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2007031467 Ms BM Kruger UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNANCE AND POLITICAL STUDIES Programme Governance and Political Transformation TOPIC: The impact of Western-oriented governance on sub-Sahara States with special reference to South Africa, Botswana and Namibia. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements in respect of the Master’s Degree qualification in Governance and Political Transformation in the Department of Governance and Political Studies in the Facility of the Humanities at the University of the Free State . Name & Surname: Ms Beaula M Kruger Supervisor: Dr. Tania Coetzee Submission date: December 2016 DECLARATION I, Beaula Millicent Kruger, declare that the Master’s Degree thesis is my independent work and that I have not previously submitted it for a qualification at another institution of higher education. I declare that I am aware that the copyright is vested in the University of the Free State. I declare that all royalties as regards to intellectual property that was developed during the course of and/or in connection with the study at the University of the Free State will accrue to the University. Furthermore, I hereby declare that I am aware that the research may only be published with the Dean’s approval. ACKNOWLEDMENTS I would like to acknowledge my support network that walked this long and difficult journey with me; • The Alpha and Omega, my Lord, Jesus Christ who has steadily held my hand throughout my academic journey. Thank you for giving me the strength to complete this project despite the numerous challenges I faced. • My supervisor, Dr. Tania Coetzee, thank you for your patience, motivation, guidance and for the academic and emotional support during this time. In addition, I would like to extend my appreciation to Mrs Cathy De Lange and Mrs Juanita Potgieter, thank you for always going the extra mile. • My friend and mentor, Ms Chantel Kader, thank you for keeping me on straight path and for the endless support you have given me over the years. • My mother, Rosette Kruger- Maine and Gogo Florence Guys; my inner strength comes from you ladies. My sisters, Joyce and Syleen and cousin Eunice Kruger thank you for the love and support. • To all my friends (Kimberley and Bloemfontein), thank you all for your support, love and sacrifices our friendship had to endure over the years, a special thanks to Nomzamo Khoba, Marche Petrus and Lauren-Lisa Bezuidenhout. • My skatebol, I appreciate the unwavering support you have given me and my son, Beau thank you for your understanding when Mommy could not be there. Thank you Mrs Hester Molieleng for your assistance with my son and for the family time you had to sacrifice with your own family to support mine. • Thank you to the Free State government for awarding me with a bursary. DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to all the underprivileged girls and young ladies of South Africa. My academic journey is testament that our circumstances do not determine your future. “Be strong and courageous, do not let this good book depart from your right or left, meditate on it day and night” -Joshua 1: 6-9. To my late father, thank you Ben Kruger for the blessings you spoke over my life before your passing. ABSTRACT Good governance reform policies have swept through sub-Sahara Africa like wildfire over the past two decades (Haruna & Kannae, 2013:493). However, the impact of Western-orientated governance in sub-Sahara Africa has not been universal amongst these African countries. As a result, some sub-Sahara African countries have experienced daunting challenges irrespective of implementing the Western- orientated governance principles. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of Western-orientated governance on sub-Saharan states with special reference to South Africa, Botswana and Namibia. These three sub-Saharan African countries have been identified as some of the most successful countries in terms of implementing Western-orientated governance models. This study evaluates the three countries’ state institutions by utilising good governance principles, namely; accountability, transparency, the rule of law, and public participation as an evaluation tool. The organs of state (also known as the three branches of government) of each state were evaluated and comparisons were drawn where applicable. A qualitative research methodology was used, entailing a literature review of a collection of relevant documents and publications, which enabled the researcher to do content analysis and critical textual review. The study was concluded by making recommendations to sub-Sahara African countries identified in the case study on improving their unique adaptations of Western-orientated governance principles in order to have a more significant impact. Keywords: accountability, good governance, transparency, rule of law, public participation, sub-Sahara African countries, Western-orientated governance principles ABSTRAK Beleide rakende goeie regeerkundebeginsels het gedurende die afgelope twee dekades soos ʼn veldbrand deur sub-Sahara-Afrika getrek (Haruna & Kannae, 2013:493). Die impak van Westers-georiënteerde regeerkunde was egter nie dieselfde in die Afrikalande suid van die Sahara nie. Die gevolg daarvan was dat sommige sub-Sahara-Afrikalande deur reuse uitdagings in die gesig gestaar word, ongeag of Westers-georiënteerde regeerkundebeginsels geïmplementeer is of nie. Die doel van die studie was om die impak van Westers-georiënteerde regeerkunde op sub-Sahara-state, met spesifieke verwysing na Suid-Afrika, Botswana en Namibië, te analiseer. Dié drie sub-Sahara-Afrikalande is geïdentifiseer as van die suksesvolste lande wat betref Westers-georiënteerde regeermodelle. In die studie is die staatsinstellings van die drie genoemde lande geëvalueer aan die hand van goeie regeerkundebeginsels. Staatsinstellings in die drie lande is geëvalueer deur goeie regeerkundebeginsels, naamlik verantwoordbaarheid, deursigtigheid, die oppergesag van die reg en openbare deelname as meetinstrumente te gebruik. Die staatsorgane (ook bekend as die drie vertakkings van die regering) van elke staat is geëvalueer en vergelykings is waar toepaslik getref. ʼn Kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodologie is gebruik en het die volgende behels: ʼn literatuurondersoek van ʼn versameling toepaslike dokumente en publikasies, opgevolg deur ʼn inhoudsanalise en kritiese teksoorsig. Die studie is afgesluit deur aanbevelings aan die sub-Sahara-Afrikastate wat in die gevallestudie geïdentifiseer is, te maak rakende hoe hulle hul unieke aanpassings van Westers-georiënteerde regeerbeginsels kan verbeter sodat dit ʼn meer betekenisvolle impak kan hê. Sleutelwoorde : verantwoordbaarheid, goeie regeerkunde, deursigtigheid, oppergesag van die wet, openbare deelname, sub-Sahara-Afrikastate, Westers- georiënteerde regeerkundebeginsels TABLE OF CONTENTS Page (s) 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction: Governance in Africa………………………………………...… 1 1.2. Analytical and conceptual framework of study: Governance……………… 4 1.2.1 Conceptual Clarification……………………………..………………………… 7 1.3 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………….. 11 1.3.1 Challenges of good governance………….…………………………………… 12 1.4 Research question………………………………..…………………………….. 15 1.5 Aim and objectives of the study……………………….....................………… 16 1.6 Research design and methodology……………………………………………. 17 1.7 Layout of the Chapters………………………………………………………….. 20 1.8 Value of Study and Contribution……………………………………………….. 22 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………..……………………………. 23 2.2 Theoretical perspective of Governance………….…………………..…………… 24 2.3 The origins of Governance Network Theory……………………………..………. 27 2.4 Core assumptions of Governance Network Theory………………………..……. 30 2.5 Dilemmas and critics associated with components of good governance……… 31 2.6 Western Orientated Governance…………………………………………………... 36 2.7 Good Governance in Africa: A new paradigm?................................................. 38 2.8 Four selected Components of Governance………………………………………. 40 2.8.1 Accountability……………………………………………………………...………. 41 2.8.2 Transparency………………………………………..…………………………….. 44 I 2.8.3 Rule of Law…………………………………………………………………….….. 45 2.8.4 Public Participation……………………………………………………………….. 49 2.9 Summary…………………………………………………………………..…………. 54 3. GOVERNANCE IN SUB-SAHARA: OVERVIEW OF SELECTED CASE STUDIES 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…….. 55 3.2 South Africa: Colonialism and Apartheid to the inception of Democracy……... 59 3.2.1 Parliament and the separation of powers…………………………....…………. 64 3.2.2 Implications of Checks and Balances………………………………………..….. 71 3.2.3 South African approach to public participation……………………………..….. 74 3.3 Botswana: unique colonial history…………………………………………….…… 81 3.3.1 Post-colonial State Institutions…………………………………………….…...... 86 3.3.2 Executive branch………………………………………………………………...... 90 3.3.3 Botswana’s Westminster parliamentary system…………………………..…… 92 3.3.4 Inherited British judicial system……………………………………………......... 93 3.3.5 Institutions and Forums for public participation………………………………… 95 3.4 Overview of Namibian history…………………………...………………………….100 3.4.1 Namibian colonial history……………………………………………………….... 101 3.4.2 Separation of Powers and the Executive branch…………………………….. 103 3.4.3 The Legislative branch………………………………………………………….... 104 3.4.4 Namibian Judicial System……………………………………………………….. 106 3.4.5 Political Institutions and Governance Practices……………………………….. 109 3.4.6 Forms of Public Participation in Namibia………………………………..……… 112 3.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………………….. 121 II 4. ANALYSIS
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