kaufmann Bros, Warehouse, Pittsburgh J. W, Marsh, Residence + University of Pittsburgh Arnfeld Building. Pittsburgh J. M. Russell, Residence **-H-*****4*-HHH********^**********4^**4^****School of Mines Building Regal Shoe Co. Building ^ Twentieth Century Club * School of Engineering Building Kaufmann Bros. Co. 100 Residences for Woodlawn Land Company * School of Medicine Building Devillers Land Co, 100 Residences For John F. Sweeney **************************************************************************************School of Dentistry Building THEATRES 25 Residences for Schenley Farms Company * Gymnasium Building Harris Theatre T. A. McGinley Residence 1 Tenth "Ward School District, Allegheny Victoria Theatre E. A, Woods Residence *+ 1 Beltzhoover School District Liberty Theatre Goettman's Mammoth Restaurant X+ * JL. * X+ t BELL 3148 GRANT % * X * * * PHOTOGRAPHS ! AND CRAFT* ARTS + + TO I HESS PHOTOGRAPHING COMPANY 212 OLIVER AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. %++++++**************************************+*******^^ 50 THEBUILDER PHONE 133 GRANT WILSON CABINET CO. INTERIOR FINISH FOR FINE RESIDENCES OFFICE AND BANK FIXTURES 2603 PENN AVENUE J. W. ZWASKA - - MANAGER PITTSBURGH, PA. ','*** MMM HI 11» *** MM > SCHENLEY FARMS THe one restricted property in Pittsburgh making your in vestment secure and Home thoroughly protected. THE SCHENLEY FARMS COMPANY, Phone 3 Grant 1412 FARMERS BANK BUILDING i«MIIII*IIIIIIIHIIIIIIM»W«*W«t*>«M«mH»»Mill»IIM»»MMIHII>t|IU>imilll l .-•: PfttSOIKB" 3a^*3a^*^K»:*»^^ | § /'\ \ ==S H I ---.,'' ,-ft--ft^. ^-,f^titi--. [ K--J-sr\ M x\ /f-ft, % * 5! Aiken & Co »)K*x*x*^*^*^*^^»iei»>^*^<^ei^*sj H ;; Tile Work for Fine Residences ii • ii If $ ii H 1 1 1 .'. *r**X.*X*M^ a a 1 H Century Buildin I i I Schutz, Schreiner & Clyde Co. a >l *im¥f*%*i)t*%f*^^ ig'h Class Residences a ,*X*X*X*X*X*X+%ri+X*X*X+X*X*X*X*X*X^ * * j& Fine Residences ^ I! Thoroughly Experienced in j& Fine Residence Work -^ !! MAY BUILDING PITTSBURGH, PA. is a *%*m%*w^^