Removing the Kanab Ambersnail From

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Removing the Kanab Ambersnail From Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 119 / Thursday, June 24, 2021 / Rules and Regulations 33137 include the OMB Control Number, Commission. If the Commission DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 3060–0298, in your correspondence. requests respondents to submit The Commission will also accept your information which respondents believe Fish and Wildlife Service comments via email at [email protected]. is confidential, respondents may request To request materials in accessible confidential treatment of such 50 CFR Part 17 formats for people with disabilities information under 47 CFR 0.459 of the [Docket No. FWS–R6–ES–2019–0055; (Braille, large print, electronic files, Commission’s rules. FF09E22000 FXES11130900000 201] audio format), send an email to fcc504@ fcc.gov or call the Consumer and Privacy Act: No impact(s). RIN 1018–BD49 Governmental Affairs Bureau at (202) Needs and Uses: Sections 201, 202, 418–0530 (voice), (202) 418–0432 203, 204 and 205 of the Endangered and Threatened Wildlife (TTY). Communications Act of 1934, (Act) as and Plants; Removing the Kanab amended, 47 U.S.C. 201, 202, 203, 204 Ambersnail From the List of Synopsis and 205, require that common carriers Endangered and Threatened Wildlife As required by the Paperwork establish just and reasonable charges, AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507), practices, and regulations, which must the FCC is notifying the public that it Interior. be filed with the Commission to ACTION: Final rule. received final OMB approval on May 13, determine whether such schedules are 2021, for the information collection just, reasonable and not unduly SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and requirements contained in the discriminatory. On October 9, 2020, the Wildlife Service (Service), are removing modifications to the Commission’s rules Commission released the Order, FCC the Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma in 47 CFR part 51. haydeni kanabensis) from the Federal Under 5 CFR part 1320, an agency 20–143, published at 85 FR 75894, List of Endangered and Threatened may not conduct or sponsor a collection which transitions intercarrier Wildlife. This determination is based on of information unless it displays a compensation for toll-free services a thorough review of the best available current, valid OMB Control Number. either to lower, uniform rate caps or to No person shall be subject to any bill-and-keep over approximately three scientific information. Our review penalty for failing to comply with a years as a means of curtailing abuse of indicates that the Kanab ambersnail is collection of information subject to the the 8YY intercarrier compensation not a valid subspecies and therefore Paperwork Reduction Act that does not regime. The Order requires price cap cannot be listed as an endangered entity display a current, valid OMB Control and rate-of-return carriers to establish under the Endangered Species Act. Number. The OMB Control Number is separate rate elements for certain DATES: This rule is effective July 26, 3060–0298. interstate and intrastate toll free and 2021. The foregoing notice is required by non-toll free services. Carriers are also ADDRESSES: This final rule, the the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, required to lower the 8YY database supporting documents we used in Public Law 104–13, October 1, 1995, query charges over three years, and are preparing this rule, and public and 44 U.S.C. 3507. prohibited from charging for more than comments we received are available on The total annual reporting burdens one query per call. Competitive local the internet at http:// and costs for the respondents are as exchange carriers (LECs) assessing a www.regulations.gov at Docket No. follows: tariffed intrastate or interstate Toll Free FWS–R6–ES–2019–0055. Persons who OMB Control Number: 3060–0298. Database Query Charge must cap such use a telecommunications device for the OMB Approval Date: May 13, 2021. charges and revise their tariffs to ensure deaf may call the Federal Relay Service OMB Expiration Date: May 31, 2024. at 800–877–8339. Title: Part 61, Tariffs (Other than that those charges do not exceed the Tariff Review Plan). rates charged by the competing FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Form Number: N/A. incumbent LEC. Yvette Converse, Field Supervisor, telephone: 801–975–3330. Direct all Respondents: Businesses or other for- The information collected through questions or requests for additional profit entities. carriers’ tariffs is used by the Number of Respondents and information to: Kanab Ambersnail Commission and state commissions to Questions, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Responses: 2,925 respondents; 9,585 determine whether services offered are responses. Service; Utah Ecological Services Field just and reasonable, as the Act requires. Office; 2369 Orton Circle, Suite 50; West Estimated Time per Response: 1–50 The tariffs and any supporting hours. Valley City, Utah 84119. Persons who documentation are examined in order to Frequency of Response: One-time, use a telecommunications device for the determine if the services are offered in biennial and on-occasion reporting deaf may call the Federal Relay Service requirements. a just and reasonable manner. at 800–877–8339. Obligation To Respond: Required to Federal Communications Commission. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: obtain or retain benefits. The statutory Marlene Dortch, Previous Federal Actions authority for this information collection Secretary. is contained in sections 1–5, 201–205, On November 15, 1991, we proposed [FR Doc. 2021–13213 Filed 6–23–21; 8:45 am] 208, 251–271, 403, 502, and 503 of the to list the Kanab ambersnail as an Communications Act of 1934, as BILLING CODE 6712–01–P endangered species (56 FR 58020). The amended, 47 U.S.C. 151–155, 201–205, species’ habitat was greatly reduced in 208, 251–271, 403, 502 and 503. size and the population declined, due to Total Annual Burden: 244,477 hours. preparations for anticipated Total Annual Cost: $1,584,000. development. On April 17, 1992, we Nature and Extent of Confidentiality: published a final rule listing the Kanab Respondents are not being asked to ambersnail as an endangered species (57 submit confidential information to the FR 13657), but as explained in that rule, VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:01 Jun 23, 2021 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00057 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\24JNR1.SGM 24JNR1 khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with RULES 33138 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 119 / Thursday, June 24, 2021 / Rules and Regulations we did not designate critical habitat of sandstone or limestone cliffs (Clarke conditions and reduced spring flow because we found that designation 1991, pp. 28–29; Spamer and Bogan became particularly severe (Sorensen would be not prudent due to a danger 1993, p. 296; Meretsky et al. 2002, p. 2015, p. 10; Sorensen 2020, p. 1). This of over-collection or purposeful harm or 309). Habitat vegetation can consist of decline has continued since 2011 killing of snails if the locations of the cattail (Typha domingensis), sedge (Sorensen 2015, p. 10; Sorensen 2020, p. snails were made public on critical (Juncus spp.), native crimson 1). habitat maps. On October 12, 1995, we monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis), The most recent population estimate finalized the Kanab ambersnail recovery watercress (Nasturtium officinale), is from 2002, which estimated 3,124 plan (Service 1995, entire). native water sedge (Carex aquatilis), and individuals and noted that population We completed a 5-year review of the maidenhair fern (Adiantum capillus- numbers could be highly variable from species’ status in July 2011 (Service veneris) (57 FR 13657, April 17, 1992; year to year (Gloss et al. 2005, p. 3). 2011, entire). As of the time of the 2011 Stevens et al. 1997, p. 6; Sorensen 2005, Fourteen individuals were collected in 5-year review, several genetic studies p. 3). The Kanab ambersnail often 2008, for genetic analysis (Culver et al. indicated that at least one of the three inhabits dead and decaying litter and 2013, p. 7). A survey in 2016 found only populations identified as the Kanab live stems of plants (Service 2011, p. one snail, but search conditions were ambersnail was potentially part of a 11). difficult and time was limited (Sorensen different species or subspecies, but we When the Kanab ambersnail was 2016, pers. comm.). did not consider those studies alone to listed, we knew of two populations in The Three Lakes population is a series be certain enough to recommend Utah (Three Lakes and Kanab Creek of small ponds on private land delisting at that time (Miller et al. 2000, Canyon) and one population in Arizona approximately 6 mi (10 km) northwest p. 8; Stevens et al. 2000, p. 7; Culver et (Vasey’s Paradise) (57 FR 13657, April of Kanab, Utah (Clarke 1991, p. 28; al. 2007, p. 3; Service 2011, pp. 8–9). 17, 1992). The Kanab Creek Canyon Service 1995, p. 3). Occupied and The subsequent publication of a larger, population in Utah was extirpated by potential habitat is approximately 4.94 more comprehensive study on the 1991, after dewatering of the seep for acres (ac) (2 hectares (ha)) (Service 1995, genetics of the Kanab ambersnail and livestock use severely reduced the p. 3). Available habitat is wet meadow the Oxyloma genus (Culver et al. 2013, available habitat. Kanab ambersnails and marsh. The habitat was greatly entire) resulted in our proposed rule to were last found there in 1990, when reduced in size and the population delist Kanab ambersnail based on new three individuals were identified declined beginning in 1991, due to taxonomic information indicating that it (Service 2011, p. 12). Currently, there preparations for anticipated was not a valid taxon, published in the are two naturally occurring populations development, which resulted in the Federal Register on January 6, 2020 (85 of Kanab ambersnails (Vasey’s Paradise original emergency listing (57 FR 13657, FR 487).
Recommended publications
  • List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017
    Washington Natural Heritage Program List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017 The following list of animals known from Washington is complete for resident and transient vertebrates and several groups of invertebrates, including odonates, branchipods, tiger beetles, butterflies, gastropods, freshwater bivalves and bumble bees. Some species from other groups are included, especially where there are conservation concerns. Among these are the Palouse giant earthworm, a few moths and some of our mayflies and grasshoppers. Currently 857 vertebrate and 1,100 invertebrate taxa are included. Conservation status, in the form of range-wide, national and state ranks are assigned to each taxon. Information on species range and distribution, number of individuals, population trends and threats is collected into a ranking form, analyzed, and used to assign ranks. Ranks are updated periodically, as new information is collected. We welcome new information for any species on our list. Common Name Scientific Name Class Global Rank State Rank State Status Federal Status Northwestern Salamander Ambystoma gracile Amphibia G5 S5 Long-toed Salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum Amphibia G5 S5 Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Amphibia G5 S3 Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii Amphibia G5 S5 Dunn's Salamander Plethodon dunni Amphibia G4 S3 C Larch Mountain Salamander Plethodon larselli Amphibia G3 S3 S Van Dyke's Salamander Plethodon vandykei Amphibia G3 S3 C Western Red-backed Salamander Plethodon vehiculum Amphibia G5 S5 Rough-skinned Newt Taricha granulosa
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Conference Opinions Glen Canyon
    United States DeDanment... of Lh.e Interior Fish and Wildlife Se:vice Arizona EcJlogic:l1 Se..-.rices Field Office 2:321 w. Roy.I P::.1.r:l Road. Suite 103 Ph.oeni:::. ArizoC!.2. 85021-:'9S1 • [n Reply R.efC" To: (602) 640-2:7"-0 M..::; (602) 640-ZT.!Q ABSO/SE 2-21-93-F-167 February 16, 1996 MEM:ORAND illvf TO: Regional Director, Bureau of Reciamation. Salt La.1ce Cicy, Utah FRO~!: Field Supervisor SUBJECT: Biological and Conference Opinions on OpeT:arion of Glen Canyon Dam ­ Conrrolled Rele3.Se for Habitat and Beach Building (Your Refere:lce UC-320, aN-l.OO) The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has reviewed the Bureau of Reclamation's proposed. test of beachlhabir:at-building flow (rest flow) from Glen Canyon Dam. in spring 1996 in the CoLorado Rivet: located in Coconino County, Arizona. Your November 20, 1995, request for formal consultation was received on November 21, 1995. This doc..uneru: represents the Service's biological and conference opinions on the effects of that action on the following endangered •• species: humpback: chub (Gila cypha); Kanab ambermail (Oxy{oma. haydeni kCJwbensis); and southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidon.ax traillii e:xtimus); and on critic:tl habitat for the humpback: chub and proposed. critical habitat for southwes-..ern willow flyC3.!Cher, in accordance with section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Act), as ame::lde:i, (16 U.S.C. 1531 ec seq.). Tnese biologiCJ..1 and confere~ opinions are based. on information provided in the November 1995 biological assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • Endangered and Threatened Animals of Utah
    Endangered and Threatened Animals of Utah Quinney Professorship for Wildlife Conflict Management Jack H. Berryman Institute U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife Resources Utah State University Extension Service Endangered and Threatened Animals of Utah 1998 Acknowledgments This publication was produced by Utah State University Extension Service Department of Fisheries and Wildlife The Jack H. Berryman Institute Utah Division of Wildlife U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Extension and Publications Contributing Authors Purpose and Introduction Terry Messmer Marilet Zablan Mammals Boyde Blackwell Athena Menses Birds Frank Howe Fishes Leo Lentsch Terry Messmer Richard Drake Reptiles and Invertebrates Terry Messmer Richard Drake Utah Sensitive Species List Frank Howe Editors Terry Messmer Richard Drake Audrey McElrone Publication Publication Assistance by Remani Rajagopal Layout and design by Gail Christensen USU Publication Design and Production Quinney Professorship for Wildlife Conflict Management This bulletin was developed under the auspices of the Quinney Professorship for Wildlife Conflict Management through the sponsorship of the S. J. and Jessie E. Quinney Foundation in partnership with the College of Natural Resources, Jack H. Berryman Institute for Wild- life Damage Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Utah Department of Natural Resources, and Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. i Contents Purpose of this Guide . iii Introduction . v What are endangered and threatened species? . vi Why some species become endangered or threatened? . vi Why protect endangered species? . vi The Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) . viii Mammals Black-footed Ferret . 1 Grizzly Bear . 5 Gray Wolf . 9 Utah Prairie Dog . 13 Birds Bald Eagle .
    [Show full text]
  • Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History
    Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History Home Pennsylvania Species Virginia Species Land Snail Ecology Resources Contact Virginia Land Snails Oxyloma retusum (I. Lea, 1834) Family: Succineidae Common name: Blunt Ambersnail Identification Length: 6-14 mm Whorls: 3 This ambersnail is intermediate in size. It has shallower sutures and flatter whorls, giving it a more streamlined look than Catinella vermeta. It also has a taller aperture, about 2/3 the total shell length. The basal margin of its aperture may appear nearly flat, although this may vary to more rounded. The animal is stippled with small black spots, which form bands on top of the head, including a stripe to each antennae. Ecology Oxyloma retusum is often found in damp fields or shoreline habitats, sometimes at high densities in the warmer months. It may be seen crawling in muddy areas or on wetland plants (Hubricht 1985). Along a small lake in Maryland, this species was eating mostly dead plants in the spring, but both live and dead plants in summer and fall (Örstan, 2006). In Maryland a few individuals of this species survive the winter, then grow until the end of June when the larger animals die off following an initial mating period (Örstan, 2006). Offspring from the first mating period Photo(s): Live Oxyloma retusum by Bill engage in their own mating in late summer. Survivors of the spring and late summer generations enter winter Frank ©. Museum specimen by Ken hibernation. Hotopp ©. Courtship is initiated by one snail crawling onto the shell of another and crawling around the shell apex toward Click photo(s) to enlarge.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 150/Monday, August 9, 2021
    43470 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 150 / Monday, August 9, 2021 / Proposed Rules How can I get copies of the proposed digital television service, including Federal Communications Commission. action and other related information? propagation characteristics that allow Thomas Horan, EPA has established a docket for this undesired signals and noise to be Chief of Staff, Media Bureau. receivable at relatively far distances and action under Docket ID No. EPA–HQ– Proposed Rule OAR–2021–0208. EPA has also nearby electrical devices to cause developed a website for this proposal, interference. According to the For the reasons discussed in the which is available at https:// Petitioner, it has received numerous preamble, the Federal Communications www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions- complaints of poor or no reception from Commission proposes to amend 47 CFR vehicles-and-engines/proposed-rule- viewers, and explains the importance of part 73 as follows: revise-existing-national-ghg-emissions. a strong over-the-air signal in the Portland area during emergencies, PART 73—RADIO BROADCAST Please refer to the notice of proposed SERVICES rulemaking for detailed information on when, it states, cable and satellite accessing information related to the service may go out of operation. Finally, ■ 1. The authority citation for part 73 proposal. the Petitioner demonstrated that the continues to read as follows: channel 21 noise limited contour would Dated: July 29, 2021. fully encompass the existing channel 12 Authority: 47 U.S.C. 154, 155, 301, 303, William Charmley, contour, and an analysis using the 307, 309, 310, 334, 336, 339. Director, Assessment and Standards Division, Commission’s TVStudy software ■ 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Gastropods (Snail & Slugs) of Los Angeles
    Land gastropods (snails & slugs) of Los Angeles County Why snails? • Many local species are endemic to Southern California • In fact, land snails are highly endemic around the world. • They evolve adaptations to relatively small locations. • Habitat destruction has put many land snails at high risk of extinction, including almost all of the endemic species in Southern California. Papustyla pulcherrima Manus Green Tree Snail Found: Manus Island, Papua New Guinea Facts: green color is natural but is only in outer protein layer of shell Lifestyle: tree snail, lives in island rainforests Conservation status: Endangered due to over-collection by humans and habitat (native tree) loss from logging Achatinella fulgens O`ahu tree snail Found: O`ahu, Hawaii Facts: sinestral (left-coiling), 41 species, 30 species extinct Lifestyle: tree snail, eats fungus off tree leaves Conservation status: Critically endangered due to predation by rats, introduced snails, and habitat (native tree) loss Zonitoides arboreus S.L.I.M.E Snails & slugs Living Oxychilus sp. In Metropolitan Environments Goals of SLIME • Inventory of living snail species in Los Angeles County • Compare with Museum historical records • Note introductions and extinctions • Ask where and why do populations live where they do What role do snails play in the environment? Many snails are decomposers. Decomposers consume dead or dying leaves, wood, and fungus. Without snails and other decomposers it would take much longer for nutrients to cycle through the environment: that is, move from living things to the soil, then back into living things again. Which snails and slugs are considered pests? Why? Pest snails are those that cause damage to human-grown plants and/or are so abundant that they cause damage to human-created landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Gap Ranch Biological Resource Evaluation
    RED GAP RANCH BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE EVALUATION Prepared for: Southwest Ground-water Consultants, Inc. Prepared by: WestLand Resources, Inc. Date: February 14, 2014 Project No.: 1822.01 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 1 2. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ................................................... 2 2.1. Approach ...................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Physical Environment ................................................................................................................... 2 2.3. Biological Environment and Resources ....................................................................................... 3 3. SCREENING ANALYSIS FOR SPECIES OF CONCERN ................................................................ 5 3.1. Approach ...................................................................................................................................... 5 3.2. Screening Analysis Results .......................................................................................................... 7 3.2.1. USFWS-listed Species ...................................................................................................... 7 3.2.2. USFS Coconino National Forest Sensitive Species ........................................................ 15 3.2.3. USFS Management Indicator Species ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kanab Ambersnail (Oxyloma Kanabense)
    TOC Page | 88 KANAB AMBERSNAIL (OXYLOMA KANABENSE) Navajo/Federal Statuses: NESL G4 / listed endangered 17 APR 1992 (57FR:13657). Distribution: Only two populations known: 1) near Kanab in Kane County, UT; 2) at Vasey's Paradise in Grand Canyon National Park (75.3 km downstream of Glen Canyon Dam). Potential is likely restricted to western Navajo Nation; including tributaries of Colorado and Little Colorado Rivers, springs on Echo Cliffs, and creeks north and west of Navajo Mountain. Habitat: Restricted to perennially wet soil surfaces or shallow standing water and decaying plant matter associated with springs and seep-fed marshes near sandstone or limestone cliffs. Vegetative cover is necessary; cattails, monkeyflower, or watercress are present at the two known locations, but wetland grasses and sedges may suffice. Similar Species: other Succineid snails; see Pilsbry, 1948. Phenology: m.MAR-l.MAR: emergence from winter dormancy by previous year’s young e.APR-e.JUL: maturation e.JUL-l.AUG: peak reproduction l.AUG-l.SEP: growth of young, die-off of adults >l.SEP: growth of young, winter dormancy Survey Method: Pedestrian surveys within suitable habitat examining on and under wetland vegetation for live or dead snails. Federal permit required for collection. Suggested reference: Spamer and Bogan, in press. Avoidance: No surface disturbance year-round within 60 m of occupied habitat; no alteration of water quantity and chemistry. References: Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs II, No.3. (description, p.797) Spamer, E.E. and A.E. Bogan. in press.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda and Pulmonata) of Two National Parks Along the Potomac River Near Washington, District of Columbia
    Banisteria, Number 43, pages 3-20 © 2014 Virginia Natural History Society Land Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda and Pulmonata) of Two National Parks along the Potomac River near Washington, District of Columbia Brent W. Steury U.S. National Park Service 700 George Washington Memorial Parkway Turkey Run Park Headquarters McLean, Virginia 22101 Timothy A. Pearce Carnegie Museum of Natural History 4400 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-4080 ABSTRACT The land snails and slugs (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda and Pulmonata) of two national parks along the Potomac River in Washington DC, Maryland, and Virginia were surveyed in 2010 and 2011. A total of 64 species was documented accounting for 60 new county or District records. Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth) and Zonitoides nitidus (Müller) are recorded for the first time from Virginia and Euconulus polygyratus (Pilsbry) is confirmed from the state. Previously unreported growth forms of Punctum smithi Morrison and Stenotrema barbatum (Clapp) are described. Key words: District of Columbia, Euconulus polygyratus, Gastropoda, land snails, Maryland, national park, Paralaoma servilis, Punctum smithi, Stenotrema barbatum, Virginia, Zonitoides nitidus. INTRODUCTION Although county-level distributions of native land gastropods have been published for the eastern United Land snails and slugs (Gastropoda: Caeno- States (Hubricht, 1985), and for the District of gastropoda and Pulmonata) represent a large portion of Columbia and Maryland (Grimm, 1971a), and Virginia the terrestrial invertebrate fauna with estimates ranging (Beetle, 1973), no published records exist specific to between 30,000 and 35,000 species worldwide (Solem, the areas inventoried during this study, which covered 1984), including at least 523 native taxa in the eastern select national park sites along the Potomac River in United States (Hubricht, 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior U.S
    United States Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Arizona Ecological Services Office 2321 West Royal Palm Road, Suite 103 Phoenix, Arizona 85021-4951 Telephone: (602) 242-0210 FAX: (602) 242-2513 In Reply Refer To: AESO/SE 22410-2011-F-0100 22410-2011-F-0112 December 23, 2011 Memorandum To: Regional Director, Bureau of Reclamation, Salt Lake City, Utah From: Field Supervisor Subject: Final Biological Opinion on the Operation of Glen Canyon Dam including High Flow Experiments and Non-Native Fish Control Thank you for your request for formal consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) pursuant to section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531-1544), as amended (ESA). Your January 2011 request was supplemented with Biological Assessment (BA) dated July 13, 2011, and received by us on July 15, with supplements provided as described in the Consultation History section of this document. At issue are impacts that may result from the proposed 10-year continued operation of Glen Canyon Dam under the Modified Low Fluctuating Flows (MLFF) alternative along with High Flow Experimental (HFE) Releases and Non-Native Fish (NNFC) Control downstream from Glen Canyon Dam (GCD), Coconino County, Arizona. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) concluded that the proposed action “may affect, and is likely to adversely affect” the humpback chub (Gila cypha) and its critical habitat, the razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) and its critical habitat, and the Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma kanabensis haydenii). You also concluded that the proposed action “may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect” the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus).
    [Show full text]
  • Key Determinants of Freshwater Gastropod Diversity and Distribution: the Implications for Conservation and Management
    water Article Key Determinants of Freshwater Gastropod Diversity and Distribution: The Implications for Conservation and Management Mi-Jung Bae 1 and Young-Seuk Park 2,* 1 Biodiversity Research Team, Freshwater Biodiversity Research Bureau, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37242, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun, Seoul 02447, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-961-0946 Received: 2 June 2020; Accepted: 30 June 2020; Published: 4 July 2020 Abstract: Freshwater organisms are facing threats from various natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Using data sampled on a nationwide scale from streams in South Korea, we identified the crucial environmental factors influencing the distribution and abundance of freshwater gastropods. We used nonmetric multidimensional scaling and the random forest model to evaluate the relationships between environmental factors and gastropod assemblages. Among the 30 recorded species, two invasive gastropod species (Pomacea canaliculata and Physa acuta) have enlarged their distribution (10.4% and 57.3% frequency of occurrence, respectively), and were found to be widespread in streams and rivers. Our results revealed that the most influential factor in the distribution of gastropod assemblages was the ratio of cobble (%) in the substrate composition, although meteorological and physiographical factors were also important. However, the main environmental factors influencing species distribution varied among species according to habitat preference and environmental tolerance. Additionally, anthropogenic disturbance caused a decrease in the distribution of endemic species and an increase in the spatial distribution of invasive species. Finally, the results of the present study provide baseline information for planning successful strategies to maintain and conserve gastropod diversity when facing anthropogenic disturbance, as well as understanding the factors associated with the establishment of invasive species.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation of the Kanab Ambersnail
    The conservation of the Kanab Ambersnail of the snail, either by transporting eggs that become stuck on the bird, or by ingesting adult The Kanab Ambersnail is a critically snails and passing them through the digestive endangered snail that is endemic to three system. Snails residing in the Upper Elves locations in the Grand Canyon region. Canyon were from a population of 340 snails Complicating restoration efforts is the lack of that were transported by humans from 1998 to information about the snail and its habitat, 2002 as a conservation measure. origin, and population size. A recent presentation by Ann Holmes, a UC Davis Graduate ecology student described the Kanab Ambersnail and its habitat, the conflicts between snail conservation and ecosystem conservation, the lack of genetic data, and she provided recommendations for where we go from here. What is the Kanab Ambersnail? The Kanab Ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis), shown in Figure 1, was first discovered in 1909 in Utah. Initially, it was thought to be another known species of snail, Figure 1: Kanab Ambersnail until 1949 when it was reclassified to what we Concern with High Flow Experiments? know today. The snail is about 1 cm in length, which is about the diameter of a dime. Typical High flow experiments which have been lifespan of the snail is 15 months, with periods used to restore fish habitat, riparian areas and of dormancy during the cooler winter months. beaches along the river can have negative Due to the small size and dormancy periods it consequences for invertebrates, such as the has been difficult to survey the population size Kanab snail.
    [Show full text]