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Powpa Marine Strengthening capacity to support Marine Protected Areas PoWPA workshop, 6 December 2011 B. C. Choudhury & K. Sivakumar With contributions from Tim Carruthers Ecosystem services supported by MPA’s Localized threats • Indiscriminate and uncontrolled over fishing and fisheries related impacts • Coastal and marine developmental projects and chronic impacts • Stochastic natural events such as cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, global warming Climate changethreats And related demographic and landuse patterns Positive benefits of protection Restoration and recovery of the marine habitat types and their obligate flora and fauna (e.g. Great Barrier Reef) Restoration of ecological processes and their services (E.g. Gulf of Kutch National Park and Marine Sanctuary in India) Enhanced the livelihood options of local communities using marine resources (e.g. Gulf of Mannar National Park) Marine Protected Areas in the world Source: World Environment Library Marine Protected Areas in India Lothian Gulf of Kachch Halliday Sajnakhali Bhitarkanka Bhitarkanika Gahirmatha Chilika Malvan Coringa Krishna Wandur Pulicat Middle Button Kadalundi North Button Cingue Rani Jhansi Cothbert South Button Galathea Pitti Point Calimere Lohabarrack Marine National Parks Gulf of Mannar North Reef Wildlife Sanctuaries Gulf of Mannar Wildlife Sanctuaries Mangrove Community Reserve South Reef No Conservation Reserves South Reef Coastal and Marine Biosphere Reserves, Ramsar sites & Important Bird Areas in India Sunderbans Bitharkanika Chilka Kolleru Vembanad Point Calimere Asthamudi Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserves Ramsar sites Important Bird Areas Nicobar Courtesy: Birdlife International Existing methodologies to identify MCPAs Global (macro-level) priority setting approaches for biodiversity conservation Biodiversity hotspots Habitat based, e.g., rain forests (Myers, 1988) Major tropical wilderness areas Ecosystem based, e.g., high biodiversity tropical areas (Myers, 1990; Mittermeier, 1990) Mega-diversity countries Country based biodiversity assessment method e.g., B-17 (Mittermeier et al., 1997) Existing micro-level approach for India Available methodology in India •Untawale, 2000 – based on threatened taxa status •Singh et al., 2000 – both on taxa and habitat types – suggested 12 sites along Indian coastline Other options for site Identification • Important Bird Areas (IBAs) – Birdlife International • Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) – Birdlife International • Special Area Conservation (SAC) – EU’s Habitat Directive • Marine Eco-regions – WWF & Nature Conservancy & • Important Coastal & Marine Biodiversity Areas (ICMBA) Criteria for identification of ICMBAs Six “Conservation amplifiers ” were picked up from standard methods for criteria development 1. Ecosystem resilience 2. Ecosystem function 3. Biodiversity uniqueness 4. Cultural, Religious & Aesthetic significance 5. Socio-economic potential 6. Land tenure CRITERION 1 Coastal ecosystem resilience Indicators 1.Considerable area 2.Ecosystem contiguity 3.Habitat diversity (mangrove, mud flat, coral, seagrass, sand beach etc) 4.Adequacy of the site to maintain ecosystem level processes (nutrient flow, salinity changes) 5.Wildlife corridor (connected by vegetation, water or others) CRITERION 2 Ecosystem functions Indicators 1.Freshwater discharge/ recharge function 2.Coastal erosion control 3.Carbon sequestration value 4.Natural protection against disaster CRITERION 3 Biodiversity uniqueness Indicators 1.Presence of Globally threatened species 2.Presence of Regionally threatened Species (IWPA 1972) 3.Presence of restricted range species 4.Presence of flagship species 5.Presence of endemic species 6.Nursery and Breeding site provisions for species of conservation significance 7.Congregation area for species of conservation significance 8.Congregation area for migratory species CRITERION 4 Cultural, Religious & Aesthetic significance Indicators 1.Cultural value 2.Religious value 3.Historical value 4.Aesthetic value CRITERION 5 Socio-economic potential Indicators 1.Renewable natural resource extraction opportunity 2.Ecotourism prospects 3.Support for agriculture 4.Aquaculture and Fisheries CRITERION 6 Land tenure (Governance) Indicators 1.Government ownership or other private ownership Survey for identification of ICMBAs Number of sites visited and examined Number of sites Coastal Coast States surveyed and Length (Km) examined * Gujarat 1610 44 Maharashtra 720 32 West Goa 120 10 Karnataka 280 46 Kerala 590 75 West Bengal 210 16 Orissa 480 25 East Andhra Pradesh 1014 42 Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry 950 60 Total 5974 350 * within 5 km on the landward side Identified ICMBA sites Coast States Identified ICMBAs Total Gujarat & Diu-Daman 15 Maharashtra 14 West Goa 4 62 Karnataka 12 Kerala 17 West Bengal 2 Orissa 14 East 44 Andhra Pradesh 15 Tamil Nadu & Puducherry 13 Total 106 * * An ATLAS of 106 ICMBA site prepared Prioritization among ICMBAs for immediate attention Prioritization based on • Additional biodiversity values of candidate site’s surrounding landscape matrix • Habitat vulnerability to range of threat • Land tenure system Prioritized ICMBA sites Coast States Prioritized ICMBAs Total Gujarat & Diu-Daman 3 Maharashtra 3 West 13 Karnataka 3 Kerala 4 West Bengal - Orissa 3 East 9 Andhra Pradesh 3 Tamil Nadu & Puducherry 3 Total 22 * * Fact Sheets in ICMBA Atlas were coloured in Red Prioritized ICMBA sites Alia Bet Madhavpur Purna Chandipur Thane Chilka Rushikulya Purnagad Naupada Achra-Malvan Bantumilli Machilipatnam Kali Netrani Kundapur Kaliveli Kolavipalem Pichavaram Vypin-Fort Kochi Kumarakom Palk Bay Kumbalangi • For example – Gujarat and Tamil Nadu Identified ICMBAs in Gujarat & Diu - Daman Koteswar Sangi Gasabara Sabarmati Turtle hatchery in Wadgham Madhavpur Navbandar Alia bet Porbandar Madhavpur Kotpar Narmada Purna Diu Damanganga Umergaon Mudflat in Alia Bet Mangroves in Purna Prioritized sites Protection of migratory species requires networks of protected areas including Trans Boundary Protected Areas • Sea turtles • Dugong • Whales • Sharks • Birds Many of the threats to marine habitats are land based: a ‘ridge to reef’ approach is recommended • Unsustainable coastal development • Forest clear-felling • Strip mining • Hill-slope erosion • Unsustainable agriculture • Pesticide runoff • Nutrient input from urban areas • Nutrient inputs from farming Goal 1.2: Integrate land and seascape Trans Boundary Marine Protected Areas E,g. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (India and Sri Lanka) • Dugong • Sea turtles • Sharks • Whales • Sea birds etc Goal 1.3: Transboundary protected areas and MPA collaborations Ability and capacity to enforce an MPA is essential for success • All links in the enforcement chain need to be strong Goal 1.4: Substantially improve site based MPA planning and management Internal issues as well as identified external threats influence enforcement efforts Goal 1.5: Prevent and mitigate impacts of key threats Protected seascape can increase catches in surrounding buffer areas • This was measured after establishing ‘no take’ zones in Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Goal 2.1: Promote equity and benefit sharing The multiple effective scales of MPA’s •Global: Convention on Biological Diversity •Mesoamerican reef (annual report card) •National level: governance uniformity •MPA – Specifically established National Park Goal 3.1: Provide enabling policy, institutional and socio-economic support IUCN classification of MPA ’s Goal 3.2: Build capacity for planning, establishment and management Marine Protected Areas can contain zoning for multiple uses Goal 3.3: Develop, apply and transfer appropriate technologies Zone Zone Tourism Zone Land Development Eco- Zone Buffer Y N N Zone Core Y Y N Y N Y N Y N Y - Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y Y Y Important permissible activities in various zones o zones various in activities permissible Important Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve and National Park Park National and Reserve Biosphere Mannar of Gulf Water Water Y N Tuticorin Y Vembar N Y Y Keelakkarai N Y Y Y Mandapam N Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N N N N N N N Y N N N N N Y Y N N N Y Y N N Y Y N Y Y N N N Y N N N Y Y N Y Y Y per consultation with stakeholders with consultation per M onitoring Habitat/ S p e cie s Coral reef restoration Seagrass bed restoration M angrove restoration Endangered Species recovery programs Coral watching using glass bottomed boat Snorkeling Scuba diving Fishing & crabbing Research with permit Navigation Aquaculture the f as as Stock enhancement of fishes Great Barrier Reef Marine Park history •1975: establishment •1979: first formal zoning (12, 000 km 2) •1981: first formal zoning plan (4.7% of area ‘no take’) •1988: zoning strategy for 98% of area •2004: implemented revised zoning plan (including 33% of area ‘no take’) Goal 3.3: Develop, apply and transfer appropriate technologies Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Goal 3.4: Ensure financial sustainability Example GBR zoning map, Cairns FNQ Goal 3.4: Ensure financial sustainability Effective development and implementation of an MPA requires e.g. Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park •Adaptive management: built in flexibility •Appropriate boundary definition: biological, cultural, political •Transparent and highly participatory process •Incorporation of both scientific and traditional knowledge Goal 3.5: Strengthen communication, education and public awareness Rapid recovery of fish populations with protection Goal 4.3: Assess and monitor ecosystem status and trends Participatory Governance of Marine Protected Areas Resources
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