DOCSLIB.ORG

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Explore Molecular-Level Understanding of Biomass Pyrolysis Carolyn P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Explore Molecular-Level Understanding of Biomass Pyrolysis Carolyn P Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 High resolution mass spectrometry to explore molecular-level understanding of biomass pyrolysis Carolyn P. Hutchinson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Hutchinson, Carolyn P., "High resolution mass spectrometry to explore molecular-level understanding of biomass pyrolysis" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15535. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15535 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. High resolution mass spectrometry to explore molecular-level understanding of biomass pyrolysis by Carolyn P. Hutchinson A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Analytical Chemistry Program of Study Committee: Young-Jin Lee, Major Professor Robert S. Houk Emily Smith Javier Vela Wenyu Huang The student author and the program of study committee are solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Carolyn P. Hutchinson, 2017. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... v ABSTRACT………………………………. .............................................................. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 A (Brief) Discussion of Fast Pyrolysis Biofuel Analysis .................................... 1 Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ....... 2 Observing and Studying Kinetics in Fast Pyrolysis ............................................. 5 Research Objective and Approach ....................................................................... 7 Dissertation Organization .................................................................................... 7 References ............................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 2 EXPLORING NEGATIVE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PHOTOIONIZATION FOURIER TRANSFORM ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR NITROGEN-RICH BIOFUELS .. 13 Abstract ................................................................................................................ 13 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 14 Experimental Section ........................................................................................... 17 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 19 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 24 Acknowledgments................................................................................................ 25 References ............................................................................................................ 26 Supplemental Information ................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3 IMPACT OF HUMIDIFICATION ON DOPANT-ASSISTED ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL IONIZATION TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY ........................................................................................ 31 Abstract ................................................................................................................ 31 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 32 Experimental Section ........................................................................................... 35 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 38 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 46 Acknowledgments................................................................................................ 47 References ............................................................................................................ 48 Supplemental Information ................................................................................... 51 iii CHAPTER 4 EVALUATION OF PRIMARY REACTION PATHWAYS IN THIN-FILM PYROLYSIS OF GLUCOSE USING 13C-LABELING AND REAL-TIME MONITORING ................................................................................... 52 Abstract ................................................................................................................ 52 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 53 Experimental Section ........................................................................................... 55 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 56 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 70 Acknowledgments................................................................................................ 71 Supporting Information (Description) ................................................................. 71 References ............................................................................................................ 72 Supporting Information ........................................................................................ 75 CHAPTER 5 REAL-TIME MONITORING OF SINGLE PARTICLE PYROLYSIS FOR HERBACEOUS AND WOODY NATIVE BIOMASS WITH TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY ....................................................... 82 Abstract ................................................................................................................ 82 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 83 Experimental Section ........................................................................................... 86 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 88 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 98 Acknowledgments................................................................................................ 99 References ............................................................................................................ 100 Supplemental Information ................................................................................... 103 CHAPTER 6 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ......................................................... 106 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................. 106 Future Directions ................................................................................................. 108 APPENDIX TRACKING MOLECULAR PRODUCTS IN FAST PYROLYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES WITH SUB-SECOND TEMPORAL RESOLUTION ......................................................................................................... 109 Abstract ................................................................................................................ 109 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 110 Experimental Section ........................................................................................... 111 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 116 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 128 Acknowledgments................................................................................................ 129 References ............................................................................................................ 130 Supporting Information ........................................................................................ 131 iv NOMENCLATURE (+) Positive Mode (-) Negative Mode APCI Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization APPI Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization BIO-OIL Biomass Pyrolysis Oils dAPCI Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization DBE Double Bond Equivalency ESI Electrospray Ionization FT-ICR Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance GC Gas Chromatography HRMS High Resolution Mass Spectrometry MS Mass Spectrometer M/Z Mass-to-Charge TOF Time-of-Flight µPy Micropyrolysis PAH Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to foremost thank my major professor, Young-Jin Lee, for the opportunity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Low Level Formaldehyde Detection with the Polyarc System
    Low Level Formaldehyde Detection with the Polyarc System Application Note Sub 1 mg/kg (ppm) formaldehyde, or multiple detectors to detect formaldehyde along with other common organics1. Author Jonathan McIntyre Activated Research Company Eden Prairie, MN [email protected] Abstract Method development for the analysis of formaldehyde has been historically tricky to derive in a simplistic and easily available way for all laboratories to perform. The detector of choice when using gas chromatography (GC) is the flame ionization detector (FID) because of Figure 1. Polyarc System on an Agilent 7890 GC. its large linear dynamic range and robustness. Formaldehyde, however, has a low response in the In this application note, a Polyarc is used with a FID due to its lack of C-H bonds. Incorporation of the GC/FID to and accurately detect formaldehyde down Polyarc reactor into the GC/FID system allowed for to the single mg/kg (ppm) level. Previously, an FID sub-ppm detection of formaldehyde by converting it to was not able to accurately detect formaldehyde due to methane prior to FID detection. the small amount of C-H bonds available for ionization in the flame. This is a known issue with heteroatom- containing organic compounds, which has historically Introduction been resolved with lengthy calibration and verification steps to estimate the FID response per unit of concentration for each compound. The Polyarc Methanal, commonly known as formaldehyde, is one converts organic compounds to methane after of the most common Volatile Organic Compounds chromatographic separation via a two-stage (VOCs) that is present in numerous products including combustion-reduction reaction sequence.
    [Show full text]
  • What Limits the Yield of Levoglucosan During Fast Pyrolysis of Cellulose? Juan Sebastian Proano-Aviles Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 What limits the yield of levoglucosan during fast pyrolysis of cellulose? Juan Sebastian Proano-Aviles Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons, and the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Proano-Aviles, Juan Sebastian, "What limits the yield of levoglucosan during fast pyrolysis of cellulose?" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15607. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15607 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i What limits the yield of levoglucosan during fast pyrolysis of cellulose? by Juan Proano‐Aviles A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Co‐majors: Mechanical Engineering and Biorenewable Resources and Technology Program of Study Committee: Robert C. Brown, Major Professor Xianglan Bai James Michael Dave Raman Brent Shanks Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Juan Proano‐Aviles, 2017. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I have learned that the path of the graduate student is a humbling one, and it is one of the most challenging I have encountered. I started this journey inspired and supported by each one of my compatriots so this work is dedicated to them, the Ecuadorian people.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation and Products Characterization of Mango Seed Shell and Kernel Conventional Pyrolysis
    EVALUATION AND PRODUCTS CHARACTERIZATION OF MANGO SEED SHELL AND KERNEL CONVENTIONAL PYROLYSIS Thesis By JUAN CAMILO MAHECHA RIVAS Presented in the Engineering Faculty of Universidad de los Andes In fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of CHEMICAL ENGINEER Approved by: Advisor, Rocio Sierra Ramírez, Ph.D. Chemical Engineering Department Bogotá, Colombia January 2020 Evaluation and products characterization of mango seed shell and kernel conventional pyrolysis Juan C. Mahecha-Rivas Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia GENERAL OBJECTIVE To characterize mango seed’s conventional pyrolysis products at optimal conditions for further valorization SPECIFICS OBJECTIVES - To evaluate the influence of temperature of conventional pyrolysis in bio-oil, biochar and biogas yields - To compare the pyrolysis’s yields from kernel, shell and kernel/shell mixture fed. - To characterize biochar, bio-oil, and biogas from mango seed’s kernel and shell pyrolysis - To determine the feasibility of mango seed bio-oil as a biodiesel precursor or additive i TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 2. Methods .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Materials and sample preparation
    [Show full text]
  • M.Sc. [Botany] 346 13
    cover page as mentioned below: below: mentioned Youas arepage instructedcover the to updateupdate to the coverinstructed pageare asYou mentioned below: Increase the font size of the Course Name. Name. 1. IncreaseCourse the theof fontsize sizefont ofthe the CourseIncrease 1. Name. use the following as a header in the Cover Page. Page. Cover 2. the usein the followingheader a as as a headerfollowing the inuse the 2. Cover Page. ALAGAPPAUNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYALAGAPPA [Accredited with ’A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle Cycle Third the in (CGPA:3.64) [AccreditedNAAC by withGrade ’A+’’A+’ Gradewith by NAAC[Accredited (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] MHRD-UGC] by University and Category–I Graded as as Graded Category–I and University by MHRD-UGC] M.Sc. [Botany] 003 630 – KARAIKUDIKARAIKUDI – 630 003 346 13 EDUCATION DIRECTORATEDISTANCE OF OF DISTANCEDIRECTORATE EDUCATION BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES IN BOTANY I - Semester BOTANY IN TECHNIQUES BIOLOGICAL M.Sc. [Botany] 346 13 cover page as mentioned below: below: mentioned Youas arepage instructedcover the to updateupdate to the coverinstructed pageare asYou mentioned below: Increase the font size of the Course Name. Name. 1. IncreaseCourse the theof fontsize sizefont ofthe the CourseIncrease 1. Name. use the following as a header in the Cover Page. Page. Cover 2. the usein the followingheader a as as a headerfollowing the inuse the 2. Cover Page. ALAGAPPAUNIVERSITY UNIVERSITYALAGAPPA [Accredited with ’A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle Cycle Third the in (CGPA:3.64) [AccreditedNAAC by withGrade ’A+’’A+’ Gradewith by NAAC[Accredited (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] MHRD-UGC] by University and Category–I Graded as as Graded Category–I and University by MHRD-UGC] M.Sc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Characterization of Pyrolysis Oil from Softwood Barks
    polymers Article A Comprehensive Characterization of Pyrolysis Oil from Softwood Barks Haoxi Ben 1,*, Fengze Wu 1, Zhihong Wu 1 , Guangting Han 2,3, Wei Jiang 2,3 and Arthur J. Ragauskas 4,5 1 Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China 2 Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China 4 Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA 5 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-188-5107-5775 Received: 17 July 2019; Accepted: 19 August 2019; Published: 23 August 2019 Abstract: Pyrolysis of raw pine bark, pine, and Douglas-Fir bark was examined. The pyrolysis oil yields of raw pine bark, pine, and Douglas-Fir bark at 500 ◦C were 29.18%, 26.67%, and 26.65%, respectively. Both energy densification ratios (1.32–1.56) and energy yields (48.40–54.31%) of char are higher than pyrolysis oils (energy densification ratios: 1.13–1.19, energy yields: 30.16–34.42%). The pyrolysis oils have higher heating values (~25 MJ/kg) than bio-oils (~20 MJ/kg) from wood and agricultural residues, and the higher heating values of char (~31 MJ/kg) are comparable to that of many commercial coals. The elemental analysis indicated that the lower O/C value and higher H/C value represent a more valuable source of energy for pyrolysis oils than biomass.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanism of Formation of Thermally Generated Potential Toxicants in Food Related Model Systems
    Mechanism of Formation of Thermally Generated Potential Toxicants in Food Related Model Systems CAROLINA PEREZ-LOCAS Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry McGill University, Montreal July 2008 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Carolina Perez-Locas, 2008 Suggested Short Title: FORMATION OF THERMALLY GENERATED TOXICANTS ii ABSTRACT The detailed mechanism of formation of selected Maillard-induced toxicants generated in model systems containing 13C- and 15N-labeled precursors, were investigated using isotope labeling and Py-GC/MS based techniques. Investigation of different sources of acrylamide (AA) formation in model systems have indicated the presence of two pathways of acrylamide generation; the main pathway specifically involves asparagine to directly produce acrylamide after a sugar-assisted decarboxylation step that passes through a 5-oxazolidinone intermediate and the second, non-specific pathway involves the initial formation of acrylic acid from different sources and its subsequent interaction with ammonia and/or amines to produce acrylamide or its N-alkylated derivatives. Furthermore, to identify the relative importance of AA precursors, the decarboxylated Amadori product (AP ARP) and the corresponding Schiff base were synthesized and their relative abilities to generate AA under dry and wet heating conditions were studied. Under both conditions, the Schiff base had the highest intrinsic ability to be converted into AA. To gain further insight into the decarboxylation step, the amino acid/sugar reactions were also analyzed by FTIR to monitor the formation of the 5-oxazolidinone intermediate known to exhibit a peak in the range of 1770-1810 cm-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Modified FID for Determination of Underivatized Formaldehyde by GC
    Modified FID for Determination of Formaldehyde in Consumer Products Application Note Sensitivity Comparison for GC/FID Introduction Formaldehyde is a hazardous compound commonly found in treated wood, caulk, hair products, and a variety of other substances (soil near burial grounds, glue, plywood, fiberboard insulation, car exhaust, etc.). OSHA established an exposure limit of 0.75 ppm on average over an 8-hour work day. Measuring Author compounds like formaldehyde and formic acid by gas chromatography is difficult due to the low response in Erick Walts the flame ionization detector. Historically, Lee N. Polite formaldehyde determination required the addition of Axion Labs & Training Institute a mass spectrometer (MS) or photo ionization detector 14 N Peoria St (PID). There are also HPLC methods, but those require Chicago, IL 60607 the use of post-column derivatization to detect the [email protected] formaldehyde. Abstract In this study, we investigate the use of the Polyarc® two-stage reactor in-line with a flame ionization detector to measure the presence of formic acid and Formaldehyde is a common, naturally occurring formaldehyde. The first stage of the reactor oxidizes chemical found in foods and added to treated wood all the carbon-containing compounds into carbon products commonly used in the construction of dioxide. The second stage employs a proprietary homes across the world. Formaldehyde has been catalyst in a hydrogen-rich environment to convert the known to be a carcinogen and health hazard to carbon dioxide into methane, which is then easily humans. The need and use of a simple and effective detected by the FID.
    [Show full text]
  • Increased Instrument Uptime with Improved Methanizer for Dissolved Gas Analysis
    Increased Instrument Uptime with Improved Methanizer for Dissolved Gas Analysis Application Note Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)/Transformer oil gas analysis (TOGA) Author Andrew Jones Activated Research Company 7561 Corporate Way Eden Prairie, MN 55344 [email protected] Abstract A nickel catalyst methanizer that was previously poisoned by transformer oil gas was replaced by a Polyarc methanizer on an Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph (GC) analyzer equipped for dissolved gas analysis under ASTM D3612-C. The analyzer met or exceeded the performance criteria from the ASTM Figure 1. Power Transformer method in all aspects. The Polyarc’s two-stage oxidation-reduction catalyst system eliminated The introduction and propagation of new transformer unplanned downtime due to methanizer failures. oils have led to increased performance requirements These improvements led to considerable cost and time for methanizers that convert CO and CO2 to CH4 for savings, and increased sample throughput. FID quantification. Specifically, many labs have struggled with frequent methanizer failures due to catalyst poisoning from these oils. Introduction The Polyarc reactor introduced by ARC in October Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is an important method 2015, is the latest improvement to methanizer designs for the determination of pending or current faults and utilizes advances in nanoengineered catalysts and within a power transformer. Specifically, as a 3D metal printing to improve robustness, resist transformer ages, the oil that insulates and cools poisons, and improve performance and ease of use. components can begin to degrade. The analysis of Here, we demonstrate how the replacement of a nickel several dissolved gases (H2, N2, O2, CO, CO2, C2H2, catalyst methanizer with a Polyarc can improve DGA C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C4H8) can give early indicators analysis and reduce instrument downtime leading to of faults and transformer stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfonate Ionic Liquid As a Stable and Active Catalyst for Levoglucosenone Production from Saccharides Via Catalytic Pyrolysis
    Catalysts 2013, 3, 757-773; doi:10.3390/catal3040757 OPEN ACCESS catalysts ISSN 2073-4344 www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts Article Sulfonate Ionic Liquid as a Stable and Active Catalyst for Levoglucosenone Production from Saccharides via Catalytic Pyrolysis Shinji Kudo 1,*, Zhenwei Zhou 2, Kento Yamasaki 2, Koyo Norinaga 1 and Jun-ichiro Hayashi 1 1 Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Koen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan; E-Mails: [email protected] (K.N.); [email protected] (J.-i.H.) 2 Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Koen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan; E-Mails: [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (K.Y.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-92-583-7793; Fax: +81-92-583-7793. Received: 25 July 2013; in revised form: 5 September 2013 / Accepted: 18 September 2013 / Published: 30 September 2013 Abstract: In this study, various types of ionic liquids (ILs) were examined for catalytic activity in the pyrolysis of cellulose for the production of levoglucosenone, which is a valuable and versatile compound for the synthesis of a variety of novel compounds. Cellulose was simply mixed with the ILs and subjected for the pyrolysis, typically at 300 °C, to produce volatile products, including levoglucosenone, separated from the ILs phase. The type of IL anion significantly affected the catalysis, and the use of ILs bearing sulfonate anion resulted in distinguished yields of levoglucosenone and IL recoveries for the reutilization.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthetic Study of Levoglucosenone
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1982 Synthetic study of levoglucosenone Maria G. Essig The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Essig, Maria G., "Synthetic study of levoglucosenone" (1982). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8143. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8143 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a nu sc ript in w hich c o pyr ig h t sub ­ s i s t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be approved BY th e a u th o r . MANSFIELD L ibrary U n iv e r s it y of Montana nATpi 19R2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A SYNTHETIC STUDY OF LEVOGLUCOSENONE by Maria G. M. Essig B.S., University of California, Irvine, 1979 Presented in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1982 Approved by: Chairman of Examiners DecTn, Graduate Schïïb F -^ / / - ^ ^ Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critique of the Present State of Knowledge of the Mechanism of Cellulose Pyrolysis
    Fire Research Abstract and Reviews CUMULATIVE INDEX Volumes 1-5 1959 to 1963 Committee on Fire Research and Fire Research Conference COMMENTS AND DISCUSSIONS A Critique of the Present State of Knowledge of The Mechanism of Cellulose Pyrolysis A. BROIDO AND F. J. KILZER Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S, Forest Service, Berkeley, California This critique reviews several divergent theories of cellulose pyrolysis, raises questions about experimental results obtained prior to the recent recognition of the importance of trace impurities, and indicates the need for sufficient detail in the reaction mechanism to permit a better prediction of the action of fire extinguishing and flame retarding chemicals. The phrase "reaction mechanism" generally refers to a description of the stepwise processes by which one set of atoms or molecules changes into a different set. As this description becomes more detailed, it becomes of increasing value in predicting and directing the course of chemical reactions. Growing recognition of the unlimited potential of such detailed studies has led to an almost revolutionary expansion of the field of physical organic chemistry in the past generation. Such interest has led to the development of much new apparatus and techniques, which in turn have stimulated much more detailed investigations. As with other problems in this field, studies of the mechanism of the pyrolysis and combustion of cellulose are becoming increasingly refined. Thus, they can be expected to be increasingly useful in predicting and directing the course of the reactions involved. Early studies of the pyrolysis of cellulose were confined to determination of such gross fractions as gas, tar, and char and to simple observation of how the com­ bustibility of the sample varied with the relative proportions of these fractions.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Review of Reactions and Molecular Mechanisms in Cellulose
    Review of Reactions and Molecular Mechanisms in Cellulose Title Pyrolysis Author(s) Kawamoto, Haruo Citation Current Organic Chemistry (2016), 20(23): 2444-2457 Issue Date 2016-05-25 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/240620 This is the ACCEPTED VERSION of the peer-reviewed article. The published manuscript is available at EurekaSelect via http://www.eurekaselect.com/142480; The full-text file will be made open to the public on 25 May 2017 in accordance with Right publisher's 'Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving'.; This is not the published version. Please cite only the published version.; この論文は出版社版でありません。引用の際に は出版社版をご確認ご利用ください。 Type Journal Article Textversion author Kyoto University Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] Journal Name, Year, Volume 1 Review of Reactions and Molecular Mechanisms in Cellulose Pyrolysis Haruo Kawamoto Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Abstract: Cellulose, which is a polymer of β-1→4 linked D-glucose units, comprises about half the components of lignocellulosic biomasses. A better understanding of the chemistry involved in cellulose pyrolysis provides valuable insights into the development of efficient pyrolysis-based conversion technologies of biomass into biofuels, biochemicals and biomaterials. This review focuses on the reactions and molecular mechanisms that determine the reactivity and product selectivity in pyrolysis and the related conversion technologies. This information is useful for understanding the processing technologies conducted at high temperatures, such as wood drying and the production of cellulose-plastic composite materials. Because the cellulose pyrolysis behavior changes drastically in the temperature range of 300–350 °C, this review is divided into low- and high-temperature regimes.
    [Show full text]