“Female Courage” in Prison Literature in Malaysia and the Philippines

International Society of communication and Development among universities www.europeansp.org

Nor Faridah A.M.a*, Farizah J.a, Khamsiah I.b, Che Noraini H.c

aEnglish Language and Literature Department, IIUM, Kuala Lumpur, 53100, Malaysia, bDepartment of Educational Psychology & Counselling, IIUM, Kuala Lumpur, 53100, Malaysia, cDepartment of Curriculum & Instruction, IIUM, Kuala Lumpur, 53100, Malaysia

Abstract

Purpose: This study examines selected prison literary writings by women prisoners in Malaysia and the Philippines on “female courage” as a means to protect them against abuse. Design: This study uses qualitative approach in which content analysis of selected writings by women prisoners in Malaysia and the Philippines as well as examining literature reviews on gender and psychology of courage to help understand the use of courage in safeguarding female body and female integrity. Methods: Eight short narratives by women prisoners in Malaysia and the Philippines are analyzed based on how they or their female protagonists assert their courage as a way to protect themselves against abuse. Where available, selected women prison writers are interviewed to explain further their coping mechanism and also how writing creatively has helped them remain strong and positive while waiting for their release. Findings: Findings on impact of gender and psychology of courage in prison women’s writing will help affirm that courage in women is necessary and can be taught. This will help other women to cope in the face of abuse. Conclusion: There is a need to relook at ways to instill courage in women prisoners so that their mental health is well- taken of.

Keywords: Southeast Asian women’s prison literature; female courage; positive psychology;

1. Introduction

Prison literature or prison writing by women prisoners in Southeast Asia is still understudied and rare. This could be due to many reasons of which one is possibly due to the low percentage of women in imprisonment. The gender divide in prison is significant. According to a report by Penal Reform International on Global Prison Trends 2015, about 6.5 per cent of the world’s prisoners are women which is about 2-9 per cent of the total prison population (Rob Allen, 2015).Where Southeast Asian prisons are concerned, the Philippines (8.6%) and Malaysia (7.4%) are

Downloaded from rcppb.europeansp.org at 7:14 +0330 on Monday October 4th 2021 among the prisons which have the world’s average percentage of women prison population (2-9%) with the highest being Myanmar (16.3%), Vietnam 14.4%), Laos (10.5%), Thailand (14.3%), Singapore (9.9%) and Indonesia (5.1%) (World Prison Brief, 2014). The focus of this paper is on doing a study on “female courage” as evident in prison literature written by selected women prisoners in women’s prisons in the Philippines and Malaysia (4 writers for each country). It will explore

* Corresponding author.

© 2016 The Authors. Published by European Science publishing Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of European Science publishing Ltd. 2 Nor Faridah A.M.a1, Farizah J.a, Khamsiah I.b, Che Noraini H.c / 00 (2016) 000–000

how courage in women is used as a defence mechanism to protect them from physical, emotional or even spiritual abuse. The study would overlap between gender studies and positive psychology using literary texts and creative writings as points of entry to analyse the importance of “female courage” in women under threat. Tissington (2010), a chartered psychologist specialising in the study of emergency decision-making and crisis management, points out that courage or bravery is “the management of fear. There is no one personality type that you see who is brave. We cannot predict who is going to be brave and who is not.” However, in a recent finding by Biswas-Diener (2012), women were found to be braver than men. He made this conclusion through an experiment he did by offering cash prize for courage. The largest nominations made were of women and this broke the myth that courage was a masculine trait. Common accounts of “female courage” were women keeping strong as they battled with cancer or other terminal illness or women in high positions in male dominated industries or women “sticking up for their children.” The most remarkable act for Biswas-Diener (which also was the winner of his courage cash prize) was of “a woman who jumped off a cliff to save a friend drowning in a river below, breaking her own bones in the process.” (2012). In another study by Becker & Eagly (2004), it was found that heroism in the past, was measured based on gendered role which favoured men more. This is affirmed by Wood & Eagly (2002) who point out that: ...because men are more likely than women to occupy social roles that require taking actions entailing risk to one’s life (e.g., warrior, fire fighter), men are imputed to have the role-consistent characteristic of propensity to take risks. Men’s occupancy of these roles derives primarily from their greater physical prowess and the restrictions that women’s reproductive activities place on women’s activities in many environments. (p. 165) The number of women participating in public domains has increased over time and new theories and new ways emerge to measure courage in women. Apart from Biswar-Diener, Becker & Eagly (2004) have used data from “situations in which people voluntarily exposed themselves to life-or injury-threatening dangers in attempting to help others avoid some calamity.” (p. 167) It is this gender difference in defining ‘courage’ especially in women which this paper is concerned with.

2. Method

This study uses eight short narratives/short stories written by women prisoners in Malaysia and the Philippines. They will be analysed based on how the women writers or their female protagonists assert their courage as a way to protect themselves against abuse or help them make a decision for their own benefit. Where available, selected women prison writers are interviewed to explain further their coping mechanism and also how writing creatively has helped them remain strong and positive while waiting for their release. The study also relies much on positive psychology findings on research on courage especially among women.

2.1 Sample

The sample of writings by women prisoners in the Philippines come from a book written by a political prisoner woman writer, Angie Ipong (2012) who also documented the stories of other prison mates including women Downloaded from rcppb.europeansp.org at 7:14 +0330 on Monday October 4th 2021 prisoners incarcerated for drugs, theft and murder. The Malaysian sample writings come from an anthology of 17 short stories by women prisoners written in 2014 (the book is in the process of being published this year) which were the outcomes of a 4-month faith-based creative writing program, designed for a group of women prisoners in Malaysia. This study will only focus on stories on courage by the prison women writers. The stories are as follows:

The Philippines There are four short narratives documented by Ipong (2012) of her female inmates: i) “The story of Badette” (pp. 64-5) ii) “My-My” (pp. 65-7) iii) “Ligaya’s story” (pp.68-70)

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iv) “Zinang and the accidental teacher” (pp.71-6)

Malaysia On the other hand, the four titles of short stories of woman prisoners from Malaysia are as follows (titles are translated to English from Malay): i) “End of suffering” (pp.7-11) ii) “Enlightened” (pp.69-75) iii) “Human Nature” (pp.110-21) iv) “Faith” (pp.122-6)

Interviews with the four Malaysian women prison writers with regard to their short stories were done and will be incorporated in the discussions. However, we were not able to get in touch with any of the Filipino prison writers despite requesting for a communication with Ipong from the book publisher.

2.2 Data collection

A group of 34 students enrolled in a 4-month creative writing class conducted by us. The classes which were held once a week for three hours over the period of four months in 2014. The approach used was transdisciplinary, incorporating psychology/counselling, literature and spiritual discourses. The prison students who came from diverse backgrounds and different levels of education were given equal treatment and exposure in this creative writing program. They were taught how to write short stories, how to manage themselves emotionally and spiritually, allowing them to express their hopes and fears. The stories may not be about their experiences per se but their thoughts and emotions were moulded in their stories.

2.3 Data Analysis

Theories and methods found by Positive psychologists on courage are used as a framework when analysing show of courage in the personality or writings of Filipino and Malaysian women prisoners. Gregoire (2013) points out in her article “The science of conquering your fears – and living a more courageous life” that it is important to understand what courage is in order for us to “cultivate the ability to face our fear and make decisions with greater fortitude.” She also brings it to our attention of a recent finding by neuroscientists of how courage works in the brain. There is a region called the subgenual anterior cingulate cirtex (sgACC) which is found to be the driving force behind courageous acts. In an article by Goldstein et al (2010), it is pointed out that sex differences in stress response circuitry activation are dependent on female hormonal cycle which means that women have natural hormonal capacity to regulate the stress response. The evidence of “female courage” found in selected prison literary texts will be used to explain why “female Downloaded from rcppb.europeansp.org at 7:14 +0330 on Monday October 4th 2021 courage” is important as a means of self-defence for women facing abuse and to point out that “female courage” can also be taught.

3. Findings and Discussion

It is important to define what “courage” is before a whole discourse on it with regard to women prisoners is examined. Becker & Eagly (2004) believe that “courage” needs both risk taking and service to a socially valued goal to yield that courageous status. They point out that it is for this reason that people “who take risks for pleasure or to attract attention, as in extreme sports, are not deemed heroic, nor are people who served valued social goals without risk to their own life or health, as in community volunteering.” (p.164). Pury et al (2007) point out that there are distinctions between general and personal courage which include psychological courage, physical courage and moral

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courage. They define psychological courage as action taken despite risks to one’s psychological well-being. Physical courage, on the other hand, refers to action taken in the face of physical risk and finally, moral courage is seen as maintaining authenticity and integrity in the face of risk.

3.1 The Six Ways To Be Courageous

Brown (2012) highlights that there are six ways to lose grip of fear and that fear and courage as well as stress go hand in hand. It is important to identify the six ways of losing grip of fear to be courageous. In her book Daring Greatly (2012), Brown outlines the following as ways to be courageous: i) Be vulnerable – to conquer fear, one must accept that vulnerability is part of life. We must not be afraid to confront failure and criticism. ii) Acknowledge our fear – we must understand our own anxiety, limitation and work through them iii) Expose ourselves to what we fear – we must force ourselves repeatedly to face what we are afraid of. iv) Think positive – practise visualization and positive self-affirmation v) Manage our stress – exercise and meditate because these can lower stress levels and reduce feelings of depression and anxiety vi) Practise courageous act – courage can be developed by repeatedly practising acts of bravery

3.2 The Filipino writers, texts and female courage

The four narratives from the Philippines show clear testimonies of “female courage” in the form of physical, psychological and moral frameworks. Badette, My-My, Ligaya and Zinang are all women prisoners in a Filipino women’s prison. They are all incarcerated for drugs, murder and theft and their stories are related by Angie Ipong, a former political prisoner who was released after spending six years in the prison for her human rights activities. She was held captive for six years without any charge. Like Ipong, the other women who are given voice by Ipong are equally courageous as they pluck their courage to survive in the prison. Badette has to conquer shame to feed her infant who is under the care of a recently released fellow female inmate. Her own family (her husband and in-laws) has rejected her. Badette sets up a store inside the jail and sells snacks. Prison money is not much and naturally this is not enough to pay for her baby’s daily needs. It is found out that Badette has to prostitute herself to a married guard who volunteers to buy goods from her store, bring the milk and other things for her baby. She was caught kissing passionately the guard and soon news travelled. Badette has to be brave and brushes off shame and accepts her vulnerability. ”I have no other way. He is the one who could provide for my needs, so what can I do?” she told Ipong (p.65) My-My comes from a poor family background and was working as a maid when her employer made indecent advances on her while she was holding his baby. In her attempt to safeguard her integrity, the baby she held slipped and fell on the floor and died. She was accused of murder and has been in jail for over six years with no visitor since her family is poor and cannot afford to travel and visit her. My-My has paid a high price for her moral courage but Downloaded from rcppb.europeansp.org at 7:14 +0330 on Monday October 4th 2021 perhaps the prison will give her opportunity to learn skills. Perhaps like Ligaya who was under-age when she was incarcerated, the prison is a better home since there, she could eat three times a day and she has inmates who would not bully her like her stepbrother and stepsister (the reason why she left home and started stealing to survive). Ligaya does not want to fight fate. She accepts her vulnerability and thinks positive of life in prison. Like My-My, she too will learn skills and may not have to steal any more when she is released from her imprisonment. Zinang is a Malaysian who fell into bad company (a blind beggar) and was deceived to travel back to her old village to help the blind beggar bring back his guide. She and her friend ended up being slaves (in the form of the beggar’s guide) to the blind beggar.However, Zinag’s friend managed to run away and Zinang remained helpless since she was illiterate and did not know where to escape. When she came off age, the beggar started to sexually abuse her. She tried to leave but would be forced to return because she did not know where to go. They gradually married and has two children together. But the beggar was also a gambler. Zinang went to make other friends who

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were drug users and one day she was made a drug mule by one of the men and she was caught by the police and went to jail. At first, she was bitter of her fate but like the rest of the women prisoners, she learnt to accept her reality and took full advantage of it: Despite everything, it is ironic that it was in prison that many good things happened to me. It was here in jail that I learned to write my name. I used to be illiterate, but now I can read and write. Nanay Jean Marata, a political prisoner, taught me. She had such patience and good-will teaching me the ABCs. But it is not only the ABC that I learned. I became literate about many things. I am thankful that during these years in prison I found some good-hearted cellmates, especially the political prisoner who tried to help me cope with and solve problems. Slowly, I am able to sum up all the things that have happened in my life. I have learned to make proper judgments, to plan my future. Hopefully, when I reach the next chapter of my life, I shall have learned enough to be able to face life’s realities with an open mind and heart. (p.75) It seems that positive psychology works wonder these women prisoners without them knowing that it is their positive thinking which helps them cope with their adversities. The earlier discussion on gendered courage is affirmed through these narratives and it is very important for communities inside the prison as well as outside it to recognise the women prisoners’ struggles to ensure their well-being especially their mental wellness is taken care of.

3.3. Malaysia women’s prison literature and faith-based creative programme

The team designed a 4-month faith-based creative writing programme for a group of 34 women prisoners (however, only 17 remained towards the end of the programme since some were transferred to other prisons and some were released). The module was transdisciplinary in which we integrated lessons on psychology and counselling, spirituality and literature (short story). We met every Friday for 3 hours, alternating subjects on psychology/counselling and spirituality with literature and creative writing as a constant subject throughout the 4 months (each of us took 1.5 hours to focus on our teaching subject but they were all interconnected e.g if the spirituality class looked at patience as a virtue, the creative writing class would write on patience as a value).In an article by Khamsiah Ismail et al (2015) entitled “Effects of group therapy on female inmates’ self-belief and psychological well-being: A case study at Malaysian women’s prison”, they point out that there is a significant improvement in the overall psychological well-being in all women prisoners in the faith-based creative writing programme after participating in the group therapy. There is also a decrease in their levels of depression and stress compared to before participating in the programme. It enhances their self-belief especially their self-efficacy and spiritual wellness (p. 11). These findings are also reflected in their short stories. They have shown a remarkable shift from not knowing how to write even a sentence (in some of them) to producing a high-level and quality short story within a short span of time (the anthology will be published soon). The four short stories chosen for discussion here demonstrate confidence and a sense of direction where the protagonist wants to do or where she wants to go. All of the protagonists are female characters who hold high-position in the corporate world, others are graduates and businesswoman. Hanna Sufi (pseudonym) in her short story entitled “The end of suffering” depicts a young adult Downloaded from rcppb.europeansp.org at 7:14 +0330 on Monday October 4th 2021 who feels emotionally abandoned by her busy parents. However, she turns to prayers and meditation as a way to cope with her sense of lack. One day as she prays aloud and expresses her bitterness being neglected by her parents since young. She wishes to be a mirror so that her parents would look at her before going to work. She is bitter and yet, continues to pray for her parents’ well-being. Without her realising it, her mother overhears her loud prayers and since then, makes an extra effort to spend time with her only daughter. Such show of spiritual courage would give hope to other young readers who may go through similar experiences living in a rat race world. In an interview with the writer (2014), Hanna Sufi expresses her belief in the importance of providing support for women in general. She feels that women are marginalised and it is necessary to give them hope and inspiration. For her the faith-based creative writing programme has given a boost to her confidence and empowered her. She has persuaded her other inmates to join the programme. Emila Amanda’s “Enlightened” speaks of a family feud over land rights which goes to the ungrateful son who

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chases his own parents and the rightful heir from the family home. The female protagonist and her family choose to be patient than be confrontational and they start rebuilding their life from scratches. Her mother’s little stall help pay the bill and her father’s off jobs do not send them begging on the streets. The protagonist does well at school and gets a government’s scholarship to study medicine in Russia. As argued by Woolston (2016), forgiveness is a virtue and it takes a lot of courage to forgive (the emphasis is ours): In fact, one pioneer of positive psychology, Harvard psychiatrist George Vaillant, notes that psychiatric texts tend to focus solely on mental disease. Quoted in Harvard Magazine, Vaillant points out that one leading psychiatric textbook "has 500,000 lines of text [with] thousands of lines on anxiety and depression, and hundreds of lines on terror, shame, guilt, anger, and fear. But there are only five lines on hope, one line on joy, and not a single line on compassion, forgiveness, or love." But all that's changing. In recent years, experts have begun to focus attention on the helpful and healthy traits of the mind, rather than its problems. This emerging field, called positive psychology, was officially launched in 1998. Since then, it's led to new insights into the ways we think and live and how to nurture our healthiest attributes. We're all capable of good feelings -- we just need to learn how to find them within ourselves. Tinta Hani’s “Nature” is a story on woman’s empowerment. Sarah is a computer engineer who is ambitious and knows what she wants. As a Muslim woman, there are usually certain cultural expectations placed on a woman. Marriage is often seen as a priority by the elderly and Sarah is already engaged to be married to Azrul. It is not clear if the marriage is arranged or a love-match. It looks like it is the latter but Sarah gets bored easily and one day, she tells her fiancé that she is calling off the wedding because she prioritise her career and that she is still young and not ready to give up her freedom to a man, a marriage. She continues to do well in her career and solving a lot of crises at work. She meets Hamdan who through a crisis solved by Sarah gives her his respect. They fall in love but Sarah is being stalked by a friend of her ex-fiance who may be a secret admirer (possibly a psychopath) and she is kidnapped and harassed by Lan who thinks he needs to save Sarah from Hamdan (“he is a stranger you just met”). In this crisis and high drama, Sarah remains calms but courageous enough to reach out and call Hamdan on her handphone. Hamdan coaxes the kidnapper (who is known to Sarah) to send Sarah back to safety which Lan does. Perhaps the plot is weak (for a novice writing for the first time, we think this is such an achievement) but the confidence of Sarah is real. Fear is not an option for this lady. It is there but it does not paralyse her to act to save herself. The fact that she is dependent on a man to rescue her is also an acceptance that the quarrel is not with all men but only with bad men who wish to dominate her. In an interview with Tinta Hani (2014), she shares her own feeling of empowerment as a writer. She says that she feels in control when she is writing and for her it is important to encourage women to be strong and not afraid to handle adverse situations. “Faith” by Trisha H is another hopeful story of a woman whose life is wrecked by a divorce from her rich but cheating husband (with her own cousin). Christina has been emotionally and financially dependent on her rich husband but upon his betrayal chooses to hold her integrity intact and leaves him and she warns him that if she does not get the custody of her children, she would see him in court. She starts her life from scratches going into children’s clothes industry with her friend. Their business prospers and Christina becomes rich. She does not remain enemies with her ex-husband and between them raise their children together but separately. She becomes a good Christian and it is her faith in God that makes her feel strong in facing the world. Her message is if God is there for Downloaded from rcppb.europeansp.org at 7:14 +0330 on Monday October 4th 2021 you, no one can make you fall (p. 126). In an interview with Trisha H. (2014), she echoes the sentiment of Tinta Hani who says she feels in control when writing. Trisha H. says writing allows her to shape events and lives as she wishes and also allows her to express her feelings and emotions. She finds it is easier to forgive and let go things which have annoyed her in the past and she feels that having a religion is the best she could have in coping with her current circumstances.

4. Conclusion

Reading stories written by women prisoners truly inspire us. It is amazing to learn of their inner strength and positive state of mind. However, this would not be possible if self-development programmes are not offered by prison authorities in both countries to help these women grow not only emotionally but also spiritually. The “female

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courage” shown by these women in their writings is testimony to earlier discussions and findings offered by positive psychologists who study the psychology of courage. While the natural coping mechanism may be there in women’s physiology, courage can be learnt and can be taught. We strongly recommend that prison curriculum include programmes which will harness on women prisoners expressing themselves (to conquer their fear and practise courage) especially through creative writing or creative art work.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS14-122-0363) from the Ministry of Higher Education. We also wish to thank the Prison Department of Malaysia for facilitating our Creative Writing Programme and research project at the Women’s Prison.

References

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