Alternative Fuel Vehicle (Afv) Information

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ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE (AFV) INFORMATION Over 98% of the U-M auto passenger fleet is flex fuel vehicles (FFV). A FFV is capable of operating on unleaded, E85 (85% ethanol, 15% unleaded) or a mixture of both. FFV’s are equipped with an engine and fuel system designed specifically to be compatible with ethanol’s chemical properties. FFV’s qualify as alternative fuel vehicles under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT). Although FFV’s fuel economy on E85 is somewhat less than when operating on gasoline, a bonus for its use is lower greenhouse gas emissions. Using the GREET model, Argonne National Laboratory indicates that greenhouse gas emissions are reduced approximately 15% when ethanol produced from corn is used. Using E85 also reduces CO2 emissions and provides significant reductions in emissions of many harmful toxics, including benzene, a known human carcinogen. A look inside the fuel door quickly identifies FFVs. Auto manufacturers place a label inside the FFV fuel compartment that states the vehicle can run on either E85 or gasoline. Flexible-fuel capability also is outlined in the owner’s manual and encoded in the vehicle identification number, or VIN. If you have a question as to whether your vehicle is a FFV, please contact Fleet Services at (734) 764-3427, we will be able to assist in determining if your vehicle is a FFV. For fueling while on the Ann Arbor campus, visit our Kipke Drive Service Station at 1213 Kipke Drive for E85. If you are traveling outside the Ann Arbor area, E85 fueling facilities may be hard to find – no worry, you can fill the vehicle with regular unleaded fuel. The vehicle is capable of operating on unleaded, E85 or a mixture of both. .

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Vehicle Conversions, Retrofits, and Repowers ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE CONVERSIONS, RETROFITS, and REPOWERS

What Fleets Need to Know About Alternative Fuel Vehicle Conversions, Retrofits, and Repowers ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE CONVERSIONS, RETROFITS, AND REPOWERS Acknowledgments This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, the Manager and Operator of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. This work was made possible through funding provided by National Clean Cities Program Director and DOE Vehicle Technologies Office Deployment Manager Dennis Smith. This publication is part of a series. For other lessons learned from the Clean Cities American Recovery and Reinvestment (ARRA) projects, please refer to the following publications: • American Recovery and Reinvestment Act – Clean Cities Project Awards (DOE/GO-102016-4855 - August 2016) • Designing a Successful Transportation Project – Lessons Learned from the Clean Cities American Recovery and Reinvestment Projects (DOE/GO-102017-4955 - September 2017) Authors Kay Kelly and John Gonzales, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Disclaimer This document is not intended for use as a “how to” guide for individuals or organizations performing a conversion, repower, or retrofit. Instead, it is intended to be used as a guide and resource document for informational purposes only. VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE | cleancities.energy.gov 2 ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE CONVERSIONS, RETROFITS, AND REPOWERS Table of Contents Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................5
Alternative Fuels, Vehicles & Technologies Feasibility

ALTERNATIVE FUELS, VEHICLES & TECHNOLOGIES FEASIBILITY REPORT Prepared by Eastern Pennsylvania Alliance for Clean Transportation (EP-ACT)With Technical Support provided by: Clean Fuels Ohio (CFO); & Pittsburgh Region Clean Cities (PRCC) Table of Contents Analysis Background: .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.0: Introduction – Fleet Feasibility Analysis: ............................................................................................... 3 2.0: Fleet Management Goals – Scope of Work & Criteria for Analysis: ...................................................... 4 Priority Review Criteria for Analysis: ........................................................................................................ 4 3.0: Key Performance Indicators – Existing Fleet Analysis ............................................................................ 5 4.0: Alternative Fuel Options – Summary Comparisons & Conclusions: ...................................................... 6 4.1: Detailed Propane Autogas Options Analysis: ......................................................................................... 7 Propane Station Estimate ......................................................................................................................... 8 (Station Capacity: 20,000 GGE/Year) ........................................................................................................ 8 5.0: Key Recommended Actions – Conclusion
Operation & Maintenance Manual E85 Compact Excavator

Operation & Maintenance Manual E85 Compact Excavator S/N B34T11001 & Above 6990616 (6-13) Printed in U.S.A. © Bobcat Company 2013 OPERATOR SAFETY WARNING Operator must have instructions before operating the machine. Untrained WARNING operators can cause injury or death. W-2001-0502 Safety Alert Symbol: This symbol with a warning statement, means: “Warning, be alert! Your safety is involved!” Carefully read the message that follows. CORRECT WRONG CORRECT WRONG P-90216 B-19792 B-19751 B-19754 Never operate without Do not grasp control Never operate without Avoid steep areas or instructions. handles when entering approved cab. banks that could break cab. away. Read machine signs, and Never modify equipment. Operation & Maintenance Be sure controls are in Manual, and Operator’s neutral before starting. Never use attachments Handbook. not approved by Bobcat Sound horn and check Company. behind machine before starting. WRONG WRONG CORRECT CORRECT Maximum Maximum MS-1784 MS1785 B-19756 MS-1786 Use caution to avoid Keep bystanders out of Never exceed a 15 slope Never travel up a slope tipping - do not swing maximum reach area. to the side. that exceeds 15. heavy load over side of track. Do not travel or turn with bucket extended. Operate on flat, level ground. Never carry riders. CORRECT CORRECT CORRECT CORRECT STOP Maximum TS-2068A NA-1435B 6808261 B-21928 NA-1421A Never exceed 25 when To leave excavator, lower Fasten seat belt securely. Look in the direction of going down or backing the work equipment and rotation and make sure up a slope. the blade to the ground.
Fuel Properties Comparison

Alternative Fuels Data Center Fuel Properties Comparison Compressed Liquefied Low Sulfur Gasoline/E10 Biodiesel Propane (LPG) Natural Gas Natural Gas Ethanol/E100 Methanol Hydrogen Electricity Diesel (CNG) (LNG) Chemical C4 to C12 and C8 to C25 Methyl esters of C3H8 (majority) CH4 (majority), CH4 same as CNG CH3CH2OH CH3OH H2 N/A Structure [1] Ethanol ≤ to C12 to C22 fatty acids and C4H10 C2H6 and inert with inert gasses 10% (minority) gases <0.5% (a) Fuel Material Crude Oil Crude Oil Fats and oils from A by-product of Underground Underground Corn, grains, or Natural gas, coal, Natural gas, Natural gas, coal, (feedstocks) sources such as petroleum reserves and reserves and agricultural waste or woody biomass methanol, and nuclear, wind, soybeans, waste refining or renewable renewable (cellulose) electrolysis of hydro, solar, and cooking oil, animal natural gas biogas biogas water small percentages fats, and rapeseed processing of geothermal and biomass Gasoline or 1 gal = 1.00 1 gal = 1.12 B100 1 gal = 0.74 GGE 1 lb. = 0.18 GGE 1 lb. = 0.19 GGE 1 gal = 0.67 GGE 1 gal = 0.50 GGE 1 lb. = 0.45 1 kWh = 0.030 Diesel Gallon GGE GGE 1 gal = 1.05 GGE 1 gal = 0.66 DGE 1 lb. = 0.16 DGE 1 lb. = 0.17 DGE 1 gal = 0.59 DGE 1 gal = 0.45 DGE GGE GGE Equivalent 1 gal = 0.88 1 gal = 1.00 1 gal = 0.93 DGE 1 lb. = 0.40 1 kWh = 0.027 (GGE or DGE) DGE DGE B20 DGE DGE 1 gal = 1.11 GGE 1 kg = 1 GGE 1 gal = 0.99 DGE 1 kg = 0.9 DGE Energy 1 gallon of 1 gallon of 1 gallon of B100 1 gallon of 5.66 lb., or 5.37 lb.
How Practical Are Alternative Fuel Vehicles?

How Practical Are Alternative Fuel Vehicles? Many of us have likely considered an alternative fuel vehicle at some point in our lives. Balancing the positives and negatives is a tricky process and varies greatly based on our personal situations. However, many of the negatives that previously created hesitancy have changed in recent years. Below, we have outlined a few of the most commonly mentioned negatives regarding the two leading alternative fuel vehicle types: Flex Fuel vehicles and Electric/Hybrid vehicles. Then, you can decide for yourself whether one of these vehicle types are practical for you! Cost – How much does the vehicle cost to purchase and operate? Flex Fuel: Flex Fuel vehicles typically cost about the same as a gasoline vehicle.1 For fuel cost, E85 typically costs slightly less than gasoline, however, due to decreased efficiency has a slightly higher cost per mile than gasoline.2 Overall, a Flex Fuel vehicle is likely to be slightly more expensive than a gasoline counterpart. Electric/Hybrid: This situation varies quite a bit depending on where you live. Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles often cost considerably more than a conventional gasoline vehicle. For example, a plug-in hybrid will cost around $4000-$8000 more than a conventional model.3 However, there are federal rebates and local rebates that can refund thousands of dollars from the purchase price. Electric/Hybrid vehicles also tend to save money on fuel, with the possibility of saving thousands of dollars over the lifetime of the vehicle.4 Whether these rebates and fuel cost savings will eventually account for the higher purchase price can be estimated with comparison tools.
The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies in China and United States

Clark University Clark Digital Commons International Development, Community and Master’s Papers Environment (IDCE) 12-2016 The uturF e of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States JIyi Lai [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers Part of the Environmental Studies Commons Recommended Citation Lai, JIyi, "The uturF e of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States" (2016). International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE). 163. https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers/163 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Master’s Papers at Clark Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE) by an authorized administrator of Clark Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States Jiyi Lai DECEMBER 2016 A Masters Paper Submitted to the faculty of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, in partial fulﬁllment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the department of IDCE And accepted on the recommendation of ! Christopher Van Atten, Chief Instructor ABSTRACT The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States Jiyi Lai The number of passenger cars in use worldwide has been steadily increasing. This has led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants, and new efforts to develop alternative fuel vehicles to mitigate reliance on petroleum. Alternative fuel vehicles include a wide range of technologies powered by energy sources other than gasoline or diesel fuel.
Summary of Current Status of Alternative Fuels and Vehicles

1. INTRODUCTION Motor vehicles are the underlying source for two major global issues the United States (U.S.) faces: 1) the dependence on foreign oil from unstable political regions, and 2) the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a leading contributor of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that affect Earth’s climate. There are 200 million drivers traveling 10 trillion vehicle miles each year in the U.S. In the Denver region alone, vehicles are driven more than 70 million miles each day. Dependence on foreign oil: A matter of U.S. Security The U.S. uses about 14.5 million barrels of oil per day for transportation (which equates to 609 million gallons) and imports more than 60% of its petroleum, two-thirds of which is used to fuel vehicles in the form of gasoline and diesel. The demand for petroleum imports is increasing and with much of the worldwide petroleum resources located in politically volatile countries, the U.S. is vulnerable to supply disruptions. Climate Change While the U.S. contains only 5% of the world’s population, it is responsible for 25% of global GHG emissions. Transportation accounts for 28% of GHG emissions in the U.S., second to electric power Figure 1 (Figure 1). It is the 2006 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions fastest growing by sector (Million Metric Tons CO2 Equivalent) source of GHGs, Residential accounting for 47% of Commericial 5% the net increase in 6% total U.S. GHG Agriculture emissions since 1990. 8% Trends in Colorado are similar, with Electric Power electric power being 34% the lead source of Industry 19% CO2 emissions at 42%, followed by transportation at 31% Transportation (Figure 2).
Electric Vehicles: a Primer on Technology and Selected Policy Issues

Electric Vehicles: A Primer on Technology and Selected Policy Issues February 14, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46231 SUMMARY R46231 Electric Vehicles: A Primer on Technology and February 14, 2020 Selected Policy Issues Melissa N. Diaz The market for electrified light-duty vehicles (also called passenger vehicles; including passenger Analyst in Energy Policy cars, pickup trucks, SUVs, and minivans) has grown since the 1990s. During this decade, the first contemporary hybrid-electric vehicle debuted on the global market, followed by the introduction of other types of electric vehicles (EVs). By 2018, electric vehicles made up 4.2% of the 16.9 million new light-duty vehicles sold in the United States that year. Meanwhile, charging infrastructure grew in response to rising electric vehicle ownership, increasing from 3,394 charging stations in 2011 to 78,301 in 2019. However, many locations have sparse or no public charging infrastructure. Electric motors and traction battery packs—most commonly made up of lithium-ion battery cells—set EVs apart from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The battery pack provides power to the motor that drives the vehicle. At times, the motor acts as a generator, sending electricity back to the battery. The broad categories of EVs can be identified by whether they have an internal combustion engine (i.e., hybrid vehicles) and whether the battery pack can be charged by external electricity (i.e., plug-in electric vehicles). The numerous vehicle technologies further determine characteristics such as fuel economy rating, driving range, and greenhouse gas emissions. EVs can be separated into three broad categories: Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs): The internal combustion engine primarily powers the wheels.
Summary Report on the Department of Energy's Clean Cities 5-Year

Summary Report on the Department of Energy’s Clean Cities 5-year Strategic Planning D. Welch and N. Nigro of Center for Climate and Energy Solutions July 2015 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Clean Cities Program Photo Credit: University of Rhode Island Photo Credit: Courtesy of Clean Airport Partnership, Inc. (This page intentionally left blank) Report Overview This report reflects stakeholder input to inform the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Clean Cities’ strategic plan. The report focuses on comments made by stakeholders on key market opportunities for each alternative fuel and petroleum use reduction strategy. This report will be followed by a strategic plan that further refines the stakeholder input outlined here. Clean Cities is a DOE program that advances the nation’s economic, environmental, and energy security by supporting local actions to reduce petroleum use in the transportation sector. DOE Clean Cities has displaced nearly 7.5 billion gallons of petroleum since its inception in 1993. The program has nearly 100 coalitions across the country and works with nearly 14,000 stakeholders, including fleets, fuel suppliers, local governments, vehicle manufacturers, national laboratories, state and federal government agencies, and other organizations. DOE hosted a public meeting in Washington, D.C., on February 25, 2015, to seek input from an array of stakeholders to inform DOE’s Clean Cities program Five-Year Strategic Plan. Stakeholders provided feedback on six alternative fuel and petroleum use reduction strategies: natural gas, biofuels, consumer fuel economy, plug-in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, propane, and idle reduction. DOE national laboratory experts presented briefing papers to stakeholders on economic, behavioral, and technical issues.
An Overview of Vehicle Sales and Fuel Consumption Through 2025

Tomorrow’s Vehicles An Overview of Vehicle Sales and Fuel Consumption Through 2025 Tomorrow’s Vehicles An Overview of Vehicle Sales and Fuel Consumption Through 2025 Executive Summary 2 Market Overview 4 Scope Methodology Findings 11 Gasoline and Ethanol Diesel and Biodeisel Electricity Hydrogen Natural Gas Propane Autogas Conclusion and Recommendations 19 About the Author 20 About the Fuels Institute 21 ©2017 Fuels Institute Disclaimer: The opinions and views expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the individuals on the Fuels Institute Board of Directors and the Fuels Institute Board of Advisors, or any contributing organization to the Fuels Institute. The Fuels Institute makes no warranty, express or implied, nor does it assume any legal liability or responsibility for the use of the report or any product, or process described in these materials. Tomorrow’s Vehicles: An Overview of Vehicle Sales and Fuel Consumption Through 2025 1 Executive Summary Low oil prices resulting from a sustained global oversupply are likely to rise, as production must eventually subside to balance demand. The balancing process will likely play out for some time as new vehicle fuel efficiency improvements and alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) make advancements to road transportation, oil’s largest market, limiting price gains from production constraints. Though low oil prices place downward pressure on alter- native fuels and fuel-efficient vehicles, growth of particular technologies in various vehicle segments will not likely abate. Both governments and consumers in major light duty and commercial vehicle markets have shown particular interest in electricity and natural gas, and automakers are responding accordingly.
E85 Fueling Sites in Iowa

Lake Mills Rock Rapids Sibley Lake Park Superior St Ansgar Inwood Swea City Milford Estherville Forest City Hull Hartley Graettinger Everly Mason City Floyd Sioux Center Sheldon Spencer Emmetsburg Garner New Hampton Orange City Algona Clear Lake Charles City Fredericksburg Sioux Rapids Marcus Pocahontas Humboldt Parkersburg New Hartford Cherokee Eagle Grove Hinton Waterloo Dubuque Sioux City Fort Dodge Manchester E85 Fueling Galva Cedar Falls Sergeant Bluff Farnhamville Holstein Roelyn Hudson Sloan Ida Grove Sites in Iowa Vinton Story City Marion Gilbert West Side Lidderdale Gladbrook Newhall Mapleton Carroll Ames Nevada Denison Walford Manning Clarence Clinton Grimes Ankeny Grinnell Dunlap Coralville Tipton Johnston Newton Des Moines Durant Woodbine Harlan DeSoto Urbandale Iowa City West Des Moines Pleasant Hill Davenport Shelby STATE OF IOWA Pella Neola Atlantic Stuart Norwalk Keota Muscatine Oskaloosa Fleet and Mail Services Delta Washington 301 E 7th Street Council Bluffs Des Moines, IA 50319-0250 Batavia Glenwood Red Oak Olds Phone: 515-281-5122 Lovilia Ottumwa Stanton Corning Mt Pleasant Fax: 515-281-6370 Fairfield West Burlington New Market Clarinda Centerville West Point Lamoni Fort Madison Why use E85 fuel? .. It reduces harmful emissions and helps protect the air we breathe. .. The State of Iowa supports E85 use. .. Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from corn grown in Iowa. .. Helps reduce our dependence on foreign oil. .. E85 keeps our energy dollars in Iowa, employing Iowans and stimulating Iowa’s economy. .. The Iowa Code requires 10% of all new vehicles purchased each year by the state to accept a flexible fuel such as E85. .. The Iowa Administrative Code requires state employees driving E85 vehicles to fuel up with E85 fuel whenever possible.
Market Conditions for Biogas Vehicles

REPORT Market conditions for biogas vehicles Tomas Rydberg, Mohammed Belhaj, Lisa Bolin, Maria Lindblad, Åke Sjödin, Christina Wolf B1947 April 2010 Report approved: 2010-10-20 John Munthe Scientific director Organization Report Summary IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. Project title Market conditions for biogas vehicles Address P.O. Box 5302 SE-400 14 Göteborg Project sponsor Swedish Road Administration Telephone +46 (0)31-725 62 00 Author Tomas Rydberg, Mohammed Belhaj, Lisa Bolin, Maria Lindblad, Åke Sjödin, Christina Wolf Title and subtitle of the report Market conditions for biogas vehicles Summary With a present share of biofuel used in the Swedish road transport sector of 5.2%, the opportunity for reaching the binding target of 10% by 2020 seem promising. It is both likely and desirable that biogas vehicles may make a significant contribution to fulfill Sweden’s obligation under the biofuels directive. It is likely because the stock of biogas (bi-fuel/CNG) vehicles in Sweden is increasing, as is the supply and demand of biogas. It is desirable, because biogas use in the road transport sector has not only climate benefits, but also benefits from an environmental (e.g. improved air quality due to lower emissions of regulated and unregulated air pollutants) and socio-economic (e.g. domestic production, employment) point of view. Keyword biogas, gas-fuelled vehicles, GHG, Bibliographic data IVL Report B1947 The report can be ordered via Homepage: www.ivl.se, e-mail: [email protected], fax+46 (0)8-598 563 90, or via IVL, P.O. Box 21060, SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden Market conditions for biogas vehicles IVL report B1947 Summary The present report, prepared by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) on behalf of the Swedish Road Administration, analyses the market prerequisites for biogas vehicles and biogas used as motor fuel in view of the EU biofuels directive and the Swedish national target to switch to a fossil fuel independent vehicle fleet by before 2030.