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The Alexander Romance Tradition: Ahmedi, His Sources, and the Reception of His Sources in the 15Th-16Th Century

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The Alexander Romance Tradition: Ahmedi, His Sources, and the Reception of His Sources in the 15Th-16Th Century THE ALEXANDER ROMANCE TRADITION: AHMEDİ, HIS SOURCES, AND THE RECEPTION OF HIS SOURCES IN THE 15TH-16TH CENTURY by Yeşim Çetin Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University April, 2019 Yeşim Çetin 2019 © All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE ALEXANDER ROMANCE TRADITION: AHMEDİ, HIS SOURCES, AND THE RECEPTION OF HIS SOURCES IN THE 15TH-16TH CENTURY YEŞIM ÇETIN HISTORY MA THESIS, APRIL 2019 Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Tülay Artan Keywords: Literature, Translation, Alexander romance From Antiquity to modernity, Alexander lived his second life as a legendary hero in the Alexander Romances composed around the third century CE that quickly promulgated all over the world and its languages from East to West. Alexander the Great is discussed in several cultures including Muslim literature, both Arabic and Persian. One of the most important representation of the Alexander Romance is in 10th century, Firdawsi’s Shahnama that presents some details about Alexander the Great. In the Ottoman Empire, one the earliest accounts are found in Ahmedi’s work, İskendername. Ahmedi was the greatest poet of the late fourteenth century and also of Turkish Divan Literature and one of the crucial representations of Alexander Romance tradition. This thesis is firstly to investigate the scholar Ahmedi and his source of information on Alexander the Great. Briefly, what was the reason for Ahmedi Alexander Romance tradition appearance in the Islamic world? Secondly, in the fourteenth century Ahmedi authored the first İskendername, which later became a tradition and there are receptions of the Ahmedi’s İskendername by Ahmed-i Rıdvan and Figani. In 16th century these works were written and presented and one of the parts of this thesis is investigates the translation issue of these texts. Following the Ahmedi’s tradition did they receive Ahmedi’s İskendername roughly or did they adhere to some other Persian version? iv ÖZET İSKENDERNAME GELENEĞİ: AHMEDİ, KAYNAKLARI VE 15.-16.’INCI YÜZYILLARDA İSKENDERNAME GELENEĞİ YEŞIM ÇETIN TARİH YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ, NİSAN 2019 Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Tülay Artan Anahtar Kelimeler: Edebiyat, Tercüme, İskendernâme Antik dönemden modern döneme kadar, İskender, İskender yazımları içerisinde üçüncü yüz yıldan itibaren doğudan batıya birçok dilde ve dünyanın birçok yerinde derlenen eserlerde adeta ikinci bir yaşam sürmüştür. Büyük İskender hem Arapça hem Farsça olan eserlerde Müslüman kültür dahil olmak üzere birçok kültüre konu olmuştur. İskender yazımını en iyi temsil eden eser 10. Yüzyıldaki Firdevsi’nin Şehname ’sindedir ve bu eser Büyük İskender hakkında oldukça detay vermektedir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda ise en erken bulunan kayıt Ahmedi’nin İskendernâme eserindedir. Ahmedi on dördüncü yüzyılın ve Türk Divan Edebiyatı’nın en önemli şairidir aynı zamanda İskendernâme geleneğini temsil eden önemli kişiliklerden biridir. Bu sebeple, bu tez çalışması öncelikle Ahmedi’nin İskendernâme’sinin bilgi kaynaklarını inceleyecektir. Özetle, Ahmedi’nin İslam Dünyasındaki İskendernâme geleneğinde kendini gösterme sebebi nedir? 14. yüzyılda Ahmedi’nin İskendernâme’sinin ardından bu yazım bir gelenek oluşturmuş ve Ahmedi’nin İskendernâme’sinden sonra 16. yüzyılda Ahmed-i Rıdvan ve Figani tarafından İskendernâme örnekleri yazılmıştır. Bu tezin bir kısmı da bu metinlerin çevirileri üzerine odaklanacaktır. Ahmedi’nin geleneğini takip ederken bu şairler Ahmedi’nin İskendernâme’sinin bir tercümesi midir yoksa diğer Farsça versiyonlarını da incelemişler midir? v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the end of this thesis, I would like to take some time to thank all the people without whom this thesis would never have been possible. Although it is just my name on the cover, many people have helped me and for that, I want to give them special thanks. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Tülay Artan for the continuous support of my MA study and research, for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Her guidance and especially patience helped me all the time. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee; Prof. Suraiya Faroqhi, and Assoc. Prof. Hakan Erdem, for their encouragement, insightful comments. Thank you for investing time and providing interesting and valuable feedback. My sincere thanks also go to Assoc. Prof. Ferenc Chirkes for offering me this broad topic, and introduces me as a participant in this world. Assoc. Prof. Aysel Yıldız, thank you for being with me in this long way. You have always been there for me, kept me in check and over the years have become a friend as well, and Assoc. Prof. Melis Taner for her continuous support. Her mix straightforward criticism combined with heart-warming support has given me great confidence as a student who only the beginner in this exciting profession. Talha, you were one of my best friends and thank you so much for everything that you have done for this thesis. Sema and Oğuz, thanks a lot for helping me, listening to me and supporting me all the way I walked. Thank you, for not leaving me alone in this way. Fatih, and Kübra, our discussions about life were always lively and generally longer than planned, always ended too soon. Tuğba, you are far, far away from here but I know that your heart is with me. Thank you for calling me whenever I was stuck. I thank my fellow friend Tunahan Durmaz, for the stimulating discussions, the sleepless vi nights we were working together before our deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last two years. Also, I thank my friends İsmail for his coffees that he made for us, İsa for giving me advices all the time and Bihter for everything that we talked and shared. Besides the support of Ayşe Büşra, Yasemin, Ilgım, Elif, Faruk, and Osman Zeki, I could not handle some of the situations. Thank you for understanding me whenever I couldn’t be able to come most of our meetings. I would also like to offer my sincere thanks to Sumru Küçüka of FASS Dean’s Office for her kindness and support from the beginning until the end. Finally, I would like to thank my beloved one; Sinan Cıngıllı for being with me all the time. I am thankful for his courage in every situation and supporting me in sleepless nights, patience and limitless coffees that he got for me. Last but not the least, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents Turan and Müyesser for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. My dear sister and best friend Havva, I am very lucky to have such a sister like you, without you, I cannot imagine myself. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 Alexander the Great: Two Horns, Thousand Identities ................................................ 1 The Alexander Romance Tradition ............................................................................... 7 Studies on Alexander and Ahmedî’s İskendernâme ................................................... 11 Ahmedî’s Illustrated İskendernâmes .......................................................................... 17 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................. 18 1. AHMEDİ’S ALEXANDER EPIC AND THE OTTOMAN WORLD IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY ............................................................................................... 21 1.1. Ahmedî’s Personal Circumstance and His Work: İskendernâme ................... 21 1.1.1. Ahmedî’s Life ............................................................................................. 21 1.1.2. Ahmedî’s İskendernâme ............................................................................. 24 1.2. Historical Background .................................................................................... 25 1.3. Interregnum Period (1402-1413) ....................................................................... 28 1.4. Ahmedî’s Patron(s) .............................................................................................. 31 2. TRANSITION OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT ............................................. 34 2.1. Ahmedî’s Sources ............................................................................................... 34 2.2. The Question of Dh’ul-Qarnayn ......................................................................... 42 2.3. Alexander as an Ideal Ruler: Ahmedî’s Model of Kingship .............................. 45 3. BORROWED TEXTS OR NOT? ...................................................................... 51 3.1. Historical Background ........................................................................................ 51 3.2. Ahmed-i Rıdvan and his İskendernâme ............................................................... 54 3.3. Figânî and his İskendernâme
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