State Geological Map of Ukraine

MINISTRY OF ECOLOGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF UKRAINE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

NATIONAL JOINT-STOCK COMPANY "NADRA UKRAINY" SUBSIDIARY ENTERPRISE "ZAKHIDUKRGEOLOGIYA" UKRAINIAN STATE GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE “UkrSGRI”

STATE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF UKRAINE

Scale 1:200 000

Volynian Series

Map Sheet Group M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd), and M-35-XIX (Lviv)

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Compiled by: L.S.Gerasimov, S.V.Chaliy, A.A.Plotnikov, I.I.Gerasimova, G.V.Polkunova, I.O.Kostyk, T.L.Evtushko

Editors: V.Ya.Velikanov, B.D.Vozgrin

Expert of Scientific-Editorial Council: Yu.R.Karpinchuk (Lviv Branch of UkrSGRI)

English Translation (2010): B.I.Malyuk

Kyiv - 2004 (2010)

UDC 55 /477.82, 83, 84, 86/

The State Geological Map of Ukraine in the scale 1:200 000, map sheets M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd), and M-35-XIX (Lviv). Volynian Series. Explanatory Notes. Kyiv: Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, State Geological Survey, NJSC “Nadra Ukrainy”, SE “Zakhiukrgeologiya”, Lvivska Geological Exploration Expedition. – Kyiv: UkrSGRI, 2004 (2010). 136 p. 5 figures, 2 tables, 131 references, 10 annexes.

Authors

L.S.Gerasimov, S.V.Chaliy, A.A.Plotnikov, I.I.Gerasimova (responsible executive), G.V.Polkunova, I.O.Kostyk, T.L.Evtushko

Editors

V.Ya.Velikanov, B.D.Vozgrin

Expert of Scientific-Editorial Council

Yu.R.Karpinchuk (Candidate of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences, Senior Scientist, Lviv Branch of UkrSGRI)

English translation (2010)

B.I.Malyuk, Doctor Hab. of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences, UkrSGRI

In the work the synthesis and description of principal data on geology in the territory of map sheets M- 34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd), and M-35-XIX (Lviv) are provided. The major graphic supplements include: 1) geological maps and maps of mineral resources in pre- Quaternary units together with related legend and stratigraphic columns; 2) geological maps and maps of mineral resources in Quaternary sediments with legend; 3) geological maps and maps of coal resources in pre-Mesozoic units with legend, as well as numerous schemes of geological content and small-scale maps supporting text of Explanatory Notes. The Explanatory Notes contain data on the history of geological studies in the area, stratigraphy, tectonics and geological evolution, geomorphology, hydrogeology; mineral resources and regularities in their distribution are described in details as well as their perspective assessment is given. Ecological state of geological environment is described. The lists of mineral resources and geological remnants are given. The work is devoted to the wide range of specialists related to the geological sciences as well as businessmen dealing with mineral exploration and exploitation.

CONTENTS

0Abbreviations used in the text...... 1416

1INTRODUCTION...... 1427

21. GEOLOGICAL STUDY DEGREE OF THE AREA...... 1439

32. STRATIFIED UNITS ...... 14411

4Archean-Proterozoic Acrothemes...... 14518

5Archean – Lower Proterozoic undivided ...... 14618

6Proterozoic Acrotheme...... 14719

7Riphean eonotheme ...... 14819

8Middle Riphean...... 14919

9Upper Riphean ...... 15019

10Vendian System...... 15119

11Lower Vendian ...... 15219

12Upper Vendian...... 15320

13Vendian-Cambrian undivided...... 15420

14Paleozoic Eratheme (PZ)...... 15520

15Cambrian System (C) ...... 15620

16Lower Division ...... 15720

17Lower-Middle divisions...... 15821

18Middle Division...... 15921

19Middle-Upper divisions...... 16021

20Cambrian undivided...... 16121

21Ordovician System (O)...... 16221

22Lower Division ...... 16321

23Middle-Upper divisions undivided ...... 16421

24Ordovician undivided ...... 16522

25Silurian System (S)...... 16622

26Lower Division ...... 16722

27Upper Division ...... 16822

28Silurian – Lower Devonian undivided...... 16923

29Devonian System (D) ...... 17023

30Lower Division ...... 17123

31Middle-Upper divisions...... 17224

32Upper Division ...... 17324

33Carboniferous System (C) ...... 17425

34Lower Division ...... 17525

35Lower-Middle divisions (C1-2)...... 17627

36Middle Division...... 17727

37Mesozoic Eratheme (MZ) ...... 17828

38Jurassic System (J) ...... 17928

39Lower-Middle divisions...... 18028

40Middle Division...... 18128

41Upper Division ...... 18229

42Cretaceous System (K)...... 18330

43Lower Division (K1) ...... 18430

44Lower-Upper divisions (K1-2) ...... 18530

45Upper Division (K2)...... 18630

46Cenozoic Eratheme (KZ) ...... 18732

47Paleogene System (P)...... 18832

48Upper Eocene (P2) ...... 18932

49Neogene System (N)...... 19032

50Miocene Division (N1)...... 19133

51Quaternary System (Q)...... 19236

52Neo-Pleistocene Section /P/...... 19336

53Holocene...... 19440

3 543. TECTONICS...... 19542

55Basement tectonics ...... 19642

56Eastern-European Platform (EEP) ...... 19742

57Western-European Platform (WEP) ...... 19843

58Tectonics of Mesozoic platform cover ...... 19944

59Late Alpine litho-tectonic complex ...... 20045

60Fore-Carpathian Trough ...... 20146

614. HISTORY OF GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT...... 20249

625. GEOMORPHOLOGY AND RELIEF-FORMING PROCESSES...... 20352

636. HYDROGEOLOGY ...... 20457

647. MINERAL RESOURCES AND REGULARITIES IN THEIR DISTRIBUTION...... 20561

65Combustible minerals...... 20661

66Gaseous and liquid...... 20761

67Natural gas and oil ...... 20861

68Solid...... 20962

69Hard coal...... 21062

70Coal bearing...... 21162

71Coal composition and quality ...... 21265

72Brown coal...... 21370

73Peat ...... 21470

74Metallic mineral resources...... 21571

75Ferrous metals...... 21671

76Iron...... 21771

77Manganese ...... 21871

78Non-ferrous and base metals...... 21971

79Titanium...... 22071

80Rare metals ...... 22172

81Strontium ...... 22272

82Non-metallic mineral resources...... 22372

83Raw materials for metallurgy ...... 22472

84Foundry raw materials ...... 22572

85Ore-chemical minerals...... 22673

86Chemical raw materials...... 22773

87Raw materials for mineral pigments ...... 22874

88Non-metal ore raw materials...... 22974

89Gemstone raw materials...... 23074

90Facing raw materials ...... 23174

91Construction materials ...... 23275

92Glass raw materials ...... 23375

93Cement raw materials...... 23475

94Wall dimension stone raw materials ...... 23576

95Petrurgy and light concrete filler raw materials ...... 23676

96Raw materials for construction lime and gypsum...... 23776

97Aggregate raw materials ...... 23877

98Sand and gravel raw materials ...... 23977

99Brick-tile raw materials...... 24078

100Groundwaters ...... 24179

101Mineral waters...... 24279

102Waters without distinct components and properties ...... 24379

103Silica waters...... 24479

104Sulphide waters...... 24579

105Fresh waters...... 24680

106Drinking waters ...... 24780

107Industrial waters ...... 24880

108Bromine waters...... 24980

109Iodine waters...... 25081

110Iodine-boron-bromine waters...... 25181

111Iodine-bromine waters ...... 25281

4 1128. ASSESSMENT OF THE TERRITORY PERSPECTIVES...... 25382

113Oil and gas ...... 25482

114Hard coal...... 25582

115Peat...... 25683

116Manganese ...... 25783

117Strontium...... 25883

118Native sulfur...... 25983

119Mineral waters ...... 26084

1209. ECOLOGICAL-GEOLOGICAL SITUATION...... 26185

121Changes in geological environment ...... 26285

122Geochemical indicators of soils ...... 26386

123Changes of hydrogeological condition under influence of technogenic agents and groundwater contamination

over the territory ...... 26487

124Assessment of geological environment state and prognosis for development of ecological-geological situation

in the area ...... 26588

125Recommendations concerning further ecological-geological studies, rational use and protection of geological

environment...... 26689

126CONCLUSIONS ...... 26791

127REFERENCES ...... 26894

128Published...... 26994

129Unpublished ...... 27095

130ANNEXES...... 271101

131Annex 1. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in

pre-Quaternary units of map sheet M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska) ...... 272101

132Annex 2. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in

Quaternary sediments of map sheet M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska) ...... 273106

133Annex 3. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of coal resources in

pre-Mesozoic units of map sheet M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska)...... 274108

134Annex 4. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in

pre-Quaternary units of map sheet M-34-XIII (Chervonograd)...... 275109

135Annex 5. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in

Quaternary sediments of map sheet M-34-XIII (Chervonograd)...... 276111

136Annex 6. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of coal resources in

pre-Mesozoic units of map sheet M-35-XIII (Chervonograd) ...... 277116

137Annex 7. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in

pre-Quaternary units of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv)...... 278117

138Annex 8. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in

Quaternary sediments of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv)...... 279127

139Annex 9. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of coal resources in

pre-Mesozoic units of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv) ...... 280133

140Annex 10. List of nature landmarks indicated in the location scheme of geological and archaeological

landmarks...... 281134

0Abbreviations used in the text

BCC – bulk contamination coefficient Derzhgeolkarta-200 – the State Geological Map in the scale 1:200 000 EEP – Eastern-European Platform EGSF-200 – Extended Geological Study of the Fields in the scale 1:200 000 GE – geological environment GEE – Geological Exploration Expedition GM-50 – Geological Mapping in the scale 1:50 000 IP – Induced Polarization LPT - Lvivskiy Paleozoic Trough LTC - litho-tectonic complex LTZ – litho-tectonic zone LVB - Lvivsko-Volynskiy Basin NAS - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine SEP – Standard [vertical] Electric Profiling SGRE – State Geological Regional Enterprise TAC – top admissible concentration TAL – top admissible level TC[I]T – Trans-Carpathian [Internal] Trough UIMSC – Ukrainian Inter-Ministry Stratigraphic Committee USM – underground sulfur melting WEP – Western-European Platform

1INTRODUCTION

The territory of map sheets M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd), and M-35-XIX (Lviv) in administrative respect belongs to Lvivska Oblast and partly Volynska, Ivano-Frankivska, and Ternopilska Oblasts of Ukraine. The map sheet area is defined by the geographic coordinates 21o11’-25o00’ E longitude and 49o20’-50o40’ N latitude. In the north-west the territory is bounded by the State border with Poland. Major inhabited localities include Lviv, Sokal, Chervonograd, Velyki Mosty, Dobrotvir, Gorokhiv, Radekhiv, Rava-Ruska, Zhovkva, Peremyshlyany, Zolochiv, Zhydachiv, Noviy Rozdol, Khodoriv, Rogatyn, and Berezhany towns which are connected by the railway and diverse-class paved roads. In orohydrographic respect the studied area includes diverse relief forms caused by transition from slightly-hilly Volyno-Podilska Height to Fore-Carpathian Plain. The river network of the map sheet area includes two major systems separated by the Main European Watershed: the system of Dnister River, which belongs to the Black Sea basin, and the system of Visla River, which inflows to the Baltic Sea basin. In the southern part the heights Roztochchya and Opillya are located which belong to Podilska Height. Roztochchya comprises the north-west-trending watershed ridge which separates the basins of San, Western Boug and Dnister rivers. The north-eastern limbs are steep (relative elevations attain 70-90 m) while the south- western ones are flat and gradually merge Fore-Carpathian Plain. The maximum altitudes in Roztochchya are about 390-400 m. The southern part is defined to be Lvivske Plateau and further to the south it is being changed by Opillya. The altitudes in the southern part (Peremyshlyansko-Berezhanske Opillya) attain 408-443 m while relative heights vary from 100 to 160 m. Volyno-Malopoliska area includes the plain of Male Polissya and Volynska Height. The flat-wavy surface patterns with small magnitude (5-20 m) of relative heights comprise the distinct feature of Male Polissya. The southern part of Male Polissya (Pasmove Pobuzhzhya) differs in morphological feature from other areas. Prevailing ridge forms with altitudes 260-280 m exhibit prominent linear extensions. Volynska Height exhibits hilly-ridge morphology. The ridges, elongated in sub-latitudinal direction, include flat and broad tops with altitudes from 200 to 290 m. The major rivers of Black Sea basin include Dnister River and its left branches – Zubra, Davydivka, Boberka, Svirzh, Gnyla Lypa, Naraivka, and Zolota Lypa. In the central and northern parts of the area the major water-flows of Baltic Sea basin (Vysla River System) includes Western Boug River and its branches Luga, Solokiya, Rata. The area climate is moderate continental; the average year air temperature is +8oC, the average temperature of January is -4oC, of July – +18oC. The year precipitation amount attains 700 mm. Economy of the area is agricultural-industrial. The local inhabitants are mainly involved in plant cultivation and cattle breeding. Arable lands are being used for the cereals, garden and technical farming. Lviv city (more than 800 thousand inhabitants) comprises the biggest inhabited locality and industrial center where machinery construction, instrument-making and metal-working plants are located, the chemical, light and food industries are developed, as well as construction materials are being produced; this is also the major automobile and railway hub. The mining industry includes shafts of Lvivsko-Volynskiy hard-coal basin, Rozdolskiy mining- chemical sulfur plant, and a number of quarries for construction materials. The works in preparation of the Volyno-Podilska Series of Derzhgeolkarta-200, map sheets M-34- XVIII (Rava-Ruska), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd), and M-35-XIX (Lviv) were performing by Lvivska GEE of SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. The ground for the map design includes:  complex geological-hydrogeological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 over the map sheets M-34-72- D; M-34-83-B; M-34-84-A,B,C,D; M-35-73-A. Authors: L.S.Gerasimov, L.P.Pokotilova, I.I.Gerasimova, 1967 [44];  geological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 over the map sheets M-34-96-C; M-35-85-A,C. Authors: L.S.Gerasimov, I.I.Gerasimova, 1970 [45];  geological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 over the map sheets M-35-85-D; M-35-97-B; M-35-98-A. Authors: L.S.Gerasimov, I.I.Gerasimova, 1974 [46];  geological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 over the Soviet portion of map sheets M-34-71-B,C,D and deep geological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 over map sheets M-34-83-B. Authors: S.M.Turchynova, T.P.Pomortseva, G.G.Gruzman, 1982 [118];

7  extended geological study in the scale 1:200 000 over the map sheets M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska), M-34-XXII (Pshemysl), -XXIV (Drogobych), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd), M-35-XIX (Lviv). Authors: L.S.Gerasimov, S.V.Chaliy, A.A.Plotnikov, G.V.Polkunova, et al, 1997 [47]. The given set of Derzhgeolkarta-200 for map sheets M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd) and M-35-XIX (Lviv) contains the following materials:  stratigraphic columns;  the legend for geological maps and maps of mineral resources in pre-Quaternary units;  geological maps and maps of mineral resources in pre-Quaternary units;  the legend for geological maps and maps of mineral resources in Quaternary sediments;  geological maps and maps of mineral resources in Quaternary sediments;  the legend for geological maps and maps of coal resources in pre-Mesozoic units;  geological maps and maps of coal resources in pre-Mesozoic units;  explanatory notes. In the advanced works under EGSF-200 geologists L.S.Gerasimov, S.V.Chaliy, M.I.Zhupylo, M.I.Senko, G.V.Polkunova, O.D.Rozenberg, A.A.Plotnikov had participated. Preparation for publication is conducted by L.S.Gerasimov, S.V.Chaliy, A.A.Plotnikov, I.I.Gerasimova (responsible executive), G.V.Polkunova, I.O.Kostyk, T.L.Evtushko. Computer version of the explanatory notes and graphic supplements are prepared by S.V.Chaliy, A.A.Plotnikov and G.V.Polkunova. Micro-fauna determinations for Cretaceous and Neogene rocks are performed by the Research Division of SE “Zakhidukrgeologia” and the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences. Determinations of the absolute age for Quaternary sediments are carried out in the Institute of Geological Sciences, NAS, and in the laboratory of M.Curie-Sklodovska (Lublin, Poland). Chemical and spectral analysis of the rocks and soils are conducted in the laboratories of SE “Geoprognoz” and SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. Scientific edition of the maps and explanatory notes is carried out by V.Ya.Velikanov and B.D.Vozgrin.. Essential help to the works is provided by I.B.Vyshnyakov, G.M.Pomyanovska, A.B.Bogutskiy, who are greatly acknowledged.

21. GEOLOGICAL STUDY DEGREE OF THE AREA

Geological study of the territory was commenced in XIX century by the Polish and Austrian geologists, and since 1939 – by Ukrainian geologists. Ever since 1946 the systematic geological mapping, prospecting and exploration was carried out for sulfur, salts, oil, coal, underground waters, and construction materials. The history of geological studies prior to 1960 is described in the explanatory notes to the first edition of the “State Geological Map in the scale 1:200 000” for map sheets M-34-XVIII [23], M-35-XIII [13], and M-35-XIX [20]. Analysis of these materials has allowed basic knowledge of the geological structure and history of development of the area. Nowadays these maps are significantly outdated (see sketch of materials used). In 1962-1967 the complex geological-hydrogeological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 over the Lvivska group of map sheets had been performed: M-34-72-D; -83-B; -84-A,B,C,D; M-35-73-A,C [44]; in 1967-1970 – the mapping over map sheets M-34-96-B; M-35-85-A,B [45]; in 1974 – map sheets M-35-85-D, -97-B, 98-A [46]. Geological mapping works in this scale were conducted using hydrogeological, geomorphologic, radiometric studies and remote sensing data. The works accompanied by considerable amount of drilling and rock sampling for various analyses types. The mapping reports over geological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 contain synthesis of all previous results, substantiated description of the area geology and history of geological development, as well as recommendation concerning further prospecting for native sulfur, salts, strontium, barium, construction materials. Detailed exploration works were then carried out over many of the recommended fields. In the same period essential amount of prospecting drilling for oil and gas continued and result analysis was performed by Lvivska geological-prospecting bureau of “Naftogazrozvidka” trust [25-29, 36, 37, 57-59, 62, 66, 70-76, 78-81, 84-92, 97, 98, 110, 111, 115, 120, 122, 124-126]. As a result, the area geology and tectonics were studied and economic evaluation was provided for previously discovered deposits: Kokhanivske oil and Svydnytske gas ones. Prospecting-exploration works for hard coal were yet commenced before the Second World War and are being continued up to now. Just after the war the works were conducted by “Lvivvuglegeologiya” and “Volynskuglerozvidka” trusts of the Ministry of Coal Industry of USSR, and since 1971 – by Lvivska geological expedition of “Kyivgeologiya” trust. The broad-scale works had allowed over relatively short time to discover a range of major hard coal deposits and to solve the problem of Lvivsko-Volynskiy Coal Basin. In the territory of map sheet M-35-XIII and in the eastern part of map sheet M-34-XVIII six deposits were discovered and explored – Mezhyrichanske, Zabuzke, Volynske, Sokalske, Tyaglivske and Lyubelske. These works were performed by P.G.Andreev, O.V.Boyko, E.Y.Girniy, V.M.Zherekhov, M.D.Korol, Ya.M.Kotsko, B.I.Lelyk, M.M.Mandzyak, B.S.Popel, M.Ya.Reshko, V.G.Svetlichniy, M.I.Struev, I.M.Stukan, V.B.Shpakova, M.G.Shteinbuk, P.G.Shulga, and others. Besides these, the studies and materials examination have been conducted concerning regularities in coal distribution (V.F.Shulga, B.I.Lelyk) and coal metamorphism and quality (E.S.Bartoshynska, V.Z.Ershov, I.O.Kostyk, V.I.Uziyuk). Over the same period most of prospecting and exploration works had been conducted for construction materials provided mainly by Lvivska geological expedition (M.F.Grygorovych, P.V.Boltruchuk, I.A.Dayko, L.M.Kirpich, O.V.Kshanovskiy, V.S.Litvinenko, S.I.Lykhomanov, M.P.Rybak, N.T.Shchyrba, V.R.Shiring, and others). The studied area comprises the historic sulfur-producing area of Europe and major sulfur-bearing basin of the former Soviet Union and modern Ukraine. As far back as 1950 the geological-prospecting bureau “Ukrgaz” (N.D.Elin and O.V.Prosnyakov) has discovered and evaluated Rozdolske sulfur deposit. In 1951-1952 under leadership of Yu.I.Vetrov this deposit was explored in details by Rozdolska expedition of Golovkhimrozvidka of the Ministry of Chemical Industry of USSR. In 1951, in the course of general prospecting, Zhydachivske sulfur deposit was discovered and in 1953 Z.O.Burlyaeva [33] has estimated its reserves. As a result of geological mapping works in 1953-1959 the detailed exploration and reserve estimation were conducted in Nemyrivske sulfur deposit [35]. In the course of prospecting by G.T.Sakseev (1968) in the basin central part Teysarivske sulfur deposit was discovered [103, 106]. In hydrogeological respect, the territory of studied map sheets is much more weakly studied. In 1963- 1964 Lvivska GEE had carried out the complex geological-hydrogeological mapping in the scale 1:200 000 over map sheets M-34-XVIII, M-35-XIII and M-35-XIX, and these materials were used in the designing and publishing of hydrogeological map [18]. In 60-80th the reserves of fresh underground waters for water supplying

9 of Lviv city and area centers of Lvivska Oblast were explored and approved in the State Commission on Mineral Reserves of USSR and Territorial Commission on Mineral Reserves of UkSSR (V.P.Fedoseev, G.M.Padalko, V.U.Kulyk and others). In 1988-1993 Lvivska GEE has conducted specialized engineering-geological mapping in the scale 1:200 000 over the part of map sheets M-34-XVIII, M-35-XIII and M-35-XIX [56]. As a result, the mapping of two complexes was performed – the cover and hard-rock ones. For the first time in this territory the legend was created for engineering-geological maps and engineering-geological and geomorphologic zonation was developed matching modern requirements. All prospecting and mapping works were preceded and accompanied by geophysical studies conducted over 1949-1990 by ZUGRE, “Ukrgeofizyka”, “Kyivgeologiya”, VGO “Ukrgeofizyka” and “Pivnichukrgeologiya” trusts. Significant part of the area is covered by airborne magnetic and gravity surveys in the scale 1:50 000 (A.V.Teslenko, V.Yu.Ishchenko, B.Ya.Bilichenko), seismic survey in the scales 1:50 000 and 1:100 000 (M.M.Borodatiy, M.M.Chervonskiy, M.Kh.Monyukh, O.E.Fedotov, and others), electric surveys in the scales 1:25 000 - 1:50 000 (I.V.Gapak, Ya.S.Sapuzhak, G.P.Pomortsev, T.P. Pomortseva, and others).During report preparation on the EGSF-200 for Lvivska group of map sheets the data of geophysical works were revised and regularized in Lvivska geophysical team of SGRE “Pivnichukrgeologiya”. S.M.Turchynova and others has conducted considerable work concerning analysis of geological study degree for Volyno-Podillya and Peredkarpattya [119]. Besides aforementioned works, the numerous thematic studies are conducted over the area by scientists from various entities – Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute, Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences, Lviv Ivan Franko National University. Among these authors O.S.Vyalov, I.B.Vyshnyakov, V.V.Glushko, M.E.Gorodnyk, V.G.Dulub, N.M.Zhabina, L.M.Kudrin, S.I.Pasternak, G.M.Pomyanovska, S.E.Smirnov, Yu.M.Senkovskiy, V.M.Utrobin, A.V.Khyzhnyakov, and others should be noted. Under participation of these scientists the modern stratigraphic scheme of Carpathians and sedimentary cover of Eastern-European Platform is developed.

32. STRATIFIED UNITS

The studied territory is located within three major tectonic regions (from the north-east to south-west): the south-western margin of the Eastern-European Platform (EEP), its young rim – Western-European Platform (WEP) and Fore-Carpathian (Peredkarpatskiy) Trough formed over the basement of the latter. Inside each of these major units the higher-order ones are also distinguished – litho-tectonic zones (LTZ) which are caused by tectonic regime, exhibit specific development history, column structure and different thickness of sediments involved, that is, specific evolution features over entire Riphean-Phanerozoic history. In compliance with these features, the legend for geological maps is designed. In geology of mentioned geostructures the rocks of Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic are involved. Proterozoic is composed of Ryphean and Vendian rocks; Paleozoic units include Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous systems; Mesozoic – Jurassic and Cretaceous systems; Cenozoic – Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary systems. The definition of stratigraphic subdivisions is based on stratigraphic “Scheme of Phanerozoic units of Ukraine for geological maps of new generation” (1993) and “Legend for geological map of Ukraine of Volyno- Podilska Series in the scale 1:200 000” (1995). The integrated stratigraphic column over the studied map sheets is designed as follows (downward):

PHANEROZOIC EONOTHEME Cenozoic eratheme Quaternary System (Q)

Holocene (H) tH – technogenic rocks bH – biogenic sediments vH – aeolian sediments aH – alluvial sediments eH – eluvial sediments

Neo-Pleistocene (upper branch) – Holocene (PIII-H) vPIII-H – aeolian sediments adPIII-H – alluvial-deluvial sediments dPIII-H – deluvial sediments

Neo-Pleistocene (middle branch) – Holocene (PII-H) edPII-H – eluvial-deluvial sediments undivided

Pleistocene

Neo-Pleistocene (P) Upper Neo-Pleistocene Branch (PIII) vdPIIIpč – Prychornomorskiy climatolith ePIIIdf – Dofinivskiy climatolith 1 a PIIIds – Desnyanskiy ledge. Alluvial sediments of the first over-flood terrace vdPIIIbg – Buzkiy climatolith vdPIIIbg-pč – Buzki and Prychornomorski aeolian-deluvial sediments undivided ePIIIvt – Vitachivskiy climatolith 2 a PIIIvl – Vilshanskiy ledge. Alluvial sediments of the second over-flood terrace vdPIIIud – Udayskiy climatolith vdPIIIud-pč – Udaysko-Prychornomorski aeolian-deluvial sediments undivided ePIIIpl – Prylutskiy climatolith vd,ePIII – aeolian-deluvial and eluvial sediments undivided

Middle Neo-Pleistocene Branch (PII) vdPIIts – Tyasminskiy climatolith ePIIkd – Kaydatskiy climatolith 4 a PIIčk – Cherkaskiy ledge. Alluvial sediments of the third over-flood terrace vdPIIdn – Dniprovskiy climatolith ePIIzv – Zavadivskiy climatolith vd,ePII – aeolian-deluvial and eluvial sediments undivided

Lower-Middle Neo-Pleistocene undivided branches (PI-PII) dp,ePI-II – deluvial-proluvial sediments undivided

Lower Neo-Pleistocene Branch (PI) vdPItl – Tyligulskiy climatolith ePIlb – Lubenskiy climatolith vd,ePI – aeolian-deluvial and eluvial sediments undivided fPI – fluvioglacial sediments undivided gPI – glacial (moraine) sediments undivided alPI – undivided alluvial-lake sediments

Neogene System (N)

Miocene (N1)

Bilche-Volytska LTZ Zakhidnopodilska LTZ

Upper Miocene

Sarmatian Regio-Stage

Dashavska Suite N1dš2 – upper sub-suite N1vl – Volynski layers N1dš1 – lower sub-suite

Middle Miocene

Badenian Regio-Stage

Upper Badenian Sub-Regio-Stage

N1ks – Kosivska Suite N1tn – Ternopilski layers

Middle Badenian Sub-Regio-Stage

N1tr – Tyraska Suite N1tr – Tyraska Suite

Lower Badenian Sub-Regio-Stage

N1bg – Bogorodchanska Suite N1op – Opilska Suite

Lower Miocene

Karpatskiy Regio-Stage

N1p – Sequence of sands N1ng+br – Nagoryanski and Berezhanski layers combined

Paleogene System (P)

Zakhidnopodilska LTZ

Upper Eocene

P2gp– sequence of glauconite sands

Mesozoic eratheme (MZ)

Cretaceous System (K)

Verbizka LTZ Zhuravnenska LTZ Lukvynska LTZ

Upper Division (K2)

Maastrichtian Stage

K2lv – Lvivska Suite K2lv – Lvivska Suite K2lv – Lvivska Suite

Campanian Stage

K2vr2 – Verbizka Suite, upper sub- K2žr2 – Zhuravnenska Suite, K2lk2 – Lukvynska Suite, upper suite upper sub-suite sub-suite

Santonian Stage

K2vr1 – Verbizka Suite, lower sub- K2žr1 – Zhuravnenska Suite, K2lk1 – Lukvynska Suite, lower suite lower sub-suite sub-suite

Coniacian Stage

K2db2 – Dubovetska Suite, upper K2db2 – Dubovetska Suite, upper K2db2 – Dubovetska Suite, upper sub-suite sub-suite sub-suite

Turonian Stage

K2db1 – Dubovetska Suite, lower K2db1 – Dubovetska Suite, lower K2db1 – Dubovetska Suite, lower sub-suite sub-suite sub-suite

Cenomanian Stage

K2i – layers of inoceram limestones K2i – layers of inoceram K2i – layers of inoceram limestones limestones

Lower-Upper divisions (K1-2)

K1-2nz – Nezvyska Suite K1-2nz – Nezvyska Suite K1-2nz – Nezvyska Suite

Lower Division (K1)

K1st – Stavchanska Suite K1st – Stavchanska Suite K1st – Stavchanska Suite

Jurassic System (J)

Oparska LTZ Pidlubenska LTZ

Upper Division (J3)

Tithonian Stage

J3nž – Nyzhnivska Suite

Kimmeridgian-Tithonian stages undivided

J3op – Oparska Suite

Kimmeridgian Stage

J3rr – Rava-Ruska Suite

Oxfordian Stage

J3rd – Rudkivska Suite J3sk – Sokalska Suite

Middle Division (J2)

Callovian Stage

J2jv – Yavorivska Suite J2jv – Yavorivska Suite

Lower-Middle divisions undivided (J1-2)

Toarcian-Bathonian stages undivided

J1-2kh – Kokhanivska Suite

Paleozoic eratheme (PZ)

Carboniferous System (C)

Lvivsko-Volynska LTZ

Middle Division (C2)

Bashkirian Stage

C2kr – Krechivska Suite C2pm – Paromivska Suite C2mr – Morozovychivska Suite

Lower-Middle Division (C1-2)

Serpukhovian-Bashkirian Stages

C1-2bž – Buzhanska Suite

Lower Division (C1)

Serpukhovian Stage

C1ls – Lyshnyanska Suite C1iv – Ivanychivska Suite C1pr – Porytska Suite

Visean Stage

C1us – Ustyluzka Suite C1vl – Volodymyrivska Suite C1ns – Nesterivska Suite C1vn – Vynnykivska Suite C1ol – Oleskivska Suite C1kl – Kulychkivska Suite

Tournaisian Stage

C1hr – Khorivska Suite

Devonian System (D)

Roztotska LTZ Lytovezka LTZ

Upper Division (D3)

Famennian Stage

Novovolynska Series

D3vv – Volodymyr-Volynska Suite D3zb – Zakhidnobuzka Suite

Chervonogradska Series

D3sd – Sadovska Suite D3lt – Lytovezka Suite D3sd – Sadovska Suite

Frasnian Stage

D3rt – Ratska Suite D3rt – Ratska Suite D3ml – Mylyatynska Suite D3ml – Mylyatynska Suite D3zl – Zolochivska Suite D3zl – Zolochivska Suite D3rm – Remezivska Suite D3rm – Remezivska Suite

Zakhidnoukrainska Series

D3iv+vl – Ivachivska and Vovchkovetska suites D3pb – Pidberezivska Suite combined

Middle Division (D2)

Givetian Stage

Zakhidnoukrainska Series

D2jt+bt – Yasenivska and Batyatytska suites D2jt+bt – Yasenivska and Batyatytska suites combined combined D2sv – Svirzhska Suite D2pv – Povchanska Suite

Eifelian Stage

Zakhidnoukrainska Series

D2lp – Lopushanska Suite D2lp – Lopushanska Suite

Lower Division (D1)

Roztotska LTZ

Pragian-Emsian stages undivided

D1dn – Dnisterska Series D1dn – Dnisterska Series

Lochkovian Stage

D1tv – Tyverska Series D1tv – Tyverska Series

Silurian – Lower Devonian systems undivided (S-D1)

Rava-Ruska LTZ

Llandoverian-Lochkovian stages undivided

S-D1kg – undivided carbonate-clayey sequence, dislocated, with graptolites

Silurian System (S)

Upper Division (S2)

Roztotska LTZ Lytovezka LTZ

Pridolian Stage

S2zd+pl – Zadarivska, Glynyanska and Poltvynska S2zd+pl – Zadarivska, Glynyanska and Poltvynska suites combined suites combined

Ludlowian Stage

S2hd+pr – Zheldetska and Peremyshlyanska suites S2hd+pr – Zheldetska and Peremyshlyanska suites combined combined

Lower Division (S1)

Kokhanivska LTZ Roztotska LTZ Lytovezka LTZ

Llandoverian-Wenlockian stages undivided

S1ap – sequence of argillites, S1db – Dublyanska Suite S1db – Dublyanska Suite aleurolites, sandstones

Ordovician System (O)

Middle-Upper divisions undivided (O2-3)

Rava-Ruska LTZ Roztotska LTZ Lytovezka LTZ

Karadokian-Ashgilian stages undivided

Oap – sequence of aleurolites and Oap – sequence of aleurolites and O2-3ml – Molodovska Series sandstone sandstone

Lower Division (O1)

Kokhanivska LTZ

Tremadocan-Arenigian stages undivided

O1ap – sequence of aleurolites with argillite and sandstone interbeds

Cambrian System (C)

Rava-Ruska LTZ

Cf – flyschoid black-coloured folded sequence

Middle-Upper divisions undivided (C2-3)

Roztotska LTZ Lytovezka LTZ

C2-3ap – sequence of aleurolites with sandstone C2-3sm – Smolyarska Series interbeds

Middle Division (C2)

C2p – sequence of sandstones

Lower-Middle divisions undivided (C1-2)

Berezhkivska Series (C1-2br)

Lower Division (C1)

Roztotska LTZ Lytovezka LTZ

C1bl – Baltiyska Series C1bl – Baltiyska Series

Vendian-Cambrian systems undivided (V-C)

Kokhanivska LTZ

V-Cf – flyschoid grey-coloured folded sequence

PRECAMBRIAN EONOTHEME

Proterozoic Acrotheme (PR)

Upper Proterozoic (PR3)

Vendian System (V)

Roztotska LTZ Lytovezka LTZ

Upper Division (V2)

V2kn – Kanylivska Series V2kn – Kanylivska Series V2mp – Mogyliv-Podilska Series

Lower Division (V2)

Volynska Series (V1vl)

V1vl – Volynska Series V1zb+rt – Zabolotivska, Babynska, Ratnenska suites combined V1gr – Gorbashivska Suite V1br – Brodivska Suite

Riphean eonotheme (R)

Lytovezka LTZ

Upper Riphean (R3)

Poliska Series

R3pc+zb – Polytska and Zhobrynska suites combined

Middle Riphean (R2)

Poliska Series

R2rm – Romeykivska Suite

Archean – Lower Proterozoic undivided (AR-PR1)

Below description is given for stratified units developed over Lvivska group of map sheets.

PRECAMBRIAN EONOTHEME

14Archean-Proterozoic Acrothemes

40Archean – Lower Proterozoic undivided

The oldest rocks in the studied area comprise Archean – Lower Proterozoic (AR-PR1) units which constitute the crystalline basement of the south-western margin of Eastern-European Platform (Lytovezka zone, which boundary is located to the east from Belz-Baluchynskiy fault). These rocks are intersected by parametric

18 1 boreholes: 1BD [72]0 , 1SSH [87], 1GKH [70, 86] (see cross-section A1-A4) in the M-35-XIII map sheet territory in the areas of Brodiv, Sushne, Gorokhiv villages beneath Riphean rocks at the depths 2836-4201 m. These rocks include biotite, biotite-hornblende granites, gneisses, granite-gneisses, quartzites, biotite-amphibole schists and other metamorphic and igneous rocks. The intersected thickness of these rocks is 180 m (DH 1SSH).

15Proterozoic Acrotheme

The rocks of this subdivision are involved in the sedimentary cover and include Middle and Upper Riphean and Vendian sections.

Neo-Proterozoic

41Riphean eonotheme

Poliska Series is composed of Romeikivska Suite and combined Polytska and Zhobrynska suites; it is intersected by parametric and deep prospecting boreholes in Lytovezka tectonic zone in the map sheet M-35-XIII in the areas of Brody (DH 1BD), Gorokhiv (DH 1GKH), Lytovezh (DH 1LT) [78, 84], Sushne (DH 1SSH), Noviy Vytkiv (DH 3NVT) [70], beneath Vendian rocks at the depths from 2680-3448 m (DH 1GKH) to 3980- 4160 m (DH 1LT), where the Series sediments with angular unconformity lie over the rocks of crystalline basement (see “Cross-section by line A1-A4”).

78Middle Riphean

Romeikivska Suite (R2rm) comprises the lower part of Poliska Series column and is composed of fine- grained, massive, sheeted sandstones and brown and dark-brown aleurolites; at the base the weathering crust after crystalline basement rocks is developed. Thickness of the Suite is up to 350 m.

79Upper Riphean

Polytska and Zhobrynska suites combined (R3pc-žb). The lower column part is composed of massive, sheeted argillites of chocolate to red shade with interbeds of sandstones and parti-coloured aleurolites. Higher lie brick-red fine-grained sandstones and aleurolites with argillite interbeds. At the base intercalation of argillites, aleurolites and sandstones are observed. Thickness of the sequence is from 205 m (DH 1BD) to 418 m (DH 1GKH). By analogue with adjacent regions of Central Europe development of Riphean rocks is expected in the basement of Roztotska zone. At the level of the latter mentioned rocks, in DH 1BD (depth 2470-2520 m) the apatite-bearing carbonatized gabbro-diorites are intersected which form the flat-laying sill-like body (Upper Riphean intrusive complex).

42Vendian System

Vendian sediments include Brodivska Suite and Volynska, Mogyliv-Podilska and Kanylivska series [3] in Lytovezka zone are intersected by drill-holes in the area of Brody, Lytovezh, Gorokhiv, Noviy Vytkov, Berestechko, Berezhany and Sushne beneath Cambrian sediments at the depths from 1658-2265 m in the east to 3907-4200 m in the west. In Roztotska zone which is located between Belz-Baluchynskiy in the east and Rava- Ruskiy faults in the west, these sediments are encountered in the column by parametric boreholes 1PR(p) (Peremyshlyany [90]) and 1GL(p) (Glynyany [119]) at the depths 3979-4508 m.

80Lower Vendian

Brodivska Suite (V1br) is discontinuously developed at the base of Vendian sediments in the eastern part of Lytovezka zone; it is intersected by DH 1BD (depth 2560-2582 m) and 1SSH (depth 3366-3372 m). The

1 Hereafter, the drill-hole abbreviations are given that are contained in the table of abbreviations and are indicated in the legend to the map of pre-Quaternary units. In addition, the suffix with “p” in parentheses (p) means parametric drill-hole, and “b” – basic (that is principal or “model”) drill-hole.

19 rocks include red-colour clayey sandstones, argillites with mega-clasts, conglomerate-breccia and gravelites with rock fragments from Poliska Series and crystalline basement. Thickness of the Suite is 0-22 m. Volynska Series (V1vl) is intersected in Roztotska and Lytovezka zones. At the base the Series is comprised of Gorbashivska Suite (V1gr) which is encountered in Lytovezka LTZ in the far east of map sheet M- 35-XIII (Chervonograd) and is composed of brown, arkosic, diverse-grained to gravel sandstones with admixture of pyroclastic material, as well as gravelites with argillite and conglomerate interbeds. Thickness of the Series is up to 50 m. Zabolotivska, Babynska and Ratnenska suites combined (V1zb+rt) comprise most part of Volynska Series in Lytovezka LTZ and at the base are composed of massive vesicular basalts, andesite-dolerites, higher – of tuff-lava, tuff-breccia, at the top – tuff-sandstones, tuff-argillites, tuffs, rarely lava-breccia, tuff- conglomerates. The bubble and scoria varieties are developed which are highly iron-oxide-enriched. The minimum thickness of this volcanogenic sequence attains 200 m (DH 1 GKH), and maximum one – 405 m (DH 1 SSH). In Roztotska LTZ Volynska Series is composed of alternating sandstones, aleurolites, argillites and basalts with tuff interbeds. The intersected thickness of the rocks attains 370 m.

81Upper Vendian

Mogyliv-Podilska Series (V2mp) in Lytovezka zone lies over Volynska Series rocks in includes alternating conglomerates, gravelites, argillites, aleurolites, sandstones and felsic ash tuffs; thickness is from 24 m (DH 1DBT (Dobrotvir) [29] to 70 m (DH 1LT). Kanylivska Series (V2kn) completes the Vendian column and is developed in Roztotska and Lytovezka zones; it is composed of non-rhythmic rock intercalation: at the base – sandstones and aleurolites which higher in the column are changed by thin-bedded aleuritic argillites, in places with interbeds of aleurolites and fine- grained sandstones, glauconite nodules and globular pyrite. Vendotaenia antiqua G n i 1. algae are found in the rocks. Thickness of the Series varies in the range 116-160 m.

82Vendian-Cambrian undivided

The rocks of Vendian-Cambrian are intersected in Kokhanivska zone of the area and in directly adjacent territory in Poland at the depths 670 m (DH 101PD (Pidluby) [111] and 1895 m (DH Lubaczow 14; in 2 km to the north from the border with Poland [131]) and at the depth 1926 m (DH 3DZH (Derzhiv [125]) – in the south- west of the area; the rocks include flyschoid grey-coloured folded sequence (V-Cf) formed under deep-sea conditions as alternating argillites, aleurolites and quartizite-like sandstones; thickness is more than 1000 (?) m.

PHANEROZOIC EONOTHEME

16Paleozoic Eratheme (PZ)

In the studied area Paleozoic Eratheme includes Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous systems. Deposition of these sediments occurred under various conditions reflected in changes of their lithofacies.

43Cambrian System (C)

Cambrian sediments comprise all three divisions and are intersected by deep and parametric drill-holes at the depth 1514 m (DH 1-Stavchany [72]) in Rava-Ruska (outside the map sheet areas) and much deeper – in Roztotska and Lytovezka zones: Roztotska – 3357-3979 m (DH 1GL), 3051-3968 m (DH 1PR(p)); Lytovezka (actually in EEP) – from 3226-3907 m (DH 1DTV(p)) in the west to 1690-2062 m (DH 1GKH) in the east (see “Section A1-A4”).

83Lower Division

Baltiyska Series (C1bl) is intersected by drill-holes in Roztotska and Lytovezka zones where it unconformably lies over Kanylivska Series and is composed of argillites and grey, greenish-grey, rarely parti- coloured aleurolites with interbeds of glauconite-quartz sandstones. In the lower part sandstones are glauconite-

20 quartz, glassy, fine-grained, non-calcareous; the rocks contain Lontovian complex of acrytharchs. Thickness of the Series is from 100 m in Lytovezka LTZ to 140 m in Roztotska LTZ.

84Lower-Middle divisions

Berezhkivska Series (C1-2br) is developed in Roztotska and Lytovezka zones where it lies over eroded surface of Baltiyska Series rocks and is conformably overlain by sediments of Smolyarska Series in Lytovezka LTZ and by sequence of sandstones in Roztotska LTZ. The Series is composed of light-grey quartz sandstones, from sugar-like to quartzite-like, at the base with glauconite grains, and dark-grey argillites with poor complex of acrytharchs. Thickness of the Series varies from west to east from 560 m (DH 1PR) to 265 m (DH 1BRZH (Berezhany)) [74].

85Middle Division

In Roztotska zone it is comprised of the sequence of sandstones (C2p), light-grey to white, fine- and micro-grained, quartzite-like, non-carbonate, with sulphides, 30-100 m thick, which is the facial analogue to the lower part of Smolyarska Series in EEP.

86Middle-Upper divisions

Smolyarska Series (C2-3sm) is intersected by deep boreholes in the eastern part of map sheets M-35- XIII, -XIX – Lytovezka zone (EEP) where it conformably lies over Berezhkivska Series and is composed in the lower part of quartz grey, light-grey, fine-grained, glassy sandstones; in the upper part – of sandstones with interbeds of parti-coloured aleurolites, black argillites with brachyopoda Linguella cf. dasidarata (Walcott.) fauna, in places acrytharchs are observed. Thickness of the Series is 160 m. In Roztotska zone the facial analogue of the Series upper part comprises the sequence of black micaceous aleurolites (C2-3ap) with interbeds of quartzite-like sandstones with brachyopoda Linguella cf. dasidarata (Walcott.), L. lepis Salter. Thickness of the sequence is up to 200 m.

87Cambrian undivided

Flyschoid black-coloured folded sequence (Cf) of undivided Cambrian is composed of alternating black argillites, aleurolites, quartzite-like glassy sandstones up to 627 m thick intersected by DH 1-Stavchany (Rava- Ruska LTZ, to the south of studied area) and by a range of drill-holes located just outside the State border in Poland.

44Ordovician System (O)

Ordovician sediments are intersected over entire studied area but they differ in thickness and facial composition in different LTZs and lie with angular (in Kokhanivska and Rava-Ruska LTZs) or azimuth (in Lytovezka LTZ) unconformity over Cambrian rocks (see map of pre-Mesozoic units).

88Lower Division

It is intersected in the volume of Tremadocian and Arenigian stages in Kokhanivska zone where it is locally developed and is comprised of the sequence of aleurolites (O1ap), greenish-grey with interbeds of argillites and grey fine-grained sandstones, intersected by DH 3DZH [125] at the depth 1905-1926 m (21 m) in the south-west, and in the north-west by DH Lubaczuw 14 [131] (in 2 km to the north from the State border in Poland) at the depth 1805-1895 m (90 m). It contains graptolites of zone Didymograptus extensus – D. hirundo.

89Middle-Upper divisions undivided

Undivided sediments of Ordovician Middle and Upper divisions in the volume of Molodovska Series (O2-3ml) are intersected by drill-holes in Lytovezka zone (EEP) in the area of Sokal, Lytovezh, Berezhany etc., and are composed of organogenic-detritus dark-grey limestones with quartz calcareous sandstone interbeds. Brachyopoda Porambonites gigas S c h m ., Desmochitina nodosa E i s ., Corynotrypa inflata (H a l l ) and others

21 are found in limestones providing the Series assigning to Karadockian-Ashgylian stages. Thickness of the Series is 0-70 m.

90Ordovician undivided

Undivided sediments of Lower, Middle and Upper divisions in Rava-Ruska zone are intersected by some drill-holes outside the studied area, to the north from the State border with Poland (Narol 1, Dolyni 1 etc.) [131], and in Roztotska zone – by DH 1PR(p) [90] and DH 1GL [119], DH 4DBL(b) (Dublyany) [90]. These include the sequence of aleurolites (Oap), grey, greenish-grey, with interbeds and batches of sine-grained sandstones, in the column upper part – with interbeds of clayey limestones with remnants of graptolites Didymograptus bifidus (Hall), Expansograptus hirundo (S a l t .). Thickness of the sequence is from 24 m to 160 m.

45Silurian System (S)

Silurian sediments are comprised of Lower and Upper divisions and are intersected by drill-holes in Roztotska, Lytovezka, Rava-Ruska and locally Kokhanivska LTZs; the rocks lie over eroded surface of Ordovician or Cambrian rocks and are conformably overlain by Lower Devonian sediments. This is carbonate- terrigenous, bituminous, often dislocated rock sequence where inter-stage boundaries are set pretty conventionally. Maximum thickness is 639 m and it is determined in DH 30-Velyki Mosty (see map of pre- Mesozoic sediments).

91Lower Division

The sediments of Llandoverian and Wenlockian stages comprised of Alizonskiy, Furmanivskiy and partly Bolotynskiy horizons included in Dublyanska Suite (S1db) are widely developed in Roztotska and Lytovezka zones. In the west, in Roztotska zone, they lie at the depths 2500-3400 m; these include argillites, dark-grey, almost black, calcareous aleurolites with limestone interbeds. In Lytovezka zone these are clayey limestones with marl interbeds; the depth decreases (1500-1600 m) and carbonate content increases. Graptolite Monoclimacis crenulata (Törnq.), Gothograptus nassa (H o l m ) fauna is determined. Thickness of the Suite is consistent and is 150-180 m in Roztotska LTZ and up to 40-60 m in Lytovezka LTZ. In Kokhanivska zone Lower Silurian sediments are locally developed and are intersected just outside the south-western margin of map sheet M-35-XIX by DH 3DZH at the depths 1754-1905 m (151 m); these are comprised of the sequence of argillites, aleurolites and sandstones (S1ap) with cryptic-crystalline limestone interbeds (see map of pre-Mesozoic sediments).

92Upper Division

Ludlowian Stage

In the volume of Ludlovian Stage combined Zheldetska and Peremyshlyanska suites (S2žd+pr) are distinguished. Zheldetska Suite is composed of lumpy and clayey limestones and dark-grey argillites (up to 70 m thick); in Lytovezka LTZ these are reef limestones, marls (50 m thick) with graptolites Colonograptus colonus (B a r r .), Cucullograptus hemiaversus U r b . Peremyshlyanska Suite includes argillites and marls with interbeds and batches of limestone (90 m thick in Lytovezka LTZ, 150 m thick in Roztotska LTZ) with graptolites Bugograptus spineus Tseg., Heisograptus acer T s e g . and others suggesting for their Ludlowian age. Total thickness of the Stage is 140-220 m.

Pridolian Stage

The rocks of combined Zadarivska, Glynyanska and Poltvynska suites (S2zd+pl) are assigned to Pridolian Stage. The total thickness of these rocks, intersected in Roztotska and Lytovezka zones, is 260-365 m. Zadarivska Suite comprises pretty uniform sequence of clayey, lumpy, pelitomorphic fine-grained limestones with graptolites Istrograptus ultimus (P e r n .). In the western direction the clay content in rocks increases and limestones are gradually changed by marls. In the east bioherm limestones and dolomites appear. Thickness is 35-70 m.

22 Glynyanska Suite conformably lies over Zadarivska Suite sediments. Rock lithology is consistent both in lateral and vertical directions. It is composed of dark-grey calcareous argillites with interbeds of dark massive limestones with graptolites Istrograptus transgrediens (P e r n .), Skalograptus lochkovensis (P r i b .). Thickness of the Suite is 200-217 m. Poltvynska Suite completes the column of Pridolian Stage and conformably lies over Glynyanska Suite sediments. It is comprised of uniform sequence of dark argillites with marl interbeds, in places with pyrite aggregates. Fauna includes graptolites Uncinatograptus bouueki (P r i b .). Thickness of the Suite is 25-75 m.

93Silurian – Lower Devonian undivided

This comprises undivided carbonate-clayey dislocated (dipping angles by core sections are 30-90o) sequence (S1-D1kg) of alternating aleurolites and black, greenish-black, non-calcareous and calcareous, in places pirytized argillites with limestone interbeds; downward these are mainly facies of graptolite graptolite schists. The sequence is intersected by some drill-holes in Rava-Ruska zone beneath thick (1103-1750 m) sequence of Meso-Cenozoic sediments but it is not drilled over entire thickness while intersected value attains 860 m. High thickness and lithofacial composition of sediments suggest for their formation under conditions of extensive subsidence at sufficient basin supply with mainly fine terrigenous material.

46Devonian System (D)

Devonian sediments including Lower, Middle and Upper divisions are distinguished in Roztotska and Lytovezka zones. Thick Devonian sequence (more than 3 thousand meters) is intersected by numerous drill- holes. The most complete column is encountered in DH 1KR (Krekhiv [75]), 1NM (Nemyriv) [91], 1LT [84] (see map of pre-Mesozoic sediments).

94Lower Division

Lochkovian Stage

Tyverska Series (D1tv) conformably overlies Silurian sediments. The lower Series portion is composed of argillites, marls, limestones, mainly brachyopoda with Howellella angustiplicata K o z l ., H. laeviplicata (K o z l .), cephalopoda, conularia and fish remnants. Higher lie argillites with interbeds of aleurolites and limestones (tentaculitae) with brachyopoda fauna Mutationella podolica (S i e m .), Howellella zaleszczykiensis K o z l . The Series column is capped by argillites, aleurolites and light-reddish, pink, greenish-grey sandstones cemented by limestone. Fauna includes pelecypoda Grammyssia podolica S i e m ., ostracoda Healdia unicornis Abush., Leperditia tyraica Schm. Thickness of the Series in Roztotska zone attains 1000 m, and in Lytovezka zone – 550 m.

Pragian-Emsian stages undivided

Dnisterska Series (D1dn). These sediments are developed in Roztotska LTZ and in the western part of Lytovezka LTZ where its distribution area is terminated by Sokalskiy fault in the north and Radekhiv- Rogatynskiy fault in the south. This is the sequence of continental rocks in the facies of ancient red-coloured sandstone (old-red sandstone) composed of alternating sandstones, aleurolites and argillites (in places). The rocks are red-brown, cherry-red, somewhere with blue-greenish and white spots, non-calcareous, medium- strength, oblique-layered. Sandstones are diverse-grained, quartz, quartzite-like, cement is sericite-siliceous, downward cement is clayey with rare limestone concretions. Small remnants of testaceous fish and fossil fragments occur in the sequence, and in the upper part spores Trachytriletes medius N a u m ., Acanthotriletes dentatus N a u m . and others are observed. Origin of this sequence is south to be linked with continental regime – lake-alluvial or deltaic. Thickness of the Series in Roztotska zone is from 430 m (DH 1GL [75, 115]) to 1000 m (DH 1NS (Nesteriv) [80], 1KR [75], in Lytovezka – from 0 to 300 m (DH 1LT [78], 1DTV [29], 1BRZH [74]).

95Middle-Upper divisions

Middle and Upper Devinian sediments in the volume of Zakhidnoukrainska, Chervonogradska, Novovolynska series in Roztotska (WEP) and Lytovezka (EEP) LTZs lie with stratigraphic and angular unconformity over various parts of Lower Devonian. Zakhidnoukrainska Series does correspond to Eifelian, Givetian and lower part of Frasnian stages. The lower, Eifelian, and partly Givetian parts are comprised of Lopushanska Suite (D2lp) where in the lower part sedimentation brown-grey dolomites with greenish-grey argillites and anhydrites predominate which in the north-east are replaced by gypsums. In the upper part intercalation of dolomites, argillites, aleurolites and anhydrites occur with rare interbeds of sandstones and limestones with brachyopoda Lingula bicarinata Kut., L. cornea S o w . In the east of territory sulfur occurrences are encountered. Thickness of the Suite is from 60 m in Lytovezka to 110 m in Roztotska LTZs. Higher the Series column, which corresponds to Givetian Stage, includes Svirzhska, Povchanska and combined Yasenivska and Batyatytska suites. Svirzhska Suite (D2sv) is developed in Roztotska zone and is composed of intercalating dolomites, dolomitized limestones and dolomite-anhydrite rocks; in the upper part – with interbeds of argillites, aleurolites and sandstones. In the lower part it includes secondary dolomites with conodonts cp. varcus. In Velykomostivske deposit these sediments are gas-bearing. Thickness of the Suite is 25-40 m. Povchanska Suite (D2pv) comprises analogue of Svirzhska Suite in Lytovezka zone; it is composed of brachyopoda limestones and argillites with interbeds of aleuro-sandy rocks with brachyopoda Emanuella volhynica K e l ., Atrypa ventricosa K e l . Thickness is 25 m. Combined Yasenivska and Batyatytska suites (D2js+bt) are intersected by numerous drill-holes and are composed of: Yasenivska – dolomites and dolomitized limestones, grey, massive, bituminous, with rare interbeds of argillites, aleurolites, sandstones (thickness – 22-45 m), with brachyopoda Atrypa desquamate S o w ., A. reticularis Linn., Emanuella volhynica K e l .; Batyatytska – alternating argillites, aleurolites with interbeds of dolomites, limestones, in places sandstones, anhydrite inclusions (thickness 20-35 m). Fauna includes philopoda Estheria rotundula L u t z . Thickness of these combined suites is from 40 m in Lytovezka to 80 m in Roztotska LTZ. In the lower part of Frasnian Stage column in Roztotska zone combined Ivachivska and Vovchkovetska suites (D3iv+vč) is distinguished. Ivachivska Suite is composed of secondary dolomites with limestone and marl interbeds, in the upper part – grey, dark-grey argillites with conodonts Polygnathus decorosus S t . Thickness is 20 m. Vovchkovetska Suite is composed of dark-grey limestones, in places dolomitized, argillites and marls with brachyopoda Atrypa tenuisulcata W e n . Thickness is 30 m. The total thickness is up to 50 m. Pidberezivska Suite (D3pb) comprises facial analogue of Ivachivska and Vovchkovetska suites in Lytovezka zone; in the upper part it is comprised of the sequence of massive dolomites and fine-grained limestones and in the lower part – with interbeds of argillites, aleurolites and sandstones with conodonts Polygnathus dubius H i n d e ., P. alatus H u d . Thickness is 20-30 m.

96Upper Division

Chervonogradska Series by age does correspond to the middle and upper portions of Frasnian Stage – these are Remezivska, Zolochivska, Mylyatynska, Ratska suites, and lower part of Famennian Stage – this is Sadovska Suite in Roztotska zone, and Sadovska and Lytovezka suites in Lytovezka zone. Remezivska Suite (D3rm) comprises lumpy, organogenic-detritus (fine-atrypic), grey, dark-grey limestones, dolomitized (mainly in the west of Roztotska zone), in places anhydritized, with fauna of brachyopoda Atrypa tenuisulcata W e n ., A. nalivkini (V e r n .). Thickness is from 50 m in Lytovezka LTZ to 70 m in Roztotska LTZ. Zolochivska Suite (D3zl) is composed of secondary dolomites and dolomitized limestones, cavernous to karsted, grey, dark-grey, with interbeds of argillites, organogenic-detritus limestones and light-grey sedimentation dolomites and dolomitic marls with ostracoda Aparchites calculus Plieb. et Zasp., brachyopoda Cyrtospirifer sp. Anhydrite and sulfur films and inclusions are observed by fractures and caverns. Thickness is from 250 m in Lytovezka to 280 m in Roztotska LTZ. Mylyatynska Suite (D3ml). Organogenic-detritus limestones, irregularly-dolomitized, downward changing into dolomites and clayey limestones with accumulations of brachyopoda Theodossia tanaica N a l ., Th. uchtensis N a l . Thickness of the Suite in Roztotska zone is up to 100 m, and in the east, in Lytovezka zone – up to 45 m.

24 Ratska Suite (D3rt). It is composed of grey, dark-grey fine-grained limestones, in places dolomitized, downward coral-brachyopoda, lumpy, in the upper part with interbeds of dolomitic marls, to the west – slightly sandy. Fauna remnants mainly include brachyopoda Theodossia evlanensis N a l ., Th. anossofi (V e r n .) s. str., Th. ludica P o m j a n . Thickness is 65-75 m. Sadovska Suite (D3sd) completes the column of Chervonogradska Series in Roztochchya. The facial analogues of the Series in Lytovezka zone are comprised of Lytovezka Suite for the upper column part and of Sadovska Suite for the middle one. In Roztotska LTZ Sadovska Suite from the top is composed of dolomitized limestones, dolomites with sandstone interbeds, with conodonts of velifer zone, ostracoda Carboprimitia turgenevi S. et S. Below in the column, organogenic-detritus, lumpy, clayey, grey, dark-grey limestones are developed, and at the bottom – similar limestones with interbeds of crystalline varieties, as well as massive marls. The rocks contain ostracoda Carboprimitia turgenevi S. et S, brachyopoda Cyrtiopsis andrenius P o m j a n ., conodonts of crepida zone. These rocks comprise electric-logging marker. Thickness is 200-340 m. In Lytovezka LTZ Sadovska Suite (D3sd) is composed of organogenic, lumpy, sandy limestones, clayey and parti-coloured downward, as well as marls. The fauna includes brachyopoda Cyrtospirifer cf. postarchiaci N a l ., Camarotoechia ex gr. Griasica N a l ., conodonts of crepida-marginifera zone. Thickness is 120-160 m. Lytovezka Suite (D3lt) comprises analogue of the upper part of Sadovska Suite developed in Roztotska zone and is composed of sandstones with interbeds of aleurolites and limestones with brachyopoda Cyrtospirifer cf. postarchiaci N a l . Thickness is 55-80 m. Novovolynska Series is distinguished in the volume of Upper Famennian and includes two suites – Zakhidnobuzka and Volodymyr-Volynska developed in Lytovezka zone (EEP). Zakhidnobuzka Suite (D3zb) is composed of dolomites and limestones with interbeds of aleurolites, argillites, and gypsum inclusions. It contains ostracoda Aparchites globulus Posn., A. elegans G u r . Thickness is 90-105 m. Volodymyr-Volynska Suite (D3vv) completes the Upper Devonian column and is composed of aleurolites, argillites, in places sandstones, limestones and gravelites, somewhere with red-colour conglomerate interbeds. The rocks are mainly parti-coloured, red-coloured, contain flora Lepidodendropsis hirmeri Lutz. Thickness of the Suite varies from 0 to 65 m.

47Carboniferous System (C)

Carboniferous sediments are intersected by boreholes only; they are known at pre-Mesozoic surface in the eastern part of map sheet M-34-XVIII, almost over entire territory of map sheet M-35-XIII and over significant part of map sheet M-35-XIX where they constitute the common Lvivsko-Volynska LTZ. In the west the distribution area of Carboniferous sediments is bounded by Rava-Ruskiy thrust, and to the east, in 10-15 km from Rogatynskiy fault, in parallel to the latter, Carboniferous rocks gradually pinch out. The northern zone boundary follows Volodymyr-Volynskiy fault, in 25 km to the north from the studied area; in the south it is actually bounded by Khodorivskiy fault which coincides with the direction of Khodorivska paleo-depression. Carboniferous rocks with angular and stratigraphic lie over Devonian sediments. The surface of Carboniferous sediments is eroded, fairly irregular, quickly plunges down in the west-south-western direction. In the eastern area part it is encountered at the depths 250-300 m, in the west – 900-1100 m. Average Carboniferous thickness is 800-900 m, maximum – 1475 m (see map of pre-Mesozoic sediments). The lower and middle divisions are distinguished in Carboniferous column. The lower one contains all three stages: Tournaisian, Visean, Serpukhovian; the middle division is only comprised of the lower horizons of Bashkirian Stage. Carboniferous rocks are overlain by Jurassic or Cretaceous rocks with angular unconformity.

97Lower Division

Tournaisian Stage

Tournaisian Stage is locally developed and is intersected by drill-holes in the area of Lytovezh, Sokal, Vazhiv where with erosion and angular unconformity it lies over Famennian Stage rocks. The Carboniferous column commences with Cherepetskiy horizon sediments of Upper Tournaisian Sub-Stage in the volume of Khorivska Suite (C1hr) composed of crystalline limestones with interbeds of argillites, aleurolites, rarely sandstones, at the base – fine-pebble conglomerate. Fossil remnant and foraminifera Septabrunsiina krainica (Lipina), Chernyshinella glomiformis (L i p i n a ) are observed in the rocks. Thickness is from 0 to 25 m.

Visean Stage

Visean sediments are widely developed in the map sheets M-34-XVIII, M-35-XIII and M-35-XIX where the lie over eroded surface of Tournaisian sediments or over Upper Devonian rocks. By lithology and foraminifera and brachyopoda fauna the following suites (upward) are distinguished: Kulychkivska, Oleskivska, Vynnykivska, Nesterivska, Volodymyrivska and Ustyluzka. Kulychkivska Suite (C1kl) is developed in the central and western parts and is composed of sandstones, aleurolites, argillites, parti-coloured and pyritized clays, contains spore Densosporites variabilis (Waltz), Crassizonotriletes variabilis (Naumova) Byvcheva. Thickness of the Suite is 0-55 m. Oleskivska Suite (C1ol) is widespread throughout the area and is composed of uniform limestone (V0) – strong, in places silicified, dolomitized, dark-grey, bituminous, with thin (0.05-0.5 m) interbeds of coal (v0), calcareous argillites, and gravelites at the column base. Organic remnants include fragments of brachyopoda and foraminifera Endothyranopsis compressa (Rauser et Reitlinger), Palaeotextularia consobrina Lipina, Ammarchaediscus eospirillinoides (Brazhnikova). Thickness of the Suite is 0-70 m. Vynnykivska Suite (C1vn) is composed of coral-brachyopoda, clayey, grey, light-grey, lumpy limestones 1 2 (at the base V0), higher in the column it contains marker limestone V0 and two coal interbeds of non-economic thickness (from 0.1 to 0.5 m). The Suite contains foraminifera: Omphalotis involuta (Brazhnikova), Vissariotaxis (Brazhnikova) f. longa, Palaeotextularia consobrina L i p i n a . Thickness of the Suite varies in the range 0-45 m. Nesterivska Suite (C1ns) is comprised of grey argillites, highly calcareous up to marl, clayey limestone, 3 and at the base – marker limestone V0. It contains two coal beds of non-economic thickness (from 0.1 to 0.6 m). In fauna respect it contain foraminifera Endothyrine minima (Brazhnikova), Omphalotis volynica (Brazhnikova), brachyopoda Schellwienella crenistria (Phillips). Thickness is 0-50 m. Volodymyrivska Suite (C1vl) up to the base of Ustyluzka Suite (footwall of limestone V2) is composed of limestones, argillites with aleurolites interbeds and lens-like sandstone batches. In the western part the Suite is mainly composed of limestones while in the site “Mezhrichchya-Zakhidna” – of medium- and coarse-grained sandstones, in places, at the footwall, with gravelite. The Suite contains six coal beds of non-economic thickness 3 (from 0.05-0.5 to 0.05-1.05 m) and single economic-thickness bed – 0.1-2.2 m (v0) in Zabuzke deposit. The wide fauna complex of brachyopoda, pelecypoda, ostracoda and foraminifera Howchinia gibba (Moeller), Eostaffella constricta Ganelina, Archaediscus gigas R a u s e r . and others is determined in the Suite rocks. Thickness is 90 m. Ustyluzka Suite (C1us) completes Visean Stage column. This is mainly thick (42-70 m) limestone V2 which comprises the marker horizon in Lvivsko-Volynskiy and Lyublinskiy (Poland) coal basins. Limestone is organogenic-detritus, giant-productus, grey, commonly dark-grey, lighter downward, often clayey at the top, lumpy, with calcareous argillite interbeds. Limestone contains two coal beds of non-economic thickness 0-0.15 and 0-0.30 m. The rocks contain foraminifera Climacammina prisca Lipina, Omphalotis omphalota (Rauser et Reitlinger), Eostaffella ikensis Vissarionova. Thickness of the Suite is up to 70 m.

Serpukhovian Stage

Serpukhovian Stage is developed in the western half of the map sheets M-35-XIII and M-35-XIX and in the eastern part of map sheet M-34-XVIII; it conformably lies over Visean rocks and is mainly composed of clayey-sandy sediments, limestones and hard coal beds from 0.5 to 2.8 m thick. Total thickness of Serpukhovian Stage attains 800 m. By lithology and bio-stratigraphic features the column is divided into three suites (upward): Porytska, Ivanychivska, Lyshnyanska. Porytska Suite (C1pr) comprises the lower part of this Stage from the hanging-wall of limestone V2 to 1 footwall of limestone V5. It is composed of grey and dark-grey argillites and aleurolites, alternating limestones and sandstones; to the south and south-east amount and thickness of sandstones increases. The Suite contains 1 2 3 4 marker limestones (V2, V2, V2, V2, V3, V4, V5), coal bed of economic thickness 0.1-0.9 m (v2) and sixteen coal beds of non-economic thickness from 0.05-0.8 to 0.1-0.9 m. The Suite’s characteristic foraminifera include Neoarchaediscus parvus (Rauser), Asteroarchaediscus baschkiricus (Krestovnikov et Theodorovich), as well as brachyopoda Rugosochonetes aureolus (Schwarzbach), Echinoconchus defensus (T h o m a s ). Thickness is up to 200 m. 1 Ivanychivska Suite (C1iv) comprises the sequence with limestone V5 at the bottom and limestone N1 of Lyshnyanska Suite at the top. It is composed of aleurolites and argillites with interbeds of sandstones and

26 1 2 3 4 5 limestones including six marker ones (V5, V5, V5, V5, V5, V6) and coal interbeds of which two ones are of 4 economic thickness 0.1-2.4 m (v5) and 0.1-2.0 m (v6) and six interbeds of non-economic thickness (from 0.08- 0.40 to 0.10-0.95 m). Limestones and calcareous argillites contain abundant foraminifera Eostaffellina ex gr. paraprotvae (Rauser), Asteroarchaediscus bashkiricus (Krestovnikov et Theodorovich) and others. Thickness of the Suite is up to 180 m. Lyshnyanska Suite (C1lš) at the footwall contains marker limestone N1 while its hanging-wall limestone N3 of Buzhanska Suite is developed. It is composed of grey, dark-grey argillites, aleurolites and sandstones; it contains two beds of marker limestones (N1, N2), and 12 coal beds (from 0.10-0.36 to 0.10-0.92 m thick) of 6 which one is economic (v0) 0.05-1.58 m thick. The rocks contains foraminifera Eostaffellina ex gr. protvae (R a u s e r ), Neoarchaediscus postrugosus (Reitlinger), Plectostafella sp. Thickness of the Suite is up to 170 m.

98Lower-Middle divisions (C1-2)

Serpukhovian-Bashkirian stages

Buzhanska Suite (C1-2bž) does correspond to the upper part of Serpukhovian and lower part of Bashkirian stages and is widely developed in the area. At the Suite base limestone N3 lies while it is overlain by Morozovychivska Suite limestone B1 (N10) of Bashkirian Stage. It is composed of sandstones, aleurolites and argillites with interbeds of sideritized limestones and coal. In the central and southern parts this sequence is replaced by light-grey, fine-grained, quartz, micaceous (“silver”) sandstones. Buzhanska Suite exhibits increased coal content and 31 coal beds are counted of which eight are economic (see sub-section “Formation affinity” in section “Mineral resources and regularities of their distribution”). Their thickness varies from 0.08-0.40 to 0.10- 0.82 m for non-economic and from 0.10-1.49 to 0.08-2.76 m, in some drill-holes – up to 0.08-4.85 m, for economic beds. Marker limestones include N3, N4, N5, N6, and N7 ones. In the rocks foraminifera Neoarchaediscus gregorii (D a i n), Planospirodiscus exgr. minimus (Grozdilova et Lebedeva) and ammonoidea Antracoceras sp. are determined. Thickness of the Suite is up to 280 m.

99Middle Division

Bashkirian Stage

Bashkirian Stage rocks are locally developed. These constitute small sites in the north-western part of the map sheet M-35-XIII and in the eastern part of map sheet M-34-XVIII, specifically, in Lyubelska, Tyaglivska and Mezhyrichanska fields. With erosion the rocks lie over Serpukhovian sediments and with erosional unconformity are overlain by Mesozoic rocks. Bashkirian sediments are comprised of littoral and continental facies. Thickness of Bashkirian Stage attains 240 m. By lithology and fauna the sediments are divided into three suites: Morozovychivska, Paromivska and Krechivska. Morozovychivska Suite (C2mr) with slight stratigraphic unconformity (in the east of basin) lies at the base of Bashkirian Stage. It is commenced with marker limestone B1 (N10) and its upper boundary is set by the footwall of limestone B4 (B1). It is composed of argillites, aleurolites confined to limestone hanging-walls, rarely light-grey, fine-grained sandstones, in places quartzite-like, with limestone interbeds. Three limestone marker horizons are counted in the sequence: B1 (N10), B2 (N11), B3 (N12), as well as four coal beds of non-economic thickness (0.05-0.50 m), and three economic beds: b1 (n10), b2 (n11), and b3 (n12) of 0.08-1.92 m, 0.05-0.80 m, and 0.10-1.24 m thick respectively. Of organic remnants foraminifera Eostaffella pseudostruvei angusta Кirееvа, Е. postmosquensis Кirееvа, Pseudostaffella antiqua (D u t k е v i с h ) are found. Thickness is up to 60 m. Paromivska Suite (C2pm) is defined from the footwall of limestone B4 (B1) to the footwall of limestone B6 (B3) of Krechivska Suite. It is composed of sandstones, aleurolites, in places argillites confined to limestone hanging-walls, interbeds of coal and limestones of which B4 (B1) and B5 (B2) are marker ones. Sandstones are quartz, light-grey, in places quartzite-like; these rocks predominate in the upper column part (up to 20-30 m). The Suite contains six coal beds (from 0.09 to 0.50 m) of which b4 (b1) is of economic thickness 0.10-1.99 m. Of organic remnants foraminifera Novella primitiva R a u s е r, Ozawainella ex gr. rhombiformis Manukalova are found. Thickness of the Suite is 80 m. Krechivska Suite (C2kr) caps the column of Bashkirian Stage and entire Carboniferous in the basin. The bottom is composed of limestone B6 (B3) or argillite layer with marine pelecypoda and goniatites. Higher quartz, fine-grained, light-grey up to 32 m thick sandstones are developed which contain coal beds. The upper part is composed of argillites, aleurolites and sandstones which contain coal lenses and interbeds of non-economic

27 thickness (from 0.10 to 0.65 m). In sediments pelecypoda Dunbarella papyracea (S о w е r b у), Posidoniella sulcata Hind and fossils Calamites suckowii (В r о n g n a r) are determined. Thickness of the Suite is up to 100 m.

17Mesozoic Eratheme (MZ)

Mesozoic rocks are widely developed over studied area. These include Jurassic and Cretaceous systems. Total thickness of Mesozoic sediments exceeds 3200 m.

48Jurassic System (J)

Jurassic sediments are developed in the territory which belongs to Western-European, and partly Eastern-European platforms; the rocks constitute separate structure – Striyskiy Jurassic Trough. In Kokhanivska and Rava-Ruska zones Jurassic rocks with stratigraphic and angular unconformity lie over Cambrian, Silurian and Lower Devonian sediments; in Roztotska and Lytovezka zones – over Devonian and Carboniferous rocks; Jurassic sediments are overlain by Cretaceous and Neogene rocks. Thickness distribution of Jurassic sediments exhibits rock thickness increasing from some tens of meters in the east to first thousands of meters in the west. In the band to the west from Gorodotskiy fault the rock depth and thickness sharply increase and composition of sediments changes providing large bioherm massif (barrier reef) composed of thick (up to 1000 m) organogenic Kimmeridgian-Tithonian limestones. Between Sudovo-Vyshnyanskiy and Krakovetskiy faults these rocks are distinguished in Oparska Suite, and entire distribution area of Jurassic rocks between Gorodotskiy and Krakovetskiy faults – in Oparska LTZ. Jurassic sediments to the east from Gorodotskiy fault and Pidlubenske uplift are assigned to Pidlubenska LTZ.

100Lower-Middle divisions

Toarcian-Bathonian stages undivided

Kokhanivska Suite (J1-2kh) is developed in Oparska zone where it lies over Cambrian, rarely Ordovician sediments and is intersected by drill-holes 1KKH, 2KKH, 9KKH, 18KKH (Kokhnivka [124]), 104PD, 105PD, 113PD (Pidluby) [111]. The Suite is composed of dense argillites and aleurolites with minor interbeds of sandstones, limestones and gravelites. Fossil coalified remnants and imprints are observed over entire column. The age of Kokhanivska Suite is assigned to be Toarcian-Bathonian based on encountered spore and pollen Meleagrinella doneziana (B o r i s s .), Stereisporites congregatus (В о 1 с h.) S с h u 1 z, S. bujargiensis (В о 1 с h.) S с h u 1 z, as well as fauna Posidonia buchi R о e m., and pelecypoda Astarte pulla R о e m., A. grata T e r g. et J о u r d. Thickness is from 35 m in the east to 530 m in the west.

101Middle Division

Callovian Stage

Yavorivska Suite (J3jv) transgressively overlies underlaying Jurassic rocks and in the east – Paleozoic units; it is developed in Oparska and in the west of Pidlubenska LTZs. The Suite is composed of sandstones with inclusions of gravel and minor coalified fossil remnants, conglomerates, sandy gravelites consisting of quartzite, aleurolites and sandstone fragments, with interbeds of aleurolites and dolomites, in places with inclusions of anhydrites and dolomitized limestones. Terrigenous rocks are cemented by dolomite material; abundant ironiferous (schamosite) oolites, pyritization and glauconite grains are characteristic. Fossil coalified remnants are observed over entire column. Callovian age of the Suite is defined from contained spores Equisetites variabilis V i n о g r., Gleicheniidites senonicus R о s s., as well as cephalopoda Macrocephalites sp., Kepplerites sp., Kosmoceras sp. Thickness of the Suite is from 20 m in Pidlubenska LTZ and up to 100 m in Oparska LTZ.

102Upper Division

Oxfordian Stage

Rudkivska Suite (J3rd) is developed in Oparska and in the western part of Pidlubenska zones where it lies over Callovian sediments. At the bottom dolomites occur as well as dolomitized, sandy, pyritized limestones (15-25 m) with anhydrite pods; higher flinted pelitomorphic and organogenic-detritus limestones (60 m) are observed. Flinted limestones are being changed by reefogenic, brecciated ones with interbeds of cavernous dolomites. The Suite column is completed with 20-25 m thick marker parti-coloured limestone-clayey horizon. In the Suite sediments foraminifera Alveosepta jaccardi (S с h r о d t), Paalzowella iurbinella (Gümbel.) and brachyopoda Septaliphoria badensis (О p p.), S. varians (S с h l о t h.) and others are determined providing their assigning to Oxfordian Stage. Thickness of the Suite is from 30 m in Pidlubenska LTZ to 110 m in Oparska LTZ. Sokalska Suite (J3sk) is intersected by drill-holes in the south-western part of map sheet M-35-XIX and in the western part of map sheet M-34-XVIII where it facially replaces Rudkivska Suite in Pidlubenska zone; it lies over Paleozoic sediments and is overlain by Rava-Ruska Suite. In the upper part the Suite is composed of clays, argillites, sandstones, parti-coloured aleurolites with interbeds of gravelites, conglomerates, gypsums and anhydrites (up to 100 m); in the middle part it consist of aleurolites, sandstones and clays (50 m), and in the lower part – grey-coloured limestones, argillites, sandstones (20 m). Foraminifera Marssonella jurassica Mit, Ceratholamarekina speciosa (D a i n.), Cribrostomoides sangmilensis К u r b. characteristic for Oxfordian Stage are determined in the rocks. Thickness of the Suite is 20-130 m.

Kimmeridgian and Tithonian stages

These rocks are combined in Oparska Suite which conformably overlies Rudkivska Suite in the north- west-trending band between Krakovetskiy and Sudovo-Vyshnyanskiy faults. Oparska Suite (J3op) in the lower column part is composed of grey clayey limestones with sponge remnants. In places the rocks are folded and brecciated. The upper part is composed of reefogenic rocks of which dense, white, cream bioherm limestones and their fragments predominate with diverse organogenic remnants cemented by crystalline-grained and pelitomorphic calcite. In places pelitomorphic and oolite varieties of dolomitized limestones are observed. In the lower column part limestones contain foraminifera of Alveosepta family characteristic for the lower portion of Kimmeridgian, and in organogenic limestones from the Suite upper part foraminifera Nautiloculina ooliihica М о h 1 е r, Quinqueloculina podlubiensis Т е r е s t., Trocholina alpina (L e u p о 1 d), Gaudryina bukowiensis С u s h. et G 1 a z. are determined. Foraminifera are known in Tithonian Stage and by these reasons Oparska Suite is assigned to Kimmeridgian and Tithonian stages without their subdivision. Thickness of the Suite is up to 725 m.

Kimmeridgian Stage

To the east and south-east of the area the lower part of Oparska Suite is facially replaced by Rava- Ruska Suite. Rava-Ruska Suite (J3rr) lies over Rudkivska Suite or over Sokalska Suite and over Paleozoic rocks and is intersected by numerous drill-holes in the fields Nemyriv, Pidluby, Rava-Ruska and Peremyshlyany. It is composed of dolomites and dolomitized limestones of which pelitomorphic, organogenic-detritus, algae and oolite varieties are distinguished, as well as anhydrites. In the lower Suite parts limestones contain Kimmeridgian foraminifera complex: Alveosepta personata (Т о b 1 е r), Torinosuella peneropliformis (Y a b е et Н a n z a w a), Haplophragmium coprolithiformis segguana (M о h.). Thickness of the Suite is 20-250 m.

Tithonian Stage

Nyzhnivska Suite (J3nz) comprises facial analogue of the upper (major) part of Oparska Suite in Pidlubenska zone in the band of north-west-north-eastern strike. In the column lower part the Suite is composed of braccia with fragments of pseudo-oolite sponge limestones cemented by dolomitic material which contains organogenic detritus, carbonate aggregates and quartz grains. The upper Suite part consists of dense pelitomorphic, organogenic-detritus and pseudo-oolite limestones which in places contain chalk-like varieties. In the rocks pelecypoda Corbula inflexa R о е m., Nautiloculina oolithica М о h l е r, Favreina salevensis

29 (Р а r е j a s ) characteristic for Tithonian Stage are determined. Thickness of the Suite is from 300 m in the west to 25 m in the east.

49Cretaceous System (K)

Cretaceous System is comprised of terrigenous-carbonate formation of epi-continental shelf which in solid blanket covers age-different rocks to the east from Gorodotskiy fault in Western-European and Eastern- European platforms; in the far south-east Cretaceous sediments are developed to the west of Kaluskiy (Gorodotskiy) fault as well where they constitute Verbizka LTZ. The rocks fill up Lvivska Cretaceous Depression consisting of three individual LTZs – Verbizka, Zhuravnenska and Lukvynska named in the fashion similar to respective suites. Verbizka LTZ is located between Gorodotskiy fault and Rava-Ruskiy thrust in the north-west coinciding with Rava-Ruska zone of Paleozoic rocks, and between Kaluskiy (Gorodotskiy) and Sudovo-Vyshnyanskiy faults in the far south-west. Zhuravnenska LTZ occupies the southern part of map sheet M-35-XIX where from the north along flexure “Krupsko” it adjoins Verbizka zone; in the east it adjoins the modern Sukhodolka river valley following Nesterivskiy fault, and the southern boundary of Khodorivska paleo-valley. Lukvynska LTZ is located to the east from Rava-Ruskiy thrust, and in the far south – to the east from Nesterivskiy fault; it comprises the central and eastern limbs of Lvivska Cretaceous Depression. Cretaceous System includes both divisions; total thickness attains 1200 m (see map of pre-Quaternary units of the map sheet M-35-XIX).

103Lower Division (K1)

Valanginian-Hauterivian stages

Stavchanska Suite (K1st) is developed in Verbizka and Zhuravnenska LTZ and encompasses two stages – Valanginian and Hauterivian. Three batches are intersected by drill-hole 110PD (Pidluby): the lower one – clays, argillites and aleurolites dark-grey, micaceous, calcareous with sliding planes, with thin limestone interbeds. Thickness is 8-20 m. Higher argillites are changed by organogenic-detritus and pseudo-oolite up to 70 m thick limestones with coprolite remnants. The column is completed with grey and greenish-grey sandy and clayey up to 40 m thick limestones. By fauna remnants two lower batches are assigned to Valanginian Stage while the upper one corresponds to Hauterivian Stage. In the first two batches Valanginian foraminifera are determined: Ammobaculites irregulariformis Вart. et Вr., A. cocretaceous Вart. et Вr., Trocholina molesta G o r b ., T. burlini G о r b, T. alpina (L e u p .), T. elongata (L e u p .). In limestones of the upper column part accumulations of large foraminifera Pseudocyclammina lituus (Y о k о j a m а) are defined. The boundary between Valanginian and Hauterivian stages is set by appearance of ammonites Dichotomites bidichotomus (Lеym.). These ammonites are known in the upper Suite part where foraminifera Gaudryina neocomica Сhа1i1оv, Haplophragmoides globosus L о z a, Buccicrenata condensa D u 1 u b and others are observed. Hauterivian sediments occur in reduced amount since their upper portion is eroded. Thickness of the Suite varies in the range from 60 m in the east to 130 m in the west of the distribution area.

104Lower-Upper divisions (K1-2)

Albian-Cenomanian stages undivided

Nezvyska Suite (K1-2nz) transgressively lies over Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks being thin enough but developed in all zones. The lower up to 10 m thick Suite part is composed of sands, glauconite- quartz sandstones, in the top – limestones with phosphorite nodules and fragments. The Suite contains ammonites Neohibolites ultimus (О r b.), Parahibolites tourtia (W е i g n .),Aucellina gryphaeoides (S о w.), and foraminifera Cibicides praeformosus K a p t ., C. bembix (M a r s s .), characteristic for Albian-Cenomanian time. At the Suite base the basal layer occurs composed of pebble and black flint, limestone and quartz gravel. Total thickness of the Suite does not exceed 20 m.

105Upper Division (K2)

Upper Cretaceous includes Cenomanian layers of inoceramus limestones, Dubovetska Suite (Turonian- Coniacian), Verbizka, Zhuravnenska, Lukvynska suites (Santonian-Campanian), and Lvivska Suite (Maastrichtian).

Cenomanian Stage

The layers of inoceramus limestones (K2i) transgressively lie over Nezvyska Suite, and in places over Stavchanska Suite; they include light-grey limestones with inoceramus prisms and glauconite admixture. At the base quartz-glauconite sandstones with phosphorite gravel and nodules occur. Numerous findings of cephalopoda Praeactinocamax plenus acutus N a j d. and pelecypoda Inoceramus crippsi M a n t., Acanthoceras rhotomagense D e f r. in limestones suggest for their Middle-Upper Cenomanian age. Despite of low thickness (from 4 to 25 m) the layers are developed in all zones.

Turonian-Coniacian stages

Dubovetska Suite is developed in all LTZs where it conformably lies over inoceramus limestones and in places over Cenomanian terrigenous sediments, and gradually are being overlain by Verbizka, Zhuravnenska and Lukvynska suites. By lithology it is divided in two sub-suites. Lower Dubovetska Sub-Suite (K2db1) is composed of chalk and chalk-like limestones, white, cream, with black flint concretions. It contains pelecypoda Inoceramus woodsi В о е h m ., In. lamarcki Woods, characteristic for Turonian time. Thickness of the lower sub-suite is 80-225 m. Upper Dubovetska Sub-Suite (K2db2) includes clayey, sandy, dense, platy, light-grey limestones and sandy marls with glauconite crusts and clayey interbeds. The rocks contain characteristic Coniacian pelecypoda Inoceramus involutus Sow., In. schloenbachi В о e h m.,. Thickness of sub-suite is 30-70 m.

Santonian-Campanian stages

Verbizka Suite is developed in the same-named LTZ and conformably lies over Upper Dubovetska Sub- Suite and is overlain by Maastrichtian Stage (Lvivska Suite); it is divided in two sub-suites. Lower Verbizka Sub-Suite (K2vr1) comprises alternating sandstones, aleurolites, argillites which contain characteristic Santonian fauna: pelecypoda Inoceramus lobatus М ü n s t., In. patootensis L o r ., and cephalopoda Actinocamax verus M i l l ., Gonioteuthis granulata В l v. Thickness of sub-suite is from 95 m to 260 m. Upper Verbizka Sub-Suite (K2vr2) includes marls, argillites, aleurolites, often alternating, and contains Campanian cephalopoda fauna Belemnitella langei S с h a t s k у, Baculites anceps L a m., Goniteuthis quadrate В l v. Thickness of the upper sub-suite is 130-190 m. Zhuravnenska Suite comprises facial analogue of Verbizka and Lukvynska suites; it includes two sub- suites. Lower Zhuravnenska Sub-Suite (K2žr1) is only composed of quartz, grey, diverse-grained, calcareous, porous with detritus sandstones which contain Santonian cephalopoda Actinocamax verus M i l l ., foraminifera Gavelinella sielligera (М а r i е) and others. Thickness is 80-170 m. Upper Zhuravnenska Sub-Suite (K2žr2) comprises sequence of sandstones with sand interbeds. Sandstones are quartz, fine- and diverse-grained, oblique-layered, yellowish-cream, in places flinted with detritus and limonite concretions. Over most of territory the rocks are intersected by drill-holes, and in the Dnister River basin, to the south from Khorodiv town, these rocks are exposed at the surface and are known in publications as “Zhuravnenski sandstones”. The rocks contain Campanian fauna: cephalopoda Gonioteuthis quadrata В l v., pelecypoda Spondylus spinosus (S о w.), foraminifera Voloschinovella loeffitei (M a r i e ). Thickness of sub-suite is from 50 to 250 m. Lukvynska Suite facially replaces Verbizka and Zhuravnenska suites and is also divided in two sub- suites. Lower Lukvynska Sub-Suite (K2lk1) is composed of marls, argillites and aleurolites. Marls are grey, greenish-grey, dense, in places with minor admixture of sandy material. Argillites are grey, thin-platy, calcareous, micaceous aleurolites with organic detritus. The Suite rocks contain Santonian fauna: cephalopoda Gonioteuthis granulata В l v., Actinocamax vents M i l l ., and pelecypoda Inoceramus cardissoides G о l d f. Thickness of the Suite is 50-115 m. Upper Lukvynska Sub-Suite (K2lk2) is comprised of uniform light-grey, cream, platy marls, rarely clayey limestones with Campanian cephalopoda Belemnitella mucronata Now., В. langei S с h a t., Gonioteuthis quadrata В l v. Thickness is 50-145 m.

Maastrichtian Stage

Lvivska Suite (K2lv) completes Maastrichtian Stage column filling most subsided central and western parts of Cretaceous depression. The Suite conformably lies over Campanian Upper Lukvynska, Upper Verbizka and Upper Zhuravnenska sub-suites and is overlain by Paleogene and Neogene rocks. Most part of its distribution area meets pre-Quaternary surface. In the west, in Verbizka zone, the upper Suite part is composed of sandy, in places high-sandy marls (up to 100 m), and below (Potelych village) calcareous opal gaizes, opal spongolites, secondary siliceous clays, siliceous limestones (up to 325 m) are developed. In the east, in Lukvynska zone, these are marls, siliceous, spicule, clayey, slightly sandy limestones (0-150 m). In Zhuravnenska zone the Suite is comprised of its lower part and is composed of marls, high-sandy, in places up to sandstones (50-75 m). The lower Suite part contains cephalopoda zone Belemnitella lanceolata and Acanthoscaphhes tridens. The upper part corresponds to Upper Maastrichtian and includes zone Belemnitella junior with fauna complex of cephalopoda Belemnitella junior N о w., В. lanceolata (S с h 1.), and pelecypoda Area tenuistriata Miinst., Mutiella coarctata Z i t t., Tapes subfaba (О r b.). Thickness of the Suite in the axial part of Cretaceous depression is 325-425 m (DH 7, 4 Rava-Ruska) and decreases up to 0 m to the east.

18Cenozoic Eratheme (KZ)

It includes Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary systems.

50Paleogene System (P)

Paleogene System is pretty locally developed in Zakhidnopodilska LTZ and is comprised of Upper Eocene.

106Upper Eocene (P2)

Eocene sediments are developed in the platform part of map sheet M-34-XVIII which spatially belongs to Western-European Platform. The rock exposures at pre-Quaternary surface are known in the area of Pidgorodne, Devyatyr, Potelych, Klebany, Goryany, Monastyrka, Kamyan Gora, Glynske, Skvaryava, Mokrotyn and Matsoshyn villages. The rocks are involved in the sequence of glauconite and quartz-glauconite sands (P2gp) with sandstones or marls and green clays. Pelecypoda fauna Pseudomussium corneum S o w ., Ostrea prona Wood, Chlamys bellicostatas orientalis S о k., Pecten moldavicus A t h. and others mark the rocks as Upper Eocene. These sediments unconformably lie over Maastrichtian marls and are overlain in some places by Lower Badenian sediments, in other places – by sandy-coaliferous, marly Nagoryanski and Berezhanski layers of Karpatian (N1ng+br). The total thickness of Upper Eocene does not exceed 20 m.

51Neogene System (N)

Neogene sediments are widely developed and spatially coincide with the platform areas (WEP and EEP) and Fore-Carpathian Trough and constitute two LTZs – Zakhidnopodilska and Bilche-Volytska, separated by Gorodotskiy fault in the west and south-west of map sheet M-34-XVIII, and by flexure “Krupsko” and Rava- Ruskiy thrust in the south-west of map sheet M-35-XIX. Bilche-Volytska zone is fairly locally developed – 212 km2 while Zakhidnopodilska occupies 1524 km2 that is 2.4% and 32% of the studied area respectively. Regio- Stages are being distinguished in Neogene: Karpatian – in Lower Miocene, Badenian – in Middle Miocene, and Sarmatian – in Upper Miocene. Total thickness of Neogene varies in the wide range from 160-300 m in Zakhidnopodilska zone to 1500 m in Bilche-Volytska zone.

107Miocene Division (N1)

Lower Miocene

Karpatian Regio-Stage

Karpatian Regio-Stage includes combined Nagoryanski and Berezhanski layers (N1ng+br). They are locally developed and are observed in the map sheet M-34-XVIII in the areas of Rava-Ruska and Zhovkva towns and in the map sheet M-35-XIX – in the areas of Olesko, Zolochiv, Berezhany towns along Zolota Lypa river valley, in Zakhidnopodilska zone. The lower layers (Nagoryanski) contain marine fauna while the upper layers (Berezhanski) – fresh- water one. Marine sediments are much less developed and include glauconite-quartz sands and quartz sandstones, in places white limestones and clays (Kotiv, Mechyshchiv, Baranivka villages). In the rocks fauna of oncophora Rzehakia (Oncophora) socialis (R z е h а k), and pelecypoda Nucula nucleus L., Leda fragilis (C h e m n . ) is determined. Thickness of the layers is 0-6 m. Berezhanski layers include marls, pelitomorphic limestones and green clays and sands with brown coal interbeds (up to 0.5 m). L.M.Kudrin [9] has determined fresh-water gastropoda fauna Limnaea dilatata N о u l., Planorbis solidus T h o m a s in limestones. Thickness of the layers is 0-15 m. In Bilche-Volytska zone (WEP), in the area of Kokhanivka village (Derzhiv village, DH 3DZH [125]) the sequence of sands (N1p) is distinguished intercalating with tuffs, limestones, aleurolites, grey, greenish-grey clays, layered with abundant glauconite and iron oxide pods. The rocks contain foraminifera Quinqueloculina dictoria P i s с h v., Q. mayeriia О r b. Thickness is 0-35 m.

Middle Miocene

Badenian Regio-Stage

Badenian Regio-Stage is widely developed. The rocks are widespread both in the platform part of territory to the east from Gorodotskiy fault (Zakhidnopodilska zone) and in Fore-Carpathian Trough (Bilche- Volytska zone). Badenian Regio-Stage includes age-different sediments involved in various facial complexes which with stratigraphic unconformity lie over eroded surface of Upper Cretaceous, Paleogene or Karpatian. Three sub-regio-stages are distinguished in Badenian Regio-Stage: lower, middle and upper.

Lower Badenian Sub-Regio-Stage

Lower Badenian Sub-Regio-Stage in the platform (Zakhidnopodilska zone) is comprised of Opilska Suite from 5 to 100 m thick; in Bilche-Volytska zone (Fore-Carpathian Trough) it corresponds to 5-35 m thick Bogorodchanska Suite. Opilska Suite (N1op) is widely developed in the central and southern parts of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv), in south-western part of map sheet M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska), and is almost lacking in the map sheet M- 35-XIII (Chervonograd) where it is only observed in the small erosion remnants spatially related to the top areas of chalk hills and Radostavka and Pusta river valleys. The rocks with stratigraphic unconformity lie over eroded surface of Upper Cretaceous and Karpatian regio-stage. Eroded surface of Opilska Suite is overlain by Tyraska Suite and younger sediments (Kosivska Suite and Ternopilski layers). Intricate facial composition of the Suite formed under conditions of upper pseudo-abyssal, sub-littoral and littoral sea zones is mapped as a common whole. The Suite rocks are exposed at the surface in numerous outcrops over river and gully valley slopes, which cross the heights of Opillya and Roztochchya, and are intersected by drill-holes. Variable lithology of Opilska Suite related to the inconsistent sedimentation conditions in Early Badenian basin resulted from irregular tectonic motions, makes possible distinguishing the range of even-age facies in the Suite column: 1) facies of sandy-limestone, in places marl sediments; 2) facies of sandy sediments; 3) facies of sandy-limestone sediments; 4) complex of algae facies rocks; 5) “Ervilievi layers”. 1. For the first facies (Baranivska), fine-grained calcareous sands are characteristic with glauconite, algae (Lithothamnium), marleous sediments with complex of pelecypoda Pseudamussium corneum denudatum (R е u s.), Cardium baranovense H i l b. Deposition of this facies occurred under conditions of pseudo-abyssal and lower part of open sea sub-littoral at the depths up to 150-200 m and basin salinity 50‰ at least [9]. Thickness is more than 54 m (Vilkhovets village).

33 2. The facies of sandy sediments or so called “Mykolaivska” facies is developed over entire platform part of the territory. Its thickness is variable and is from 5-7 m at watersheds to 30-40 m in slope-side valleys portions, in places it attains 70 m (stratotype of Stratyn village) [77] and 100 m (Stankivtsi village). This facies includes complex of marine sediments replacing one another by strike; the rocks comprise diverse-grained quartz and quartz with detritus sands and sandstones, often oblique-layered, enriched in glauconite (up to 15-20%). Complex of pelecypoda Panope menardi D е s h., Chlamys scissa F a v r e and characteristic sediments suggests for their formation at shallow basin sites of Opilske sea – in the sub-littoral zone at the depth up to 100 m. 3. The facies of sandy-limestone sediments, 3-10 m thick, is developed in the areas of Rava-Ruska, Zhovkva towns and Krekhiv village, and is extended in the band to the south-east up to Pomoryany village. Here lithothamnium rocks are developed cemented with calcareous sandstone, normally quartz with glauconite admixture, with detritus. Rounded flint and quartz pebbles from 0.1 to 2-3 cm in size are observed in sandstones and sands. 4. Facies complex of algae (lithothamnium) sediments of so called “Naraivski layers” (horizon) is widely developed in Opilska Suite. It is most developed in Roztochchya and Opillya, in the basins of Zubra, Klodnytsya, Svirzh, Gnyla Lypa, and Zolota Lypa rivers. The complex of these facies is observed at the elevated sites of Opilske sea bottom in the area of Nemyriv, Mageriv, Kviv, Bibrka, Peremyshlyany, Rogatyn and Berezhany towns. In this complex the following facies are characteristic: lithothamnium limestones, organogenic-detritus limestones and bioherm limestones with pelecypoda Ostrea digitalina Dub. Thickness of the complex varies from 0.5 to 11 m, in places it attains 24-34 m (stratotypes “Naraiv” and “Berezhany” respectively) [77]. 5. “Evrilievi layers” complete the column of Opilska Suite and are mainly composed of limestones, rarely sandstones and clays with abundant cores of pelecypoda Ervilia pusilla P h i l ., Nucula nucleus L. and worm Serpulagregalis E i с h w. imprints. Despite of low and inconsistent thickness (0-1.5 m, normally 0.1-0.3 m) and lack of planar development, the rocks of “Evrilievi layers” are highly important comprising marker horizon for the boundary between Lower and Middle Badenian. Bogorodchanska Suite (N1bg) comprises the facial analogue of Opilska Suite and is developed in Bilche-Volytska zone of the Trough where it is composed of marleuos clays, marls, glauconite sandstones with tuff and tuffite interbeds and fragments. Most characteristic are pelecypoda Pseudoamussium corneum demidatum R e u s s, Amussium chstatum В r о n., Chlamys scissa F a w r е. Bogorodchanska Suite lies over eroded surface of Upper Cretaceous, Jurassic sediments or Karpatian, and with stratigraphic unconformity is overlain by Tyraska Suite. Thickness of the Suite is 5-35 m.

Middle Badenian Sub-Regio-Stage

This sub-regio-stage is widely developed both in Eastern-European platform and Fore-Carpathian Trough. The rocks lie over eroded surface of Lower Badenian or Cretaceous sediments and are overlain by Upper Badenian rocks. Middle Badenian sub-regio-stage is comprised of Tyraska Suite. Tyraska Suite (N1tr). The outcrops of Tyraska Suite rocks are observed at watersheds and in the valleys of Dnister, Zubra, Klodnytsya, Luga, Svirzh, Gnyla and Zolota Lypa, as well as are intersected by numerous drill-holes in the platform and Bilche-Volytska zone of Fore-Carpathian Trough. The rocks transgressively lie over eroded surface of Opilska Suite, in places Karpatian, or over Upper Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks. Three even-age facies are distinguished in Tyraska Suite: facies of sandy sediments, facies of gypsums and anhydrites, and facies of carbonate rocks. The facies of sandy sediments is developed in the area of Rava-Ruska, Zhovkva, Lviv, Peremyshlyany, Gologoriv, Zolochiv, Pomoryany towns etc. It is composed of quartz sands and sandstones up to 10 m thick. In some sections glauconite admixture occurs in diverse-grained quartz sands; in sands and sandstones somewhere gravelite lenses are observed composed of rounded flint pebbles and large quartz grains. The facies of gypsums and anhydrites is widely developed in the southern part of map sheet M-35-XIX where by left branches of Dnister River – Zubra, Luga, Svirzh, Gnyla Lypa – they are exposed directly at the surface with visible thickness 2-5 m. Over remaining territory they are intersected by numerous drill-holes both in the platform and Bilche-Volytska zone where their thickness is 5-15 m and often attains 30-50 m. These rocks transgressively lie over eroded surface of various Badenian facies or over Upper Cretaceous rocks. The lenses and interbeds of pelitomorphic limestones and clays are often observed in gypsums. In the platform the gypsums do normally contain anhydrite admixture while in the Trough gypsum-anhydrites and anhydrites predominate with gypsum admixture and clay interbeds and lenses. The facies of chemogenic carbonate sediments is comprised of pelitomorphic limestones which are known in the publications as “Ratynski” (stratotype “Zalissya” more than 19 m thick) [77]. These rocks in most extent are developed in the western part of map sheet M-34-XVIII and southern part of map sheet M-35-XIX

34 where they are exposed at the surface and are intersected by many drill-holes in the valley of Dnister River and its left branches. The rocks lie over various facies of Opilska Suite, mainly over gypsums being connected with the latter by gradual facial transitions. In the junction zone of the platform and Fore-Carpathian Trough, which corresponds to Rava-Ruska zone (WEP), in some places limestones are metasomatic in origin, sulfur-bearing; native sulfur deposits (Nemyrivske, Rozdolske, Zhydachivske) are related to these rocks. Thickness of limestones attains 10-12 m. Fauna of Tyraska Suite is poor, uniform, it includes single forms Getrarium minima (М о n t.), and pelecypoda Corbula gibba О l. Thickness of the Suite is up to 20 m in Bilche-Volytska LTZ and up to 60 m in Zakhidnopodilska LTZ.

Upper Badenian Sub-Regio-Stage

In the platform it is comprised of Ternopilski layers and their facial analogue – Kosivska Suite – in Bilche-Volytska zone and in the west of Zakhidnopodilska zone; the eastern boundary of distribution area coincides with Krekhivskiy normal fault. Ternopilski layers (N1tn) include facies of bioherms, organogenic-detritus and detritus limestones and rarely sandy and clayey rocks. Bioherm sediments in the reefogenic zone are developed in the map sheet M-35- XIX at the most elevated relief sites, as well as in the south of map sheet M-34-XVIII (Nemyriv, Parypsy, Krekhiv). Visible thickness of bioherms is 12-20 m. Bioherm limestones include fine-lithothamnium and lithothamnium-vermitus varieties. Organogenic-detritus and detritus lithothamnium limestones with 0.2 m thick carbonate clay interbeds also participate in bioherm sequence. In the north-eastern part of map sheet M-35-XIX Ternopilski layers are composed of sands, sandstones, marls and light-grey lithothamnium limestones. Sandstones are quartz with macro-fauna fragments and glauconite grains, cement is carbonate. Lithothamnia are observed in minor blobs (up to 2-3 cm) cemented by clayey-carbonate mass. In the rocks of Ternopilski layers pelecypoda Chlamys lilli (P u s c h .), C. galiciana (F a v r e ), Nucula mayeri F r i e d b. are determined. Thickness is from 0 to 70 m. Kosivska Suite (N1ks) is intersected in Bilche-Volytska LTZ and in lesser extent – in Zakhidnopodilska LTZ. With erosion it lies over various facies of Tyraska and Opilska suites or over Upper Cretaceous sediments. The general Suite column is comprised of uniform intercalation of calcareous argillite-like clays with thin interbeds of aleurolites, sandstones, tuffs and tuffites. Characteristic fauna includes pelecypoda Chlamys пеитагі (Н і 1 b.), С. etini (Z h і z h.). С. galiciana (F a v r е). Thickness of the Suite is 10-25 m in Bilche- Volytska LTZ, 5-20 m in Zakhidnopodilska LTZ, and it increases up to 100 m in Khodorivska paleo-valley. Formation of Kosivska Suite occurred under conditions of the sea pseudo-abyssal zone in slightly-oxidizing environments.

Upper Miocene

Sarmatian Regio-Stage

Lower Sarmatian Sub-Regio-Stage

Sarmatian Regio-Stage is only comprised of lower sub-regio-stage which with stratigraphic unconformity lies over Kosivska Suite or Ternopilski layers. In Zakhidnopodilska LTZ these are Volynski layers, and in Bilche-Volytska zone – Dashavska Suite which includes two sub-suites – lower and upper. Lower Dashavska Sub-Suite (N1ds1) is composed of rhythmic intercalation of grey and dark-grey sandy clays, calcareous sandstones, sands, aleurolites and tuffs. In the column clays predominate while amount of sandstone and aleurolites interbeds does not exceed 10-15%. Sub-suite sediments contain characteristic pelecypoda Modiola volhynica E i с h w. Thickness of sub-suite varies from 200 to 600 m. Upper Dashavska Sub-Suite (N1ds2). Characteristically, the clayey rocks predominate in the column comprising up to 70-75% in average, alternating with subordinate aleurolites and tuffs. The clays in various extents are enriched in aleuro-sandy material; their average content is 15-20%. The Upper Sub-Suite contains characteristic pelecypoda Cardium obsolutum E i с h w., Ervilia trigonula S о k. Thickness of sub-suite is from 20 to 870 m. Volynski layers (N1vl) comprises facial analogue of Dashavska Suite in Zakhidnopodilska LTZ; the rocks are locally developed in the west of map sheet M-34-XVIII (Nemyriv, Verblyany), in the south-west of map sheet M-35-XIX (Khodoriv town, Otynevychi, Duliby villages) following elongation of Khodorivska paleo- valley, and in the north-eastern part (Pidgirtsi, Gutyshche villages) of the latter map sheet. The column of Volynski layers is composed of uniform sequence of grey and blue-grey calcareous clays, marls, sands with coaliferous detritus, thin interbeds of limestones, sandstones, tuffites and bentonite

35 clays. In the lower column part volcanic tuffs and tuffites in thin lenses are observed. In the west, in the area of Khodorivska paleo-valley, thickness of the layers attains 150 m (Khodoriv town). In the far south-eastern part of map sheet M-35-XIX, to the south from Pidgirtsi village, Volynski layers are composed of quartz grey sands with minor glauconite admixture. Here their thickness does not exceed 10-15 m. Volynski layers contain abundant fauna with characteristic pelecypoda Cardium volhynicum Grisсhk., С. lithopodolicum D u b., C.obsolutum (E i с h w.), Ervilia dissita (E i с h w .), Abra reflexa (E i с h w . ). Thickness of the layers is up to 150 m.

52Quaternary System (Q)

In the studied area Quaternary sediments are throughout developed providing almost continuous blanket over hard country rocks with variable thickness and lithology caused by the patterns of relief, neo-tectonic motions and climatic changes over entire Anthropogene. In the age respect, distinguished stratons belong to Neo-Pleistocene section comprised of all three branches, and Holocene. Eo-Pleistocene sediments are not found in the area. By analogue with territories adjacent from the east and south, where alluvial and sub-aerial sediments of this age are determined, it is supposed their local development in Opillya plakor sites as sub-aerial rocks. Stratigraphic subdivision of Quaternary sediments is performed up to the stratons of “climatolith” rank in compliance with Regional stratigraphic scheme approved by ISC in 1993. The stratons are mainly described on the ground of basic columns. Absolute age of specific climatoliths is given by results of thermo-luminescent analysis (laboratory of Marie Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland) provided by Professor A.B.Bogutskiy, and laboratory of Institute of Geological Sciences, UNAS (Kyiv) [47]. The spore-pollen studies are performed for Upper Neo-Pleistocene soil-loess sequence in the sections “Remeniv”, “Mylyatyn”, “Pidbereztsi”, “Korshiv”, “Gorokhiv”, and upper part of Middle Neo-Pleistocene sequence in the section “Remeniv”; after these results palinologic figures of the plant cover are obtained for the territory of Male Polissya and Volynska Height [47] (see “Typical litho-stratigraphic columns of Quaternary sediments”).

108Neo-Pleistocene Section /P/

Lower Neo-Pleistocene Branch /PI/

Lower Neo-Pleistocene sediments include three genetic complexes. These are sub-aqueous rocks of alluvial-lake origin, sediments related to glacier activity – glacier (moraine) and fluvio-glacial, and sub-aerial sediments of aeolian-deluvial and eluvial origin. Alluvial-lake sediments /alPI/ include rocks quite variable in lithology with characteristic increased clay content. They are developed in Malopoliska plain where are observed in the lower part of Quaternary column. Most developed are 3.5-6.0 m thick sections with low lapses and small cuts. They are composed of dense sandy loams, loams, viscous clays, often carbonate, grey or parti-coloured, with spot interchanges of grey, black, brown, green and blue shades. Often the rocks are layered to strip-like, platy with thin-sandy films over layering planes, in places with sand interbeds, often with fossil remnants and increased humus content of individual layers. Maximum thickness is up to 15 m. Glacial sediments /gPI/ include facies of the major and final moraine and are locally developed. In most extent they are preserved in Fore-Carpathians where exhibit two lithological varieties of major moraine facies. These are grey and dark-grey loamy-clayey sediments, non-structured with irregularly distributed bunches of iron-enriched sand and insufficient content of gravel-pebble material from crystalline rocks of Scandinavian origin and rarely – local sedimentary rocks. Thickness of sediments in clayey moraine varies in the wide range – from parts of meters to 20 m with increasing trend at the country-rock uplifts and lacking of clear contacts with underlaying Neogene clayey sequence. The sandy-gravel-pebble moraines are observed in the same area composed of coarse-terrigenous material which content in the major sandy mass increases upward in the column. These sediments are being considered to be resulted from major clayey moraine re-deposition and this is supported by the remnants of the latter in the sequence, and by its lateral replacement by sandy-pebble mixture toward subsided sites. Thickness of these sediments is 10-12 m in average increasing to 50 m (Grushiv village) in the valleys of glacier plough up [118]. In Roztochchya moraine sediments are completely eroded. The glacier stay over this territory is supported by the findings of erratic material in single pebbles and cobbles at the surface which are pretty often observed in the Ravska part of Roztochchya.

36 In Volyno-Malopoliska area the facies of major moraine is comprised of milky-white and light-grey low-dense sandy-marl mixture consisting of diverse-rounded fragments of Cretaceous marls cemented by clayey material formed through decomposition of these marls, with significant admixture of fine clastic material composed of quartz and minor rounded fragments, mainly flints and quartzites. Thickness of these sediments is 2-8 m. The sediments of final moraine are encountered at the hill top nearby Batyatychi village and close to Sokal town in the right bank of Western Boug River. By composition they are similar to the sandy-marl major moraine. Recent studies of the glacier formation sediments have shown that moraine is resulted from the single continental glaciation which in the age respect belongs to Lower Neo-Pleistocene time, Sulskiy or Tyligulskiy stage. The absolute moraine age in the sections “Peremyslivtsi” and “Bayanychi” is estimated to 510±50 - 530±55 thousand years [47]. Fluvio-glacial sediments /fPI/ are widely developed in the studied area and are observed both in the internal glacial zone and far outside its boundaries providing broad outwash plain fields in Male Polissya and in Fore-Carpathians. These rocks include quartz sands of various shades of grey and yellow colour, mainly fine- grained to medium-grained with insufficient content of coarser grain fractions and scarce fragments of crystalline and sedimentary rocks. Quartz grains are rounded, transparent, with individual coarser (up to 0.5 mm) dull grains and same-size feldspar grains of yellow, brown and red colour in amount up to 5-10%. Slight sediment layering is observed in many columns, as well as insufficient enrichment in clayey material downward, in places with separation of sandy loam and loam interbeds. Thickness of fluvio-glacial sediments is inconsistent and varies in pretty wide range, mainly from 2 to 14 m, in places to 18 m. Aeolian-deluvial and eluvial sediments /vd,ePI/, due to extensive denudation, are locally developed, just only in the eastern part of loess plateau in Volynska Height, where they constitute lowermost parts of Quaternary column. The rocks lie directly over Cretaceous country rocks and exhibit low thickness, discontinuity and column incompleteness. The most complete basic section is known in adjacent territory nearby Novokorshiv village [55]. In the studied area, in the basic column nearby Gorokhiv town and in some drill-holes, the following units are distinguished in Lower Neo-Pleistocene:

 Lubenskiy climatolith of eluvial sediments /eP1lb/ includes dense, grey and red-brown heavy-loam soils with sand admixture and signs of gluing and iron-enrichment (1.2 m);

 Tyligulskiy climatolith of aeolian-deluvial sediments /vdP1tl/ is comprised of light-yellow and brown, non-carbonate sandy loams (up to 2.0 m).

Lower and Middle Neo-Pleistocene branches

Deluvial-proluvial sediments /dpPI-II/. The distinct feature of this sequence is restriction of sediments to the base of bench bounding Podilska Height, as well as occurrence in the depressions of pre-Quaternary relief where their thickness in some dimples attains 20 m. Most extensive planar development of these sediments is noted in the southern part of Male Polissya, to the west and north from Zolochiv town. The columns are comprised of coarse-terrigenous rocks composed of diverse-rounded fragments of local rocks – lithotamnium limestones, sandstones, chalk-like limestones. The filler composition varies from pure sandy to pure clayey, in places mixed one. In the area of Nemyriv town similar sediments differ in increased clay content and individual column structure in each specific depression [118]. The age of deluvial-proluvial sediments is defined through their relationships with fluvio-glacial sediments which normally form lateral contacts with the latter and in some columns underlies them or overlies this sequence [56].

Middle Neo-Pleistocene Branch

Middle Neo-Pleistocene sediments include sub-aerial and locally sub-aqueous (alluvial) rock types. Sub-aerial sediments in most columns are described in the complex of facies /vd,ePII/. Aeolian-deluvial and eluvial sediments /vd,ePII/ are observed over most part of the studied area in the sites of loess formation development. They are overlain by younger Upper Neo-Pleistocene loess rocks. They lie over Neogene (Podilska Height) or Cretaceous country rocks and fluvio-glacial and glacial rocks (Male Polissya, Volyn). In the middle part of Sokalske ridge, in some columns these rocks overlie eroded remnants of Lower Neo-Pleistocene sub-aerial rocks. The complex column includes four climatoliths and in full is defined in Volyn

37 only. The thickness relationships of cold and warm stage stratons are equal or loess rocks predominate. The total thickness is 2-12 m. Zavadivskiy climatolith of eluvial sediments /ePIIzv/ comprises one of the most prominent buried soil of loess formation in Western Ukraine; it exhibits clear identity features and allows its using as the marker basic one in the course of mapping in Quaternary sequence. It is assigned to the soils of loess type. The rocks, included in climatolith, are defined by parti-coloured appearance of bright shades, red-brown, brown, greenish-blue-grey, often with spotty distribution in the rock, and with heavy loam-clayey composition, often with inclusions of lenses and interbeds of peated soils. The rock often is of lumpy, nutty texture with evidences for hydromorphism (gluing of iron-manganese aggregates) and structure deformations like pseudomorphoses after polygonal-veined ice. The horizon is sporadically developed in local sites confined to the depressions in pre-Quaternary relief. Thickness of Zavadivskiy pedo-horizon is inconsistent, highly variable and normally is from 0.5-2.0 to 3 m. The absolute age, after thermo-luminescent analysis, in the section “Bayanychi” is from 320±30 to 410±40 thousand years [47] and from 318±47 to 342±51 thousand years, according to results from laboratory of Marie Curie-Sklodowska University (Lublin, Poland). Dniprovskiy climatolith of aeolian-deluvial sediments /vdPIIdn/ is comprised of two facial-genetic column types: aleurite-clayey and sandy. The first one is normally composed of light-yellow, pale, blue-pale sandy loams and loams. Pretty often sandy material admixture is observed in the single aggregates, bunches and interbeds. In the regional scale, occurrence of one-two embryonic buried soils at the column bottom is characteristic. The sandy variety of the given climatolith is characteristic for the marginal parts of loess regions. The columns include yellow sands from aleuritic to fine-grained, in places clayey. Thickness of the horizon is low, rarely it exceeds 3-4 m. The absolute age of sediments, after results obtained in laboratory of Marie Curie-Sklodowska, in the sections “Bayanychi” and “Korshiv” is 277±41 and 304±46 thousand years respectively; in the laboratory of IGS UNAS in the section “Bayanychi” the age is estimated to 220±22 to 250±25 thousand years. 4 Cherkaskiy ledge of alluvial sediments in fourth over-flood terrace /aPIIčk/ is observed in small remnants in the valley of Dnister River and is composed of sands, clays and loams from 2 to 8 m thick. The rocks are overlain by 1-7 m thick sub-aerial sediments. Kaydatskiy climatolith of eluvial sediments /ePIIkd/ is pretty widely developed, although not throughout, and is composed of soil rocks which are often significantly eroded and are being determined by their remnants only preserved from erosion. In the basic sections of “Bayanychi” and “Gorokhiv” quarries this pedo-horizon is preserved in full amount and includes two horizons composed of dark-grey and dark-brown dense, non-carbonate loams. Thickness of the sediments in described sections is from 1.8 to 3.0 m. The absolute age of Kaydatskiy former soil complex, after laboratory in Lublin data, is from 212±32 to 259±39 thousand years (sections “Bayanychi” and “Korshiv”). Tyasminskiy climatolith of aeolian-deluvial sediments /vdPIIts/ completes Middle Neo-Pleistocene column. Sediments were forming under fairly complicated, variable conditions and exhibit the same features of laying and distribution to Kaydatskiy one; they are composed of sandy loams and loams, yellowish-grey with brown iron-enrichment spots, in places lily due to gluing. The column enrichment in sandy material is characteristic, normally through interbeds of fine-grained sand. Thickness is 3-5 m. In Podillya the sequence exhibits clear loess appearance while column thickness often increases to 10 m [1]. The composition of spore-pollen complex from horizon sediments reflects glacial flora [47]. Grass plant pollen fraction in the complex is 39-46%. Notably the pollen Chenopodiaceae {Airiplexhastata, Atriplexnitens, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium polyspermism, Kochia prostrata, Petrosimonia oppositifolia, Polycnemum arvense, Salsola ruthenica and others) predominate – 20-32%. Motley grass fraction is high enough – 9-20% with Роасеае – 8-9%, Asteraceae (Aster sp., Achillea sp., Cichorium sp. and others) – 3-7%. Sporadically is determined pollen Cyperaceae – 5%, Artemisia sp. – 7%, in single cases – water plants (Typha sp.), spores (Polypodiaceae, Botiychium sp., Lycopodium sp., Equisetum sp., Bryales) in amount of 1-7% of the total pollen value. Pollen of tree plants includes Pinussylvestris – 30-38%, Betulapubescens, Betula sp., Betulapendula – 3- 8%, Alnus sp., Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana – 2-3%. Absolute age of sediments, after laboratory in Lublin data, in “Korshiv” column is from 172±26 to 211±32 thousand years. In the columns “Peremyslivtsi” and “Bayanychi” the age is 150±15 to 210±20 thousand years respectively [47].

Upper Neo-Pleistocene Branch

It is composed of sediments of sub-aerial and sub-aqueous (alluvial) origin. Sub-aerial sediments are comprised of the complex of loess formation rocks. Aeolian-deluvial and eluvial sediments /vd,ePIII/. This is the most developed in the area complex of loess-soil rocks which comprises 8-16 m thick sequence of loess-like loams and sandy loams. Six stratons are distinguished in the complex (Prylutskiy, Udayskiy, Vytachivskiy, Buzkiy, Dofinivskiy and Prychornomorskiy). Prylutskiy climatolith of eluvial sediments /ePIIIpl/ comprises major marker straton of loess sequence which is pretty wide developed in the area although being of quite variable thickness from 0.3 to 2.0 m and more – up to 5.0 m. The soils suite is distinguished which includes two horizons in places separated by thin loess interbed extensively re-worked by soil-forming processes. The upper horizon comprises thick (more than 0.5 m) humus horizon of steppe-type soil and is well defined in the columns due to dark-grey with brown shade colouring. The lower one comprises iluvial horizon of loess soil with bright-brown colour up to 1 m and more thick. In the grain-size respect, the soils of this complex contain increased dust and clay content. The particle content of 0.05-0.005 mm in size is 54%, clay particles – 30% [1]. The network breaking by frost deformations released in fine-polygonal fractures comprises the most prominent feature of Prylutskiy pedo-horizon. Solifluction deformations are also characteristic. Paleo-palinologic features of the complex reflect two phases in its development [47]. The first phase of soil formation corresponds to the beginning of Ryss-Vurmian inter-glacier time (lower horizon) and is characterized by wide development of the forest-type plants. The pine-tree forest predominated with minor birch and polypody varieties. The role of xerotic-type grass cenosis was notable. The second phase (upper horizon) of soil complex formation is comprised of plant cover which had included forest, steppe and tundra elements. The absolute age in different sections, after results of laboratory IGS UNAS, is 110±10 thousand years (“Peremyslivstsi”), 120±10 thousand years (“Bayanychi”), 132±20 thousand years (“Remeniv”), and 97±15 - 167±25 thousand years (“Gorokhiv”) according to results from laboratory of Marie Curie-Sklodowska University (Lublin, Poland). Undivided Udayskiy, Buzkiy and Prychornomorskiy climatoliths of aeolian-deluvial sediments /vdPIIIud-pč/. The given complex is developed in Podilska Height. It includes three climatoliths of cold stages comprised of yellowish-grey, brown-yellow loam and sandy loam sequence from some meters to 6 m thick, in places up to 12 m. Description of individual stratons is given below. Buzkiy climatolith of aeolian-deluvial sediments /vdPIIIbg/ is most developed among sub-aerial loess sediments in the territory of Volyno-Podillya. Significant thickness of Buzki loess is observed in watershed areas and is especially characteristic for the areas of Skhidne Roztochchya and Pasmove Pobuzhzhya where the rocks are often exposed in 3-7 m high vertical walls with distinct well-expressed columnar jointing. Normally the sequence consists of some horizons. Upper column part is composed of typical for Western Ukraine loess – light-yellow, pale, macro-porous, carbonate. Often the rocks contain diverse-shaped carbonate concretions 1-5 cm in size. In the middle part sub-horizon of dense sandy loams and loams of irregular colour and tongue-lens morphology is distinguished. Large structure deformations like pseudomorphs after polygonal-veined ice are confined to this column part. The lower sequence part is comprised of medium and heavy loams and sandy loams of essential density and moisture. Here iron-manganese inclusions, iron-enrichment spots and bands are permanently observed and often gluing processes are developed providing lily-greenish and blue shade of the rocks. There are abundant humus spots up to 5 cm and more in diameter. The average rock grain-size in the sequence exhibits clayey particle content of 26.6%, and coarse ones – 8.6% [1]. The plant patterns of the climatolith formation times are in general the same as for the aeolian-deluvial sediments of Udayskiy climatolith [47]. It should be noted, however, that the role of xerophites, halophites and micro-therm varieties had been significantly grown that time suggesting for climate drying increase and progressive temperature fall. In some sites land collapse processes are related to Buzki loesses. Sub-aqueous facies of Upper Neo-Pleistocene is comprised of the complex of sediments: Desnyanskiy 1 2 /a PIIIds/ and Vilshanskiy /a PIIIvl/ ledges constituting I and II over-flood terrace alluvial respectively. In the valley of Western Boug River and its branches the rocks are involved in sandy-loamy columns with interbeds of sandy loams, clays, in places pebble-stones at the bottom and peat at the top. Thickness is 2-10 m. In the Dnister River valley the column of these terraces is composed of (upward): pebble-stones with gravel- sand-clayey filler, clayey sands, sandy loams, in places with peat interbeds. Thickness is: II terrace – 15-20 m, somewhere up to 28 m; I terrace – 12-18 m, in places up to 23 m.

39 Dofinivskiy climatolith of eluvial sediments /ePIIIdf/ is normally composed of yellowish-grey, often with blur shade, dense, spotty loams or sandy loams. Clay particles content is 26%, sandy – 11.4% [1]. At the layer contacts the bands of brown iron-enrichment are often observed. The system of major structure deformations like pseudomorphs after polygonal-veined ice is related to this horizon. Thickness is low, in the range 0.5-0.8 m. The horizon is pretty locally developed and is not always indentified; by these reasons the columns comprised of Buzko-Prychornomorskiy climatoliths look like uniform loess sequence which is defined in the descriptions as Buzkiy climatolith. Prychornomorskiy climatolith of aeolian-deluvial sediments /vdPIIIpč/ is locally developed and is comprised of typical loess, sandy loams and loams, yellowish-grey, yellow, pale, macro-porous, carbonate, often with inclusions of ochred carbonate “augers”. Thickness of horizon does not normally exceed 0.5-2.0 m. Climatolith lies beneath Holocene soils and normally exhibits characteristic superimposed alteration related to the modern soil-forming processes which often are so extensive that at the low thickness the horizon loses its loess appearance over entire depth.

Middle Neo-Pleistocene Branch - Holocene

Eluvial-deluvial sediments undivided /edPII-H/ are widely developed in the north-western part of Roztochchya Height where Neogene country rocks, due to the modern territory uplift, are elevated to the surface and are being changed by weathering processes. These sediments are comprised of cobble-fragment mixture, sandy loams and loams with hard rock fragments covering watersheds and slopes with solid blanket. The rocks are also noted in Opillya and Male Polissya where they are widely developed in Radekhivska plain being composed of 1-2 m thick, in places up to 6 m loamy-clayey sediments with Cretaceous rock fragments.

Upper Neo-Pleistocene Branch - Holocene

Deluvial sediments /dPIII-H/ are most developed in the contrasted, cut relief where they are being formed at the expenses of sediments occurring higher on the slope; the composition and mechanical properties of these rocks depend on the composition and transportation distance of the latter. The rocks are comprised of sandy loams and loams, in the lower part with hard rock fragments. Thickness is 1-6 m. Alluvial-deluvial sediments /adPIII-H/ are developed in the bottom portions of numerous gullies, especially at their upper courses. The rocks include loams and sandy loams, often with hard rock fragments. Thickness varies from 1 to 3 m. Aeolian sediments /vPIII-H/ are developed in the territory of Male Polissya plain and in Fore- Carpathians, in the areas of fluvio-glacial sediments where often overlie the latter over entire their distribution surface. The rocks comprise re-blown material of fluvio-glacial sediments and are composed of well-sorted fine- grained quartz sands, and non-layered, grey, light-grey, yellow-grey sandy loams. Thickness of these sediments is mainly 0.5-3.0 m.

109Holocene

Eluvial sediments /eH/ comprises modern soils developed almost everywhere except technogenic relief forms, water reservoirs and hard country rocks outcrops. These are composed of turf-podsol soils, light-grey, grey podsol soils, black earth and turf carbonate soils over carboanter rock eluvium, meadow and alluvial soils. Thickness of sediments is 0.3-3.0 m. They are expressed in the columns only. Alluvial sediments /aH/ include formations of the modern river course as well as low and high flood- land. The sediment composition depends of the relief patterns and the rocks under erosion but normally the sediments are comprised of 0.5-6.0 m thick (maximum up to 16 m) layer of sands or loams. Often intercalation of these varieties is observed. At the bottom the thin layer of gravel or pebble somewhere occurs. In the sediments of Dnister and Striy rivers gravel-pebble material predominates with thickness increasing up to 10-25 m, and in the area of Zhydachiv town – up to 30 m. Aeolian sediments /vH/ are comprised of uniform fine-grained yellowish-grey quartz sands and are widely developed in the river valleys of Male Polissya and Fore-Carpathians. The rocks are well-expressed in the relief as individual hills, ridges, parabolic dunes and their groups with the form height 4-10 m. Biogenic sediments /bH/ are developed over entire territory and in geomorphologic respect are related to the river flood-lands. The rocks are most developed in Male Polissya where flat over-flood sites attain 4-6 km across and sediment thickness is 0.5-4.0 m. The sediments include peat of various decomposition degrees and loamy-clayey rocks with variable content of organic remnants.

40 Technogenic sediments /tH/ are related to the modern human activities and include various rocks and their mixture of mainly sandy, clayey, sandy-gruss-cobble composition with sediment thickness 0.1-10 m. The highest thickness of technogenic rocks is 20-40 m. They are observed in the dumps of Rozdolskiy sulfur quarry and are related to the waste banks of coal shafts in Chervonogradskiy and Novovolynskiy coal-mining areas.

43. TECTONICS

In tectonic respect the studied territory is located within three major geo-structure regions – Eastern- European and Western-European platforms and Fore-Carpathian marginal trough (see “Tectonic scheme of MZ- KZ litho-tectonic complex in the scale 1:1 000 000” and “Tectonic scheme of pre-Mesozoic litho-tectonic complex in the scale 1:500 000”). Most part of the area is occupied by the platforms: ancient Eastern-European with pre-Riphean basement, and younger Riphean Western-European one. The areas with Riphean and younger age of basement consolidation are assigned to the Western- European Platform (WEP). Over there, three tectonic zones are distinguished: Roztotska zone of Early Baikalides (Riphean), Kokhanivska zone of Salairian (Vendian-Cambrian) and Rava-Ruska zone of Caledonian (Ordovician – Early Devonian) consolidations [4, 39]. In the Eastern-European Platform (EEP) pre-plate litho-tectonic complex of the cover includes terrigenous red-colour formation of Poliska Series and corresponds to the Early Baikalian tectonic cycle comprising the counterpart of the Riphean aulacogene and graben system. In the Paleozoic sedimentary cover of Eastern-European Platform and epi-Baikalian Roztotska zone of WEP three litho-tectonic complexes are distinguished [4] which correspond to Salairian (Vendian – Cambrian), Caledonian (Ordovician – Early Devonian) and Herzinian (Middle Devonian – Middle Carboniferous) tectonic cycles. The first two ones constitute the column of Dnisterskiy peri-craton, and third one (separated) – the column of Lvivskiy Paleozoic Trough (LPT). In the Mesozoic sedimentary cover of both platforms three litho-tectonic complexes are distinguished: Kimmerian (Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous), Early Apline (Albian – Upper Cretaceous), and Late Alpine (Paleogene – Neogene). Each of these litho-tectonic complexes is separated from the overlaying one by regional discontinuities and mismatch of their tectonic planes. The first one constitutes Striyskiy trough, second – Lvivska Cretaceous depression, and third – External (Bilche-Volytska) zone of the Fore-Carpathian Trough.

19Basement tectonics

53Eastern-European Platform (EEP)

C r y s t a l l i n e b a s e m e n t is buried beneath thick sequence of sedimentary rocks thus its structure can be revealed conventionally on the ground of scarce drilling data and mainly from geophysical survey results. The basement of Eastern-European Platform is composed of dislocated Archean – Lower Proterozoic (AR-PR1) rocks intersected by single drill-holes. The margin of EEP is supposed in the band which separates the area of tension zones in Paleozoic sedimentary cover, from the one hand, and without these zones – from another hand (see cross-sections to geological maps). According to the magnetic, seismic and gravity survey data [32, 63], the surface of crystalline basement is complicated by some uplifts and depressions. Geomagnetic field of the area exhibits simple patterns and regular decreasing in anomalous Ta to the south-west and reflects basement plunging. It should be noted that general level of geomagnetic field in the north-western part of the trough is much higher (3.25-4.00 nTl) in comparison to the south-east, and in the platform – 1.00-3.50 nTl. According to the magnetic field data, the basement folding-block structure in Volyno-Podilska margin of the platform is retained alike Ukrainian Shield. Variously-oriented fold systems and a range of blocks are distinguished over there. The block boundaries are comprised of deep-seated faults. The south-western margin of EEP in this territory is bounded by longitudinal (Rogatynskiy) and north- western (Belz-Baluchynskiy) faults. Its basement is overlain by the flat-laying platform cover which simple structure is complicated by some low-magnitude breaks. According to seismic data [32, 63], the wave speed at the basement surface is 6.5-8.0 km/s and in the depth range 4-7 km it is split by system of faults into some blocks displaced one from another and subsided in the south-western direction. Based on the wave patterns and seismic boundary figures in the Western-European Platform the regional Gorodotskiy and Kaluskiy faults and Rava-Ruskiy thrust are distinguished. Distribution of gravity anomalies exhibits tight relationships with the area geology reflecting tectonic conditions of both crystalline basement and Paleozoic-Mesozoic complex of sediments. General plunging of basement rocks to the south-west is reflected in gravity field decreasing in the same direction. In the WEP the

42 zones of Gorodotskiy and Rava-Ruskiy faults are clearly expressed in characteristic linear anomalies. Close to the platform boundary the band of contiguous iso-anomalies is observed as the gravity stair. All these features suggest for the stair-fault patterns of EEP and WEP junction zone, as well as the latter with Fore-Carpathian Trough.

54Western-European Platform (WEP)

In the modern structure of WEP three zones of age-different consolidation are distinguished: Roztotska zone of Early Baikalides, Kokhanivska zone of Salairides, and Rava-Ruska zone of Caledonides. R o z t o t s k a z o n e of Baikalides comprises tectonic element of Galytsiyska folded region and in term of basement it corresponds to the western part of Lvivskiy Paleozoic Trough. Very deep basement position is characteristic and by these reasons nature of this basement remains disputable; based on the indirect evidences only it is considered to be Baikalian one. Basement structure in this zone is weakly studied, mainly by geophysical surveys. Some narrow latitudinal blocks are distinguished at the depths 5-11 km. The lower part of platform cover in Roztotska zone, studied by drilling, includes Vendian terrigenous-volcanogenic rocks (Volynska Series) overlain by up to 1300 m thick Upper Vendian and Cambrian terrigenous sediments. Lower and Middle Paleozoic (Ordovician, Silurian, Lower Devonian) terrigenous-carbonate formations of Caledonian complex sequentially stake up the cover of this epi-Baikalian platform margin; thickness of this cover attains 3000 m. Besides Lower Devonian rocks, Middle Devonian terrigenous-carbonate rocks, mainly carbonate Upper Devonian rocks, and Carboniferous carbonate-terrigenous coal-bearing sediments (Lvivsko-Volynska LTZ) are developed constituting up to 2.5 km thick Herzinian complex. Mesozoic part of cover is composed of peri-platform trough formations – Striyskiy Jurassic and Lvivskiy Cretaceous which axial parts are located further in Rava-Ruska and Kokhanivska zones. Structure of Herzinian complex, which fills up Lvivskiy Paleozoic Trough, is studied much better. Lvivskiy Paleozoic Trough is asymmetric and elongated with its axis in the north-western direction. Middle-Upper Devonian, Lower and Middle Carboniferous sediments which fill the trough exhibit general plunging in the western and south-western directions and are associated by flat folding. In the internal zone of Lvivskiy trough I.B.Vyshnyakov [5] had distinguished two sub-zones: syncline Buzka and anticline Nesterivska ones. In Buzka sub-zone broad synclines are divided by narrow linear anticline structures connected with flat low-amplitude (up to 1 km) thrusts. The thrusted hanging-wall element of each dislocation is complicated by the group of anticline folds (Velykomostivska, Kamyansko-Buzka, Baluchynska and others) arranged in the elongated ridges providing linear north-west-trending arc-shaped uplifts. Their south-western limbs are wide and flat (12-15o, rarely up to 25-30o) while north-eastern ones are short and steep (up to 40-45o). Amplitudes of these folds are not more than 70-100 m. In Buzka sub-zone two major dislocations are distinguished related to the faults of reverse fault-thrust type – Belz-Baluchynska and Khlivchany-Peremyshlyanska. In Nesterivska sub-zone the folds, connected with thrust, are even more contrasted in shape. Here linear dislocations are very close one to another, and in the general structure the anticlines extended along linear dislocations predominate: Zabirska, Dobrosynska, Zashkivska, Myklashivska and others. Degree of rock dislocation is higher than in Buzka sub-zone. Fold amplitudes exceed 400 m. In the transition band, between the area of north-west-trending arc-shaped uplifts and area of reverse fault-thrust dislocation of north-western orientation, in the EEP margin, low-amplitude uplifts like Sokalske and Lytovezke are developed, as well as broad synclines complicated by normal faults. Kokhanivska zone with Salairian age of consolidation comprises elongated structure 16-20 km wide which directly joins Lezhayskiy massif of Baikalides from the east (to the south-west from the studied area). Over there, in pre-Mesozoic basement, Vendian-Cambrian black argillites with abundant interbeds of quartzite-like sandstones are widely developed. Commonly the rocks are diagenetically altered and dislocated but in the saddles between folds pretty flat rock laying is observed in case of their local overlain by Ordovician and Silurian sediments. It is thought, that the first stage of Vendian-Paleozoic miogeosyncline trough development between Lezhayskiy massif and Roztotska zone, upon deposition of thick sandy-clayey flyschoid sediments has been finished with their re-working by Salairian folding and consolidation of the folded system in Kokhanivska zone and its merging with Lezhayskiy massif of Baikalides. Caledonian complex had inherited main features of Salairian tectonic patterns with essential trough axis displacement in the east. At Herzinian stage this Early Paleozoic mobile zone was significantly re-worked by recurrent folding motions and along Gorodotskiy fault was thrusted to the east over Rava-Ruska zone. The thrusting nature of the contact between the zones is supported by the data from parametric drill-holes 1DZH and 3DZH (Derzhiv) [125].

43 R a v a - R u s k a z o n e comprises the south-western rim of Lvivskiy Paleozoic Trough. Over there, Jurassic sediments lie over dislocated Cambrian, Silurian and Lower Devonian rocks. In the zone thick dislocated Silurian and Early Devonian sequences of argillites with scarce limestone interbeds. The folded basement of Rava-Ruska zone is most elevated and its surface depths is from 0.5 to 1.5 km; the basement exhibits clear expressed syncline structure. Silurian-Lochkovian sediments of Rava-Ruska zone comprise dark-coloured clayey marine, relatively deep-water formation. Significant thickness and distinct facial appearance suggest for the zone formation under conditions of extensive subsidence at considerable basin supply with terrigenous material. Obviously, in the course of Caledonian folding closure of geosyncline trough occurs nearby the ancient platform margin with Rava-Ruska zone joining to the system of Kokhanivska zone and displacement of subsequent subsidence area in the east toward the platform. At the Herzinian stage Rava-Ruska mobile zone was re-worked again by recurrent folding motions and shoved by Rava-Ruskiy thrust over the marginal part of Lvivskiy Paleozoic Trough.

20Tectonics of Mesozoic platform cover

In the structure of Mesozoic platform cover Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments are involved which with angular and stratigraphic unconformity lie over age-different Paleozoic rocks. Significant mismatch of tectonic patterns and composition of Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments, separated by considerable interruption in sedimentation, allow two litho-tectonic complexes distinguishing in Mesozoic cover: Kimmerian (Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous) and Alpine (Albian – Upper Cretaceous). Kimmerian litho-tectonic complex constitutes large asymmetric S triyskiy trough composed of Jurassic sediments (Oparska, Pidlubenska LTZ). The north-eastern limb is flat, the dipping angles are 1-2o; the south-western limb is steeper and dipping angles attain 40-45o on the general background of thickness increasing in the western and south-western directions. In the modern plane its most subsided part is either tectonically cut and buried beneath Lezhayskiy massif or is eroded late in Early and over entire Late Cretaceous. The angular unconformities defined at the boundary between Middle and Late Jurassic suggest for the tension folding deformations development over there. In addition, based on the example of Pidlubenska dislocation I.B.Vyshnyakov [7] had shown that in the western part of Striyskiy trough the Late Kimmerian linear reverse fault-thrust dislocation are also developed. The monocline-styled eastern limb of Striyskiy trough includes structures of preceding relief enveloping. And only in the zone of tectonic contact between Rava-Ruska zone and Lvivskiy Paleozoic trough the con-sedimentation brachy-folds appear which constitute arc-shaped north-west-trending uplifts. Further to the south-west, contrasted relationships of tectonic forms increases and linear folds are accompanied by thrusts and reverse faults. Due to tight connection with Carpathian geosyncline basin carbonate deposition in Striyskiy trough was most durable and rich [40]. Prior to pre-Alpine boundary Striyskiy trough underwent extensive inversion-folding re-arrangement and formation of thrusting dislocations. Later on some of them were transformed into Neogene faults of Fore-Carpathian Trough. In the modern structure of Striyskiy trough the superimposed fault-block tectonics of Alpine stage has played important role. The Early Alpine stage of the cover formation in the south-western margin of Eastern-European Platform and its young rim does correspond to the major Mesozoic transgression (Albian – Late Cretaceous) and formation of Lvivska Cretaceous depression. Cretaceous complex, which fills up depression, with solid blanket overlies south-western margin of the ancient platform, as well as Roztotska, Rava-Ruska and partly Kokhanivska zone I its young rim. Three litho- tectonic zones are distinguished in this complex which spatially coincide one with another: Verbizka – with Rava-Ruska LTZ and partly with Fore-Carpathian Trough, and Zhuravnenska and Lukvynska – with EEP and WEP. Lvivska Cretaceous depression [6] is asymmetric with relatively narrow (up to 15 km) and steep south- western limb and flat monocline north-eastern limb. On the background of the latter monocline, close to the axial line of depression, Rava-Ruska brachy-anticline appears which continued to grow in Cretaceous. Thus, in relation to the suture structures of Kimmerian cycle, the axial zone of Cretaceous depression has been shifted toward Rava-Ruska LTZ, that is its Paleozoic basement. The eastern limb of depression is located in the western part of Lvivskiy Paleozoic trough. Maximum thickness of Cretaceous sediments in the most subsided part of structure attains 1300 m and more outside the State border with Poland. The sediments of Cretaceous depression in places are extensively broken by tectonic and erosion-denudation processes in Paleogene – Early Miocene. These processes had caused formation of deep erosion cuts like Khodorivska paleo-valley, where Mesozoic sediments are essentially eroded, as well as faults and system of flexures. In tectonic respect the south-western part of Cretaceous depression is complicated by dislocations of superimposed Neogene Fore-Carpathian Trough. In the eastern part of depression the low-amplitude faults of

44 normal type are developed. These faults commonly are located above linear dislocations of Paleozoic floor, mainly along the front of Rava-Ruska zone, and over structures of Nesterivska sub-zone. Under influence of Fore-Carpathian Trough the south-western limb was most subsided. The modern axis of depression over the footwall of Albian – Upper Cretaceous complex in the north-west coincides with the paleo-axis of Cretaceous depression, and to the south-east, under high angle, is shifted toward Fore-Carpathian Trough. The surface of Cretaceous depression in Paleogene – Early Miocene time was deeply eroded, resulted in erosion-tectonic slope formation in the junction zone of depression with Bilche-Volytska zone along Gorodotsko-Kaluskiy fault and development of the system of erosion-tectonic paleo-valleys (Khodorivska and others).

55Late Alpine litho-tectonic complex

Paleogene and Neogene sediments are involved in the upper tectonic floor. Analysis of facies distribution, thickness of sediments and their tectonic relationships allows the following tectonic areas, zones and elements distinguishing: I – area of south-western margin of Eastern-European Platform and Western-European Platform, where Buskiy (I.1.a), Khodorivskiy (I.1.b), Peremyshlyansko-Rogatynskiy (I.1.c), and Pomoryanskiy (I.1.d) blocks are subdivided; I.2. – tectonic zone of platform uplifts including Roztotskiy (I.2.a) and Lvivskiy (I.2.b) blocks; I.3 – tectonic zone of subsided platform part where Nemyrivskiy (I.3.a) and Grushivsko-Yavorivskiy (I.3.b) blocks are subdivided; II.1 – Bilche-Volytska zone with Kosivsko-Ugerska sub-zone – Rogiznenskiy block (II.1.a) and Stanislavska (II.1.b) sub-zone. Late Alpine litho-tectonic area of the south-western margin of Eastern-European Platform and Western- European Platform at present looks like flat slope inclined towards Fore-Carpathian Trough and split into four blocks: north-eastern – Buskiy, southern – Khodorivskiy, Peremyshlyansko-Rogatynskiy, and Pomoryanskiy, where Cretaceous and Neogene sediments are developed and are exposed at the surface. Tectonics of the area is tightly related to the depth and relief of the buried Cretaceous surface. B u z k i y b l o c k comprises the eastern tectonic unit of the platforms’ Mesozoic litho-tectonic complex and is composed of Mesozoic (Cretaceous) and, in lesser extent, Cenozoic rocks. From the north-west it is bounded by Krekhivskiy thrust, and in the south – by Yampilskiy fault and Podillya slope. The surface altitudes vary in the range 210-250 m and in the far east only, in the area of Buzhany village, ascent to 290 m. The distinct feature of the southern part is development of broad (3-4 km) flat latitudinal valleys, cut inside Cretaceous rocks, and ridges composed of Cretaceous and Quaternary sediments provided specific name Gryadove (Ridge) Pobuzhzhya to the southern part of the area (see section “Geomorphology”). Origin of valleys and ridges is often thought to be related to the older faults but this is not reflected in the tectonic of the area except zone of Yampilskiy fault, which apparently had caused direction of these valleys and ridges. K h o d o r i v s k i y b l o c k is located in the southern part of map sheet M-35-XIX; from the north it is bounded by “Krupsko” flexure, from the west – by zone of Rava-Ruskiy thrust, and from the east – by Krekhivskiy thrust. By morphology this is horst-like slope which gently plunges to the south-west towards Fore- Carpathian Trough. This is the surface cut by numerous gullies and ravines with altitudes from 250 to 340 m. The block is composed of Cretaceous and Neogene rocks where Cretaceous surface altitudes vary in the range 260-280 m. In the central part of the block the upper slopes of Khodorivska paleo-valley are confined to Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks. Peremyshlyansko-Rogatynskiy and Pomoryanskiy blocks. These, very similar one to another, plateau-like, horst-type structures are composed of thin Badenian and Karpatian sediments which horizontally lie over irregular age-different Cretaceous surface complicated by a range of uplifts and depressions. Upper Cretaceous surface is high in both blocks where its altitudes attain 340-350 m. In Peremyshlyansko- Rogatynskiy block increased thickness of Opilska Suite, wider distribution area of Cretaceous sediments and more extensive fault tectonics are characteristic. Pomoryanskiy block differs from the former in the deeper cuts into Cretaceous rocks up to the level of Lower Dubovetska sub-suite, as well as in the wider distribution area and column completeness of Upper Badenian Ternopilski layers. Tectonic zone of platform uplifts comprises the south-western part of map sheet M-34- XVIII (Rava-Ruska) and south-western part of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv). In the broad (up to 30 km) band it is extended from the north-west to south-east and in the modern structure it comprises flat slope inclined towards Fore-Carpathian Trough and split by normal faults into some block – benches where uplifts, depressions and flexure-like bends are distinguished. Pre-Quaternary surface is met by the age-different Upper Cretaceous, Paleogene, Karpatian, Badenian and Sarmatian sediments.

45 R o z t o t s k i y b l o c k is located in the far north-western part of Lvivsko-Ravske Roztochchya (map sheet M-34-XVIII). This is a large plateau-like structure composed of Eocene, Karpatian and Badenian rocks which lies almost horizontally over eroded Cretaceous surface complicated by faults, uplifts and depressions. In Roztotskiy block thin Eocene and Karpatian columns are developed, rimming in the narrow band the heights of Roztochchya, as well as broad fields of Opilska Suite, mainly of sandy composition, Tyraska Suite and elevated heights of Upper Cretaceous surface which attain 310-330 m. Erosion-tectonic bench (up to 100 m high), which sharply drops towards Male Polissya, comprises the north-eastern boundary of the structure. L v i v s k i y b l o c k is located in the far western part of map sheet M-35-XIX and occupies the most elevated part of Lvivske plateau and Opillya. By morphology it is typical horst-like structure composed of Badenian rocks (thickness up to 100-110 m) which horizontally lie over eroded Upper Cretaceous surface (Lvivska Suite). Structure from the north-east and south-west is bounded by the north-west-trending faults. In the southern direction it is changed by monocline consisting of the broad band of gently-dipping (4-16o) to the south Lower Badenian sediments which are well expressed in the outcrops between Radiv, Stilske, Krupske villages and Rozdol town. From the south the monocline is bounded by the large flexure known in publications as “Krupsko” flexure, extended in sub-latitudinal and east-north-eastern directions from Rozvadiv village to Repekhiv village. Inclination of the closing flexure band is 10-15o, height – 60-80 m, length – more than 25 km. Tectonic zone of subsided platform part from the south-west and north-east is bounded by faults. In the modern structure it comprises platform slope, split by longitudinal and latitudinal normal faults into range of blocks, and complicated by uplifts, depressions and minor brachy-folds. The depth of Miocene footwall here varies from 180 to 70 m; gypsums form up to 50 m thick consistent horizon. Tyraski limestones which contain economic sulfur accumulations (Nemyrivske deposit) are only developed close to the platform edge. Dipping angles of Lower Badenian sediments vary from 2 to 18-20o; the rocks plunge towards Fore-Carpathian Trough (see “Tectonic scheme of pre-Mesozoic litho-tectonic complex in the scale 1:500 000”). Formation of this subsided platform zone is caused by superposition of the compensation structure of Fore-Carpathian Trough, its external zone, over the platform edge. Nemyrivskiy and Grushivsko-Yavorivskiy blocks are distinguished in the zone. In Nemyrivskiy block the brachy-anticline structure is clearly distinguished; the north-eastern ore body of Nemyrivske sulfur deposit is confined to the core portion of this structure. Altitudes of Tyraska Suite surface at the core attain 180-237 m. The south-western limb is pretty steep while north-eastern one is more flat and is changed by syncline descent where altitudes decrease to 140-170 m. G r u s h i v s k o - Y a v o r i v s k i y b l o c k comprises relatively narrow (5-7 km) tectonic bench of the western platform edge composed of Mesozoic and Lower Badenian rocks and overlain by clayey sediments of Kosivska Suite. Cretaceous surface exhibits general plunging in the south-western direction and on this background the anticline structure is distinguished with the steep western limb and more flat, complicated by normal faults, eastern one. The dipping angles of the western limb vary from 10-15o to 25o; in this limb thickness of sulphate rocks of Tyraska Suite decreases up to complete pinch out.

21Fore-Carpathian Trough

In the studied area it is comprised of Bilche-Volytska zone with Kosivsko-Ugerska and Stanislavska sub-zones. B i l c h e - V o l y t s k a z o n e comprises the external autochthonous part of Fore-Carpathian Trough. This is well-expressed young fore-mountain depression filled with Miocene Badenian and Sarmatian molassa sediments which thickness varies in the wide range from 200 m to 3-4 km. It is set up on the base of Western- European Platform – over Baikalian folded rim of Eastern-European Platform. Plunging of pre-Miocene base towards Carpathians with separate tectonic stairs formed by long-lived faults is the general tectonic feature of this zone. Some of the stairs are of normal fault – strike slip nature with characteristic magnitudes up to 2 km and general decreasing trend in the north-eastern direction. Kosivsko-Ugerska sub-zone includes two major tectonic blocks – elevated Rogiznenskiy and subsided for 100-500 m Bonivskiy (located to the south from studied area) ones separated by Sudovo- Vyshnyanskiy fault. R o g i z n e n s k i y b l o c k in bounded from the west by Sudovo-Vyshnyanskiy fault and from the east by Gorodotskiy (in the north-west of area) and Kaluskiy (in the south-west) faults. Its main portion is located to the south-west from the studied area, likewise Bonivskiy block, which adjoins it from the west-south- west. Thickness of Neogene cover in Rogiznenskiy block is more than 1200 m and it increases in the south- eastern direction. Miocene sediments lie over Upper Jurassic rocks which had formed cut paleo-relief through protracted erosion. Inside the block, over Tyraska Suite surface, Pidlubenska brachy-anticline structure is distinguished which comprises typical reverse fault – thrust tension dislocation expressed in Paleozoic and

46 Mesozoic sediments [4]. The fold 4.5×10 km in size is extended by long axis in the north-western direction and its core is complicated by thrust. The fold is asymmetric, dipping angles in the north-eastern limb attain 25o, in the flat south-western limb cut by thrust – 10o only. Stanislavska sub-zone comprises the edge of Western-European Platform subsided by the system of normal faults and flexures. The north-eastern boundary of sub-zone is set along “Krupsko” flexure, and in the east it is bounded by Rava-Ruskiy thrust which in Meso-Cenozoic sediments is expressed by Zhuravnenska flexure up to 150 m in amplitude. The south-western boundary of the zone follows Kaluskiy fault. In the zone Bogorodchanska Suite sediments are developed: glauconite-quartz, marleous sands and marls with increased glauconite content, thickness is more than 100 m; thickness of Dashavska Suite gradually increases in the western direction attaining up to 150-200 m. In Stanislavska sub-zone Rozdolske, Zhydachivske and Teysarovske sulfur deposits are located and the following units are distinguished:  Rozdolsko-Zhydachivske arc-shaped uplift comprises very flat anticline fold extended over 12 km from north-west to south-east with limb range up to 4 km, height 100 m and dipping in the limbs 6-9o. The core is composed of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Badenian rocks. The south-western limb is narrower and steeper than north-eastern one. This major structure is complicated by minor en echelon brachy-folds with limb range up to 0.1-0.5 km, height 50-60 m and length 1.5-2.5 km.  Khodorivska paleo-valley is extended in the north-eastern direction by long axis which follows direction and extension of “Krupsko” flexure located in 15 km to the north. Structure length is up to 25 km, width – from 3 to 6-8 km. The bottom is essentially cut down into Cretaceous rocks and meets Santonian sediments. Distinct features include significant thickness of Neogene clayey sediments in excess of 300-450 m, and Cretaceous surface descending from the north-east to south-west from +25 m to -200 m by altitude. By its nature comprises ancient paleo- valley filled with Badenian-Sarmatian sediments; paleo-valley axis coincides with the same-named fault. Finally in this section, below the brief description of fault structures is given. In geological maps the breaks by their size, genesis and time of development are subdivided into major and minor and provide two main systems: north-eastern (orthogonal) and north-western (diagonal). Activation of movements along north-eastern system of faults facilitated the following regimes: Riphean aulacogene; in significant extent – volcanic trap (Early Vendian); separated platform-margin suture troughs of Herzinian stage. Activation of the north-western group of fault was dominating under regime of peri-craton subsidences and uplifts (Vendian – Early Devonian). From the east to west Rogatynskiy, Sokalskiy, Belz-Baluchynskiy, Rava-Ruskiy, Gorodotskiy and Sudovo-Vyshnyanskiy faults are distinguished; they separate structure zones and major blocks which differ in basement depth and Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic columns. The high-rank inter-regional (super-regional) faults of Volyno-Podilska margin of EEP and its rim include ones of the system the marginal suture belongs to, comprised of Belz-Baluchynskiy and Rogatynskiy faults [40, 41]. In the ancient platform Sokalskiy, Lokachynskiy, Lutskiy, Dubnivskiy and Yampilskiy (Andrushivskiy) faults are considered to be ancient, crust-mantle ones [40]. Rogatynskiy fault is defined by seismic as well as after linear elements of sub-longitudinal direction which is locally expressed by line Galych-Naraiv and further to the north is supported by deciphering data. By setting time it belongs to the ancient faults. Activation along the fault direction is noted in the later epochs – Caledonian and Herzinian. Belz-Baluchynskiy fault is considered to be the western border of EEP and comprises the west-north- west suture branch; in Caledonian and Herzinian epochs it is accompanied by Belz-Baluchynskiy thrust. It is exemplified by Velykomostivska field to prove that all drill-holes which met doubling of Paleozoic sediments (amplitude – 500 m) do actually intersect not separated reverse faults but single flay thrust (amplitude – 1500 m) which surface provides regularly extended along structure contour lines plunging to the south-west. The faults included in Khlivchano-Peremyshlyanska line and in the Nesterivska group of folds are of the same thrust nature. Yampilskiy (Andrushivskiy) fault in magnetic field is expressed in the system of linear horizontal gradients and the band of latitudinal magnetic gravity minimums. By geological-geophysical data this is broad zone of dismembered and complicated by flexures crystalline rocks which in the modern plane coincides with the steep slope of Podillya (Gologoro-Kremenetskiy ridge).

47 Rava-Ruskiy fault (thrust) bounds from the west Roztotska zone and, together with the latter, Lvivskit Paleozoic trough. It is distinguished by extensive zone of gravity gradients and linear g minimum of clear north-western strike suggesting for its deep-seated normal fault and strike slip patterns. To the north-east from the fault, the gravity field does exhibit regional stair and to the south-west – the north-western-trending gradient minimum. In magnetic field to the north-east mosaic positive patterns are observed, and to the south-west – the relative minimum of Ta [63]. Gorodotskiy and Kaluskiy faults, which are the boundary of Fore-Carpathian Trough in the north- western part of studied area and in Rava-Ruska and Kokhanivska zones of Western-European Platform, are distinguished after electric and seismic surveys. Gorodotskiy fault is extended to the north-west between Nemyriv and Yavoriv towns where its amplitude by high-Ohm basic gypsum-anhydrite horizon is 150 m and sharply increases to the south-east (up to 1500-1800 m in Gorodok town). To the west from Yavoriv town (to the south from the studied area) it is bifurcated into several faults by which Mesozoic sediments gradually plunge down in the south-western direction. To the south outside the studied area, close to Shchyrets and Mykolaiv towns, Gorodotskiy fault is adjoined in en echelon fashion by Kaluskiy fault, and in the south-western part of map sheet M-35-XIX by gypsum-anhydrite horizon the fault amplitude is 1000 m. Sudovo-Vyshnyanskiy fault bounds Rogiznenskiy block from the north-west and to the south-east it separates Rogiznenskiy and Bonivskiy blocks. By Neogene sediments the amplitude attains 100 m while by Mesozoic rocks the sign inversion is observed. Svydnytskiy fault with amplitude 300-500 m splits Bonivskiy block, it separates Nogachivska stair from the latter, and further pinches out to the south-east outside the map sheet area, at latitude of Dobryany village. The younger system of north-western breaks is developed in Fore-Carpathian Trough. These faults comprise the system of parallel normal faults with amplitudes from 30-40 m to 140-150 m, and faults which are considered to be cutting, the youngest post-sedimentation strike-slips.

54. HISTORY OF GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The history of geological development in Archean and Early Proterozoic times can be restored in general only due to the lack if primary data. Over these periods, which correspond to pre-Baikalian cycles of tectogenesis, enormous granitization processes occurred accompanied by extensive potassium input into the Earth crust. Tectonic and composition modifications of proto-metamorphic basement and extensive growth of granite-metamorphic layer are also related to these processes. The giant scales of granitization, associated regional metamorphism and consolidation of Early Precambrian units had actually caused further plate development of the Eastern-European Platform. The earliest structure of the EEP plate development is comprised of peri-cratocnic trough which appearing is related to the extensive development of trench-like miogeosyncline trough in Vendian – Early Paleozoic (preceding pre-plate structure – Volyno-Podilskiy trough is locally developed in the studied area) [41]. Transition to the plate regime was related to the tectonic re-arrangement and accompanied by broad-scale extrusion of mafic lavas (Volynian traps). In the course of continuous sedimentation at the end of Baltian time of Cambrian period, the latitudinal differentiation of Volyno-Podilska margin of EEP is eliminated while maximum of sedimentation is shifted to Berezhkivskiy time. The highest thickness of Vendian-Cambrian complex (1500-1800 m) is confined to Roztotskiy block – epi-Baikalian addition to EEP. It is composed of the following range of formations: basal continental-marine (Mogyliv-Podilska Series), sandy-clayey marine (Kanylivska and Baltiyska series), and mainly terrigenous-marine (Berezhanska Series), which reflects the first stage in Dnisterskiy peri-cratonic trough formation. In Ordovician – Silurian – Early Devonian times the second (Caledonian) stage in Dnisterskiy peri- cratonic trough formation had commenced. In Ordovician time the short break in sedimentation had occurred and then at the end (reverse branch of descending movements in Wenlock) Dnisterske subsidence took place. Ever since Wenlockian time of Silurian up to Lochkovian time of Devonian inclusively the system of peri-cratonic subsidence was developing along entire western margin of EEP and its epi-Baikalian additions. Maximum thickness of Caledonian litho-tectonic complex is confined to the epi-Baikalian rim – Roztotskiy block composed of the following range of formations: terrigenous-carbonate (Ordovician), essentially carbonate (Silurian – Lower Devonian), and carbonate- terrigenous (Lower Devonian Tyverska Series). Prior to pre-Herzinian boundary the area of miogeosyncline rim of EEP underwent Caledonian folding and inversion, upgrading Lezhaysko-Kokhanivskiy massif with the band of epi-Caledonain consolidation – Rava-Ruska zone. In Ordovician – Early Devonian the activation of orogenic movements had occurred resulted in transformation of Dnisterskiy peri-craton into the fore-mountain trough (Boyanetskiy) filled with red-colour molassa of Lower Devonian Dnisterska Series (up to 1000 m). It includes Roztotskiy and, in lesser extent, adjacent blocks of the ancient platform. Closure and inversion in the most part of miogeosyncline platform rim at the boundary of Middle Devonian and activization of basement faults tarns-crossing to the platform edge had caused formation of Lvivskiy platform trough which had been actively developed in Middle – Late Devonian and Carboniferous. At the boundary between Devonian and Carboniferous entire south-western EEP margin was elevated above sea level and the land predominated in this area. In Late Tournaisian time the sea ingression had attained Lvivskiy trough but it was short-term and had produced local thin (up to 25 m) terrigenous-carbonate sequence (Khorivska Suite) [41]. In the Early Visean time the land predominated in Lvivskiy trough and to the beginning of Middle Visean time its surface was smoothed while dimples were filled up with sandy-clayey material (Kulychkivska Suite). Since the Middle Visean time subsidence regime had commenced with carbonate sedimentation. The rocks with stratigraphic and often angular unconformity transgressively overlie Upper Devonian sediments and plicative and disjunctive dislocations of Bretonian phase are characteristic for these rocks. The most complete carbonate column of Visean sediments is confined to the subsided part of Lvivskiy trough resulted from Roztotskiy block subsidence. Downward motions however were short and prior to Serpukhovian time they were changed by ascending motions with shallowing of coaliferous sediments under conditions of low-land marine coast which sometimes had been flooded by the sea. In Serpukhovian and Bashkirian times the accumulative basin had consistently followed shallowing and water-desalination trends. Since the end of Bashkirian time this territory became the land retained up to the beginning of Jurassic period. Formation range of Herzinian complex includes Middle Devonian – Lower Frasnian terrigenous- sulphate-carbonate formation, Frasnian-Famennian carbonate formation, Upper Famennian sulphate-carbonate- terrigenous formation, coal-bearing Carboniferous carbonate-terrigenous formation (up to 1350 m).

49 Over Kimmerian and Alpine stages EEP had comprised the flat eastern limb of Mesozoic troughs and adjoining slightly subsided monocline (Upper Cretaceous). Kimmerian stage of the area development is released in formation of Striyskiy Jurassic – Early Cretaceous trough which monoclinally overlies Rava-Ruska zone of Caledonides, Roztotska zone of LPT, and with narrow band inters the margin of ancient platform. Kimmerian history includes formation of suture Jurassic trough which monoclinally overlies Kokhanivska zone of Salairides, Rava-Ruska zone of Caledonides, Roztotska zone of Baikalides, and with narrow band enters the margin of EEP. In Early Jurassic time, due to subsidence along suture zone, the trough-like axial part of Striyskiy trough is set up (to the south-west outside the studied area) where in Hettangian-Pliensbachian time the terrigenous lagoon-continental and marine sediments were deposited (Bortyatynska, Podoletska suites) which exhibit evidences for Early Kimmerian folding motions; the angular discontinuity with overlaying Lower – Middle Jurassic complexes is 10-45o. Subsidence in Bajocian-Bathonian time had led to deposition of marine grey-coloured clayey siderite- bearing formation (Kokhanivska Suite, up to 530 m and more) [41]. Over Early and Middle Jurassic time the Striyskiy basin in the east did not spread out Kokhanivska zone in Paleozoic base. The Late Kimmerian stage had provided the sea expansion and transgression inward the platform and carbonate deposition became predominated. At the end of Oxfordian time the carbonate sedimentation had been changed by carbonate-terrigenous with wide development of clayey sediments. In the band of coastal dimples the lagoons had been formed where red-colour terrigenous and chemogenic (gypsum, anhydrite) sediments were depositing. Simultaneously to the sea basin expansion, the carbonate sedimentation had been renewed in Kimmeridgian time. Close to Krakovetskiy fault formation of the thick barrier reef had been commenced and this unit had separated north-eastern part of Striyskiy trough from the open sea. The lagoon-marine sediments were depositing that time providing up to 250 m thick sulphate-carbonate formation (Rava-Ruska Suite). In the band of barrier reef it corresponds to the lower part of up to 400 m thick reefogenic carbonate formation (lower part of Oparska Suite). Oparskiy barrier reef had continued to develop in Tithonian time but not in the extent precluding sea water access to the peripheral basin parts where up to 300 m thick sediments of shallow-water carbonate formation (Nyzhnivska Suite) were deposited. At the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary the territory underwent uplift and short-time interruption in sedimentation. However, the system of suture troughs, directly inheriting Jurassic ones, was restored back in Valanginian-Hauterivian time. At the pre-Alpine boundary the Kimmerian suture trough underwent inversion and folding transformations. In Striyskiy trough this was expressed in development of thrust dislocations [7] including major Sudovo-Vyshnyanska and Gorodotska ones which bound from the north-east Kokhanivsko-Oparska and Pidlubenska units respectively. Early Alpine stage in development of EEP cover and its young rim is comprised of the biggest Albian – Late Cretaceous transgression. The Albian – Upper Cretaceous complex with solid blanket overlies Volyno- Podilska margin of EEP, Roztotska, Rava-Ruska and partly Kokhanivska zone in the south-west providing Lvivska Cretaceous depression with the boundary defined by the en echelon system of flexures extended from Ustylug town (outside the northern map sheet boundary) towards Ivano-Frankivsk town to the south. The south- western restriction contour is set by Gorodotskiy fault in the north and Sudovo-Vyshnyanskiy fault in the south of the area. Tectonic rebuilding of the south-western platform margin and its young rim is related to Late Cretaceous time. In the Albian-Senomanian time the slow and uniform subsidence of basin bottom and deposition of sandy-carbonate material occurred. The coast line underwent oscillating motions resulted in partial rewashing of sediments and deposition of detritus limestones, fine phosphorite concretions, sand and gravel. In Turonian time further basin deepening and expansion occurred. Formation of Lvivska Cretaceous depression had commenced where relatively deep-water sediments were depositing. In Coniacian time, due to sea shallowing, amount of inoceramus essentially increased; the fauna of that time differed in limited number of varieties but big size of individual forms. The most significant changes over Cretaceous period had happened in Santonian time. The bid islands (Lezhayskiy massif) appeared in the sea basin providing source regions of terrigenous material for sediments: oblique-layered sands, sandstones were depositing, and in the deeper sites – marls and sandy marls. Similar conditions were continuing to exist in Campanian time.

50 In Maastrichtian time the most extensive subsidence had occurred, and at the Cretaceous and Paleogene boundary the territory underwent significant uplift completing development of Lvivska Cretaceous depression. The Late Alpine stage of tectogenesis includes two essentially different sub-stages – Paleogene and Neogene. The first one commenced with uplifts resulted from orogenic movements of Carpathian geosyncline. In Paleocene the sea escaped from the platform for the long time and continental conditions were set instead when activization of erosion processes had led to development of the system of canyon-like river courses and valleys as well as weathering crust on Upper Cretaceous surface. However, Paleogene downward motions in the platform were low-amplitude and did not cause formation of principally new structures. In Eocene epoch the most part of incompletely developed Fore-Carpathian Trough had been the major Paleogene sedimentation area. In Oligocene sedimentation area had been significantly collapsed and the territory became the slightly- eroded land. The area development in Neogene period is related to the differentiated vertical motions which considerably affected sedimentation and relief formation. In Early Miocene the Fore-Carpathian Trough was set up where thick molassa sequences were depositing at the expenses of erosion in Carpathians. In Karpatian the transgression had occurred which encompassed not only the trough but also significant part of the platform. The sea had flooded subsided relief sites only where quartz-glauconite sandstones and organogenic-detritus limestones (Nagoryanski layers) are preserved. The retrograde column part includes fresh-water reservoir carbonate sediments (Berezhanski layers). In the Early Badenian time the external (Bilche-Volytska) zone of Fore-Carpathian Trough was forming due to abrupt subsidence of the platform margin. Because of different subsidence magnitude for particular parts of Early Badenian basin the sandy-clayey sediments were deposited in the deepest external zone of the trough while in the platform at the depth up to 100 m the lithothamnium, organogenic-detritus limestones, sands and sandstones were depositing. In Tyraskiy time the basin shortening and splitting into lagoons occurred with their subsequent salination and anhydrite, gypsum and limestone deposition. After short-time continental break in Middle Badenian, the new sea transgression had commenced in Upper Badenian. Active platform margin subsidence and the trough external part development occurred. Tectonic activity was accompanied by renewed volcanic activity. At the end of Kosivskiy time the territory was slightly uplifted followed by new sea transgression of Early Sarmatian time. During the Early Sarmatian time entire sulfur-bearing basin, which spatially coincides with the western part of Rava-Ruska LTZ (WEP) and Bilche-Volytska zone of Fore-Carpathian Trough, had been subsided further down and filled up with molassa sequences. In the platform thin sandy-clayey sediments were depositing and in some places they were eroded (Volynski layers). In Pliocene – Early Pleistocene time the modern relief development had been commenced. Beginning of Pleistocene is marked with glacier invasion which belongs to the final phases of the biggest glaciation in Western Europe. The following stage of neo-tectonic activity occurred in Middle and Late Pleistocene times when the Major European watershed and modern hydro-network had occurred as well as Roztochchya ridge uplift and Fore-Carpathian plain development. The final appearance of the modern relief was formed in Holocene time.

65. GEOMORPHOLOGY AND RELIEF-FORMING PROCESSES

According to the given scheme of geomorphologic zonation (Fig. 5.1), the map sheet area [56] is located in two geomorphologic provinces – A. Volyno-Podilska and B. Carpathian. The first one occupies the most part of the studied map sheets while the second province is pretty locally comprised of the small sites in the west and south-west of the territory. Volyno-Podilska morpho-structure in orographic respect corresponds to Podilska (A.1) and Volynska (A.2.2) heights separated by Male Polissya plain (A.2.1). In geostructure respect, the province is located in Volyno-Podilska monocline (western part of EEP and eastern part of WEP). The territory relief is not compatible with tectonic plane of the latter and belongs to the reverse category. Development of this relief occurred under conditions of mainly vertical differentiated crustal motions which significantly affected sedimentation and relief formation. The maximum values of total magnitude of Neogene-Quaternary motions (360-380 m) are confined to the south-western part of Volyno-Podillya (Roztotsko-Opilska morpho-structure). Sharp drop (to 100-200 m) of total magnitude is observed in the junction zone of the platform (WEP) and Fore-Carpathian Trough, and less prominent one (up to 270-300 m) – in the north of the area (Volyno-Malopoliska morpho-structure (A.2)) [14]. Significant spatial differences in neo-tectonic activity, periodicity and scale of ascending and descending crustal motions are respectively reflected in geology and especially geomorphology and caused different styles in the territory exogenic modification. The relief development was also essentially affected by planar glaciation and sub-aerial loess accumulation in Neo-Pleistocene. The modern landscape structure of the territory is formed in Holocene epoch. Relief-forming value is provided by Upper Cretaceous and Miocene marine and anthropogenic continental sediments. In general, the surface differentiation in Volyno-Podillya with actual relief stairs formation is induced by endogenous processes and separation of specific taxons is inherited in morpho-structure respect. Most of taxons belong to destructive units resulted from uplift and exogenic destruction. In genetic respect, the heights and plains are distinguished:  denudation-structure, resulted form significant uplifts which surface is compatible with recent superimposed structures and is eroded in compliance with the rock surface modern deformations;  accumulative-denudation, with non-structured surface, resulted from irregular uplifts and denudation;  denudation-accumulative and accumulative, formed at the expense of relatively modest uplift and subsidence motions as well as glacial, fluvial and aeolian accumulation processes. By age, the morpho-structures of Volyno-Podillya are combined in two groups: those formed within geomorphologic macro-cycle of denudation level development, caused by post-Badenian, post-Sarmatian and Pliocene-Quaternary motions (denudation-structure heights of Podillya), and those developed within macro- cycle of terrace development in Quaternary time (accumulative-denudation, accumulative, denudation- accumulative plains of Male Polissya, Fore-Carpathians and Volynska Height). Podilska Height in the studied area is comprised of most elevated and cut Roztotsko-Opilska sub-area (A.1.1); in the relief of the latter the remnant heights of Roztochchya (A.1.1.a), Gologoro-Kremenetske (Gologory, Voronyaky) and Davydivske ridges (A1.1.b) were formed as well as extensively cut relief of the heights in Opillya (A.1.1.c). Significant differentiation of the surface hypsometry in this area is caused by neighbouring position and events occurred in Carpathian orogen in Neogene and Quaternary period. At various stages of this time activization occurred of the fault zones which separate a range of various-rank block structures. Diagonal breaks were pretty active over Early and Middle Miocene. At the later stages, in post- Middle Sarmatian time and especially in Pliocene and Quaternary epoch, together with diagonal sub-latitudinal and some sub-longitudinal fault zones were activated. Regime of persistent ascending motions was established. One of the important moments of this time is thought to be the final formation of Podillya surface warp in direction from the north-west to south-east and south. All these events had defined major features of the modern morpho-structure plane of this territory. They are reflected in repeating by the area boundaries, their orientation and included meso-forms the directions of major tectonic breaks in the trough and in subsided platform part where sub-latitudinal and diagonal strikes predominate. The local block motions in Holocene, expressed in numerous deformations of river courses, were also important in the relief development in the territory of Podillya. The territory of Roztotsko-Opilska sub-area by morphology, structure of the upper sedimentary cover and direction of exogenic processes is divided into four units.

The hilly ridge of Roztochchya comprises the north-western extension of Podilska Height. In the distinct 10-20 km wide arc it is extended from Lviv city to the border with Poland separating the plains of Male Polissya and Fore-Carpathians and providing the watershed between the branches of San, Dnister and Western Boug rivers. The altitudes vary in the range 350-390 m, relative heights – 30-50 m, cutting density – 1.5-2.5 km/km2. In morpho-structure respect, the ridge is considered to be the modern uplift set up along diagonal breaks and underwent considerable destruction evidenced by denudation smoothing surfaces in the high and low relief levels, as well as remnants of eroded Lower Neo-Pleistocene glacial sediments. Some changes in the relief surface are caused by loess material accumulation in the north-eastern slope of Roztochchya. Weak strength of these sediments facilitated development of suffusion collapsing forms. The distinct morphology of Roztochchya includes asymmetric profile caused by steep patterns of slightly elevated north-eastern slope and relatively flat smoothed south-western slope. In general the relief exhibits combination of flat sculpture and structure forms of north-western and sub-latitudinal strike resulted from horizontally laying lithified Neogene rocks. Plateau-like surfaces with individual remnant ridges are most widespread. Gologoro-Kremenetskiy ridge is extended in the narrow band (6-12 km) along the northern margin of Podilska Height; it strikes in sub-latitudinal direction (sub-area Gologory), and then in the upper course of Zolochivka river direction is changed to the north-eastern (sub-area Voronyaky). Alike Roztochchya, it belongs to the watershed type of heights included in the line of Main European watershed. From adjacent heights it differs in higher altitudes and relative heights; Kamula Mountain (471 m) is the highest point in the west of Russian plain. Over the most part of the territory the relief exhibits mature denudation appearance with developed flat inclined remnant massifs, ridges and hills separated by saddle-like depressions. Structure asymmetry is clearly expressed. Because of extensive denudation the north height margin looks like 150-200 m high steep slope with some remnants separated by erosion. The southern slope is flat and gradually goes into Peremyshlyansko- Berezhanske hilly land. Geomorphologic units of Stilsko-Bibrske (A.1.1.d) and Peremyshlyansko-Berezhanske Opillya (A.1.1.e) occupy significant central part of Roztotsko-Opilska sub-area. They are very similar one to another being separated by slightly-contrasted border along Boberka river and by these reasons in many schemes they are defined as a single unit – just Opillya itself. Conversely, the boundaries of both units with adjacent structures are well-expressed morphologically as diverse-height benches of north-western and sub-latitudinal extension. The relief of these units is extensively cut by river network. The main water-flows of the latter – Zubra, Boberka, Svirzh, Gnyla Lypa and Zolota Lypa – flow in sub-longitudinal direction, to the south. The inter-river area altitudes vary in the range 370-424 m, relative heights – 60-100 m, degree of horizontal cutting over most part of the area exceeds 2.0 km/km2. Some differences in morphology variability between these Opillya units are observed. In the Stilsko- Bibrskiy unit mainly ridge-valley complexes are developed while in Peremyshlyansko-Berezhanskiy unit the ridge-trough and plateau-like forms predominate. In the relief of western Opillya part evidences for the young processes are found including erosion forms in the valleys of north-western and sub-latitudinal extension with distinct convex erosion-denudation slopes. In the eastern Opillya the relief in evolution respect is more mature; here significant fields of smoothed surfaces are distinguished in the lower level especially for the forms of north- western direction. The young processes are characteristic for the valleys of sub-latitudinal and longitudinal strike. The modern morpho-dynamic processes include gully formation, planar removal, and collapsing in loess. Most part of Opillya territory is occupied by carbonate and sulphate rocks susceptible to the karst. Commonly the karst processes are natural and at present are stalibilized. The Earth surface karst deformations are expressed in the saucers, funnels, karst lakes and karst gullies. Their size is variable, even within the same- type units, and is from 1-3 to 30-50 and more meters. Degree of karst impacting also varies from 1-2 to 15 spot/km2 [101, 56]. Lvivske Opillya is situated in the north-western part of Podilska Height, to the south from Lviv city. The area boundaries include linear benches of sub-latitudinal and north-western extension. Of these, the eastern boundary up to Male Polissya plain is best expressed; this is 100 m high steep bench. The most elevated (up to 370 m) and cut part of the area (Davydivskiy ridge) is extended along this bench; here denudation-structure, in laces remnant relief is developed in the upper level, and erosion relief – in the lower one. The central part of Lvivske Opillya encompasses the upper course of Zubra river with altitudes 330-350 m and slight horizontal and vertical surface cutting. Because of significant sub-aerial blankets the relief is

54 denudation-accumulative with development of flat and flat-wavy watershed forms separated by the valleys of sub-latitudinal and sub-longitudinal extension with convex erosion slopes. The relief in Volyno-Malopoliska area (A.2) was developing under conditions compatible with general event layout over the territory of Podilska morpho-structure. In Neogene significant role in the relief formation was played by the diagonal fault activation, and with beginning of Quaternary time – sub-latitudinal and some sub-longitudinal faults. However, in contrast to Podillya territory, the integrated amplitude of Neogene- Quaternary surface motions (270-300 m) in this structure is essentially lower, especially in Quaternary time [14]. At this stage, in Early Neo-Pleistocene time, pretty active destructive and accumulating activity of continental glaciation is noted. Morpho-structure of Male Polissya occupies the central part of studied area where it forms large, actually closed triangular depression with clear linear boundaries. This is the lowest portion of Volyno-Podillya with common altitudes in the range 200-240 m and elevation up to 250 m and more in the southern part of sub-area. General inclination of the plain surface from south to north is observed, from Pivnichnopodilskiy ledge towards Volynska Height. The major rivers of Male Polissya – Western Boug, Styr, Ikva, flow in the same direction. Four areas are distinguished in the studied part of morpho-structure. The western part of Male Polissya is occupied by Rata flat-wavy denudation-accumulative plain (A.2.1.b). It is extended in the left-bank side of Western Boug, in the basin of Rata and Solokiya rivers. The territory comprises the plain with slight gradual surface inclination to the north-east from Roztochchya. Most part of the area exhibits weakly-expressed ridge-depression denudation-accumulative relief type where flat-top, slightly-cut ridge, shallow-cut valleys, and flat depressions with extensive swamping predominate. Of the modern processes, the planar removal, karst formation and aeolian processes are noted, as well as collapsing of some sites related to the mining of coal deposits (area of Chervonograd town). Pasmove Pobuzhzhya (A.2.1.d) is situated in the southern part of Male Polissya, close to Lviv city. By morpho-genetic features the area clearly differs from other counterparts of Malopoliska morpho-structure. This is most elevated part of sub-area with watershed altitudes 250-290 m. The area surface is flat-wavy with wide development of loess blankets. The latter had facilitated formation of individual, parallel ridges separated by the broad swamped hollows. The ridges are confined to uplifts of Cretaceous base; they predominate in the relief and exhibit persistent linear sub-latitudinal strike, in general replicating the patterns of the hard-rock paleo-relief. From the north to south six individual forms are distinguished. These include Smerekivske, Kulykivske, Gryadetske, Malekhivske, Vynnykivske and Dmytrovytske ridges. They differ in the length from 10 to 30 km and width from 1.5 to 5.0 km. In between the ridges the flat-bottom 1-3 km wide depressions are developed with disproportionately small permanent water flows. The general structure of the area and the morphologic forms included suggest for tectonic predetermination in their development. The most widespread processes of modern morphogenesis include planar removal and collapsing in the ridges and swamping in depressions. Boug-Styrskiy area (A.2.1.c) occupies the central part of Malopoliska plain, in between the rivers defined in its name. The area relief is mainly denudation-accumulative, accumulative, in the northern part – accumulative-denudation. The surface is flat, slightly complicated by insufficient smoothed elevations and depressions with inclination up to 5o. The valleys of Western Boug and Styr rivers and their branches with wide and unclear terrace surfaces of I and II levels. Altitudes vary in the range 210-260 m. Morphologic complex of the area includes low flat ridges of sub-latitudinal and north-western direction, and hills with flat, wavy plains and swamped dimples with peat fields. The relief surface is often complicated by minor forms of aeolian accumulation – humps, ridges and dunes. The northern part of the area comprised of Radekhivska accumulative-denudation plain differs from the general relief layout of the territory. This area is relatively elevated, contrasted, with thin blanket of anthropogenic sediments (0.5-4.0 m), lacking at all in some places. Pivnichnoperedpodilskiy area (A.2.1.a) occupies the southern part of Malopoliska plain. In the narrow band, initially sub-latitudinal, then north-east-trending, it is extended along the northern ledge of Podilska Height. In comparison to the central sites of Male Polissya, the area is relatively elevated with altitudes 230-270 m. Here relief is more contrasted with relative heights 20-30 m and exhibits signs of protracted denudation. In this part the denudation forms are most prominent: pedimentized margin-side plains, remnant hills, valley-side pediment. Accumulative forms are subordinated in the relief structure and include river terraces, gently-inclined trains, and accumulative dimple bottoms. Volynska Height occupies northern part of Volyno-Podilska province. In the studied area it is situated in the upper part of map sheet M-35-XIII where it is comprised of Sokalskiy ridge morpho-structure (A.2.2).

55 Together with Male Polissya plain it forms the boundary expressed in low linear ledge of sub-latitudinal extension. In orographic respect is comprises wavy-bench loess plateau cut by valleys, gullies and ravines. Cutting density is 1-2 km/km2, depth of river valley cut is 20-30 m. Relief is accumulative-denudation. The surface is wavy, flattened. Transition of watersheds into river valleys is gradual, inclination angles – 5-8o. Altitudes vary in the range 185-280 m, common height is 250-250 m. The hard-rock base of Volynska Height is comprised of Upper Cretaceous sediments of marl-chalk formation which are almost totally overlain by thick loess sequence. In the western part the remnants of Early Neo-Pleistocene glacier activity are developed beneath loess and actually not expressed in the relief. Exodynamic processes and phenomena in the studied area of Volynska Height include planar removal, linear erosion, swamping, subsidence in loess and some site collapsing related to the mining of coal deposit (area of Sokal and Chervonograd towns). Carpathian province (B) includes Fore-Carpathians (B.1) consisting of two sub-provinces: Western (B.1.1) and Central Fore-Carpathian (B.1.2). Western Fore-Carpathian sub-province in the studied area combines the northern parts of Nadsanska plain (B.1.1.b) and Pivdennoperedpodilska height (B.1.1.a). Pivdennoperedpodilska morpho-structure in the narrow (from 5 to 10 km) band is extended in the north- western direction, along the southern margin of Roztochchya, by line Shklo-Nemyriv. From the south-west this structure is bounded by the valley of Zavadivka river. In genetic respect, the area belongs to the suture morpho-structure units with significant dislocation of sedimentary cover. In orographic respect it is comprised of the flat plain inclined towards Carpathians. Morphologic complex includes flat inter-river areas and gentle-slope valley-gully forms. The latter provide the mutually-perpendicular, diagonal patterns with prevailing north-east-trending forms comprised of I- and II-rank valleys with elongated-linear axial profile. Altitudes are 250-300 m, relative heights – 20-40 m, degree of horizontal cutting – almost 1 km/km2. Nadsanska accumulative plain in the studied territory encompasses the upper course of Zavadivka river valley and part of adjacent left-bank side of Zavadivka-Shklo inter-river area. The relief genesis is moraine-outwash, rejuvenated by fluvial and aeolian activity reflected, respectively, in accumulative terraces of Zavadivka river, gully forms and sand-dune units. The plain surface is flat-wavy, smoothed. The common height is 240-260 m. Some hills and hilly elevations in general plain outline get remnant appearance composed of moraine material which on the slopes and in transition areas is covered by fluvio-glacial material. Alluvial relief forms include well-developed, branched hydro-network. Flood-lands are wide with flat swamped surface. Central Fore-Carpathian sub-province (B.1.2) is comprised of the small part of Verkhnyodnisterska alluvial plain which encompasses the merging area of Striy and Dnister rivers. The plain comprises depression with deposition of alluvial sequences developed over Miocene country-rocks. The valley cross-profile is quite asymmetric. The modern Dnister River course is shifted to the valley left bank. It goes just nearby Podilska Height facilitating formation of the steep left slope, in contrast to the right one – flat and elongated. Plain surface is flat, accumulative, in morphologic respect it includes diverse-height terrace levels of which the flood-land (B.1.2.b) and I and II over-flood terraces (B.1.2.a) are most widely developed. The flood-land is elevated over water line by 4-5 m, its width is 1.5-4.0 km, surface includes well- expressed characteristic relief micro-forms (oxbow-lake depressions, course-side arcs), in places is swamped. The flood-land gradually or through the prominent bench goes into the I terrace with relative height over the latter about 1-2 m. The surface of II terrace is sporadically overlain by loess-like sub-aerial sediments, smooth- wavy, weakly cut, with relative height above flood-land by 5-10 m. In the area of Khodoriv and Zhydachiv towns the remnants of IV erosion-accumulative terrace are observed. Its height above water line is 30-40 m. From the surface terrace sediments are overlain by 1-7 m thick sequence of loess-like loams.

76. HYDROGEOLOGY

In hydrogeological respect the territory of studied map sheets is situated within two artesian basins: Volyno-Podilskiy (up to 97% of territory) and Fore-Carpathian (2.6% of the area – south-west of map sheets M- 34-XVIII and M-35-XIX) containing a number of water-bearing horizons and complexes confined to the thick sequence of Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic sediments. By the forming conditions and development extent in Volyno-Podilskiy artesian basin the following hydrogeological areas are distinguished: Volynskiy, Malopoliskiy and Podilskiy; in Fore-Carpathian one - Fore- Carpathian area (Fig. 6.1). The following water-bearing horizons and complexes are distinguished in Volyno-Podilskiy artesian basin: 1. Water-bearing horizon of modern biogenic Quaternary peat sediments and underlaying peated mudeous sandy loams and loams (bH). The ground water level depth varies from 0.5 to 1.5 m. By chemical composition the waters are sulphate-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium with mineralization 0.2-1.0 g/dm3. Hardness is 1-5 mg-equiv./dm3, pH – 7.1-8.0. Filtration coefficient is 0.5-4.7 m/day. For the drinking needs is almost unsuitable due to the natural and technogenic contamination. 2. Water-bearing horizon of modern alluvial sediments in flood-lands of Western Boug River, its branches, and Dnister River branches (a2H) lying over fluvio-glacial, Neogene and Upper Cretaceous rocks at the depths from 0.6 to 10.0 m. Water-enrichment of sediments is not sufficient, specific yields – 0.15-2.0 l/s. The waters are sulphate-hydrocarbonate calcium, sodium-calcium; mineralization – from 0.4 to 1.1 g/dm3. Hardness is 1-6 mg-equiv./dm3, pH – 7.1-8.0. Filtration coefficient is 0.5-4.7 m/day. The horizon is being fed through infiltration of atmospheric precipitates. For the drinking needs is not being used due to the surface contamination. 3. Water-bearing complex in Upper Neo-Pleistocene alluvial sediments of I and II over-flood terraces 1 2 of Western Boug River and its branches (a PIII, a PIII) is developed in Volynskiy and Malopoliskiy areas. The water-bearing rocks include sandy loams, sands with clay interbeds, at the base – with considerable gravel and pebble-stone admixture. Thickness is 8-10 m. Waters are not pressurized, water level depth – from 1 to 7 m. Borehole yields vary from 0.05 to 1.8 l/s, filtration coefficients – from 0.5 to 11 m/day. The waters are hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization from 0.2 to 1 g/dm3, hardness – 2.2-8.7 mg-equiv./dm3, pH – 7.3- 9.5. It is being used for individual water supplying. 4. Underground waters of sporadic development in aeolian-deluvial and eluvial Neo-Pleistocene sediments (vd,ePI-III) are widespread in Volynskiy and Podilskiy areas where their thickness attains 5-20 m, in average – 10 m, and in lesser extent in Malopoliskiy area – 2-5 m, where these sediments are observed in some isolated sites at the watershed surface. Water-bearing rocks (loams, sandy loams, clays) are low-watered. Thickness of water-bearing horizon varies from 2 to 10-15 m. Borehole yields are up to 0.068 l/s at the depression 3.2 m; well yields – 0.002-0.003 l/s at the depression 0.2-0.3 m; spring yields – 0.001 l/s. The waters are hydrocarbonate calcium, chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium with mineralization 0.3-0.7 g/dm3. Hardness is 8-15 mg-equiv./dm3, pH – 6.9-9.3 Filtration coefficient is 0.1-1.5 m/day. The waters are being used for individual water supplying, mainly in Volynskiy area. 5. Water-bearing complex in Upper Neo-Pleistocene – Holocene aeolian and Lower Neo-Pleistocene alluvial, glacial and water-glacial (fluvio-glacial) sediments (vPIII+H+aPI+gPI+fPI) is locally developed in Volynskiy area, in the valleys of Western Boug River and its branches; in Malopoliskiy area – much wider, actually over entire territory; in Podilskiy area – in the north-western part close to Nemyriv, Mageriv, Vorblyachyn, Potelych inhabited localities. The water-bearing rocks include sands, loams, sandy loams with gravel and pebble inclusions, 2-10 m thick, in places up to 15-20 m. Waters are non-pressurized, occur at the depth from 0.5 to 4.0 m. Yields are 0.02-1.0 l/s. Chemical composition is variable: hydrocarbonate calcium, sulphate-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium, chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium. Mineralization is from 0.3 to 1.0 g/dm3. Hardness is 1-5 mg-equiv./dm3, pH – 6.1-7.8. Filtration coefficients are 0.2-11.0 m/day. The waters are not suitable for the centralized water-supplying and somewhere are being used by local people for individual water-supplying. 6. Underground waters of sporadic distribution in Lower Sarmatian sediments (Volynski layers – N1vl) and Upper Badenian sediments of Kosivska Suite (N1ks) are developed in Podilskiy area and confined to the sand and sandstone interbeds in clay sequence. Thickness and distribution of watered interbeds in the sequence is irregular and their water content is variable – from actually water-free to 0.1 l/s, rarely up to 3-4 l/s. These are mainly fresh hydrocarbonate calcium waters with mineralization 0.3-0.7 g/dm3 and hardness 1.1-3.5 mg- equiv./dm3. Waters of this horizon are not of practical value.

7. Water-bearing horizon in Upper Badenian platform sediments of Ternopilski layers (N1tn) is mainly developed in the eastern part of Podilskiy hydrogeological area where it occupies small-size sites at watersheds. Water-bearing rocks include bioherm, organogenic-detritus, detritus, lithothamnium limestones, sands, sandstones and carbonate clays with depth from 2 to 50 m; static levels are at the depths from 5 to 30. Borehole yields vary from 0.4 to 2.8 l/s. The waters are hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium, sulphate-hydrocarbonate calcium and sulphate calcium. Mineralization is from 1 to 5 g/dm3. Hardness is 0.5-15.0 mg-equiv./dm3, pH – 6- 9. The waters are being used in medical purposes and rarely for individual water supplying.

58 8. Water-bearing complex in Lower-Middle Badenian sediments of Tyraska and Opilska suites (N1tr+op) is widely developed in Podilskiy area, in the southern part of map sheet M-35-XIX where it comprises the first and principal water-bearing horizon. Opilska Suite limestones, sandstones and sands and in less extent Tyraska Suite gypsums, anhydrites and limestones are most water-enriched. Lower-Middle Badenian water-bearing sediments over entire area are cut by the valleys of Dnister River branches which expose Cretaceous sediments and provide some water- enriched fields where water occurrence is indicated through the numerous springs as well as existing wells and boreholes. Tyraska Suite sediments – gypsum-anhydrites, gypsums, limestones, are not persistent by thickness – from 1-3 to 8 m (outcrops 220-221 and others in Vasyuchyn village) and to 48 m (DH 184, Rogatyn field), in places lacking at all or water-free; they lie over Opilska Suite sandstones, sands and limestones from 20 to 120 m thick. The depth of water-bearing horizon increases from the east to west from 3 to 86 m (DH 184). The static level depth is from 10 to 60 m. Borehole yields vary from 0.0004 to 2.55 l/s at the depression from 1.7 to 20 m. The well yields are 0.002-0.005 l/s, spring yields – 0.02-0.03 l/s. The waters are sulphate calcium, sulphate- hydrocarbonate calcium, sulphate-hydrocarbonate sodium. Mineralization varies from 0.5 to 6.5 g/dm3, in average – 2.0-2.3 g/dm3. Water hardness is from 8 to 20 mg-equiv./dm3. Often sulfur-hydrogen waters with H2S content from 6-75 mg/dm3 (“Cherche” resort, IV-3-145, see Annex 7) to 170 mg/dm3 (“Nemyriv” resort, IV-2-33, see Annex 1) are being used in medical purposes. In some occurrences sulfur hydrogen content attains 769.7 mg/dm3 (Koty village, IV-2-43, see Annex 1). Active water interflow and mixing is released between Tyraskiy and Opilskiy water-bearing horizons providing mineralization and hardness increasing in the waters of Opilskiy horizon. 9. Water-bearing horizon of Opilska Suite (N1op) is composed of sandstones, sands and limestones; it is defined separately in the fields of lacking Tyraska Suite sediments. Waters of this horizon are being widely used by water scoops (in sites where Tyraski sediments are absent) for water supplying of Mykolaiv and Rozdol towns (water scoop “Novorozdolskiy”, sites “Dibrovska” and “Balka Glyboka”). The depth of horizon is from 10 to 100 m, static levels at the depths from +9 m to +70 m. Chemical composition is hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium, waters are fresh with mineralization 0.5-0.7 g/dm3. Hardness is 4.3-9.2 mg-equiv./dm3, pH – 6.3-8.0. Average yield for water-bearing horizon is 1.0-1.3 l/s. 10. Water-bearing horizon in fractured zone of undivided Upper Cretaceous sediments (K2) comprises the major and first from the surface one in Volynskiy, Malopoliskiy and partly in Podilskiy areas and most water-enriched over entire territory. Water-bearing rocks include fractured marls, chalk-like limestones and chalk; their fracturing is developed irregularly both in horizontal direction and by depth. Most fractured rocks are developed up to the depths 60-100 m. Well below the rock fracturing as well as water-enrichment decrease. Thickness of water-bearing rocks depends on the thickness of the fractured zone and is 60-100 m. The water-bearing horizon below the river courses is pressurized both in Volynskiy and Malopoliskiy as well as Podilskiy areas. Most common yields are from 0.6 to 27.7 l/s at the depressions from 2 to 40 m, and in case of self-outflow – 50 l/s. Filtration coefficients vary from 0.6 to 8-20 m/day. The waters of Upper Cretaceous sediments are low-mineralized (up to 1 g/dm3). Total hardness is 4-5.8 mg-equiv./dm3, pH – 7.0-7.2. By composition hydrocarbonate calcium waters predominate. In Volynskiy area the waters are chloride sodium, chloride-hydrocarbonate and chloride-sulphate sodium-calcium in composition. Cretaceous water-bearing horizon is important for industrial needs: it is being exploited by a number of boreholes, wells and water scoops. The waters of this horizon are being used by Zarudtsivskiy, Malchytskiy, Magerivskiy, Radekhivskiy, Rava-Ruskiy, Krekhivskiy, Mokrotynskiy, Zubrivskiy and other water scoops (see Annexes 1, 4, 7) which supply water for Lviv city; the centralized water supplying is also being provided for the area centers as well as shafts and villages in Lvivsko-Volynskiy coal-mining basin. 11. Water-bearing horizon of Upper Devonian sediments in Famennian fractured limestones and dolomites (D3fm) is of practical value in the far eastern part of the area (to the east from Zolochiv town, Plugivskiy water scoop in the studied area is comprised of its western part and is mostly located outside the eastern border of map sheet M-35-XIX). It is intersected by drill-holes beneath Cretaceous sediments at the depths from 100-400 to 220 m at watersheds. The horizon is pressurized. The levels are encountered at the depths from 81 to 104 m at watersheds to +45…+48 m in the river valleys. Thickness of horizon is from 13.6 to 31.6 m. Borehole yields vary from 2.7 to 262.5 l/s, specific yields – from 0.26 to 12.74 l/s. The waters are sulphate-hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium with mineralization from 0.6-0.8 to 3.0 g/dm3. Hardness is 4.0-7.0 mg-equiv./dm3, pH – 7-8, filtration coefficient – 15.5 m/day. In Volyno-Podilskiy artesian basin other water-bearing horizons are also distinguished confined to Jurassic, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician and even Cambrian sediments. These waters occur at the depths 200-1800 m and exhibit low water enrichment and high mineralization. Practically these waters are not being used.

59 F o r e - C a r p a t h i a n a r t e s i a n b a s i n occupies insufficient (2.6%) territory in the west of map sheets M-34-XVIII and M-35-XIX where the following water-bearing horizons and complexes are distinguished: 1. Water-bearing horizon in modern alluvial and flood-land swamp sediments (aH, bH) of Lypovets river (Shklo river branch). Water-containing rocks include landy loams, sands and peat. Thickness is up to 3-5 m. The waters are hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization up to 0.7 g/dm3, yields – up to 0.5 l/s. Waters are non-pressurized, stagnant, for water supplying are not being used. 2. Water-bearing complex of Upper Neo-Peistocene alluvial sediments in I and II over-flood terraces 1 2 (a PIII, a PIII) of Dnister and Striy rivers comprise the first from the surface and major water-bearing horizon in Fore-Carpathian area. Water-bearing rocks include sand, gravel, pebble, cobbles, with the depth up to 30 m. The waters are non-pressurized, yields are mainly from 2 to 5 l/s, vary from 0.5 to 8 l/s at the depressions from 1 to 7 m. Chemical composition is variable: waters are hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium, chloride-hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization from 0.2 to 1.0 g/dm3. Because of low depth and appropriate water-enrichment the waters are being widely used by local inhabitants; two water scoops are explored – Mykolaivskiy and Gnizdychivskiy. 3. Water-bearing complex of Upper Neo-Pleistocene – Holocene aeolian and Lower Neo-Pleistocene glacial, water-glacial (fluvio-glacial) and alluvial-lake sediments (vPIII-H+g,f,alPI) is the major and first one from the surface. Water-containing rocks include sands, pebble-stones, sandy loams, rarely loams, up to 15-20 m thick, underlain by Upper Dashavska Suite (N1dš2) clays. Well yields are 0.007-0.3 l/s, springs – 0.001-0.15 l/s. The waters are non-pressurized, hydrocarbonate, sulphate-hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization 0.5-0.6 g/dm3. The waters are being used for individual water supplying and for minor inhabited localities. 4. Underground waters of sporadic distribution in Lower Sarmatian sediments of Upper Dashavska Suite (N1dš2) are confined to the thin sand and sandstone interbeds and lenses in clay sequence; the waters are low-yield, out of practical value.

87. MINERAL RESOURCES AND REGULARITIES IN THEIR DISTRIBUTION

Mineral deposits are confined to Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rock complex and their distribution is genetically and spatially related to the geologic and tectonic peculiarities of the territory. All mineral types are divided into four groups: combustible, metallic, non-metallic (ore-chemical raw materials, construction materials etc.), and underground waters.

22Combustible minerals

56Gaseous and liquid

110Natural gas and oil

According to the modern oil-gas-geological zonation the territory of studied map sheets belongs to the Carpathian oil-gas-bearing province which includes Fore-Carpathian oil-gas-bearing region, with Bilche- Volytskiy sub-area, and Volyno-Podilskiy region, with Volynskiy oil-gas-bearing and Buzkiy industrial sub- areas. Most known natural gas deposits and occurrences are confined to Lower Sarmatian sediments [41] and are arranged in some bands extended along Bilche-Volytska zone; majority of these objects are located to the south from the map sheet M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska). Lower Sarmatian sediments comprise the major gas-bearing sequence in the south-western part of Bilche-Volytska zone of Fore-Carpathian Trough. Here the sediments are up to 4.5-5.0 km thick and include Dashavska Suite clays with interbeds of aleurolites, sandstone and tuffaceous rocks. Principal containers are comprised of sandstones from 0.1 to 2.0 m thick, rarely up to 5.0 m. The only gas-oil Svydnytsko-Kokhanivske deposit (IV-1-22, Annex 1) is located to the north-west from Yavoriv town and is confined to eroded surface of Upper Jurassic carbonate sediments in the core of Kokhanivska anticline structure. Oil in deposit is dense, tarred, with high density (up to 1.04 g/cm3) and sulfur content (up to 7%), low paraffin content (up to 0.7%). Oil trap contains gas cap. Thickness of Lower Sarmatian gas-bearing sediments is 15-84 m. Efficient thickness is 5-40 m, average porosity – 8%, bed pressure – from 33.74 to 73.68 atm. Yield is from 5.8 to 183.3 th.m3/day. Gas mainly consists of methane. It also contains inert gases in amount Ar+Kr+Xe – 0.02%, He+Ne – 0.06%. The traps are sheeted, lithologically bounded. Deposit is in production. In addition, some gas occurrences: IV-2-40, 44, 45, 46 (Annex 1), IV-1-103, 110 (Annex 7) are encountered in Fore-Carpathian gas-bearing region. In Volyno-Podilskiy oil-gas-bearing region most perspectives are related to the territory of Lvivskiy Paleozoic Trough [40]. Here two minor gas deposits are discovered – Lokachynske outside the northern border of map sheet M-35-XIII and Velykomostivske in the field of Buzkiy industrial area. Velykomostivske gas deposit (III-1-17, Annex 4) is confined to the under-thrust brachy-anticline fold in the north-west of Belz-Baluchynska dislocation [40]. It is of north-west strike and is overlain by major nappe of dislocation, and, in turn, comprises the arc related to the fault of lower amplitude. In the Middle Devonian hanging-wall the fold is 7.0×2.8 km in size and 80 m high. Two productive horizons are encountered in Devonian column: the lower one in terrigenous sediments of Lower Devonian Dnisterska Series, and upper one in Middle Devonian fractured-cavernous rocks. The traps are sheeted. Containers are porous, average porosity is 7.5%, average efficient thickness is 8.2 m. The cap-rock is comprised of Lopushanska Suite dolomite-anhydrite batch. Bed pressure is 25.59 MPa. Initial borehole yields are absolutely free – 64.5-100 th.m3/day. Gas is actually condensate-free, consists of methane (91-94%) with minor amounts of other components. The second trap is weakly studied but yields attained 63 th.m3/day. Small gas inflows were received from brachyopoda limestones of Middle Devonian Povchanska Suite. Gas from Yasenivska Suite contains lesser amount of methane (up to 88%) with increased proportion of ethane (up to 6.9%) [40]. In addition, gas and oil occurrences III-4-17, 18; IV-4-53 (Annex 1); I-1-6; I-4-24, 25, 26; II-4-54, 57; III-3-80; IV-1-98 (Annex 7) are encountered in Volyno-Podilskiy oil-gas-bearing region.

57Solid

111Hard coal

Hard coal is concentrated in Lvivsko-Volynskiy Basin (LVB) which comprises the principal fuel- energy base for the Western region of Ukraine. Based on the complex formational analysis, the LVB is considered by the authors as Lower-Middle Carboniferous coal-bearing formation of paralic type formed in the fore-front trough of Halicides and the western slope of Ukrainian Shield. The main factors, which control distribution of coal deposits in the Basin, include stratigraphic in tight connection with paleo-geographic and paleo-tectonic ones; these factors had caused regressive-transgressive features of sedimentation and favourable conditions of peat deposition as the first stage of coal formation. Most productive are Buzhanska Suite sediments of upper part of Serpukhovian Stage which correspond to the certain phase in development of the Basin coal-bearing formation and constitute the upper alluvial-lake- swamp regressive-transgressive sub-formation; all major economic coal deposits in the Basin (Volynske, Zabuzke, Mezhyrichanske, Tyaglivske and Lyubelske) are related to the latter sub-formation. According to recent studies, economic-coal Buzhanska Suite belongs to the lowermost Carboniferous (Bashkirian Stage) [22]. By geographic position, geology, degree of exploration and economic development the Basin territory is divided into three mining areas – Novovolynskiy, Chervonogradskiy and South-Western ones. Novovolynskiy coal-mining area is defined in around Volynske deposit (I-1,2-120). It occupies the far northern part of the Basin from Volodymyr-Volynskiy fault in the north to the administrative U border between Volynska and Lvivska Oblasts. Here three coal beds n7, n8, b4 (b1), are of economic value while 3 U the beds v0, v6, n8, n9 are of minor value. Novovolynskiy area is explored in most extent [93]. In the limits of map sheet M-35-XIII just only north-western part of the area is located, specifically, the shaft field Novovolynska No. 9 and the sites Porytska and Krechivska Verkhnya. Chervonogradskiy coal-mining area occupies the central Basin part and in the north-east adjoins Novovolynskiy area. Its eastern and southern boundaries follow the band of Lower Visean limestones while its south-western boundary is set along Belz-Baluchynska thrust zone. This area includes Zabuzke and Mezhyrichanske deposits (I-II-1,2-121; II-III-1,2-122, Annex 6) and it is the major one in the Basin where 70- 80% of all balance coal reserves, more than half of operating shafts and all shaft fields prepared for economic development are concentrated. Specifically, it includes nine operating coal shafts (Velykomostivski No. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and Chervonogradska No. 2) [94], four reserved shaft fields (Chervonogradski No. 3, 4, 5 and 6), three reserved blocks in the shaft fields Velykomostivska No. 7, Chervonogradska No. 2 [96], Pivnichnozabuzka site and Buske deposit (I-3-284, Annex 9) [83] with limited coal reserves being out of economic value at present. L 1 U U The coal beds n7 (n7), n7 (n7), n7, n8, n8, n9 are of major economic value. Maximum coal-bearing is confined to the southern part of the area (Velykomostivska shaft group). Potential economic value is getting to L be the coal bed v6, laying 250 m below n7 bed and assessed at the stages of preliminary and detailed exploration in reserved blocks of shaft fields Velykomostivska-7 and Chervonogradska-2 (sites 1 and 2). South-Western coal-mining area occupies remaining Basin territory from the south- western boundary of Chervonogradskiy area to Rava-Ruskiy fault and is confined to the area of maximum subsidence of Carboniferous sediments. In the area, Lyubelske and Tyaglivske deposits (II-III,IV-3,4-92; II- III,IV-4-93) are explored. To date, the fields of Tyaglivska No. 1 and Lyubelska No. 1 shafts are explored in 4 6 L 1 U 0 U 5 details [48-50]. Fourteen coal beds of economic thickness (v5, v6, n0, n7 (n7), n7 (n7), n7, n8, n8, n8, n8, n9, b1 (n10), b3 (n12), b4 (b1)) are identified in the coal-bearing sequence. Besides these, the site Mezhyrichchya-Zakhidna (II,III,IV-1-123, Annex 6) is distinguished in the area explored at the stage of preliminary exploration.

112Coal bearing

The coal beds of Lvivsko-Volynskiy Basin are developed almost over entire Carboniferous column starting from the middle part of Visean Stage and constitute the thick coal-bearing formation. The upper boundary of the latter is set by the hanging-wall of Bashkirian coal-bearing sediments and the lower one – by the hanging-wall of Tournaisian Khorivska Suite. By structure, coal-bearing degree and forming conditions two sub- formations are distinguished in the Lower-Middle Carboniferous coal-bearing formation: the lower swamp- marine regressive which includes Vynnykivska, Nesterivska, Volodymyrivska, Ustyluzka, Porytska, Ivanychivska and Lyshnyanska suites, and upper one, defined by the hanging-wall of N3 limestone, high-coal-

62 bearing alluvial-swamp-lake-lagoon regressive-transgressive [21] which includes Buzhanska, Morozovychivska, Paromivska and Krechivska suites. Up to 99 coal beds and interbeds are counted in the Basin coal-bearing formation, of which 30 beds attain economic thickness (0.60 m) while 16 beds are of economic value. Those coal beds are considered to be economic where balance and off-balance coal reserves are approved and which are being mined by operating shafts or are prepared for exploitation. The total thickness of coal beds in formation is 29.9 m in average, and of economic beds – 13.24 m. Average number of coal beds per 50 m of the column is 3.5, and of economic beds – 0.6. The bulk coal-bearing coefficient is 2.03%, and of economic beds – 0.99%. Degree of coal-bearing in formation varies over the column. Upward in the column both bulk and economic coal-bearing increases irregularly and exhibits clear cyclic patterns. In total, in the column of Basin coal-bearing sediments five mega-cycles [21] are distinguished which 3 correspond to the following suites: i) Vynnykivska, Volodymyrivska (V0-V2); ii) Ustyluzka, Porytska and lower part of Ivanychivska (V2-V6); iii) upper part of Ivanychivska, Lyshnyanska and lower part of Buzhanska (V6- N3); iv) upper part of Buzhanska, Morozovychivska (n3-B1), and v) Paromivska-Krechivska (b1-b11). The lower and upper parts of these mega-cycles are less coal-bearing than the middle ones. The coal beds belong to the categories of thin and very thin, rarely medium, inconsistent, somewhere persistent and relatively persistent by thickness and distribution area. Most common coal beds are 0.20-0.40 m thick. Average thickness of economic coal beds is 0.66-1.50 m. Pretty often 1.55-1.90 m thick beds are observed, in some places – 2.10-2.76 m, exclusively – 3.63-4.85 m. The greatest number of thin beds is confined to the lower coal-bearing sub-formation. The coal beds are of simple single-batch and composite two-three and multi- batch structure with two-three-batch structure predomination. In some places essential closing and even merging of separated batches into the single coal bed of composite structure is observed. The rocks hosting coal beds include argillites, aleurolites, and rarely sandstones. In the lower coal-bearing sub-formation more than 30 coal beds inconsistent by lateral and thickness are 3 3 3 4 6 6 3 4 6 encountered of which v0, v2, v2, v4, v5, v5, v6 and n0 are the major ones; the coal beds v0, v5, v6 and n0 are assessed 1 in CMA and SWMA1 areas. Remaining coal beds are of economic thickness and are of interest in the southern part of SWMA, in the field Kulykiv-Vynnyky and Boyanetska site [99]. The figures for most studied coal beds of practical value are given in Fig. 7.1. The coal bed depth of sub-formation varies from 220-314 m in the east and up to 608-1362 m in the west. The upper coal-bearing sub-formation includes Buzhanska Suite coal-bearing sediments of Serpukhovian Stage and lower horizons of Bashkirian Stage, specifically, Morozovychivska, Paromivska and Krechivska suites. From the lower sub-formation it differs in the wide development of continental and transitional facies and in almost two times more coal content. The highest economic value is related to L 1 Buzhanska Suite sediments which include more than 30 coal beds and interbeds. The coal beds n7 (n7), n7 (n7), U 0 U 5 n7, n8, n8, n8, n8, and n9, actually the major economic beds, are of economic thickness over pretty large fields. 1 1 2 2 In the studied section of Bashkirian Stage 15 coal beds and interbeds (b1 (n10), b2 (n11), b2 (n1), b2 (n1), 1 1 2 2 b3 (n12), b3 (b12), b3 (n12), b4 (b1), b5, b6, b7, b8, b9, b10, and b11) are distinguished. Economic thickness is attained 1 by the beds (b1 (n10), b2 (n11), b3 (n12), b4 (b1), b3, b3, b4, b6, b7, and b8, and of most practical value are the beds (b1 (n10), b2 (n11), b3 (n12), b4 (b1), b4, which in the economic scale are assessed in Volynske deposit (shaft Novovolynska No. 9, Krechivska site), Zabuzke and Mezhyrichanske deposits (fields of shafts Chervonogradska No. 4, Velykomostivska No. 10), and in Tyaglivske and Lyubelske deposits. The coal beds of upper sub-formation are assigned to the category of thin and very thin, rarely medium, inconsistent and relatively persistent and persistent by thickness and over distribution area. Bed thickness is 0.30-0.50 m, average – 0.52-1.64 m; often 1.50-1.90 m thick, rarely 2.00-2.65 m thick beds are observed, very rarely – 2.75-4.85 m. Bed thickness variations depend on the bed bifurcations (with rock bed increasing up to some meters) and pinching out. Erosion and replacement by coaliferous argillite makes coal beds out of economic value. Coal beds are simple, single-batch, most typical in case of lower Bashkirian horizons, and composite two-three and multi-batch with two-three-batch structure predomination. The host rocks include argillites, aleurolites and sandstones (in the hanging-wall – argillites, rarely coaliferous argillites and aleurolites; in the

1 Hereafter: CMA – Chervonogradskiy coal-mining area; SWMA – South-Western coal-mining area; NMA – Novovolynskiy coal-mining area.

63 footwall – aleurolites, rarely sandstones, argillites and coaliferous argillites). In n9 and b4 coal beds the hanging- walls are composed of limestones.

The depth of coal beds of this sub-formation varies from 299-497 m in the east to 376-1168 m in the west. For the coal beds of both lower and upper coal-bearing sub-formations the bed or batch bifurcation in two separate units are considered to be typical. It is regular that actually all defined bifurcation fields are confined to the complex horst-like uplifts in the areas of Belz-Mylyatynska, Butyn-Khlivchanska and

64 Nesterivska thrusting zones [68]. According to classification of G.O.Ivanov (1967), major morpho-genetic types of coal-bed bifurcation include:  I type: coal bed bifurcation into the cluster (“horse tail” type);  IV type: simple bed bifurcation. Bifurcation and further merging of coal bed occurs under influence of minor wavy dimples which encompass some internal part of coal formation zone in the coastal-marine and, probably, in continental environments. As it is revealed from the mining works in coal beds of upper coal-bearing sub-formation, specifically, L U n7, n7, n7, and others, in the field of Mezhyrichanske and Zabuzke deposits the processes of intra-formation erosion and terrigenous rock invasion are widely developed and these phenomena are most characteristic for the marginal parts of deposits (fields of shafts Velykomostivski No. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). Among erosions the following morpho-genetic types are known: fan-like, lens-like, linear, thin-lens-like and bunch-like, mould-like and V- shaped. It should be noted that both in the lower and upper coal-bearing sub-formations the coal-bearing increases over the Basin from the north-east to south-west. These changes in coal distribution in lateral direction exhibit zoned patterns and are supported by the changes in bulk coal-bearing coefficient [21] and bulk thickness of coal beds. The main coal-bearing parameters for Visean, Serpukhovian and Bashkirian sediments of LVB are given in the table to the legend for geological map and map of coal-bearing of pre-Mesozoic units. The total and economic coal-bearing coefficients are highest for Buzhanska Suite sediments in the upper part of Serpukhovian L Stage where major Basin economic coal beds n7-n9 are concentrated; these values are 4.05 and 2.51 respectively [69]. In the main portion of Serpukhovian column the highest coal-bearing coefficients (total and economic) are 4 estimated for Ivanychivska Suite which contains economically prospective coal beds v5, and v6 with respective coefficient values 1.53 and 0.85. In Visean Stage the highest coal-bearing coefficients (total and economic) are estimated in 3 4 Volodymyrivska Suite – 3.33 and 0.81 which contains prospective coal beds v0, with economic thickness, and v0. In Bashkirian sediments the highest coal-bearing coefficients are observed in the lower column part, Morozovychivska Suite – 2.67 and 3.48 respectively. Thus, the total and economic coal-bearing coefficients in the upper coal-bearing sub-formation (3.03 and 1.88) are, respectively, by 2.2 and 4.4 times higher in comparison to those in the lower sub-formation (1.38 and 0.43).

113Coal composition and quality

The coal beds in LVB are composed of humus and sapropel coal. Humus coal predominates in the beds and, in contrast to the uniform sapropel coal, is layered and differs in shine and texture. By the shine, the bright (clarain), semi-bright (durain-clarain and clarain-durain), semi-dull (durain) and dull (fusain) coal lithotypes are distinguished. Sapropel coal in the beds is defined through its uniform texture. It is black with grey shade and shell- like fracture with smooth surface. By the bright a range of coal varieties is distinguished from semi-bright to semi-mat and dull which is known mainly in the beds of upper coal-bearing sub-formation. Each coal bed includes all coal lithotypes of which semi-bright one is most developed. The bright and semi-dull varieties are less abundant and fusain coal beds are scarce. In the Basin coal all micro-component groups are determined matching State Standard 9414-74 classification: vitrinite, semi-vitrinite, inertynite, liptynite and alginate composed of various fossil remnants and classified according to primary substance, preservation degree of fabric texture, shape, size, morphological and systematic affinity. By composition of primary fossil matter two genetic types in Basin coal are distinguished: fine-micro-sporingite, consisting of fine and micro-size micro-spores and fine well-preserved cuticle, and coarse- micro-sporingite consisting of coarse micro-spores. By primary matter in coal both genetic types are determined. Occurrence of both genetic types in the beds which constitute persistent horizons and occupy in the beds the same position (in the lower part – I type, in the upper – II type) implies that in the course of fossil matter deposition each time significant change of plant types occurred with their repetition in the same succession during each bed formation. This Basin coal bed feature is caused by the cyclic coal deposition and related rhythmic repetition of various plant complexes. The coal of I genetic type mainly belongs to clarain and durain- clarain types. The II-type coal contains more semi-dull durain varieties and, in average, the coal in this horizon is durain-clarain. Significant variations in coal properties are related to the coal genetic peculiarities. In this

65 respect, coal petrographic composition is inconsistent and varies considerably over the Basin, especially in the beds of lower cola-bearing sub-formation. Vitrinite content in coal is from 32 to 86%, semi-vitrinite – from 5 to 17%, inertynite – from 11 to 48%, and liptynite – from 2 to 17%. By micro-component composition they are assigned to various types from clarain to durain. In general, insufficient content of liptynite and increased – of inertynite is characteristic for most coal beds. In major economic beds all coal lithotypes revealed from primary fossil matter are observed. The I-type coal is mostly comprised of bright and semi-bright varieties with subordinate amount of semi-dull one; by petrography these are clarains and durain-clarains. The II-type coal is mainly semi-bright and contains a bit more amount of semi-dull varieties; by petrography these are clarain- durains and durains. Studies of the bed and bed-differentiated samples have shown that in major economic beds vitrinite content varies from 63.5 to 76%, semi-vitrinite – from 5 to 16%, inertynite – from 12 to 24%, and liptynite – U from 7 to 10%. The lowest vitrinite content is determined in coal of n7 bed – 63.5%, the highest – in coal of n8 bed (81%). Some increasing of vitrinite content is noted from lowermost to uppermost beds. Coal petrographic composition is not persistent in the fields of deposits and varies significantly over short distances within a single or some shaft fields. Coal composition in Visean beds of lower sub-formation is quite variable. By micro-component composition this coal belongs to various types – from clarain to durain. In CMA clarain and durain-clarain coal composition predominates while in SWMA – durain-clarain, clarain-durain, clarain with fusainite, in places ultra-durain. Coal in the beds of upper sub-formation is also intricate by petrographic composition. In NMA and CMA the coal composition in beds is durain-clarain, clarain-durain, rarely durain. In SWMA more complex coal composition is observed. Besides durain-clarain and clarain-durain types, durain and clarain coal types are noted over there and, furthermore, clarain type is more typical in Bashkirian beds while durain type – in lower beds of Serpukhovian Stage. Genetoc features of coal beds reflect the coal-forming conditions. Distribution of each coal type, defined by primary fossil matter, exhibits regional control and suggests for variable regime and composition of plant complexes in the area of peat deposition. Significant variability of major coal properties is related to the coal genetic peculiarities in the Basin. The main parameters, which define the quality differences of coal and directions of coal use in the industry, include ash and sulfur contents, volatile component outlet and combustion heat. For coking coal “sintering” parameters are important: thickness of ductile layer and kind of coking residuum (geological- economic description of coal beds is given in the legend to the geological map and map of coal-bearing of pre- Mesozoic units). Ash content (Ad). The coal beds of lower sub-formation by ash content are mainly assigned to the group of ashed coal (20.1-30.0% under classification accepted for Donetskiy Basin). Coal in the beds v2 in Buske deposit and v6 is Tyaglivske and Lyublinske deposits in SWMA is the exception; it corresponds to the medium- ashed coal (10.1-20.0%). Coal in the beds of upper coal-bearing sub-formation is more variable in ash content [69]. Most of beds in Volynske and Lyubelske deposits (far north-eastern and south-western Basin parts respectively) are assigned to the group of medium-ashed coal (10.1-20.0%). In Zabuzke, Mezhyrichanske and Tyaglivske deposits the beds b4, b1, n9, and n9 do correspond to this group while remaining beds exhibit ash content from 20.6 to 30.8% and are mainly assigned to the group of ashed coal (20.0-30.0%). To the latter group 0 U 5 are also assigned the beds n8, n8, and b3 in Lyubelske deposit while the bed n8 here does correspond to the group of high-ashed coal (30.1-40.0%). There is no clear observed regularity in coal ash content changes over the Basin territory. At the same time, relation of ash content with coal bed structure is defined: high ash content is normally associated with composite beds while simple, single-batch beds are low-ash. It is also noted decreasing in coal bed ash content from the Basin central part towards its periphery to the north-east (Volynske deposit), south (Buske deposit) and south-west (Lyubelske deposit). Volatiles outlet per flammable mass (Vdaf) comprises one of the major classification indicators defining coal metamorphic degree and grade. This indicator, however, essentially depends on the coal genetic properties and petrographic composition and, thus, it does not properly distinguish coal by technological properties and in the modern coal classification some overlapping between adjacent grades is admitted. Outlet of volatiles in coal beds of lower sub-formation varies from 22.6 to 39.8%. Maximum values of 3 6 this indicator are determined in the lowermost bed v0 (39.8%) and minimum – in the uppermost n0 one of this range (22.6%). Similar values of volatiles outlet in coal are obtained for the bed v6 in Zabuzke and Mezhyrichanske deposits as well as Mezhyrichchya-Zakhidna site (30.6-33.4%) [95]. This bed also differs in the 4 indicator lower values in Tyaglivske and Lyubelske deposits (24.8-27.5%). Volatiles outlet in coal of v5 bed in

66 Tyaglivske deposit (30.3%) is almost the same of the bed v6 in Mezhyrichanske deposit (30.6%), and one of the 6 bed v2 in Buske deposit is closer to the indicator value in coal of v6 and n0 beds of Tyaglivske and Lyubelske deposits. In general, it is noted regular indicator decreasing in coal beds of given sub-formation in the Basin from north-east to south-west: from Zabuzke deposit (CMA) to Lyubelske (SWMA). This regularity is even pretty clearly observed between Tyaglivske and Lyubelske deposits, revealed from the average indicator value in 6 the coal beds v6 and n0. Volatiles outlet in the beds of upper coal-bearing sub-formation exhibits somewhat different range of values, from 24.0 to 38.9%. The indicator gradually increases in the column from the lower to upper beds and L 0 decreases in lateral direction from the north-east to south-west. In the lower beds of sub-formation (n7- n8) in U Lyubelske deposit volatiles outlet varies from 24.0 to 25.7%, in the upper ones (n8-b3) – from 29.2 to 31.8%. In other deposits (Tyaglivske, Mezhyrichanske, Zabuzke, Volynske) this trend is less prominent but is also noted with some exceptions. The lateral changes in the coal volatiles outlet are expressed in the gradual indicator values decreasing from Volynske deposit in the Basin north-east to Lyubelske deposit in the south-west U which is clearly exemplified by the coal beds n8 and n7. Specifically, the volatiles outlet from these coal beds in Volynske deposit is 37.5 and 35.4% respectively while in Zabuzke deposit these values are 34.5 and 33.2%, in Mezhyrichanske – 33.7 and 32.8%, in Tyaglivske – 31.9 and 32.8%, and in Lyubelske deposit – 25.3 and 24.0%. Thus, in general for the Basin, volatiles outlet decreasing is observed in the coal beds of both lower and upper coal-bearing sub-formations. d Sulfur mass fraction (St ). By sulfur content, coal in the beds of lower sub-formation is mainly assigned to the group of medium-sulfuric (1.51-2.50% in classification accepted for Donetskiy Basin) except the 3 beds v0 and v2 where coal corresponds to the groups of sulfuric (2.51-4.00%) and high-sulfuric (4.01-4.51% and more) respectively. In the most studied coal bed v6 the regular sulfur content decreasing is observed from the top to bottom. In general, it should be noted regular sulfur content increasing in the coal beds of lower sub-formation 3 from the north-east to south-west, from Zabuzke to Lyubelske deposit (1.9-2.40%). The coal of v0 bed is the exception. The coal beds of upper sub-formation are mainly assigned to the medium-sulfuric (1.51-2.50%) and sulfuric (2.51-4.00%) groups. The coal bed n8 comprises exception in Lyubelske, Mezhyrichanske and Zabuzke deposits where coal by sulfur content does correspond to the group of low-sulfuric coal (less than 1.0-1.5%). To L the same group are also assigned the coal beds n7 and n7 in Lyubelske deposit. To the group of high-sulfuric coal U 5 (4.01-4.51%) is assigned the coal bed n8 in Zabuzke and Mezhyrichanske deposits as well as coal of the beds n8, n9 and b3 in Lyubelske deposit. The coal beds of Bashkirian Stage are mainly sulfuric and high-sulfuric. Any certain regularity in changes of coal sulfur content in the beds of upper sub-formation is not observed. The coal contain 0.55-1.70% of organic sulfur and up to 0.20% of sulphate one. Variations in total sulfur content are caused by the sulphide sulfur occurring in pyrite. Ductile layer thickness or coal sintering (Y). In the Basin, this indicator varies from 4 to 50 mm, average values – from 8 to 23 mm. In the coal beds of lower sub-formation the ductile layer thickness in average varies from 13 to 23 mm, and of upper one – from 8 to 22 mm. The maximum indicator 4 value is observed in the beds v6 and v5 in Tyaglivske deposit and in Mezhyrichchya-Zakhidna site, minimum one – in the bed n8 in the field of Novovolynska No. 9 shaft of Volynske deposit. For the Basin major economic beds L 1 the variation ranges of ductile layer thickness are as follows (in millimeters): v6 – 15-42; n7 (n7) – 12-24; n7 (n7) – U U 15-22; n7 – 12-30; n8 – 5-21; n8 – 11-30; n9 – 12-21. Coal ductile layer thickness (sintering) regularly changes in the south-western direction exemplified by 1 U the coal beds n7 (n7), n7 and n8 (Table 1) which are widely distributed and exhibit relatively persistent thickness. 1 U In the fields of Volynske and Zabuzke deposits the coal in beds n7 (n7), n7 and n8 is assigned to the long- flame gaseous and gaseous low-sintering while further to the south and south-west, in the shaft fields of Mezhyrichanske, Tyaglivske and Lyubelske deposits it becomes gaseous, greasy and coking. daf Combustion heat ( Qs , MJ/kg) or coal heating capacity in the beds of Basin coal-bearing formation varies from 27.88 to 36.30 MJ/kg. Maximum values are attained in the coal of bed v6 in Mezhyrichanske and Tyaglivske deposits and in Mezhyrichchya-Zakhidna site (35.97-36.30 MJ/kg). The minimum combustion heat 5 is noted in the coal of n8 bed in Lyubelske deposit.

Table 1. Coal ductile layer thickness over some deposits.

Volynske Mezhyrichanske Tyaglivske Lyubelske Zabuzke deposit Bed deposit deposit deposit deposit index thickness, Y, thickness, Y, thickness, Y, thickness, Y, thickness, Y, m mm m mm m mm m mm m mm 1 n7 (n7) 0.79 6 0.69 14 0.82 15 0.70 18 1.30 18 U n7 0.55 6 0.78 14 0.83 16 1.00 21 0.98 21 n8 0.96 7 0.93 13 0.73 16 0.66 16 0.73 17

Over the major economic beds of LVB the variation range of combustion heat are as follows: in U 1 Volynske deposit (coal beds n8, n7, and n7) – 32.19-32.45 MJ/kg, in Zabuzke deposit (n9-n7(n7)) – 33.23-33.82, in L L Mezhyrichanske deposit (n9-n7(n7)) – 33.68-34.48, in Tyaglivske deposit (n9-n7(n7)) – 33.88-35.34, and in L Lyubelske deposit (n9-n7(n7)) – 33.83-35.34 MJ/kg. These data suggest for coal combustion heat in the beds gradually increases from the north-east to south-west, from Volynske deposit to Tyaglivske and Lyubelske ones. Thickness of the coal-bearing sequence and coal bed metamorphism (coal grade) also increase in the same w direction. Evidently, the working fuel combustion heat (QH) depends not only on the coal metamorphic degree but also on amount of barren admixture. According to the studies of DonVGI, for the ordinary coal in Donetskiy Basin with ash content 15-18% the average value of working fuel combustion heat is approximately 25% less of this coal flammable mass combustion heat [19]. C o a l m e t a m o r p h i s m ( g r a d e ) . It is widely known that coal quality as well as regularities in its distribution by lateral and depth is related to metamorphic processes. Moreover, it is metamorphic degree which defines major technological properties and grade of coal in the Basin. From the geologic exploration, coal-chemical, petrographic and scientific studies in the Basin it is revealed coal bed metamorphism increasing downward in the stratigraphic column of coal-bearing sequence and in lateral direction from the north-east to south-west, from Volynske to Tyaglivske and Lyubelske deposits. Analysis of coal-bearing sequence distribution in the Basin has shown the pile thickness increasing in the same direction. The total thickness of this sequence from the northern boundary to south-western one increases by more than four times (from 300 m in the north to 1362 m in the south-west). Furthermore, the metamorphic degree of major economic coal beds increases in the same direction – from slightly metamorphosed long-flame gaseous (LG) and gaseous (G) in the north-east to gaseous sintering, oily (O) and coking (C) in the south and south-west. It should be noted that coal properties and quality in the Basin are essentially affected by the primary genetic factors, particularly: primary coal-forming fossil matter, forming conditions of coal-bearing sequence, catagenic variability of the coal organic matter, coal petrogenetic and micro-component content. Inhomogeneity and variability of petrographic composition comprise the distinct coal features in the Basin. C o a l g e r m a n i u m - b e a r i n g . The hard coal of LVB is enriched in some trace elements – germanium, gallium, yttrium, vanadium, scandium, etc.; economic grades are determined for germanium (from 0.1 to 15.8 g/t with average grade variations from 1.9 to 4.6 g/t) and gallium (1-40 g/t with prevailing values 5.9- 10.2 g/t). The highest germanium grades [10] are determined in the shaft fields Velykomostivska No. 4, Chervonogradski No. 2, 5, 6, Tyaglivska No. 1, and Lyubelska No. 1, where reserves are estimated. In general over the Basin, increasing of germanium content is observed in the northern direction. Decreasing of coal-bed metamorphism occurs in the same direction. In addition, in case of sulfur content increasing in coal, germanium content increases as well. In vertical column the higher beds are more germanium-bearing than lower ones. Conversely, germanium content decreases with coalification degree increasing. This conclusion is explained by the crystalline lattice compactness and capacity to hold more or less amount of metal in the organic structure. It is proven the possibility for germanium extraction in case of coal coking. Together with germanium significant gallium concentration are observed; development of technology for gallium extraction from coal together with germanium is at the stage of laboratory tests and this is why gallium reserves are not estimated. C o a l a n d r o c k g a s - b e a r i n g . The natural gases in LVB include methane and its homologues up to propane inclusively, somewhere butane inclusively, as well as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, heavy hydrocarbons, sulfur hydrogen and rare gas – helium. Methane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are most widespread. Origin of gases is related to deposition of coal-bearing sequence and content of particular components, especially heavy hydrocarbons, is caused by petrographic composition of coal beds and their stratigraphic position.

68 Modern Basin gas-bearing is related to many geological factors of which most important include geological structure, development of erosion processes inside coal-bearing sequence, fault intensity and age, thickness and composition of cap sediments, as well as underground water circulation conditions. Protracted process of coal deposit formation in the Basin had been accompanied by the atmospheric gases accumulation and simultaneous escape of coal gases. Permanent movement of gases had led to their zoned distribution in the sequence of coal-bearing sediments. By content of methane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the Basin three zones are distinguished according to the known classification of O.I.Kravtsov – methane- nitrogen, nitrogen-methane and methane [19]. The fields and depths of these zones are variable. The first two do form the zone of gas weathering and are encountered in all Basin areas gradually decreasing from north to south. Major components in these zones include nitrogen (12.0-94%), methane (1.0-74.0%) and carbon dioxide (0.3- 1.55%). The upper boundary of gas weathering zone almost coincides with under-Cretaceous Carboniferous surface. Maximum thickness of the zone is estimated in the east, at the marginal part of economic coal-bearing band. From there its thickness decreases in the south-western direction from 300 to 120 m in Novovolynskiy area and from 70 m to some meters in the southern part of CMA. In the territory of SWMA thickness of the zone is 130-150 m in the north-west and 30-50 m in the south-east. Methane zone, which underlies nitrogen-methane one, gets broader with coal beds plunging. In the northern and central Basin parts it is confined to the most subsided sites of the far west. In the south of CMA methane zone encompasses all fields of Velykomostivski and Chervonogradski shafts except narrow band along the eastern outcrops of coal beds. The gas mixtures of this zone contain 53-96% of methane. The natural methane-bearing of the Basin is discontinuously distributed over the territory. On the general background of its increasing in the southern and western directions in some sites notable deviations in one or another side are observed. The total methane-bearing deviation magnitude varies from 0.1 to 27 m3/t of flammable mass. Gas-bearing of coal beds and relationships of gas composition varies in the lateral direction and in the vertical column of coal-bearing sequence. In the Basin northern part in the field of NMA the gases of coal beds contain minimum amount of methane; very low methane concentrations are observed in the beds of the eastern marginal parts of Volynske deposit. Nitrogen is the major gas component; it is contained in amount of 48-94%, and methane – 2.0-48.0%. In the gas mixtures collected from the lower coal beds amount of nitrogen decreases up to 2.0-47.0% whereas methane content increases up to 50-81%. In the field, located to the west from Lytovezkiy normal fault, nitrogen content exceeds other components only in gases from upper beds of coal-bearing sequence (33.0-92.0%), and methane content is 1.0- 5.0%. Gases of major economic beds contain 3.0-49.0% of nitrogen and 40.0-88.0% of methane. Methane content in natural gases of coal beds directly correlates with depth. While in n8 bed at depth 318-380 m methane content is 4.2-46.1%, at the depths 380-390 m it increases up to 54.5-61.2% (shaft Novovolynska No. 9), and at the depths 505-616 m up to 71.0-84.2%. Similar relations are also observed in the lower economic bed. In the coal beds of CMA methane content in the natural gases varies from 30-60 to 80-90%; carbon dioxide – from 0 or tenths of percent up to 1-3%, rarely 4-7%; hydrogen – from 0 or tenths of percent up to 1- 5%, rarely 7.5%. Furthermore, the trend of natural gas content increasing downward from the upper coal bed n9 to lower v6 one is pretty notable. Change of methane content is also observed in the lateral direction: in the eastern plunging of Mezhyrichanska syncline – 23.1-91.7%, in the western plunging – 6.2-95.3%, and in the central uplift – 50.3-95.9%. Somewhat different relations are observed in SWMA. In the coal beds of Tyaglivske deposit methane content significantly rises and is almost or more than 90%, carbon dioxide and hydrogen – 0-0.5%, nitrogen – U percent unities. In the coal beds of Lyubelske deposit, which mainly lie in the nitrogen zone except v6 and n7 beds in the northern part of deposit, methane is actually absent or its content in some samples attains 1-5%. In U the bed n7, which lies in the upper part of methane zone, methane content varies from 18 to 80%, carbon dioxide up to 1%, hydrogen is mainly absent or its content is 0.1-0.3%, in some cases – 4-5%. The bed v6 lies in methane zone with methane content 80-90%, carbon dioxide content is less or equal to 1%, and hydrogen is actually absent. Coal-bearing rocks are less gas-bearing than coal beds. However, in view of their considerable volume, they contain significant amount of natural gases which are enclosed in the free, sorbed or water-solved state, rarely in free gas accumulations in various beds, and in case of temperature drop – in the crystal-hydrates. The rock gas-bearing in CMA varies from 0.1 m3/t to 3.2 m3/t with prevailing values 0.1-1.1 m3/t; methane-bearing is from 15 to 73.7% with prevailing values 15-40%. In SWMA residual gas-bearing values vary from 0.01 to 1.0 m3/t with prevailing values 0.01-0.07 m3/t and methane – from 0 to 87.9% with prevailing values 0-10 and 20-60%. In LVB the most gas-bearing is Tyaglivske deposit where favourable conditions for gas formation and accumulation are combined. The different gas-bearing figures are recorded for Bashkirian and Serpukhovian

69 sediments due to their depth and development of gas-proof aleurolites-argillite rocks in between sediments facilitating gas preservation in Serpukhovian sediments. In the lower syncline part coal beds exhibit high gas content up to 20-25 m3/t of dry ash-free mass [52, 53]. Sandstones in Tyaglivske deposit are low-permeable with considerable gas accumulation; this is why in some sites advanced gas extraction should be organized.

114Brown coal

Brown coal in the area is locally developed [34]. The bodies are confined to the sediments of Karpatian regio-stage. This coal is traced in 7-12 km wide band extended from the west to east of Rava-Ruska – Lviv map sheets from the border with Poland to the north-eastern border of Ternopilska Oblast. By the coal-bearing sequence column and number of coal beds Rava-Ruska group of deposits and Nesterivska group of occurrences are distinguished. Rava-Ruska group of deposits includes Potelytske (III-3-8), Dibrivske (III-3-12), Monastyrokske (III-3-14, all in Annex 1). Nesterivska group includes: Glynskiy (IV-4-55), Novoskvaryavskiy (IV-4-57), Gutyshchenskiy-I (IV-4-59), Gutyshchenskiy-II (IV-4-62), Mokrotynskiy (IV-4-63, all in Annex 1) occurrences. In these sites coal-bearing is related to the sandy-clayey and coaliferous-sandy sediments deposited in brown-coal basin and confined to the subsided areas of Upper Cretaceous surface. Thickness of coal-bearing sediments varies from 0 to 7-30 m. In deposits they include from 1 to 3 coal beds or lenses. Average thickness of coal beds is 0.5-1.5 m, commonly 0.5-0.9 m. Coal-bearing coefficient in places attains 12%. Structure of coal beds is both simple and complex. The latter beds includes from one to four rock interbeds from 0.1 to 0.25 m thick. Coal lies at the depth from 0 to 60 m in small sheeted lenses quickly pinching out by strike. Brown coal is of limnic and paralic types, thin-layered, from massive to friable. Major coal indicators vary in wide range: humidity (W) – from 6 to 60%, commonly 25-35%; ash content (A) – 5.0- 55.0%; sulfur content (S) – 2-10%; volatiles outlet (V) – 25-78%; heating value (Q) from 2200 kCal/kg to 6400 kCal/kg. In general deposits are assigned to the category of minor ones. The perspectives for further expansion are low.

115Peat

Peat deposits are widely developed; they exhibit simple structure and are easily accessible for mining with capacity for application in energy purposes as house-holding fuel and fertilizer in agriculture which are getting to be widely used at present. In the studied territory 115 deposits are counted of which 50 deposits are in production, 16 out of production, 17 are exhausted and closed, 32 are in conservation; in addition, 14 occurrences are recorded (Annexes 2, 5, 8) [43, 47, 114]. Deposits comprise the bodies explored by categories A+B, C1 and C2 and assessed by category P1; they are of enough thickness (1.5 m and more) and ash content 15-20%, not more than 35%. Occurrences comprise the bodies with reserves evaluated by category P2, rarely C2, small-scale (1-2 hectares), thickness less than 1.5 m, mainly 0.5-0.9 m, often with high ash content value (more than 35%). The principal precondition for deposit formation is availability of peat-forming fossil groups and permanent substrate super-wetting without oxygen access which emerges at the shallow underground water level and slowed infiltration regime. These conditions arise only in case of infiltration predomination over surface flow and evaporation which are defined by climatic and geomorphologic factors. By these conditions all peat deposits are combined in Volynsko-Malopoliskiy and Podilskiy peat areas. Volynsko-Malopoliskiy peat area encompasses the southern part of Volynska and north- eastern parts of Lvivska Oblast. The plain-featured relief, significant amount of precipitates and high enough forest cover facilitated development of swamps and peat-site formation. This is the area of the river valley and flood-land terraces which control deposits of low-land type located in the valleys of Western Boug River and its branches Solokiya, Bolotnya, Rata, Bila, Svynya, Zheldets, and Styr River with branches Sudylivka and Radostavka. Deposit size and depth are variable. The biggest ones comprise the valley peat deposits, more than thousand hectares in square, average depth up to 1.5 m, in places up to 3-4 m. These include deposits Solokia (II- 3,4-65), Rata (III-4-76, Annex 2), Rozzhakiv (II-2-48), Stoyaniv-I (II,III-3,4-52), Stoyaniv-II (II-4-59), Bilostokivske (III-3-76), Radekhivske (III-3,4-77), Zadnya (III-4-85), Polonychka (III,IV-3-104, all in Annex 5), Gamaliivka-Grybovychi (I-1-165), Yarychivske (I-1,2-170), Zvenygorod-Kotsurivske (II-2-197, all in Annex 8), and others. Among the peat types the cane, sedge-cane and sedge ones predominate. By degree of decomposition the medium-decomposed peat grades predominate in the area. Most part of peat reserves are of average ash content less than 25% caused by low mineralization of underground waters.

70 P o d i l s k i y p e a t a r e a occupies the eastern part of Lvivska Oblast and far northern parts of Ivano- Frankivska and Ternopilska oblasts. Peat deposits of this area are confined to the valley of Dnister River with branches Zubra, Davydivka, Boberka, Svirzh, Gnyla and Zolota Lypa. The peat bodies are of low-land type only. The cane, rarely sedge bodies predominate. The flood-land deposits are small, up to 500 hectares in square although average depth attains 2.5-4.4 m, with average ash content less than 25%. Humidity is up to 89%, combustion heat – 2249-4536 kCal/kg. The major deposits include Pidmonastyrske (II-1-194), Peremyshlyany (II-3-208), Bolotnyanske (III-3- 231), Pomoryanske (II,III-4-218), Bobirka (IV-2-251), Yagodivka (IV-2-252), Dolynyany-Zharski (IV-2-255, all in Annex 8).

23Metallic mineral resources

58Ferrous metals

116Iron

The iron ores are locally developed and related to Neo-Pleistocene sediments of swamped flood-land terraces. Occurrences of these ores are known in the south-western part of map sheet M-35-XIX close to Korolivka (IV-1-245), Zagurshchyna (IV-1-247), Rogizne (IV-1-248), Sugriv (IV-2-259) and Mechyshchiv (IV- 4-280, all in Annex 8) villages [45]. The ores consist of limonite concretions up to 3-4 cm in size and individual nodules up to 20 cm across. Content of Fe2O3 in ores vary from 18.25 to 69.62%. The major iron-ore occurrence is located nearby Zagurshchyna village. Ore body average thickness is 0.8 m, chemical composition: Fe2O3 – 47.9%; MnO – 1.31%; P2O5 – 1.23%; SiO2 – 52.0%. The ores have been being mined periodically up to 1939. Because of limited development, low thickness and occurrence of harmful admixtures the swamp iron ores are of no economic value at present.

117Manganese

Manganese ores in the area are comprised of sedimentary-carbonate type and are confined to the rhythmoliths of Upper Badenian Kosivska Suite. Formation of manganese rhythmoliths occurred in transitional period from arid to humid climate at the earliest stages of Kosivska sea transgression over the platform. In the map sheet M-35-XIX in the area of Zhydachiv town and Luchany, Vovchatychi, Cheremkhiv, Vasyuchyn, Bortnyky based on results of prospecting for manganese [64] and geological mapping works of 1971-1974 [46] the following 0.5-3.4 m thick occurrences are distinguished: IV-1-107, IV-2-117, IV-2-121, 123, 126, 129, 132, 134 (Annex 7). The ores include carbonate and oxide-carbonate types with manganese oxide content from 10.0 to 22.4%. In addition, the site of manganese mineralization 14 km2 in size is distinguished to the north from Khodoriv town confined to the watershed of Netechya-Svirzh rivers in the area of Lyubsha and Yagodivka villages (IV-2-112, Annex 7). Thickness of ore bodies varies from 0.5 to 2.5 m, manganese content – from 9.2 to 12.5%. In chemical composition carbonates predominate: CaCO3 – 24.15-35.20%, MnCO3 – 13.4-78.1%, MgCO3 – 0.5-14.24%. In the area of Yavche-Vasyuchyn villages, in 6 km to the south-west from Rogatyn town, the northern part of Burshtynske deposit is located (Rogatyn-Bukachivtsivska site, IV-3-148, Annex 7). Thickness of the body attains 1.4-25.55 m; manganese content varies from 1 to 20.75% due to variations of manganese calcite and calcium rhodochrosite content in the ores.

59Non-ferrous and base metals

118Titanium

Most significant concentrations of titanium minerals are encountered in the area between Gnyla Lypa and Naraivka rivers close to Podusiv and Bolotnya villages [30]. In the site Podusiv (III-3-81, Annex 7), 1 km2 in size, productive Opilski sands are encountered in three small points located in 100-250 m one from another. The sands are quartz with considerable content of titanium minerals at the depths from 3 to 40 m; their thickness is up to 10 m. Ore minerals content in sands are: ilmenite –

71 2.0-18.2 kg/m3, rutile and leucoxene – 1.8-20 kg/m3, zircon – 0.3-14.8 kg/m3. Average grade of titanium minerals is 19.3 kg/m3. In the site “Bolotnya-Zagay” (III-3-82, Annex 7), 1.5 km2 of total square, by slam sampling there is encountered the small area (100×40 m) of Opilski sands with titanium minerals. Thickness of the sands with mineralization is from 0.2 m to 4-5 m, depth – 1-5 m. Content of ore minerals is: ilmenite – 0.24-16.2 kg/m3, in average – 5.9 kg/m3; rutile and leucoxene – 0.24-18.0 kg/m3, in average – 4.4 kg/m3; zircon – 0.2-14.2 kg/m3. Average total content of titanium minerals is 17.4 kg/m3. Aiming delineation of titanium-bearing sand areas in the territory of map sheets M-35-86 and M-35-74- C,D it is recommended initiation of geological mapping and prospecting works by means of slime sampling as well as drilling, prospecting shafts and trenches provision.

60Rare metals

119Strontium

The strontium mineralization is comprised of celestine; it accompanies the native sulfur bodies and is related to sulphate-carbonate rocks of Tyraska Suite. In addition, strontium mineralization is known in Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks. Two groups of strontium occurrences are distinguished in the studied area: sedimentation, formed simultaneously with host rocks, and epigenetic, emerged in previously formed rocks. Epigenetic type of mineralization with increased strontium concentrations is developed in sulphate-carbonate sequence of Tyraska Suite where strontium occurs together with sulfur actually in all deposits. Outside the sulfur deposits the strontium mineralization in sediments of Tyraska Suite is encountered in some occurrences (IV-1-102, 104, 105, 108; IV-2-111, 114, 118, 130, Annex 7) [45, 46, 103]. In genetic respect, the mineralization is related to the system of north-west-trending faults which controls economic sulfur deposits. These faults comprised the channels of chloride-sodium brines upwelling with high strontium content (from 2.66 to 160 mg/dm3) providing reducing (chemical) conditions. In sulphate- carbonate rocks the brines, because of significant sulphate under-saturation, do extensively dissolve not only gypsums but also fine-disseminated celestine in these rocks. In places where the brines are being strongly diluted with sulphate waters, the celestine (S2SO4) discharge occurs. The strontium in sulfur ores is observed in two generations – celestine and isomorphic admixture in calcite. The highest concentrations are confined to the lower part of sulfur ore column where strontium oxide content attains 3-10%, rarely 20%, and 2.45% in average. Besides sulfur-bearing limestones, strontium in celestine is contained in Tyraska Suite gypsums. Its content is low and attains 3-6%, in average – 0.2-0.3%. Increased strontium content is observed in gypsums of sulfur deposits in the fault zones. In sulfur ores celestine is observed in the interbeds and lenses, it often occurs in the individual crystals, druses over hollow walls, and also in the fine dissemination in rocks. Essential strontium occurrence is known in Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks. In the course of prospecting works [59] the strontium mineralization site is encountered by 18 drill-holes in the area of Kutkira, Baluchyna and Glynyany villages (I,II-3-47, Annex 7). Here strontium occurrences are confined to Upper Cretaceous Santonian and Campanian stages (Lukvynska Suite). Celestine includes disseminated and vein aggregates (types). Disseminated celestine particles are contained in the rock in amount up to 1%. Veined celestine is blue-grey, fine- to coarse-crystalline. Vein thickness is from some millimeters to 15-20 cm. Mineralization depth is 12.5-151.0 m, thickness of mineralized rocks – from 0.2 m to 6.0 m, strontium content – up to 50%. Zone of veined celestine in the area Glynyany-Baluchyn-Kutkir is confined to the junction of Belz- Baluchynskiy and Rogatynskiy faults. In addition, some occurrences are encountered in Cretaceous sediments (III-3-83; IV-2-114, 115; IV-3- 146, Annex 7).

24Non-metallic mineral resources

61Raw materials for metallurgy

120Foundry raw materials

Quartz sands of Lower Badenian (Neogene) Opilska Suite are being used in the casting purposes as the mixture principal component. These rocks constitute Voloshchynske-I deposit (III-1-62, Annex 7) located in 0.5

72 km to the west from Voloshchyny village of Lvivska Oblast at the watershed of Kryvulka and Sukhodolka villages in the map sheet M-35-XIX. The sands are light-grey, fine-grained, well-sorted, mono-mineral, quartz – 98-99%. Chemical composition: SiO2 – 97.2-98.28%; Al2O3 – 0.67-1.26%, Fe2O3 – 0.10-0.39%; Ca-Mg – 0.3- 0.84%. By clay fraction content the sands correspond to the 1-2 class sands; weighted-average clay fraction content – 0.42, gas permeability at humidity 2.5% varies from 287 to 358, refractory degree of sands varies from 1740 to 1760oC matching industrial requirements. Average thickness of productive sequence is 9.66 m.

62Ore-chemical minerals

121Chemical raw materials

Limestones for sugar industry

Limestones for the needs of sugar industry are comprised of four deposits: Krasivske (III-1-63), Gorodyske (IV-4-157) and Pidvysotske (IV-4-158, all in Annex 7) composed of lithothamnium “Naraivski” limestones (Lower Badenian Opilska Suite), and Potutorske deposit (IV-4-156, Annex 7) in Turonian limestones of Lower Dubovetska sub-suite. Gorodyske deposit is located in 0.5 km to the north from Gorodyska village and is composed of lithothamnium limestones with average thickness 17.8 m and stripping rock thickness 8.1 m. Physico- mechanical properties are as follows: density – 2.65 g/cm3, volume mass – 2.16 g/cm3, tension resistance under 2 2 dry conditions – 299 kgF/cm , under wet conditions – 196 kgF/cm . Chemical composition (%): SiO2 – 1.33, Al2O3 – 0.36, TiO2 – 0.006, CaO – 54.08, MgO – 0.69, CaCO3 – 97.38, MgCO3 – 1.44, CuSO4 – 0.19, SO3 – 0.11, K2O+Na2O – 0.04. Output of saleable stone for sugar industry is 50-55%.

Native sulfur

Native sulfur deposits are located at the junction of two litho-tectonic zones – Zakhidnopodilska and Bilche-Volytska and in the narrow (10-15 km) north-west-trending band are extended along Gorodotskiy and Kaluskiy faults where they are combined in the Fore-Carpathian sulfur-bearing basin. Genetically and spatially all deposits are related to Middle Badenian carbonate-sulphate sediments of Tyraska Suite. At present five native sulfur deposits are known in the studied area of which four deposits are explored preliminary and in details: Nemyrivske (IV-2-31, Annex 1), Yazivske – northern part (IV-2-42, Annex 1), Rozdolske (IV-1-96, Annex 7) – exhausted, Teysarivske (IV-1-109, Annex 7). Sulfur reserves in Zhydachivske deposit (IV-1-106, Annex 7) and major Molodynchetske sulfur occurrence (IV-2-133, Annex 7) are explored at the stages of detailed prospecting and prospecting-evaluation works. In addition, the following occurrences are encountered in the studied area: Demyanskiy (IV-1-100, 101, Annex 7), Lypynskiy (IV-2-41, Annex 1), Dorogomyshlyanskiy (IV-2-37, 39, Annex 1), and others (IV-1-94, 99, Annex 7). Nemyrivske deposit is the biggest one in the studied area and in the entire Fore-Carpathian sulfur- bearing basin. It consists of two bodies separated in two benches by latitudinal normal fault with 100 m amplitude. The upper (north-eastern) bench controls the Eastern Block extended from the north-west to south- east over 13 km being 0.5-3.5 km wide. The Block includes six economic ore bodies (lenses) at the depths 19- 150 m separated by the sections with non-economic sulfur content. The Western Block is confined to the lower bench at the depths 149-287 m and to the south the minor Zavadivskiy block is also located. Sulfur bodies are being extended further to the north-west in the Poland territory where they are known as Gorynets (Eastern Block) and Bashnya (Western Block). In general, thickness of sulfur-bearing bed is not persistent over deposit and varies from 0.1 to 27.8 m. Sulfur content is ore horizon is from 10 to 43%. By lithology, five ore types are distinguished: i) limestone, comprising 76.7% of all ores, ii) clayey 0 7.3%, iii) sandy – 5.9%, iv) gypsum- anhydrite – 7.1%, and v) lithothamnium – 3%. Major rock-forming minerals in ores are calcite and sulfur (80- 90%). Celestine, chalcedony, clay and pyrite occur in minor amounts. Ore texture is crystalline and cryptic- crystalline; structure is spotty, pod, bunchy, veined, rarely brecciated. The ores are weakly-permeable. Geological conditions of all sulfur deposits are similar. They include sulfur ore bodies bounded by clayey rocks; the bodies are resulted from metasomatic replacement of gypsums and post-sedimentation gypsum- anhydrites involved in sulphate compex of Tyraska Suite. Sulfur content in ores varies from 4 to 60%. All bodies include two generations of ores – primary metasomatic and secondary hydrogenic. Contiguous sulfur bodies, similar in genesis and age, are combined in two ore fields: Nemyrivsko-Yazivske and Rozdolsko-Teysarivske. The ore fields with deposits are regularly positioned at the junction sites of diverse-trending faults. Most of sulfur bodies are concentrated in the tectonic junctions of longitudinal and latitudinal faults as well as crestal regions or periphery portions of the fault-side brachy-form anticlines. Especially notable concentration of

73 mineralization is observed in the fold hinge plunging zones and periclines cut by faults. Tectonic elements of brachy-folds inside the bodies define mineralization, its persistency and variability, distribution of texture- structure varieties and technological ore types. Native sulfur concentrations are confined to accumulations of oil and gas deposits being caused by genetic link of sulfur bodies with deep-seated ore-forming fluids where hydrocarbon compounds play the role of sulphate-reducing agents in the sulfur-forming process [15].

Phosphorites

Phosphorus mineralization and phosphate rocks are encountered in Zakhidnopodilska and Bilche- Volytska LTZs. Phosphorite-bearing is related with Vendian, Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments. According to Yu.M.Senkovskiy [17], three phosphorite-bearing areas are distinguished: Lvivsko-Volynskiy, Zakhidnopodilskiy and Pokutsko-Bukovynskiy where phosphorus deposition occurred at various times and with various magnitudes. In the studied area just the part of Lvivsko-Volynskiy area is located. Phosphorite-bearing of this area is related to Upper Albian and Lower Senomanian (Nezvyska Suite) as well as Upper Senomanian (layers of inoceramus limestones) sediments. They are composed of glauconite-siliceous, siliceous-chalk rocks and inoceramus limestones developed actually over entire territory where the rocks are throughout phosphorite- bearing with P2O5 content from the parts of percent to 8.3%. In the course of preliminary and detailed exploration in Lyubelske coal deposit [49, 50] the phosphorite- bearing of Albian-Senomanian sediments and inoceramus limestones at the depths 600-700 m had been studied as well. It is determined that in the lower part (1.5-2.5 m thick) the rocks contain phosphorite nodules and grains with P2O5 content from 3.6% (Volya Vysotska village) to 50% (Domashiv village) (occurrences IV-4-51, III-4- 15, Annex 1). Average P2O5 content is 6.2% and this had allowed assessment of prognostic resources for the area. In addition, in the studied area 13 occurrences are known which are described in the Annexes 1 and 7.

122Raw materials for mineral pigments

Mineral pigments

In purposes of mineral pigment manufacturing Paleogene sandy-clayey-glauconite rocks can be used. They are developed in Northern Roztochchya where Dibrivskiy occurrence (III-3-11, Annex 1) [54] is encountered. It comprises 1.6 m thick lens at the depth 0.8 m composed of red-brown, greenish-brown clays, dense, greasy, slightly-sandy. Chemical composition: SiO2 – 62.16%, Al2O3 – 15.72%, Fe2O3 – 11.43%, MnO – 1.25%, CaO – 0.81%, MgO – 1.37%, SO3 – 0.13%, LOI – 6.12%. In addition, other occurrences are known (IV- 4-58, 61, 64, Annex 1).

63Non-metal ore raw materials

123Gemstone raw materials

Stoned wood

This is traditional “Lviv stone” whose occurrences include outcrops “Kaizervald” (I-1-9), “Vynnyky” (II-1-30) and quarries “Sykhiv: (II-1-34), “Vodnykivskiy” (II-1-41), “Lopushna” (III-1-60), “Velyki Glibovychi” (III-2-74, all in Annex 7). The findings are related to Opilski sediments. The greatest amount of wood remnants is found in permanently or periodically operating sand quarries. The remnants include fragments, rarely trunks which size varies from first centimeters to 1.5 m by long axis and 1.5 m in diameter of total weight from 1 to 50 t. Stoned wood and especially some its varieties exhibit very nice colour and distinct wood patterns reflecting wood replacement by chalcedony and quartz. Unfortunately, “Lviv stone” is of limited use in the stone-cutting industry and actually comprises collection interest.

124Facing raw materials

Gypsum

The facing raw materials are comprised of two deposits composed of Middle Badenian (Neogene) Tyraska Suite sediments.

74 Pryozerne deposit (IV-2-122, Annex 7) is located in 10 km to the west from Rogatyn town nearby Pryozerne village. It consists of: upper layer – coarse-crystalline, honey-yellow, transparent gypsum 6.1-6.9 m thick; upper layer – cryptic-crystalline gypsum, light-grey with inclusions of coarse honey-yellow crystals, massive, from 1.9 to 10.1 m thick. Quality of coarse- and cryptic-crystalline gypsum matches the industry requirements and it is being easily cut and polished. Output of conditional blocks is 29.3%. Gypsum mechanic strength margin is below 150 kg/cm2; gypsum waste from block mining can be further used in construction and plaster purposes. Dobrovlyanske deposit (IV-2-124, Annex 7) is located in Dobrovlyany village of Lvivska Oblast to the north-east from Khodoriv town and is similar to aforementioned one. It is composed of Tyraska Suite gypsums which are thicker however – up to 35 m. It is revealed from the studies that coarse- and cryptic-crystalline varieties match the industry requirements and are being easily cut and polished. Output of conditional blocks is 29.3%. Gypsum waste from block mining also can be further used in construction and plaster purposes.

64Construction materials

In the territory of studied map sheets the most developed economic areas of Western Ukraine are located – Lvivskiy and partly Volynskiy. It also concerns the northern part of Ivano-Frankivska and western part of Ternopilska oblasts where extensive industrial building is being conducted and a number of deposits are being mined. Construction materials include carbonate, sandy, clayey, clastic and other rocks. Three age-different groups of sediments are distinguished which control deposits of raw construction materials – Cretaceous, Neogene and Quaternary. Majority of deposits are related with Neogene sediments of Podilske plateau which occupies two thirds – central and southern – of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv) and south-western part of map sheet Rava-Ruska. The sands, sandstones and limestones of Lower Badenian Opilska Suite, gypsums, gypsum-anhydrites and limestones of Tyraska Suite, clays of Kosivska and Dashavska suites, sandstones, organogenic-detritus limestones of Ternopilski layers are being mined. Over entire territory, and especially in the map sheet M-35-XIII (Chervonograd), a number of deposits of brick raw materials are located. In the course of mining Neo-Pleistocene aeolian-deluvial sediments are being used directly or with minor addition of ductile clays from Kosivska and Dashavska suites being transported from Podillya and Fore-Carpathians. In addition, Cretaceous sediments are widely developed in the area. These include marls and chalk with quality allowing their use in high-quality construction lime manufacturing and fertilizing purposes.

125Glass raw materials

Sand for glass industry

c 1 Sykhivske 2 (II-1-33), Zadvirske (III-1-61), Voloshchynske (III-1-64), Velykoglibovytske (III-2-73), Stratynskec (IV-3-142), and Rogachynskec (IV-4-152, all in Annex 7) deposits are composed of Lower Badenian Opilska Suite 10-15 m thick at the stripping rock 7-10 m thick. The sands are quartz, mono-mineral, fine- grained, light-grey to white. By quality indicators (chemical and grain-size composition) in the natural state do match requirements of the State Standard 22551-77 “Quartz sand for glass industry” and are suitable for window glass, isolators and conservation packers manufacturing. Upon beneficiation by method of flotation rubbing or magnetic separation the sands comply with the highest grade VS-050-1, S-070-1 suitable for laboratory and technical glass, sodium silicate and other ware manufacturing. Iron-enriched sands of Sykhivske deposit, which form thick (20-27 m) lens in the eastern part, are suitable for construction liquids manufacturing and road-construction works.

126Cement raw materials

Limestone

Limestone comprises principal raw component for cement manufacturing; it contains at least 40% CaO, up to 3.8% MgO, up to 1.2% SiO2; content of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 must ensure necessary values of saturation coefficients for silicate and alumina modules. These requirements are met by Gorokhivskec-I deposit (II-3-15,

1 c – hereafter this character indicates complex deposits; information on the minerals will be given in respective sections.

75 Annex 4) composed of Cretaceous limestones (chalk) and major sites of Rozvadivske deposit (III-1-70, IV-1-90, 91, Annex 7) composed of Opilskiy algae (lithothamnium) limestones. The rocks contain persistent enough calcium carbonate (89-97%); volume mass is 2.0-2.3 g/cm3, mechanic strength – 100-250 kg/cm2. Thickness varies from 6 to 30 m, in average – 17 m, at stripping rocks 2-12 m.

Spongolite

Spongolite is the active mineral addition in portland-cement of “400-500” grades manufacturing. It consists of siliceous mass (55%), organic admixture (9-35%) and aleuritic material (up to 10%). This raw material is known in Rava-Ruske-I and II deposits (III-3-7, 10, Annex 1) composed of grey, dark-grey spongolite with re-crystallized limestone interbeds (Lvivska Suite –K2lv). Average thickness is 24 m, stripping rocks – from 0.3 to 5.8 m.

Marl

Nesterivske (IV-4-56, Annex 1) and Sokalske (II-2-11, Annex 4) deposits are composed of Lukvynska Suite rocks. Marl is grey, light-grey, of irregular density. Thickness of productive sequence is from 2 to 49 m in Nesterivske deposit and up to 18.5 m in Sokalske deposit; stripping rocks – from 0.5 to 20 m. Marl of Sokalske deposit with correcting loam additions is suitable for portland-cement of “500-600” grades manufacturing; in the pure state – for high hydraulic lime of “25-50” grade. Stripping loam can be used for portland-cement charge.

127Wall dimension stone raw materials

Limestone

Rogatynske deposit (III-3-85, Annex 7) is located in 12 km to the north from Rogatyn town nearby Lypivka village and is composed of weathered Lower Badenian Opilska Suite algae ((lithothamnium) limestones and sandy limestones, 31.3 m thick at stripping rock thickness 0.0-11.6 m. It is established by the tests that limestones comprise appropriate dimension stone of “50-200” grades. Zhukivske deposit (III-4-89, Annex 7) is composed of 10.2 m thick Ternopilski layers with organogenic-detritus limestones suitable for wall dimension stone blocks. Output of stone block is 40%.

128Petrurgy and light concrete filler raw materials

Clay

Krystynopilske deposit (II-1-34, Annex 5) is composed of 7.28 m thick Neo-Pleistocene brown, dark- brown loams and up to 2.11 m thick grey, blue-black clays; average stripping thickness is 1.58 m. Suitable for use in the following mixed charge (%): loess-like loam – 73, coal – 5, chamotte – 20, sawdust – 2. Laboratory and semi-plant tests have shown that clayey raw material is suitable for agglomerating in purpose of light concrete filler manufacturing and matches requirements for pumice and construction aggregate agglomerating. In addition, it is found that the raw material is also suitable for solid construction brick manufacturing by means of ductile pressing under drying conditions within 24 hours and roasting temperature 1000-1020oC; the output brick grade is “125”.

129Raw materials for construction lime and gypsum

Limestone

Limestones, which are being used for roasting of construction lime and lime flour, are known in a number of deposits: Sopitske (III-2-4, Annex 1), Krasivskec (III-1-63), Glukhovetskec (III-1-65) and others (Annex 7) composed of lithothamnium limestones of Opilska Suite (Neogene) of average thickness 15 m. Sharkynske (III-3-5, Annex 1), Ivanychivske (I-2-2), Pustomytivske (I-4-2), Ostrovske (I-4-4), Gorokhivske (II-3- 14), Gorokhivske-Ic (II-3-15), Gorokhivske-II (II-4-16), Radekhivske (III-3-19, Annex 4) deposits are composed of Upper Cretaceous Lukvynska Suite chalk of average thickness 17 m. Limestones are of high CaCO3 and MgCO3 content and match industrial requirements. By all parameters (chemical composition, physico- mechanical properties, active CaO and MgO content, amount of unslaked grains, hydrate moisture, CO2) are suitable for I-class lime manufacturing.

Gypsum

Yagodivske (IV-2-116), Vasyuchynske (IV-2-127), Luchynetske (IV-3-149, all in Annex 7) deposits are composed of Middle Badenian gypsums and gypsum-anhydrites of Tyraska Suite; these are white, grey to honey-yellow, fine-, medium- and coarse-crystalline rocks, average thickness is 13.7-15.2 m, stripping rocks – 10-15 m. Suitable for I-II-class binding gypsum manufacturing.

130Aggregate raw materials

These include Opilski (Neogene) sediments only – limestones and sandstones of complex geological setting; normally they are intercalating or replacing by strike.

Limestone

The following deposits are recorded: Slovitske (II-3-50), Nedilyske (III-2-75), Shybalynske (IV-4-154), Demnyanske (IV-4-155); complex deposits – Davydivske-I (II-1-38), Rekshynskec (III-4-87), Zhukivskec (III-4- 89), Stratynskec (IV-3-142), Pukivskec (IV-3-147), Volytskec (IV-4-157), Pidvysotske (IV-4-158, all in Annex 7) of which Shybalynske is the biggest one. Composed of Lower Badenian lithothamnium limestones of Opilska Suite, strong, consisting of 96-97% CaCO3, located in conditions favourable for mining. Average limestone thickness in Shybalynske deposit is 19.7 m, stripping – 9.2 m; Demnyanske deposit – 20.46 m, stripping – 4.2 m; Zhukivske deposit – 12 m, stripping – 6.3 m.

Sandstone

Potelytske (III-3-9, Annex 1), Lypivske (III-3-84), Naraivske (III-4-88) simple deposits and Trostyanetskec (III-1-67) and Svirzkec (III-2-79, all in Annex 7) complex deposits are composed of Lower Badenian sandstones of Opilska Suite, quartz, light-grey, carbonate, dense, fractured; some blocks attain 1-3.5 m across. Thickness in Potelytske deposit is 3-5 m, stripping – 1.8 m; Naraivske – 6 m, stripping – 1.1 m; Lypivske – 8 m, stripping – 4.5 m. Sandstone strength id deposits is 80-470 kg/cm2.

131Sand and gravel raw materials

Opilska Suite coastal, shallow-water marine sands are most widespread, especially in Roztochchya and Podilske plateau; thickness is from 5 to 70-100 m, commonly 30-40 m. In total 32 deposits of Neogene sands are recorded in the area, of which 18 are in production, 13 never been mined, and one is in conservation (Annexes 1, 4, 7). Neo-Pleistocene sands are widely developed in the northern part of the area, mainly in the map sheet M- 35-XIII (Chervonograd), central part, and in the northern part of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv). Nine deposits are recorded, of which four are in production, four never been mined, and one is exhausted (Annexes 2 and 5).

Construction sand

Deposits of Opilski sands are encountered in a great number of outcrops and quarries over river and deep-cut gully valleys. The sands are quartz, fine-grained, light-grey, yellowish-grey, in places slightly calcareous; chemical composition: SiO2 – 90.4-98.54%, Al2O3 – 0.64-1.01%, Fe2O3 – 0.04-0.11%, CaO – 0.83- 5.1%, MgO – 0-1.04%. The biggest deposits include Volytskec (IV-4-151), Naraivske (IV-4-150) which currently are out of production while major deposits are in production – Voronivske (IV-3-135) and Stratynskec (IV-3-142, all in Annex 7). Thickness of sands varies from 17.8 m in Volytske deposit to 31.0 m in Voronivske deposit. Average thickness of stripping rocks varies in the range 2.5-10 m. Neo-Pleistocene sand deposits include Glynske (IV-4-89, Annex 2), Mezhyrichanske (II-1-37), Bendyuzke (II-2-47), Yastrubychivske-I (III-2-70), Yastrubychivske (III-2-71), Mezhyrichanske-I (III-2-72, all in Annex 5) and are composed of alluvial and aeolian sediments. The biggest operating deposit is Mezhyrichanske-I where fine-medium-grained, quartz, yellow, light- yellow, diverse-grained at the bottom, aeolian-water-glacial sands are being mined. Thickness of sands is from 14 to 20 m, stripping rocks – from 0.1 to 0.8 m. Technological tests have shown suitability of sands for construction and plaster liquids (State Standard BV.2.7-29-95) and for the road base.

Sand for locomotive sand containers

In Davydivske-I depositc (II-1-38, Annex 7) raw material comprises sand of Opilska Suite, quartz, fine- grained with minor feldspar, mica and glauconite admixture. Thickness is from 4 to 16 m, stripping rocks – from 2 to 13.8 m.

Sand for silicate brick

Opilska Suite deposits: Zadvirske (I-2-13), Pogrebsko-Gorodovske (IV-3-137, Annex 7) are composed of quartz sand (SiO2 – 81.12-95.79%; Al2O3 – traces to 4.48%; Fe2O3 – traces to 1.68%; CaO – 1-1.3%; MgO – 0.4-0.6%), light-grey, with organic and dust-clayey material admixture from 0.8 to 4.5%. Size module is 1.1-1.3. Average thickness of sands in Zadvirske deposit is 6.48 m, stripping – 2.5 m; in Pogrebsko-Gorodovske – 25.5 m, stripping – 14.4 m. In semi-plant test the lime from Rozvadivskiy plant was used. Neo-Pleistocene deposits: Stryganivske (III-2-73), Dobrotvirske (III-2-74), Tyshytske (III-2-75, all in Annex 5) are comprised of alluvial sediments of Western Boug River Ist over-flood terrace and are composed of quartz sand, clayey, fine-medium-grained. Chemical composition: SiO2 – 90.1-92.0%; Al2O3 – 4.1-4.8%; Fe2O3 – 0.5-0.9%; CaO – 1-1.5%; MgO – 0.2-0.4%. Organic and dust material content is from 0.5-3.5% in Stryganivske deposit to 0.4-11% in Dobrotvirske deposit. Size module is 1.57-2.75. Average thickness is 6-8 m, stripping rocks – 0.4-0.6 m. Sands are suitable for “125” grade brick manufacturing provided the use of lime from Pustomytivskiy plant.

Sandy-pebble material

Zarichanske deposit (IV-1-243, Annex 8) is comprised of the Striy River flood-land sediments. These include sand-gravel mixture composed of gravel from Carpathian rocks; rock thickness from 6 to 18.6 m, in average – 11.5 m. The sampling has shown that sand-gravel sediments after fractionation and washing meet industrial requirements to gravel for ordinary water under-saturated concrete of “120-150” grades. Gravel mixture can be used in the road building as the filter layer.

132Brick-tile raw materials

Clay, loess, loam, sandy loam

Clayey sediments are most developed in the studied area and include 98 deposits, specifically, in the map sheet M-34-XVIII – 10 (Annex 2), map sheet M-35-XIII – 29 (Annex 5), map sheet M-35-XIX – 59 (Annex 8); of these, 52 deposits are in production. These are comprised of Neo-Pleistocene sediments: eluvial and aeolian-deluvial loams, loess and clays which with solid blanket overlie Roztotsko-Opilska and Volynska heights where their reserves are almost unlimited; in lesser extent – eluvial and fluvio-glacial sediments developed in Malopoliska and Fore-Carpathian plains, as well as Neogene clays (Kosivska and Dashavska suites) which are of limited use. In brick manufacturing the clay rocks are only being used with certain properties: optimum ductile number is to be “13-14”; in case of loams (loess-like) with ductile number “5-6” the Neogene clays with ductile number “25-26” are being added in amount necessary to fit requirements. The biggest deposits include Pidvysotske (IV-4-279. Annex 8) in Ivano-Frankivska Oblast, and Nesterivske (IV-4-90, Annex 2), Kovyarivske (II-1-191, Annex 8), and Khodorivske (IV-2-256, Annex 8) in Lvivska Oblast, Khodorivske deposit contains Meo-Pleistocene sediments: loess-like loams (2-23 m), yellow, dense, in places sandy clays (0.4-15.6 m), and grey, dark-grey, dense, massive Kosivska Suite (N1ks) clays (up to 13 m). Semi-plant tests for brick, ceramic stone and tile manufacturing are performed. The mixture charges, used in semi-plant conditions, are of the following composition (Table 2). It is determined in laboratory and semi-plant tests that loams and clays in charges by geological column are suitable for manufacturing of “100”-“125” grade brick, clay tile and “100” grade hollow-core ceramic stone in compliance with the State Standard BV.2.7-60-97.

Table 2. Composition of the brick mixture charges (in %).

Components Brick charge Tile charge Ceramic stone charge Loam 55 - - - Yellow clay 25 50 75 25 Kosivska clay 15 50 25 70 Chamotte (> 100%) 5 - - 5 Sawdust (> 100%) 5 15 - 10 Coal 3 - - 3

25Groundwaters

65Mineral waters

The studied area is located at the junction of two hydrogeologic provinces, the platform and folded ones, which correspond to the two artesian basins: Volyno-Podilskiy and Fore-Carpathian. The water-bearing horizons of these basins are confined to Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments and somewhere do form a single water-bearing horizon. In the area mineral waters are developed which differ in the forming conditions, chemical composition, medical properties, and is perspective for economic reserve discovery of drinking, medical-potable, medical and industrial waters. These are chloride, sulphate, hydrocarbonate-chloride, sulfur hydrogen waters and brines, rarely iodine-bromine and silica waters. Upper water-bearing horizons in the zone of active water exchange contain fresh waters. By chemical composition the waters of upper horizons are hydrocarbonate or sulphate calcium. Mineralization of waters varies in the range 0.7-2 g/dm3. Below in the column water composition does gradually change to sulphate- chloride, in places hydrocarbonate-chloride, and mineralization increases.

133Waters without distinct components and properties

In the studied area most widespread are waters without distinct components and properties and their medical value is defined by their ionic composition and mineralization. By chemical composition sulphate calcium and chloride sodium waters predominate with mineralization from 2.0 to 10.4 g/dm3; their development is noted in all tectonic units at various depths in sediments of different age. These are mineral water occurrences in Tyagliv (II-4-2, Annex 1), Shavari (IV-2-29, 32, Annex 1), Gamaliivka (I-1-5), Polonychy (I-2-12), Kutkyri (I-3-18), Zhyrivska (II-1-37), Prognoiv (I,II-3-45,48), Kalynivka (IV-2-113, all in Annex 7) villages, and others; in total 23 occurrences. Olesko deposit (I-4-23, Annex 7) is located nearby Olesko village and is intersected by drill-holes Olesko-1 (basic) and Olesko-2. Water is sulphate potassium-sodium and magnesium-calcium with mineralization 2.6-4 g/dm3; it is confined to Middle and Upper Devonian limestones and dolomites (depths 645- 760 m). Water is medical-potable of “Kashynska” type.

134Silica waters

Silica waters are locally developed. They are intersected by drill-hole to the north from Busk town in the area of Chuchmany village (I-3-14, Annex 7) in Lower Carboniferous sediments. By composition the waters 3 are hydrocarbonate-chloride and chloride sodium with mineralization 1.0 g/dm and SiO2 content 89.5-239.5 mg/dm3. By medical properties the waters correspond to the waters of “Kemeri” and “Mashuk No. 1” types without CO2.

135Sulphide waters

Deposits and occurrences of sulphide waters are genetically related to sulfur deposits; these are mainly sulphate calcium and sulphate sodium waters. In the studied area two deposits are known: Nemyrivske and Cherche. Nemyrivske deposit (IV-2-33, Annex 1) is located to the west from Nemyriv town. The waters are hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium with mineralization 1.2-2.6 g/dm3. Sulfur hydrogen is contained in amount

79 from 25 to 170 mg/dm3 and is active biologically. The waters in deposit are fractured-karst, pressurized, in metasomatic limestones and gypsum-anhydrites of Tyraska Suite (depths 27-88 m). Deposit is being exploited by “Nemyriv” resort. Cherche deposit (IV-3-145, Annex 7) is located nearby Cherche village, in 5 km to the north-west from Rogatyn town. The waters are hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium with mineralization 1.8-2.3 g/dm3, sulfur hydrogen content – 6-75 mg/dm3. The waters in deposit are fractured-karst, pressurized, in metasomatic limestones and gypsum-anhydrites of Tyraska Suite. Ever since 1925 deposit springs are being exploited by the resort. In addition, the following occurrences of sulphide waters are encountered in Neogene sediments: Verblyanskiy (IV-2-36), Zavadivskiy (IV-2-38), Koty (IV-2-43, all in Annex 1) where mineralization does not exceed 3-3.7 g/dm3 and content of sulfur hydrogen is from 104.6 mg/dm3 (Zavadivskiy) to 769.7 mg/dm3 (Koty). From Upper Cretaceous and Upper Devonian sediments close to inhabited localities Mali Grybovychi (I-1-7), Mylyatyn (I-2-10), Kizliv (I-3-15, all in Annex 7) sulphide waters received with mineralization from 0.4 to 3.4 g/dm3 and sulfur hydrogen content from 18 mg/dm3 (Kizliv village) to 35.2 mg/dm3 (Mali Grybovychi village, Annex 7).

66Fresh waters

136Drinking waters

In the most part of the area (3/4) fresh water deposits are related to the major water-bearing horizon developed in fractured zone of Upper Cretaceous sediments; 17 deposits of underground waters or 36 sites (some deposits include one-two-seven sites) are explored. Deposits located in the map sheet M-34-XVIII: Nesterivske – Nesterivska site (III-3-6); Ratske – Rava- Ruska (III-3-13), Magerivska (IV-3-48), Shostakivska (IV-4-50), Kunynska (IV-4-52), Krekhivska (IV-4-54) sites; Mokrotynske – Mokrotynska site (IV-4-60, Annex 1). Deposits located in the map sheet M-35-XIII: Novoukrainske – Novoukrainska site (I-1-1); Gorokhivske – Gorokhivska site (I-4-5); Chervonogradske – Zvyrkivska (II-1-6), Pravdivsk (II-1-7), Vanivska (II-1-8), Boryatynska (II-1-9), Mezhyrichanska (II-1-10), Sokalska (II-2-12), Chervonogradska (II-2-13) sites; Velykomostivske – Velykomostivska site (III-1-18); Radekhivske – Radekhivska site (III-3-20); Kamyansko- Buzke – Kamyansko-Buzka (IV-2-22) and Yamnenska (IV-2-23, Annex 4) sites. Deposits located in the map sheet M-35-XIX: Novoyarychivske – Novoyarychivska site (I-2-11); Buske – Buska site (I-3-17); Zolochivske – Ushnyanska (I-4-27), Khmilyovska (I-4-28), Vilshanytska (II-3-49), Zolochivska (II-4-55), Plugivska (II-4-56) sites; Zubrivske – Zubrivska site (III-1-59); Bibrske – Budkivska (III- 2-72), Peremyshlyanska (II-3-53), Pivdenna (III-1-66), Bibrska (III-2-72) sites; Gologirske – Gologirska site (II- 3-51); Remezivtsivske – Remezivtsivska site (II-4-58, Annex 7). In the southern part of Podilskiy hydrogeological area Novorozdolske deposit is explored consisting of two site – Dibrova (IV-1-92) and Balka Glyboka (III-1-71, Annex 7); it exploits water-bearing horizon in Lower Badenian Opilska Suite sediments. In the south-western are part, in Fore-Carpathian artesian basin, two deposits (sites) are explored – Mykolaivske (IV-1-238) and Gnizdychivske (IV-1-246, Annex 8) in Upper Pleistocene sediments of I and II over-flood terraces of Dnister and Striy rivers.

67Industrial waters

They include bromine, iodine, iodine-boron-bromine and iodine-bromine waters encountered at various depths in Cambrian, Devonian, Jurassic and Neogene sediments in the course of prospecting-exploration works for oil and gas in Bilche-Volytskiy and Volyno-Podilskiy oil-gas-bearing areas and during hydrogeological studies.

137Bromine waters

In purposes of economic bromine extraction its lower concentration boundary is to be 250 mg/dm3 and three occurrences match these requirements: Zhovkivskiy (IV-4-53, Annex 1), Mali Pidliski (I-1-8, Annex 7) and Baluchynskiy (I-3-22, Annex 7); they are comprised of chloride sodium waters with mineralization from 12 to 141.6 g/dm3 and bromine content 382 mg/dm3, 601-668 mg/dm3 and 740-975.5 mg/dm3 respectively.

138Iodine waters

According to conditional requirements, iodine content under separate extraction is 18 mg/dm3. Iodine waters are known in two occurrences: Lypovetskiy (IV-1-24) with iodine content 95.4 mg/dm3, and Nagachivskiy (IV-2-47) with iodine content 37.3 mg/dm3 (Annex 1). The waters are chloride sodium with mineralization from 26 to 98 g/dm3.

139Iodine-boron-bromine waters

Iodine-boron-bromine waters are found in two occurrences in the area of Nagachiv village (IV-1-26, 28, Annex 1). The waters are chloride sodium with mineralization from 74 to 114 g/dm3. Iodine content in waters is 3 3 from 27.9 to 38.0 mg/dm exceeding conditional requirements (J – 10; B2O3 – 150; B2 – 200 mg/dm under complex extraction).

140Iodine-bromine waters

In the area of Lypovets (IV-1-23, 25l IV-2-35) and Nagachiv (IV-1-27, Annex 1) villages chloride sodium iodine-bromine waters are encountered with mineralization from 24 to 96 g/dm3 and iodine content from 3 3 3 20 to 126.9 mg/dm , bromine – from 97.0 to 463.5 mg/dm , B2O3 – from 30 to 80 mg/dm .

98. ASSESSMENT OF THE TERRITORY PERSPECTIVES

26Oil and gas

Fore-Carpathian Trough comprises major oil-gas-bearing region in Western Ukraine: gas deposits are mainly confined to its external (Bilche-Volytska) zone while oil deposits – to the internal (Boryslavsko- Pokutska) zone, to the south-west from the studied area. Most of known gas deposits (in adjacent area) are confined to Lower Sarmatian and Jurassic sediments related to various types of tectonically bounded traps which are grouped into several bands extended by strike of Bilche-Volytska zone. The far north-eastern band of Bilche- Volytska zone includes gas traps confined to brachy-anticline structures of Bonivskiy block, specifically, Svydnytsko-Kokhanivske deposit (IV-1-22, Annex 1, see map of pre-Quaternary sediments). In the Neogene-Mesozoic sediments developed in the north-western part of Bilche-Volytska zone two floors are distinguished perspective in oil-gas-bearing respect. The upper oil-gas-bearing floor constitutes the single pre-Upper Dashavskiy reservoir and is related to carbonate and terrigenous sediments of Lower Dashavska sub-suite, Kosivska Suite, Karpatian, Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic. These hydrocarbon traps are encountered in Kokhanivske deposit (occurrences IV-2-40, 44, 45, 46, Annex 1). Occurrences are also known in the south-western part of studied area (IV-1-98, 103, 110, Annex 7). Lower oil-gas-bearing Mesozoic floor is related to Lower-Middle Jurassic sediments. In the far north- western part of Bilche-Volytska zone, in the area adjacent from the south, Rosivska perspective field is distinguished where prospective containers as well as oil-gas-bearing layer are defined in Medynytska Suite sediments. Volyno-Podilska oil-gas-bearing area by rock composition, hydro-chemical indicator of bed waters and container properties, favourable oil-gas-accumulating structures are considered to be perspective. Here, in Lvivskiy Paleozoic Trough, under given appropriate containers and proofs, many oil-gas occurrences and hydrogeological criteria, perspectives of Devonian clayey-sandy complex are assessed to be relatively high. Prerequisites include discovery in 1964 the gas trap at Velyki Mosty field (III-1-17, Annex 4) in Devonian sediments as well as direct gas-bearing evidences encountered in drill-holes 1KHL, 2KHL (Khlivchany [72]) (Khlivchany village, III-4-17, Annex 1), 1NS (Nesteriv [80]) (Zhovkva town, IV-4-53, Annex 1), 2DBL (Dublyany [70]) (Stronyatyn village, I-1-6), 3OL (Olesko [76]) (Olesko village, I-4-24), 5OL (Pidgirtsi village, I-4-25), 2OL (Olesko village, I-4-26), 8ZL (Zolochiv [110]) (Zolochiv town, II-4-54), 22Zl (Remezivtsi village, II-4-57, all in Annex 7). Oil-gas-bearing perspectives in Cambrian sediments are also assessed to be high being evidenced by the sandstone batches with appropriate container properties within terrigenous rocks as well as direct gas-bearing evidences in Peremyshlyanska field (DH 1-Peremyshlyany, Bryukhovychi village, III-3-80, Annex 7) where methane fountain with bed water (Q = 40 thous.m3/day) was observed. In 1997-2002 I.B.Vyshnyakov had performed zoned prognosis for Cambrian oil-gas-bearing in Volyno-Podilska oil-gas-bearing area and had concluded on its perspectives [40, 41].

27Hard coal

Lvivsko-Volynskiy Basin, despite of extensive mining of coal reserves and pretty limited shaft construction resulted in sharp drop in hard coal production, is to be still perspective enough. Expansion of the Basin resource base is related to SWMA, specifically, Tyaglivske and Lyubelske deposits where coal reserves are high enough to establish eight new shafts and which contain 43% of coking coal – valuable coke-chemical raw material; this value is by 61.6% more than in the main Basin part involved in exploitation. Significant Basin perspectives are also related to exploration, specifically, entering into production the coal bed v6 widely developed in Mezhyrichanske, Zabuzke and Lyubelske deposits and in Mezhyrichchya-Zakhidna site. Besides this, all coal reserves of this bed in the shaft field Lyubelska No. 1 and more than 70% of reserves in shaft field Lyubelska No. 2, as well as coal balance and off-balance reserves and prognosis resources in the shaft fields Lyubelski No. 3 and 4 are comprised of coking coal in the natural occurrence. Taking into account general assessment of the Basin resource base and the minimum coal needs of the Western region of Ukraine, the following is recommended:

82 1. Enhancing new shaft construction in the shaft fields Chervonogradski No. 3 and 4, Lyubelska No. 1 and Tyaglivska No. 1, as well as reconstruction of Velykomostivska No. 7, Chervonogradska No. 2 and other shafts in order to enter the coal bed v6 into production. 2. Preliminary and detailed exploration in the perspective shaft fields of Lyubelske and Tyaglivske deposits and in Mezhyrichchya-Zakhidna site of SWMA. 3. Prospecting-evaluation works in Kovelska and Byshkivska perspective fields, Kulykiv-Vynnyky field and Mezhyrichchya-Skhidna and Mezhyrichchya-Pivdenna sites aiming expansion of the Basin perspectives.

28Peat

In the studied area 115 peat deposits are discovered of which 17 are exhausted and 50 are in production. It should be noted that degree of geological study in the formerly exploited deposits is low: sometimes just a part of deposit was involved in exploration instead of entire deposit or its natural site, that is, the possibility for peat reserve growth is high enough.

29Manganese

Manganese ores are related to Neogene Kosivska Suite. They were forming at the early stages of Late Badenian transgression resulted in lagoon regime change to marine one. Manganese sources are expected to have been from limestones and marls of pre-Kosivska Badenian part and Upper Cretaceous while clayey material had been mainly supplied to the basin from Fore-Carpathian Trough affecting the ore sedimentation processes significantly. Based on the study of known manganese occurrences (map sheet M-35-XIX, Annex 7) the prospective Lyubsha-Yagodivka site (IV-2-112, Annex 7) is distinguished providing interest for manganese economic objects, as well as occurrences in the southern part of map sheet M-35-85-D, in the area of Luchany, Vovchatychi, Sugriv, Cheremkhiv and Bortnykiv villages. However, it should be noted, that amount of performed prospecting works in the studied area is not sufficient for the final assessment of the area perspectives in term of economic manganese deposits.

30Strontium

Since economic strontium mineralization in Fore-Carpathians is mainly related to the sulfur ores, its distribution exhibits the same tectonic regularities which control distribution of sulfur ore bodies. Most reliable perspective in the north-western Basin part is strontium-bearing assessment for the major deposits like Nemyrivske and Yazivske where the quarry mining is in progress and is also being planned for the future. Prospecting-evaluation works are required for the reliable strontium-bearing evaluation of these deposits. It is known that in the course of sulfur ore processing so called “flotation tails” are retained consisting of crushed limestones. These “tails” comprise potential raw material for celestine extraction. The great amount of these sediments defines the opportunity and reasonability for their complete consumption. Through mechanic processing in the technologic flow these wastes can be easily involved into the full processing at the low expenses. The mono-mineral strontium mineralization of significant interest are encountered in Upper Cretaceous sediments in the area Kutkir-Baluchyn-Glynyany (II-3-47, Annex 7) with celestine interbeds from 0.2 to 0.3 m thick at the total 6.0 m thickness; strontium content in some of these interbeds is from 1 to 50%.

31Native sulfur

Three major sulfur deposits are currently being exploited in Fore-Carpathian Basin: Yazivske, Nemyrivske and Podorozhnenske. Reserves of Rozdolske deposit are almost exhausted and “Sirka” plant is operating with ore from Podorozhnenske deposit. Under conditions of inhabitants displacement from Podorozhne village and quarry expansion in this deposit Rozdolskiy plant can be ensured with sulfur reserves for not more than 10 year. There is no reserve base here. Yavorivske industrial enterprise “Sirka” is operating since 1975 on the ground of Yazivske and Nemyrivske deposits. At present only southern part of Yazivske deposit is in production as well as western body of Nemyrivske deposit – by means of underground sulfur melting (USM). Quarry sulfur mining in Nemyrivske deposit is not foreseen because of the resort located over there. Thus, by means of USM sulfur is actually being produced only in the sites with high-grade ores and these reserves are estimated to be enough for 5 years. With

83 reserves for quarry mining the enterprise is ensured for 35 years. Further on the enterprise reserve base may involve Grymnenske deposit (outside the studied area) with sulfur extraction by means of USM. In 1985 G.P.Pomortsev and then in 1988 M.I.Yatskiv had distinguished high-perspective Lypynska site (IV-2-41, Annex 1) where nine boreholes are drilled along two lines. Metasomatic sulfur-bearing 0.65-6.0 m thick limestones of Neogene Tyraska Suite are intersected with sulfur bunches and pods; in some beds sulfur content varies from 3.26-12.41 to 15.62-33.03%. Lypynskiy sulfur body adjoins directly the Northern block of Yazivske deposit; it actually comprises extension of this block and can be involved into exploration aiming sulfur reserve growth in the block. At the same time, perspectives of the Basin north-western part are not completely assessed. It is quite possible to expand resource base through discovery of sulfur deposits in the deeper Basin portions, as well as in Bilche-Volytska zone of the Trough. In recent years, in the course of prospecting and exploration works for oil and gas, metasomatic sulfur-bearing limestones are encountered over there in some boreholes, in places with economic sulfur content (Drogomyshlyanskiy-I occurrence, IV-2-37, Annex 1). In addition, in the north-western part of Bilche-Volytska zone, to the south from the studied area, in the course of prospecting works for sulfur in some boreholes at the depths up to 1700 m the sulfur occurrences are encountered with sulfur content from first percents to 30-40%.

32Mineral waters

On the ground of analysis and synthesis of data on mineral waters available the following conclusions can be drawn up concerning further assessment of their perspectives:  the studied area is located in the zone of numerous tectonic breaks and is prospective for discovery of mineral waters with medical properties which even now are being used in limited amount;  most prospective sites of industrial iodine-bromine and boron waters from Jurassic sediments are located in the zones of major tectonic breaks where yield increasing can be foreseen in view of their inflow from the deeper horizons;  the site Kokhanivka-Svydnytsya is of primary importance for detailed exploration of underground waters aiming their use as the iodine-bromine and boron raw materials. Significant water yields with conventional iodine, bromine and boron content can be expected over there;  it is concluded on the needs for major recreation-resort zone establishment in Carpathian and Fore- Carpathians; this implies restrictions to any industrial enterprises over there. Therefore, large-scale sanatorium-resort building will facilitate further accelerated development of the area and ensure inhabitant employment under preservation of ecologically clean environment. This sanatorium- resort base of the region must be grounded on the use of various-type mineral waters encountered through geological-hydrogeological studies.

109. ECOLOGICAL-GEOLOGICAL SITUATION

The studied area exhibits high degree of technogenic impact over geological environment (GE). For more than 40 year hard coal of LVB is being mined over there, Nemyrivske, Yazivske and Rozdolske native sulfur deposits either being or had been being exploited (by quarry and USM) as well as numerous deposits of construction materials, fresh and mineral waters; the seismic survey in the scale 1:50 000 is being conducted using explosion sources of seismic waves in 5-30 m deep drill-holes. Besides that, in the northern semi-urban zone of Lviv city one of the biggest in Ukraine housing-industrial waste storage polygon is located and in the area of Roztochchya in the Main European watershed – the point of radioactive waste storage, the only for five oblasts in Western region (Fig. 9.1). Aforementioned industrial objects had caused negative impact over natural environment and entailed complex changes in geochemical, hydrogeological, engineering-geological conditions of geological environment that negatively affected population health (flash in distinct diseases – fluorosis, enamel hypoplasy, osteoporosis and others).

33Changes in geological environment

Extensively exploitation of natural resources in the region over last 25-40 years has defined the role of geological environment as the major accumulator for almost all kinds of contaminants: gaseous and solid. Over almost 10% of the area with population of more than 1.1 million people degree of atmosphere contamination is high. The bulk emission is 70 th.t/year; two thirds of all surface and one third of underground waters are contaminated. In the territory of CMA, because of protracted coal mining the shaft field land collapse processes are developed in the area of Chervonograd town, Sosnivka, Girnyk, Voslvyn villages (shafts Velykomostivski – 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and Chervonogradska-1). Land collapse depth attains 0.6-3.9 m. These territories also undergone under-flooding resulted in the lakes up to 400 m across. The under-flooding zone encompasses important industrial and agriculture objects: railroads, highways, enterprises, high-efficient lands in the flood-lands of Western Boug and Sokoliya rivers, residential buildings [101, 109]. Violation in technology of sulfur ore mining in Nemyrivske sulfur deposit by USM method in the area of Koty, Novyny and Grushiv villages had resulted in so called “Moon landscape”. Average sulfur content in the soils over USM sites is 15.18%, in some samples attaining 40%. Significant negative impact over natural environment is provided by quarries, dumps and tailings of exhausted Rozdolske native sulfur deposit. In the soils of this site Sr, Mn, Ba content is 10, 7 and 3 TAC (top admissible concentration) respectively. Under influence of weathering processes the slopes of Northern quarry in deposit are getting to be unstable providing their sliding over entire contour. As a result, hazardous situation emerged in Malekhiv village (north-western outskirt of Noviy Rozdol town) where residential buildings are under the threat [117]. Part of Southern quarry is assigned for the store of phospho-gypsum – solid waste from phosphorus acid manufacturing (mineral fertilizer counterpart); staking of this substance provides negative impact on environment [117]. Unfavourable conditions emerged in agriculture. Specifically, of the total 1288 thousand hectares of agriculture lands in the area 867 thousand hectares comprise the arable lands of which 26% are damaged by erosion and 8.5% by karst. The arable land ratio in the area is 0.25 hectare per local capita and this is two times less in comparison to the whole-country value. About 13% of territory is occupied by major, including international, electric power lines, gas and oil pipelines as well as mining enterprises (coal, sulfur). In the numerous water scoops stable depression funnels are being formed providing changes in the territory hydrostatic conditions and karst development. Natural-recreation resources of the area are being used not completely, specifically, just up to 10% of the springs. The operating resorts “Nemyriv” and “Shklo” are under the threat from Yavorivske industrial enterprise “Sirka” [121]. The hard state of geological environment is also reflected in the recreation zone of Roztochchya where local soil contamination by Pb, Zn, P, Cu, Cr, Co is observed [2, 24]. Ecologic consequences are weakly studied with respect to more than 40 year exploitation of the radioactive waste storage point nearby Budy village constructed over Lower Badenian sandy sediments almost deprived of the clayey proof. This may cause

85 contamination of soils and water flows, separated by the Main European watershed, by radioactive elements, in particular, tritium. Especially it matters taking into account “tritium” accidents in the similar storages in Kyiv and Kharkiv cities.

34Geochemical indicators of soils

Geochemical indicators of soils are assessed for 12 elements by three danger classes: I class – Pb, Zn, Be, P; II class – Ni, Mo, Cu, Cr; III class – Mn, V, Ba, Sr. Of the I-class toxic elements the greatest total square of anomalies, where given element content is higher than TAC or two regional background values, is determined for lead and phosphorus; of the II-class – chromium and molybdenum; of the III-class – strontium and barium.

86 Lead content in soils varies in the wide range – from 0.5 to 200 mg/kg, in average – 17 mg/kg. Geochemical fields of this element in geological environment are being changed due to industrial lead from alkyl compounds of automobile fuel. Increased lead content in soils is though to provoke frequent inhabitant nervous deceases. Phosphorus, getting into the soils from phosphate fertilizers, comprises essential source of soil chemical contamination, its content in soils varies from 20 to 6300 mg/kg and is 750 mg/kg in average. Phosphorus importance for natural organisms defines some medical and geochemical problems. The widest area is contaminated by chromium which concentration varies from 0.8 to 320 mg/kg, in average – 102 mg/kg, exceeding TAC. Chromium compounds are cancerogenic and breathing with dust containing chromium minerals entails lungs cancer. Anomalous molybdenum content is determined over significant territory in amount from 0.5 to 50 mg/kg, in average – 1.3 mg/kg. Molybdenum does form various compounds with cyanides, rodonides and diverse organic substances; it is being used mainly in chemical industry for pigment manufacturing. Contamination of geological environment by molybdenum occurs in the industrial-urban agglomerations, in agriculture, and energy production. In general, heavy-metal anomalies in mining areas and urban agglomerations are caused by several factors: firstly, toxic elements spray emission to atmosphere from chemical and other harmful industries; secondly, combustion of hard coal enriched in sulphides when the latter are being transformed to oxides, transported by wind and invaded soils as the dust. Other sources of toxic elements include: waste dumps, processing of coal-bearing rocks enriched in toxic elements, utilization of sulfur quarry dumps in road and dam construction, fertilizer and pesticide application in agriculture. The toxic elements are being accumulated in carbonate soils while from the sandy soils they are being removed by rains providing contamination of surface and underground waters. The maximum concentrations of lead, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, copper, chromium, and manganese in the anomalous sites exceed their TAC by 7, 7, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 3.2 and 2 times respectively.

35Changes of hydrogeological condition under influence of technogenic agents and groundwater contamination over the territory

Among the technogenic agents, the greatest impact on hydrogeological conditions is being provided by extensive extraction of underground waters, contaminating substances emission into environment, as well as all kinds of underground mineral exploitation and subsurface use in construction purposes. The problem is very keen to protect surface and underground waters from contamination by pesticides resulted from fertilizer application in agriculture and forestry as well as careless store and transportation of fertilizers. The sources for local underground water contamination include stores and tailings of chemical, oil refinery and coal mining enterprises, energy objects, animal farms and sugar plants. Potential sources for underground water contamination also include housing and industrial sewage stores. In Lvivsko-Volynskiy coal basin Novovolynska, Velykomostivska and Chervonogradska shaft groups are being exploited. Groundwaters from Carboniferous and Upper Cretaceous water-bearing horizons are involved into shaft water inflow. Almost 16 th.m3/day of groundwaters are being pumped out from Velykomostivska shaft group and then these waters are being used in technical purposes by the central beneficiation plant. Remaining waters after cleaning in ponds are being dropped into Western Boug River. Pesticides and cancerogenic substances are determined in almost all shaft waters and in most of shafts their content exceeds TAC. The keen problem is also shaft closure in LVB which entails territory under-flooding and underground and surface waters contamination in adjacent territories by F, Br, J, Sr and other toxic elements entering waters by tectonic break zones. For instance, radon content in bottom samples in the area of Sosnivka village and tailings of Chervonogradska central beneficiation plant exceeds the average value for the area by 20 times [47]. Due to mixing between Upper Cretaceous waters and high-mineralized waters of more pressurized Carboniferous water-bearing horizon the low Ca and very high Na and Cl contents are noted. Five centralized water scoops operate in the territory of CMA where present water conditions are catastrophic. Bulk contamination coefficient (BCC) in these water scoops are estimated as follows: Boryatynskiy – 35.9, Pravdynskiy – 25.7, Bendyuzkiy – 20.4, Mezhyrichanskiy – 15.96, Sosnivskiy – 16.85. Major contaminating elements include Ba, Co, Ki, P, Cd, Hg, Se, phenols, polyacrylamides, oil products [65]. Ground water contamination is observed in the area of Mezhyrichchya, Gorodyshche, Boryatyn, Zabolotna, Komariv, Gruda villages where in the wells increased in comparison to TAC contents of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, Be, Li, Mn, Fe, Al are determined.

87 As a result of mentioned contamination the extraordinary ecologic situation emerged in Sosnivka village where death rates exceed birth rates by almost 2.5 times; cases of children decease in fluorosis and teeth hypoplasy are continuous; increasing of Pb, Cr, Cd content in children blood and hair is observed [16]. Major underground water contaminants in the area of Noviy Rozdol town and adjacent villages include waste dumps and hydro-dumps of Rozdolske sulfur deposit where waters are being discharged into the Dnister River network providing changes in water salt composition, soil salination, increasing of underground water mineralization [117]. High concentration of toxic elements in soils, underground and surface waters of Chervonogradskiy mining area (CMA), housing stores of Lvivska urban agglomeration provoke numerous deceases of various affinity and degree (hypoplasy, fluorosis, osteoporosis, anemia, etc.). Decease trends are also observed in the territories located far away from potential contamination sites suggesting for spatial spreading of contaminating elements. The site selection for housing-garbage stores is the first-order problem in the urban agglomerations, specifically, of Lviv city. Here the store occupies 30 hectares of square where accumulation of industrial and housing wastes was occurring for many years (since 1959). Over that time, the zone of stable air, soil, underground and surface water contamination is formed around the site. According to the studies, the ground waters in around the site and along Malekhivskiy flow are not appropriate for housing-drinking consumption. TAC excess for heavy metal content is determined by following times: Mn – 1.3-9.8; Ni – 3.21; Ti – 2.3-4.0; Fe – 1.8-1.9; Ba – 1.6-18.2; Sr – 6.1-8.4; Cd – 8.4. Content of organic substances exceeds the norm by 207-1460 times. Entire territory is contaminated by phenols and cimasine which occurrence in the water is not admitted. Nitrate contamination is widespread. Content of intestinal bacillus exceeds all current norms and standards for drinking waters [65].

36Assessment of geological environment state and prognosis for development of ecological-geological situation in the area

In compliance with criteria for ecological assessment of geological environment state, developed by V.I.Pochtarenko, O.I.Styopina and E.O.Yakovlev, in the map of ecological state of geological environment with respect to the living comfort the following zones are distinguished: appropriate, conventionally appropriate, inappropriate, very inappropriate. Appropriate zone includes most part of map sheet M-34-XVIII, considerable areas in the east-south- eastern part of map sheet M-35-XIII, and the central part of map sheet M-35-XIX. These are areas of relative ecological comfort given lack of heavy metals contamination (BCC less than 10). The sites of decreased ecologic comfort in the areas surrounding the sites of local soil and bottom sediments contamination by heavy metals are assigned to conventionally appropriate (BCC < 16). Inappropriate zone includes the sites of medium ecological threat of soil, air and water contamination by heavy metals and other substances. These are mainly big towns (Lviv, Sokal, Chervonograd and others) as well as mining areas. Very inappropriate zone comprises the sites of enhanced ecological threat of soil contamination by heavy metals (BCC – 32-128) without their subdivision into toxic groups. These are mainly contaminated sites of Chervonogradskiy mining area in between Rata, Solokiya and Western Boug rivers; Novorozdolskiy sulfur quarry and USM sites, as well as Lvivske housing-garbage store require permanent control. In general, in the studied area very inappropriate zone of technogenic impact over geological environment occupies 1%, inappropriate – 5%, conventionally appropriate – 8%, and appropriate one – 86% of territory. In view of lacking the system observations over most technogenic geological processes prognosis for their development is a hard task. Available experience of ecological-geological studies in Ukraine suggests that the following elements are required for substantiated prognosis of changes in geological environment:  numeric evaluation of heavy metal, radionuclide and toxic substance input to geological environment at the given layout of the economic complex development in the region;  study of natural and technogenic processes in geological environment resulted from interaction with atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere;  definition of long-term geological processes in formation of geological environment. Thus, assessment of natural-technogenic changes in geological environment aiming biosphere and human, first of all, protection should be the main task of ecological-geological prognosis. This task is associated with complexity and problems since reliable prognosis requires integrated information to be collected in trial-

88 industrial polygons where special studies, laboratory data check up, as well as modeling of contamination of geological environment or some its elements are possible.

37Recommendations concerning further ecological-geological studies, rational use and protection of geological environment

As it was pointed out above, environment contamination is essentially related to the mining industry. By these reasons, the authors would like to recommend, first of all, specialized ecological-geological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 over Chervonogradskiy mining area and Dobrotvirska power station (map sheets M-35-49-C; M- 35-61-A,B), Nemyrivskiy mining area (M-34-71-D; -83-B) and Rozdolskiy mining area (M-35-85-C). In addition, it should be proposed special monitoring in the zones of urban agglomerations most affected by contamination, particularly, in Lviv, Chervonograd, Sokal, Velyki Mosty, Kamyanka Buzka, and Noviy Rozdol. Aiming prevention to negative consequences of technogenic “pressure” over studied area the following complex of efficient actions in protection and control on geological environment should be conducted:  mandatory comply with requirements to water consumption, water legislation of Ukraine; to expand the system observation drill-hole network and systematically control water consumption to avoid underground water reserves contamination and exhausting;  in Lviv and major inhabited localities the actions should include: i) arrangement of sewage drops creating the single system of draw-off channels; ii) introduction of sewage secondary use; iii) creation of horizontal and vertical drainage network to bring down ground water level and under- flooding prevention; construction of reinforced concrete ceiling over manifolds and channels to reduce erosion and infiltration processes;  in the course of exploration works both hydrogeological conditions and exogenic geological processes in the area of mineral deposits should be studied;  creation of flat waste dumps, their reclamation and planting with compulsory surface covering with up to 0.5 m thick layer of neutral rocks;  actions suppressing water drainage from waste dumps and gravitation dumps of the central beneficiation plant;  further coal mining with aggregate filling of mining workings to reduce negative impact from existing waste dumps and prevent Earth crust collapsing;  reducing emission of contaminating substances in the major industrial-urban agglomerations by means of technologic processes improving; creation of enterprise sanitary-protection zones; reducing contamination from automobile transport through traffic re-arrangement; improving aeration conditions of inhabited areas through old construction removal;  arrangement and progressive reducing fields of use of fertilizers and pesticides comprising strong source for underground and surface water contamination; strongly suppress fertilizer and pesticide input in the protection zones of centralized water scoops; arrangement and hydro-isolation of fertilizer and pesticide stores; application of agro-technical approaches allowing pesticide refusal;  compulsory ecological expertise of project for construction of any objects whose exploitation may cause environment threat;  actions in prevention of damage and destruction of geological and archeological landmarks (Fig. 9.2, Annex 10) [8, 11, 77] under influence of natural and technogenic factors.

Fig. 9.2. Location scheme of geological and archeological landmarks. Geological landmarks: 1 – stratigraphic; 2 – paleontological; 3 – geomorphologic; 4 – suggested to be set under protection. Numerator – geological landmark number or name, denominator – rock age (for paleontological and stratigraphic landmarks). The numbers correspond to those in the sources (Annex 10). Archeological landmarks [11]: 5 – Paleolith epoch settlements; 6 – Neolith epoch settlements.

11CONCLUSIONS

The major goal of the Derzhgeolkarta and advancing works on EGSF-200 in the map sheet M-34- XVIIIl M-35-XIII; M-35-XIX is modern geological ground creation for planning, development of natural resources including mineral resource base, scientific-substantiated geological exploration work programs, construction, subsurface and environment protection. Particularly, the territory assessment for minerals: oil and gas, hard and brown coal, sulfur, phosphorites, construction materials, mineral waters as well as adjustment of their prognostic resources are prescribed. Specific task at the stage, advancing Derzhgeolkarta-200 design, included study of natural and technogenic complexes, definition of geological environment breaks and contamination by harmful substances, as well as substantiation of prognosis for ecological situation development, provision of practical recommendations for further studies. The main work results are as follows: 1. In compliance with recent stratigraphic schemes of UIMSC, the geological units developed in the studied area are subdivided and described. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic column part is described pretty completely and properly. Geological maps are designed which essentially differ from previous ones in term of details recorded. 2. On the ground of numerous macro- and micro-fauna determinations the suites of Cretaceous System are distinguished and mapped for the first time in accordance with the stratigraphic scheme (1993-1995). 3. The map of pre-Mesozoic sediments, where Devonian and Carboniferous sediments are indicated within suite ranks, well differs from previous similar ones in tectonic appearance and links to paleo-tectonic and structure layout. 4. Analysis of facies distribution, thickness and tectonic features of geological units had allowed definition of litho-tectonic zone in the Eastern-European and Western-European platforms as well as Fore- Carpathian Trough. Junction of zones follows north-west-trending faults of various amplitudes and setting depths. Inside mentioned zones the faults (thrusts, reserve and normal faults) are distinguished which split the zones into some uplifted and subsided blocks complicated by folds, uplifts, brachy-form structures, which, in turn, differ in the depth of Neogene surface, as well as Miocene thickness and facies. The wide development of sedimentary complex in the studied area defines mineral occurrences as well. 5. The minerals include deposits and occurrences: combustible, metallic, non-metallic, underground waters and construction materials. All mineral commodity types known in the area are described, and specific details are provided for many mineral types – oil and gas, hard and brown coal, iron and manganese ores, titanium, strontium, native sulfur, phosphorites, mineral, fresh and industrial waters, construction materials. The information about minerals is given and distribution control factors of main mineral types are defined, of which tectonic, lithological, stratigraphic, geomorphologic and paleo-geographic ones are of primary importance. On the ground of EGSF data analysis and other materials recommendations for further geological works are proposed. 6. In the map sheets M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd) and M-35-XIX (Lviv) 197 deposits of construction materials are distinguished, of which four are closed, ten are in conservation, 91 have been never mined, and 92 only are in production. Therefore, further exploration works should be conducted upon substantiated applications consented with the plan of social-economic development in the region. 7. As a result of performed ecological-geological studies ecological state of geological environment of the territory is described for the first time, changes in geological environment and hydrogeological conditions over the area under influence of technogenic activity, main contamination sources of geological environment are identified, schematic map is designed where population comfort living zones are indicated as well as development fields of negative geological processes. Given explanatory notes include substantiated recommendations concerning further ecological-geological studies and rational use and protection of geological environment. 8. Developed set of map is applicable as the modern geological ground for planning and projecting of prospecting-exploration works for various mineral types, large-scale complex geological-hydrogeological mapping, thematic and geophysical studies, as well as diverse economic activities. After completion of extended geological study of the territory and set of maps preparation the following problems are remained which require additional studies and substantiation:

91  stratigraphic subdivision of Silurian sediments remains to be vital. It is related to fairly variable paleo-geographic environments of Silurian basin which makes complicated definition of major regularities in the facies distribution and migration. In this respect, in the course of detailed Silurian stratigraphic scheme development the facial zones for each particular horizon are to be distinguished. Detailed facial analysis of Silurian sediments is necessary for substantiation of prospecting and detailed prognosis for oil and gas;  the problem of Khodorivska paleo-valley formation and necessity to drill the line of deep boreholes in amount of three at least;  the area is considered to be prospective for discovery of minor and medium hydrocarbon traps and Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian sediments which remain weakly studied to date. It is necessary to revise all available data over the area and assess this information from the present-day positions to define approaches for new hydrocarbon trap discoveries, at the moderate depth first of all;  to expand the hard coal resources the works are to be conducted by the following directions: a) specialized prospecting works for coal in the coal-bearing Serpukhovian fields of Buzhanska and Lyshanska suites to the south and west from Lyubelske and Tyaglivske deposits and to the east and south-east from Volynske deposit. These sediments, especially Buzhanska Suite, control all economic valuable coal beds under shaft exploitation in Chervonogradskiy and Novovolynskiy coal mining areas; b) general hard coal prospecting in the coal Bearing Visean fields of Ivanychivska Suite 1 aiming spatial distribution adjustment of marker limestones V5-V6 and associated 4 6 prospective coal beds v5, v5 and v6, which exhibit economic thickness to the south from Lyubelske and Tyaglivske deposits and to the east and south-east from Mezhyrichanske and Zabuzke deposits. In the south of Tyaglivske deposit and in the site Mezhyrichchya- 4 Zakhidna reserves and prognostic resources are estimated for coal beds v5 and v6; c) general prospecting in the coal-bearing fields of Porytska Suite in the area of Buske deposit aiming adjustment and confirmation of perspectives for economic coal-bearing of 0 2 3 4 5 3 the coal beds v2, v2, v2, v2, v2, v2, and v4, which exhibit economic thickness; d) prospecting-evaluation works in 8 km to the south-west from Buske deposit where up to 0.90 m thick cola bed v2 is encountered in some intersections providing opportunity to expand coal reserves in this bed by 5-6 times; this coal by technological properties can be used in coking-chemical purposes; the area may be assigned to the economic-perspective ones [31]; e) prospecting of prospective field in the area of Visean Volodymyrivska Suite coal-bearing sediments where by analogue with northern part of Zabuzke deposit (shaft fields Chervonogradski 5 and 6) and Kovelska coal-bearing field in the map sheet M-34-VII the 3 4 coal beds v0 and v0 are getting to be economic, as well as aiming perspectives assessment 1 3 4 for coal beds v1, v1, v1, and v1, defined over considerable field in the area of Radekhiv town;  coal of Lvivsko-Volynskiy Basin comprises composite coal-polymetallic raw material [10]. Together with germanium to be coking coal by-product, it is not excluded theoretically that gallium, yttrium, scandium, molybdenum, silver, lead, zinc, and other metals also can be extracted. Despite of general low concentration of valuable and toxic elements in coal and the fact that currently coal does not comprise the real source of metals, one may mistakenly conclude that the problem of minor (trace) elements is solved. It rather suggests for the needs to continue the works on their assessment in view of possible reduction in conditions under application of new technologies for trace element extraction providing opportunity to get not a single but complex of metals;  in spite of high degree of geological study of the territory in general, the problem of sulfur-bearing with regard to the deep structures in Bilche-Volytska zone of Fore-Carpathian Trough remains unsolved. In this respect, native sulfur prospecting assumes special research works aiming objective assessment of sulfur-bearing in the Trough taking into account possible exploitation of sulfur bodies by means of underground sulfur melting;  in the course of prospecting-exploration works in Lyubelske and Tyaglivske coal deposits the phosphorite-bearing of Albian-Senomanian terrigenous-carbonate sediments (Nezvyska Suite and inoceramus layers) is appraised. Phosphorite-bearing 1.5-2.5 m thick sequence of sandstones and inoceramus limestones is almost throughout developed. At the given strong deficiency , the average

92 P2O5 content of 6.2% allows consideration the phosphorite-bearing sandstones and limestones to be prospective for further prospecting-exploration works aiming their complex exploitation together with coal;  ecological control should be established over state and protection of mineral waters by exploiting organizations; normally it is lacking. Most of boreholes, especially at the bottling plants, occur in unfavourable sanitary-hygienic conditions where even sanitary protection zone is not always being kept;  in the course of ecological-geological works one should respect the population health state, take into account medical statistics data, watch over changes of indicators for technogenic charge over population and animals in the space and time, that is, the needs for ecological-medical monitoring is thought to be vital.

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38Published

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39Unpublished

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95 43. Galenko, B.G., Semchuk, S.A., et al, 1974. Report on project “Compiling the geological-economic reviews on major peat-producing regions of UkSSR (Lvovskaya Oblast)”. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 44. Gerasimov, L.S., Pokotilova, L.P., Gerasimova, I.I., 1967. Report on results of complex geological- hydrogeological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 over map sheets M-34-72-D (Nesterov), -83-B (Yavorov), -84-A (Ivano-Frankovo), -B (Bryukhovichi), -C (Gorodok), -D (Pustomyty), M-35-73-A (Lvov), -C (Vinniki) conducted by Kulikovskaya group over 1962-1967. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 45. Gerasimov, L.S., Gerasimova, I.I., 1970. Geological map of map sheets M-34-96-B (Nikolaev), M- 35-85-A (Velikie Glebovichi), M-35-85-A (Zhydachev). Report of Nikolaevskaya geological-mapping team over 1967-1970. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 46. Gerasimov, L.S., Gerasimova, I.I., et al, 1974. Geological map in the scale 1 :50 000 of map sheets M-35-85-D (Khodorov), M-35-97-B (Zhuravno), M-35-98-A (Burshtyn). Report of Pridnestrovskaya geological- mapping team over 1971-1974. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 47. Gerasimov, L.S., Chaliy, S.V., Plotnikov, A.A., Polkunova, G.V., et al, 1997. Extended geological study in the scale 1:200 000 of map sheets M-34-XVIII (Rava-Russkaya), M-34-XXIII (Pshemysl), M-35-XXIV (Drogobych), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd), M-35-XIX (Lvov). Report over 1989-1997. – Kyiv: Geoinform. (In Russian). 48. Girniy, E.Y., Lelyk, B.I., Stukan, I.N., et al, 1986. Geologic report on detailed exploration of hard coal in the shaft field Tyaglovskaya No. 1 of Lvovsko-Volynskiy basin (1981-1986). State of geological exploration works by 01.06.1986. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 49. Girniy, E.Y., et al, 1988. Preliminary exploration in the shaft field Lyubelya-1. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 50. Girniy, E.Y., Lelyk, B.I., Gurey, P.T., et al, 1994. Geologic report on detailed exploration of hard coal in the shaft field Lyubelska No. 1 of Lvivsko-Volynskiy coal-bearing basin in 1989-1993 (state of geological exploration works by 01.09.1993. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Ukrainian). 51. Glushko, V.V., 1953. Geological report over 1952. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 52. Greshchak, L.I., 1991. Gas-bearing and ejection-threat of coal and host rocks in the south-western coal mining area of Lvovsko-Volynskiy basin. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 53. Greshchak, L.I., 1993. Studies of regularities in changes of mining-geological conditions (ejection- threat, gas-bearing, shoot-threat) of coal and rocks in Lvivsko-Volynskiy basin. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Ukrainian). 54. Gritskov, Ya.M., 1948. Report on geological exploration in Monastyrskoe and Dubrovskoe brown coal deposits (Lvovskaya Oblast, M-34-XVIII). – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 55. Gruzman, G.G., 1974. Study of basic columns and compilation of stratigraphic scheme and legend of anthropogenic sediments for the maps in the scale 1:50 000 of Volyno-Podolia and Fore-Carpathians. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 56. Gruzman, G.G., Plotnikov, A.A., 1993. Report of specialized engineering-geological mapping of the central part of Lvovskaya Oblast in the scale 1:200 000 over map sheets M-34-XXIV; M-35-XIII, -XXIV. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 57. Didenko, N.A., 1956. Report on structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Mylyatyn in Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR in 1951-1952. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 58. Didenko, N.A., Kolesnikov, L.N., 1957. Report on geological studies conducted in the field Zolochev in Lvovskaya and Ternopolskaya Oblasts of UkSSR in 1956. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 59. Didenko, N.A., 1959. Notice on Upper Cretaceous celestine body in Glynyany field, Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 60. Dovgan, V.I., et al, 1973. Geologic report on results of native sulfur prospecting in the area Rozdol- Zhydachev-Podorozhnoe. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 61. Zheksembaev, Yu.M., 1990. Perspective assessment of mineral waters prognostic resources in Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 62. Zhygunova, Z.F., Alekseev, V.A., 1959. Report on geological studies conducted in the field Rogatyn of Stanislavskaya, Drogobychskaya and Ternopolskaya oblasts of UkSSR in 1958. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 63. Ishchenko, V.Yu., 1989. Results of leveled airborne magnetic survey in the territory of Carpathian seismic-active area and adjacent fields. Report of geophysical team over 1985-1989. – Kyiv: GE “Pivnichukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 64. Kovaleva, M.P., 1954. Report of Stanislavskaya team on geological prospecting works for manganese conducted in Stanislavskaya, Drogobychskaya and Ternopolskaya oblasts of UkSSR in 1952-1953 (M-35-XIX, -XXVI, -XXVI). – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian).

96 65. Kolodiy, N.V., 1995. Synthesis of deep drilling data and direction of further works in Bilche- Volytska zone of Fore-Carpathian Trough and Volyno-Podilska margin of Eastern-European Platform. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Ukrainian). 66. Koltun, E.L., Stakhiv, T.M., et al, 1998. Compilation of automated database over current and potential sources of underground waters contamination in the territory of Lvivska, Ternopilska, Ivano- Frankivska and Chernivetska Oblasts. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Ukrainian). 67. Komar, K.M., 1967. Geological report on results of structure-profile drilling conducted over the fields Dublyany – Vinniki – Bobrka in Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR over 1963-1965. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 68. Kostik, I.E., Shulga, V.F., Muromtseva, A.A., et al, 1994. Morphology and genesis of coal beds in South-Western coal mining area of Lvovsko-Volynskiy coal basin. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 69. Kostyk, I.O., et al, 2001. Coal reserve re-estimation, their classification and coding aiming computer recording and analysis of coal resource base of Ukraine (Lvivsko-Volynskiy coal basin) by 01.01.2001. Report of Lvivska GEE research team. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Ukrainian). 70. Kostyuk, O.I., et al, 1964. Processing and synthesis of deep drilling data over 1964 by fields : Velikie Mosty, Nesterov, Noviy Vitkov, Gorokhov, Dublyany, Bolokhov, Ulichno, Pobuzh, Ugersko. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 71. Kotyk, V.A., Makovskaya, I.A., et al, 1968. Gas reserve estimation in Velikomostovskoe deposit and processing of drilling data by the fields of Nesterovskaya oil-gas exploration expedition. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 72. Kotyk, V.A., Makovskaya, I.A., et al, 1970. Processing and synthesis of deep drilling data and recommendations for directions of exploration works in the fields of Volyno-Podolskaya margin of Russian Platform. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 73. Kotyk, V.A., Markovskiy, V.M., Filippova, S.S., 1972. Geologic report on results of structure- prospecting drilling conducted in the field Tsebrovka of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR in 1970-1972. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 74. Kotyk, V.A., et al, 1974. Geologic report on results of structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Berezhany of Ternopolskaya Oblast in UkSSR in 1972-1973. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 75. Kotyk, V.A., 1974. Report on project: “Study of geology of Volyno-Podolskaya margin of Russian Platform based on structure-prospecting and deep drilling data of 1973 and direction of further works. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 76. Kramarenko, V.N., 1950. Report on crelius drilling in the field Olesko of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 77. Kuzovenko, V.V., Evtushko, T.L., 1985. Study of basic columns of Meso-Cenozoic sediments of the south-western margin of Eastern-European Platform, Fore-Carpathian Trough and northern slope of Ukrainian Carpathians, design of stratigraphic schemes and legend for large-scale geological-mapping works, 1983-1985. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 78. Kustova, L.F., et al, 1961. Geologic report on results of structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the fields Litovizh and Ilkovichi of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR in 1959-1960. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 79. Kustova, L.F., 1962. Geologic report on results of structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Verbizh in 1960-1961. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 80. Kustova, L.F., Kyk, I.V., Chizh, E.I., 1963. Geological report on results of structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Nesterov of Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 81. Levenko, E.A., 1953. Report on structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Perespa of Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR in 1952-1953. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 82. Losnikova, A.P., Izmalkova, S.P., 1956. Report on results of prospecting-exploration works in Dubrovskoe brown-coal deposit of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR conducted in 1955 (M-35-XVIII). – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 83. Lugovoy, G.I., Lugovaya, L.T., 1949. Busskoe coal deposit in Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR. Report on geological-prospecting and exploration works conducted by Busska geological exploration team in 1945- 1949. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 84. Markovskiy, V.M., et al, 1985. Geologic report on results of prospecting drilling in Litovizhskaya field of Volynskaya Oblast in UkSSR conducted in 1981-1982. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian).

97 85. Markovskiy, V.M., Berzhinskaya, L.F., et al, 1985. Geologic report on results of structure- prospecting drilling in the field Podberezyevskaya of Volynskaya Oblast in UkSSR conducted in 1981-1983. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 86. Markovskiy, V.M., et al, 1986. Geologic report on results of structure-prospecting drilling in the fields Vladimirovskaya and Gorokhovskaya of Volynskaya Oblast in UkSSR conducted in 1977-1985. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 87. Markovskiy, V.M., 1987. Report on geologic results of parametric borehole Sushne No. 1 drilling conducted in Gorokhovskiy area of Volynskaya Oblast in 1983-1985. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 88. Markovskiy, V.M., 1987. Geologic report on results of structure-prospecting drilling in the field Pustomytovskaya of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR conducted in 1986. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 89. Muravinskiy, E.S., 1973. Geologic report on results of structure-prospecting drilling in the field Rava-Russkaya of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR conducted in 1969-1972. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 90. Muravinskiy, E.S., 1973. Examination and synthesis of data from deep and structure-prospecting drilling over 1972 and direction of exploration works in the fields of Volyno-Podolskaya margin of Eastern- European Platform. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 91. Muravetskiy, V.N., 1957. Geologic report on results of structure-prospecting drilling in the field Nemirov of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR conducted in 1956. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 92. Myshkin, L.P., et al, 1961. Conduction of prospecting and revision works for bromine and iodine in the fields Velikie Mosty, Rudki, Grynovka, Korshev, Zaluzh, Volya Blazhevskaya, Kokhanovka, Strutyn. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 93. Popel, B.S., Svetlichniy, V.G., Shteynbuk, M.G., et al, 1964. Report on Volynskoe hard coal deposit reserve re-estimation under conditions of 1960. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 94. Popel, B.S., Svetlichniy, V.G., Shteynbuk, M.G., et al, 1964. Geologic report on extended exploration and hard coal deposit reserve re-estimation in Chervonogradskaya shaft group of “Ukrzapadugol” combine (No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Velikomostovskie and No. 1, 2 Chervonogradskie). – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 95. Popel, B.S., Svetlichniy, V.G., Shteynbuk, M.G., et al, 1964. Geologic report on preliminary exploration of Mezhrechye-Zapadnoe site and extended exploration of Visean coal beds for expansion of exploitation period for existing and constructing shafts of “Ukrzapadugol” combine (1971-1979). – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 96. Popel, B.S., Korol, N.D., Shteybuk, M.G., 1985. Geologic report on exploration and hard coal reserve evaluation in the shaft field of USSR 60th Anniversary (reserve block by bed v6). – Volodymyr- Volynskiy: Lvivsko-Volynska GEE. (In Russian). 97. Prosnyakov, A.V., 1953. Report on geological results of structure drilling in the field Rozdol- Zhydachev of Drogobychskaya Oblast in UkSSR, 1953. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 98. Prosnyakov, A.V., 1953. Report on results of structure drilling in the field Rozdol-Zhydachev of Drogobychskaya Oblast in UkSSR, 1953. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 99. Reshko, M.Ya., Zhukova, V.M., 1987. Analysis of resource base ensuring for mining enterprises of coal industry of UkSSR and main directions of geological exploration works for perspective in the territory of activity of SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. Report on project B.I.I over 1986-1987. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 100. Ryvak, T.D., Nakonechna, S.V., 2001. Report on the works for the State recording and use of underground waters and the State Water Cadastre update in the territory of Lvivska and Ternopilska Oblasts over 1998-2001. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Ukrainian). 101. Rudko, G.I., et al, 1991. Report on regional stationery study of modern exogenic geological processes in the territories of Ivano-Frankovskaya, Chernovitskaya, Ternopolskaya and Lvovskaya Oblasts over 1988-1991. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 102. Sakseev, G.T., et al, 1960. Report on results of geological-prospecting works for native sulfur in the area of Soroki village, Nikolaev town, Khodorov town, Zhuravno village conducted by Lvovskaya GEE in 1958-1959. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 103. Sakseev, G.T., Shchedenko, S.M., 1970. Geologic report on native sulfur prospecting results in Fore-Carpathians conducted by Lvovskaya GEE in 1968-1969. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 104. Sakseev, G.T., 1980. Geological report on general prospecting for native sulfur in the north- western part of External zone of Fore-Carpathian Trough over 1976-1980. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 105. Sakseev, G.T., 1985. Report on detailed exploration of Teysarovskoe native sulfur deposit conducted in 1980-1985. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian).

98 106. Sandler, Ya.M., 1957. Aggregated geologic report on the camp processing of data from Rava- Russkaya basic borehole, Lvov, 1957, Minnefteprom USSR. – Lviv: UkrVNIKNI. (In Russian). 107. Semenov, V.G., 1958. Information to the appraisal of phosphorite-bearing of Ukrainian and Moldavian SSR. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 108. Serenko, M.N., Losnikova, A.P., Semenov, V.G., 1952. Compiling work on brown coal in the western areas of Ukraine. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 109. Skatynskiy, Yu.P., 1997. Assessment of ecologic state of geological environment in Chervonogradskiy mining area and conditions for inhabitants water supplying. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 110. Skorduli, G.A., 1959. Report on results of structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Zolochev in Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR in 1958-1959. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 111. Skorduli, V.D., Muravetskiy, V.N., Vishnyakov, I.V., 1961. Geological report on results of structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Podluby in Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR in 1958-1960. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 112. Sopilnyak, V.M., 2002. Exploitation exploration and reserve re-estimation in Sykhivske sand deposit in Pustomytivskiy area of Lvivska Oblast in 2000-2002. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Ukrainian). 113. Sul, M.F., Kulibaba, F.V., 1969. Report on results of geological-hydrogeological studies conducted in 1973-1975 in the northern part of Yazovskoe native sulfur deposit aiming the field preparation for economic development by method of underground melting. Lvovskaya Oblast (M-34-XVIII, -XXIV). – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 114. Sul, M.F., et al, 1990. Peat resources in western regions of UkSSR in the territory of SGE “Zakhidukrgeologia” activities, exploration degree and industry demands. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 115. Tatarchenko, V.M., Vasiliev, V.V., Kyk, I.V., Chizh, E.I., 1967. Geological report on results of structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Byshev-Radekhov of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR in 1963- 1965. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 116. Tkalich, S.M., et al, 1945. Report on geological-exploration works in Zhovkovskiy area of Lvovskaya Oblast conducted by “Lvovuglerazvedka” trust in 1940. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 117. Turchynov, I.I., 2001. Re-assessment of sulfur-bearing perspectives of the Fore-Carpathian basin in the scale 1:200 000. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 118. Turchinova, S.M., Pomortseva, T.P., Gruzman, G.G., 1982. Report on by-sheet geological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 over the Soviet part of map sheets M-34-71-B, -C, -D and deep geological mapping in the scale 1:50 000 of map sheet M-34-83-B over 1979-1982. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 119. Turchinova, S.M., et al, 1993. Analysis of geological knowledge base of Volyno-Podolia and Fore- Carpathians (Bilche-Volitskaya zone of Fore-Carpathian Trough) by 01.01.1993. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 120. Utrobin, V.N., et al, 1955. Geology and gas-bearing of the area Zhuravno-Zabolotovtsy-Dashava according to structure-prospecting drilling data. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 121. Fedoseev, V.P., Andreeva, N.E., et al, 1986. Report on project “Complex assessment of regional impact of technogenic factors on hydrogeological and engineering-geological conditions of the territory of SGE “Zakhidukrgeologia” activities by 31.12.1985”. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 122. Filippova, S.S., Poprotskaya, K.M., 1971. Geologic report on results of structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Vazhev of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR in 1970. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 123. Khaykin, E.Y., et al, 2001. Update and improvement of automated database «Construction Materials» in the territory of SGE “Zakhidukrgeologia” activities. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Ukrainian). 124. Khripta, I.I., et al, 1960. Final report on results of deep exploration drilling in the field Kokhanovka, Ugersko village. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 125. Khripta, I.I., Kostyuk, O.I., Markush, M.V., 1963. Processing and synthesis of deep drilling data over the fields Severnye Medynychi, Velikie Mosty, Derzhov, Nesterov and Ulychno. Ugersko village, 1963. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 126. Churkina, K.I., 1953. Report on structure-prospecting drilling conducted in the field Vinniki of Lvovskaya Oblast in UkSSR in 1952. – Lviv: SE “Zakhidukrgeologia”. (In Russian). 127. Shchirba, N.T., Romanyuk, V.N., et al, 1983. Report on general prospecting for quartz sands and sand-gravel mixtures in western regions of UkSSR (1981-1983). – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 128. Shramenko, G.P., 1964. Report on hydrogeological mapping and map design works for the map sheet M-35-XIX, scale 1:200 000. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian).

99 129. Yurkova, B.G., Alekseenko, I.I., et al, 1955. Report on geological-mapping (in the scale 1:25 000) and prospecting works for sulfur conducted by Nikolaevskaya group in Lvovskaya and Drogobychskaya Oblasts of UkSSR in 1953-1954. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 130. Yatskiv, M.M., 1988. Report on results of prospecting for native sulfur deposits in the field Grushev-Gorodok in Lvovskaya Oblast of UkSSR over 1986-1988. – Lviv: Lvivska GEE. (In Russian). 131. Modlinski, Z., 1993. Budowa geologiczna stаrszego paleozoiku poludniowo-wschodniej Lubelszczyzny. Warszawa: Panstwowy Instytut Geologiczny.

100

13ANNEXES

68Annex 1. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in pre-Quaternary units of map sheet M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska)

Geological- Cell index, Notes Mineral type, object name Deposit exploitation state or brief economic type and number in (references and its location description of occurrence age of productive map cited) pile

1 2 3 4 5 Combustible minerals Gaseous Natural gas Occurrence Khlivchanskiy-I; Gas outflow III-4-17 Khlivchany village Sheeted, D js+bt 37, 72 2 Khlivchanskiy-II; Water with gas outflow III-4-18 Prystan village Sheeted, D rm 37, 72 3 Lypynskiy-I; Gas ejection and fountain IV-2-40 Sheeted, N ds 130 Lypyna village 1 Lypynskiy-II; Gas ejection IV-2-44 Sheeted, N ks 130 Lypyna village 1 Novynskiy-I; Gas ejection under pressure 20-30 IV-2-45 Novyny village atm. Sheeted, N1ds 112 Novynskiy-II; Gas ejection under pressure 20 atm. IV-2-46 Novyny village within 5 days Sheeted, N1ks 112 Zhovkvivskiy; Water with gas outflow IV-4-53 Zhovkva town Sheeted, D tv 70 1 Gaseous and liquid Natural gas and oil Deposit Svydnytsko-Kokhanivske In production Sheeted, arch, (gas-oil); Nagachiv lithologically and IV-1-22 village to SW from tectonically 124 Yavoriv town blocked traps; gas N1ds, oil –J3 Solid Brown coal Deposit Potelytske; In conservation III-3-8 Sheeted, N ng+br 34 Potelych village 1 Dibrivske; In conservation III-3-12 Sheeted, N ng+br 82 Dibrivka village 1 Monastyrokske; In conservation III-3-14 Sheeted, N ng+br 54 Monastyrok village 1 Occurrence Glynskiy; Minor lens-shaped beds 0.5-0.8 m IV-4-55 Sheeted, N ng+br 108 Glynske village thick 1

101 1 2 3 4 5 Novoskvaryavskiy; Minor lens-shaped beds 0.5-1.6 m IV-4-57 Sheeted, N ng+br 108 Nova Skvaryava village thick 1 Gutyshchenskiy-I; Bed 2.3 m thick IV-4-59 Sheeted, N ng+br 44 Gutyshche village 1 Gutyshchenskiy-II; Alternating beds 0.65-1.35 m thick IV-4-62 Sheeted, N ng+br 108 Gutyshche village 1 Mokrotynskiy; Bed of 0.8-0.9 m average thickness IV-4-63 Sheeted, N ng+br 116 Mokrotyn village 1 Non-metallic mineral resources Ore-chemical raw materials Chemical raw materials Native sulfur Deposit Nemyrivske; In conservation IV-2-31 Sheeted; N tr 35 Nemyriv town 1 Yazivske; In production IV-2-42 Sheeted; N tr 112 Novyny village 1 Occurrence Drogomyshlyanskiy-I Limestone 1.0 m thick with sulfur (site); bunches (0.64%); limestone 2.5 m Drogomyshl village thick with sulfur content 20.48- IV-2-37 Sheeted; N tr 104, 17 69.44%; anhydrite 8.5 m thick with 1 sulfur bunches (2.6%); anhydrite 4.0 m thick with sulfur bunches (0.16-0.48%) Drogomyshlyanskiy-II Limestone 0.5 m thick, metasomatic IV-2-39 (site); sulfur-bearing with sulfur content Sheeted; N1tr 104, 17 Drogomyshl village 41.3% Lypynskiy (site) ; Limestone 1.8 m thick with sulfur pods Lypyna village (18.7%); limestone 6.0 m thick, IV-2-41 metasomatic with sulfur content 15.62- Sheeted; N1tr 104, 17 33.03%; limestone 3.0 m thick, metasomatic with sulfur (3.26-12.41%) Agro-chemical raw materials Phosphorites Occurrence Zhovtneviy; Calcareous sandstone 1.3 m thick with Sheeted; II-4-1 107 Zhovtneve village P2O5 content 4.9% K1-2nz+i Domashivskiy-I; Calcareous sandstone 1.0 m thick with Sheeted; II-4-3 107 Domashiv village P2O5 content 2.4-8.3% K1-2nz+i Domashivskiy-II; Conglomerate 1.0 m thick with Sheeted; III-4-15 Domashiv village phosphorite nodules and P O content 112 2 5 K nz+i 50% 1-2 Dibrovskiy; Calcareous sandstone 14.3 m thick Sheeted; III-4-16 112 Dibrova village with P2O5 content 6.68-8.3% K1-2nz+i Prystanskiy; Sandstone 13 m thick with phosphorite Sheeted; III-4-19 49 Prystan village nodules and P2O5 content 7.5% K1-2nz+i Lyubelskiy-I; Sandstone 2.6 m thick with Sheeted; III-4-20 Lyubelya village phosphorite nodules and P O content 49 2 5 K nz+i 7.5% 1-2 Lyubelskiy-II; Sandstone 1.5 m thick with Sheeted; III-4-21 Lyubelya village phosphorite nodules and P O content 49 2 5 K nz+i 5.35% 1-2 Zamochok; Sandstone 1.5 m thick with Sheeted; IV-4-49 Zamochok village phosphorite nodules and P O content 49 2 5 K nz+i 7.13% 1-2

102 1 2 3 4 5 Volya Vysotskiy; Inoceramus limestone 103.0 m thick; Sheeted; IV-4-51 80 Volya Vysotska village P2O5 content up to 3.6% K1-2nz+i Mineral pigment raw materials Mineral pigments Occurrence Dibrivskiy; Lens of red-brown clays 1.6 m thick; Sheeted; III-3-11 54 Dibrivka village P2O5 content 11.43% P2sp Staroskvaryavskiy-I; Glauconite clay 5-6 m thick Sheeted; IV-4-58 44 Stara Skvaryava village P2sp Zhury-Skyry; Glauconite sandstone 5 m thick Sheeted; IV-4-61 44 Zhury-Skyry village P2sp Mokrotynskiy; Sandstone 4.5 m thick with glauconite Sheeted; IV-4-64 44 Mokrotyn village content up to 98% P2sp Construction materials Cement raw materials Spongolite Deposit Rava-Ruske-I; In production III-3-7 Sheeted; K lv 123 Potelych village 2 Rava-Ruske-II; Out of production III-3-10 Sheeted; K lv 123 Zelena Guta village 2 Marl Deposit Nesterivske; Out of production IV-4-56 Sheeted; K 123 Zhovkva town 2 Raw materials for construction lime and gypsum Limestone Deposit Sopitske; Never been mined III-2-4 Sheeted; N op 123 Karpy village 1 Sharkynske; Never been mined III-3-5 Sheeted; K lv 123 Synkovychi village 2 Nemyrivske; Exhausted IV-2-30 Sheeted; N op 123 Voroblyachyn village 1 Raw materials for aggregates Sandstone Deposit Potelytske; In production III-3-9 Sheeted; N op 123 Potelych village 1 Sand-gravel raw materials Construction sand Deposit Nemyrivske; Never been mined IV-2-34 Sheeted; N op 123 Nemyriv town 1 WATERS Underground waters Mineral Without distinct features and components Occurrence 3 Tyaglivskiy; ChSo*; Mz – 4.3 g/dm **; Q*** - 2.5 Bed-fractured; II-4-2 Tyagliv village l/s 61 K2lk1 3 Shavarivskiy-I; SuCa; Mz – 2.5 g/dm ; CO2 – 463 Bed-fractured; IV-2-29 Shavari village mg/dm3; Q – 14.4 l/s 61 N1tr Shavarivskiy-II; SuSo; Mz – 3.5 g/dm3; Q – 0.26 l/s Bed-fractured; IV-2-32 61 Shavari village N1tr

103 1 2 3 4 5 Sulphide Deposit Nemyrivske; In production Bed-fractured; IV-2-33 61 Nemyriv town N1tr Occurrence 3 Verblyanskiy; SuCa; Mz – 3.5 g/dm ; H2S – 112.3 Bed-fractured; IV-2-36 Verblyany village mg/dm3; Q – 1.0 l/s 61 N1tr 3 Zavadivskiy; SuSo; Mz – 3.0 g/dm ; H2S – 104.6 Bed-fractured; IV-2-38 Zavadiv village mg/dm3; Q – 1.0 l/s 61 N1tr 3 Koty; SuSo; Mz – 3.7 g/dm ; H2S – 769.6 Bed-fractured; IV-2-43 Koty village mg/dm3; Q – 0.6 l/s 61 N1tr Fresh Drinking Deposit Nesterivske; In production III-3-6 Bed-fractured; K 100 Borove village 2 Ratske (Rava-Ruska In production III-3-13 site); Bed-fractured; K2 100 Borove village Ratske (Magerivska site); In production IV-3-48 Bed-fractured; K 100 Mageriv town 2 Ratske (Shostakivska In production IV-4-50 site); Bed-fractured; K2 100 Mageriv town Ratske (Kunynska site); In production IV-4-52 Bed-fractured; K 100 Kunyn village 2 Mokrotynske; In production IV-4-60 Bed-fractured; K 100 Mokrotyn village 2 Industrial Iodine-bromine Occurrence Lypovetskiy-I; ChSo; Mz – 42-45 g/dm3; J – 27.9 Lypovets village mg/dm3; Br – 366 mg/dm3; B O – 40- IV-1-23 2 3 Bed-fractured; J3 92 80 mg/dm3 3 Lypovetskiy-II; ChSo; Mz – 29-48 g/dm ; J – 95.4 Bed-fractured; IV-1-24 Lypovets village mg/dm3; Br – 140 mg/dm3; 92 N1ds2 Lypovetskiy-III; ChSo; Mz – 82-96 g/dm3; J – 126.9 3 3 Bed-fractured; IV-1-25 Lypovets village mg/dm ; Br – 257 mg/dm ; B2O3 – 80 92 mg/dm3 J3op Nagachivskiy-I; ChSo; Mz – 79 g/dm3; J – 38.0 Nagachiv village mg/dm3; Br – 359.0 mg/dm3; B O – IV-1-26 2 3 Bed-fractured; J3 92 283.0 mg/dm3 Nagachivskiy-II; ChSo; Mz – 37-45 g/dm3; J – 105.9 IV-1-27 Nagachiv village mg/dm3; Br – 230.0 mg/dm3; Bed-fractured; J3 92 Nagachivskiy-III; ChSo; Mz – 74-114 g/dm3; J – 27.9 3 3 Bed-fractured; IV-1-28 Nagachiv village mg/dm ; Br – 208.0-332.0 mg/dm ; 92 3 J kh,op B2O3 – 80.0-185.5 mg/dm 3 Nagachivskiy-IV; ChSo; Mz – 26-98 g/dm3; J – 37.3 IV-1-29 Nagachiv village mg/dm3; Br – 100.0 mg/dm3; Bed-fractured; J3 92

104 1 2 3 4 5 Lypovetskiy-IV; ChSo; Mz – 24-88 g/dm3; J – 20-30 3 3 Bed-fractured; C, IV-2-35 Lypovets village mg/dm ; Br – 97.04-463.5 mg/dm ; 92 3 J , N B2O3 – 30-70 mg/dm 3 1 Zhovkvivskiy; ChSo; Mz – 12-119 g/dm3; J – 8.5 IV-4-53 Zhovkva village mg/dm3; Br – 382 mg/dm3; Bed-fractured; D1 92

Hereafter: * Water type by anionic composition: Hy – hydrocarbonate, Su – sulphate, Ch – chloride; by cationic composition: Ca – calcium, Ma – magnesium, So – sodium. ** Mz – mineralization, g/dm3. *** Q – yield, dm3/s.

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69Annex 2. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in Quaternary sediments of map sheet M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska)

1 2 3 4 5 Combustible minerals Solid Peat Deposit Solokiya; In production II-4-65 Ugniv town Sheeted 47, 114

Richky; In conservation III-3-67 Sheeted 43, 114 Richky village Moshchanka; In conservation III-4-74 Sheeted 43, 114 Fedirky village Chertyzh; Never been mined III-4-75 Prystan village Sheeted 43, 114

Rata; In production III-4-76 Butyny village Sheeted 43, 114

Salashi; In conservation IV-2-78 Sheeted 43, 114 Salashi village Tsetula; Exhausted IV-4-87 Sheeted 43, 114 Khytreyky village Occurrence Piddovy; Body 0.55 m thick II-4-66 Sheeted 43, 114 Domashiv village Richky-II; Body 0.9 m thick III-3-68 Sheeted 43, 114 Richky village Richky-I; Body 0.9 m thick III-3-69 Sheeted 43, 114 Richky village Yasne; Body 0.82 m thick III-4-72 Sheeted 43, 114 Butyny village Stavsko-Molodyne; Body 0.77 m thick III-4-73 Sheeted 43, 114 Dumy village Nemyrivske; Body 1 m thick IV-2-80 Sheeted 43, 114 Nemyriv town Shcheploty; In conservation IV-2-81 Sheeted 43, 114 Shcheploty village Kunyn; In conservation IV-4-86 Sheeted 43, 114 Kunyn village Ruda-Krekhivska; In production IV-4-88 Sheeted 43, 114 Ruda-Krekhivska village .

106

1 2 3 4 5 Non-metallic mineral resources Construction materials Sand-gravel raw materials Construction sand Deposit Glynske; In production IV-4-89 Sheeted 123 Glynske village Brick-tile raw materials Clay, loess, loam, sandy loam Deposit Potelytske; In production III-3-70 Sheeted 123 Potelych village Karivske; In production III-4-71 Sheeted 123 Kariv village Vovchogirske; In production IV-1-77 Sheeted 123 Vovcha Gora village Nemyrivske; In production IV-2-79 Sheeted 123 Nemyriv town Drogomyshlyanske; Never been mined IV-2-82 Sheeted 123 Drogomyshl village Lypyna; Never been mined IV-2-83 Sheeted 123 Lypyna village Khytreykivske; In production IV-3-84 Sheeted 123 Khytreyky village Lavrykivske; In production IV-4-85 Sheeted 123 Lavrykiv village Nesterivske; In production IV-4-90 Sheeted 123 Zhovkva town Vyzenbergske; In conservation IV-4-91 Sheeted 123 Vyzenber village

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70Annex 3. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of coal resources in pre-Mesozoic units of map sheet M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska)

1 2 3 4 5 Combustible minerals Solid Hard coal Deposit Lyubelske; Never been mined II-4-92 Lyubelya village Sheeted 50

Tyaglivske; Never been mined II-4-93 Tyagliv village Sheeted 48

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71Annex 4. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in pre-Quaternary units of map sheet M-34-XIII (Chervonograd)

1 2 3 4 5 Combustible minerals Gaseous Natural gas Deposit Velykomostivske; Never been exploited III-1-17 Kulychkiv village Sheeted, arc, D 40 2 Non-metallic mineral resources Construction raw materials Cement raw materials Limestone, chalk Deposit Gorokhivske-I (complex: In conservation raw material for II-3-15 Sheeted; K lk 12 construction lime); 2 2 Siltse village Marl Deposit Sokalske; Never been mined II-2-11 Sheeted; K lk 123 Sokal town 2 2 Raw materials for construction lime and gypsum Limestone, chalk Deposit Ivanychivske; In conservation I-2-2 Sheeted; K lk 12 Romanivka village 2 2 Pustomytivske; In conservation I-4-3 Sheeted; K lk 12 Pustomyty village 2 2 Ostrovske; In conservation I-4-4 Sheeted; K lk 12 Shklyn village 2 2 Gorokhivske; In production II-3-14 Sheeted; K lk 12 Gorokhiv town 2 2 Gorokhivske-I (complex: In production II-3-15 cement raw materials); Sheeted; K2lk2 12 Siltse village Gorokhivske-II; In production II-4-16 Sheeted; K lk 12 Gorokhiv town 2 2 Radekhivske; Never been mined III-3-19 Sheeted; K lk 12 Radekhiv town 2 2

109

1 2 3 4 5 Sand-gravel raw materials Construction sand Deposit Khmilnyanske; Never been mined III-4-21 Sheeted; N op 123 Khmilne village 1 WATERS Underground waters Fresh Drinking Deposit Novoukrainske; Out of exploitation I-1-1 Bed-fractured; K 100 Novoukrainka village 2 Gorokhivske, In exploitation I-4-5 Gorokhivska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Gorokhiv town Chervonogradske, In exploitation II-1-6 Zhvyrkivska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Sokal town Chervonogradske, In exploitation II-1-7 Pravdivska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Guta village Chervonogradske, In exploitation II-1-9 Boryatynska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Boryatyn village Chervonogradske, In exploitation II-1-10 Mezhyrichanska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Chervonograd town Chervonogradske, In exploitation II-2-12 Sokalska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Sokal town Chervonogradske, In exploitation II-2-13 Chervonogradska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Chervonograd town Velykomostivske; In exploitation III-1-18 Bed-fractured; K 100 Velyki Mosty town 2 Radekhivske, In exploitation III-3-20 Radekhivska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Radekhiv town Kamyansko-Buzke, In exploitation IV-2-22 Kamyansko-Buzka site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Kamyanka-Buzka town Kamyansko-Buzke, Out of exploitation IV-2-23 Yamnenska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Yamne village

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72Annex 5. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in Quaternary sediments of map sheet M-34-XIII (Chervonograd)

1 2 3 4 5 Combustible minerals Solid Peat Deposit Pasika; In production I-1-24 Sheeted 43, 114 Dubrivka village Podilske; In production I-1-25 Sheeted 43, 114 Podilske village Varezhanka; In conservation I-1-26 Sheeted 43, 114 Novoukrainka village Sharpantsi; Exhausted I-3-28 Sheeted 43, 114 Sharpantsi village Luchytsi; In production I-3-29 Sheeted 43, 114 Luchytsi village Savchyn; In conservation II-1-35 Sheeted 43, 114 Sokal town Sukhovolya; In conservation II-2-38 Sheeted 43, 114 Sukhovolya village Bobyatynske; Exhausted II-2-39 Sheeted 43, 114 Bobyatyn village Tartakiv; In production II-2-42 Sheeted 43, 114 Tartakiv village Potorytsya; In conservation II-2-43 Sheeted 43, 114 Potorytsya village Spasiv; In production II-2-44 Sheeted 43, 114 Spasiv village Komariv; Exhausted II-2-45 Sheeted 43, 114 Komariv village Perespa; In production II-2-46 Sheeted 43, 114 Perespa village Rozzhaliv; In production II-2-48 Sheeted 43, 114 Rozzhaliv village Byshivske; In production II-3-51 Sheeted 43, 114 Byshiv village Stoyaniv-I; In production II-3-52 Sheeted 47, 114 Stoyaniv village Maryanivka; In production II-4-55 Sheeted 12 Maryanivka village Stoyaniv-II; In production III-4-59 Stoyaniv village Sheeted 47, 114 Kulychkivske; In conservation III-1-60 Sheeted 43, 114 Kulychkiv village

111 1 2 3 4 5 Bolotnya-I; In production III-1-61 Sheeted 43, 114 Kulychkiv village Bolotnya-II; In conservation III-1-62 Sheeted 43, 114 Kulychkiv village Pidrochyn; Exhausted III-1-63 Sheeted 43, 114 Selets village Velykomostivske; Exhausted III-1-64 Sheeted 43, 114 Velyki Mosty town Boyanetske; In production III-1-66 Sheeted 43, 114 Boyanets village Volovyn; In conservation III-2-68 Sheeted 43, 114 Volovyn village Bilostokivske; In production III-3-76 Sheeted 43, 114 Pavliv village Radekhivske; In conservation III-3-77 Sheeted 43, 114 Nemyliv village Kholoivske; Exhausted III-3-78 Sheeted 43, 114 Babychi village Vuzlove; In conservation III-3-79 Sheeted 43, 114 Vuzlove village Kryve; In conservation III-3-80 Sheeted 43, 114 Kryve village Oglyadiv; In production III-3-83 Sheeted 43, 114 Oglyadiv village Makovshchyzna; In conservation III-3-84 Monastyrok- Sheeted 43, 114 Oglyadivskiy village Zadnya; In production III-4-85 Sheeted 43, 114 Novostavtsi village Lopatyn; In production III-4-89 Sheeted 43, 114 Lopatyn town Lopatynske; In production III-4-90 Sheeted 43, 114 Lopatyn town Lopatynske-I; Exhausted III-4-91 Sheeted 43, 114 Lopatyn town Turynka-II; In conservation IV-1-94 Sheeted 43, 114 Turynka village Turynka-I; In conservation IV-1-95 Sheeted 43, 114 Turynka village Blyshchyvody; In production IV-1-96 Sheeted 43, 114 Blyshchyvody village Yamne; In conservation IV-2-100 Sheeted 43, 114 Yamne village Lisniy Verkhovychok; Never been mined IV-3-103 Sheeted 43, 114 Stariy Maydan village Polonychka; In production IV-3-104 Sheeted 43, 114 Polonychka village Chanyzh; In production IV-3-105 Sheeted 43, 114 Chanyzh village Sokolya; In conservation IV-3-106 Sheeted 43, 114 Sokolya village Yablunivka; Exhausted IV-3-107 Sheeted 43, 114 Yablunivka village Stanislavchyk; In conservation IV-3-108 Sheeted 43, 114 Stanislavchyk village

112 1 2 3 4 5 Triytsya; Never been mined IV-4-109 Sheeted 43, 114 Triytsya village Gutyske; In production IV-4-113 Gutysko-Turyanske Sheeted 43, 114 village Perevolochne; In production IV-4-115 Sheeted 43, 114 Perevolochne village Grabyna; Exhausted IV-4-117 Sheeted 43, 114 Grabyna village Zabolotszivske; In production IV-4-118 Zabolotsi Baymakske Sheeted 43, 114 village Baymakske-4; In conservation IV-4-119 Sheeted 43, 114 Baymaky village Occurrence Bolotnya; Body 0.81 m thick III-1-67 Sheeted 43, 114 Sosnyny village Volovyn-II; Body 0.95 m thick III-2-69 Sheeted 43, 114 Volovyn village Grytsevolskiy; Body 1.15 m thick III-4-92 Sheeted 43, 114 Grytsevolya village Bazhanskiy-II; Body 0.91 m thick IV-4-110 Sheeted 43, 114 Bazhany village Bazhanskiy-I; Body 0.7 m thick IV-4-111 Sheeted 43, 114 Bazhany village Ruda-Bridskiy; Body 1.32 m thick IV-4-114 Sheeted 43, 114 Ruda-Bridskiy village Non-metallic mineral resources Construction raw materials Petrurgy and light concrete filler raw materials Clay Deposit Krystynopilske; Never been mined II-1-34 Sheeted 123 Chervonograd town Sand-gravel raw materials Sand for silicate brick Deposit Stryganivske; Never been mined III-2-73 Sheeted 123 Stryganka village Dobrotvirske; In production III-2-74 Sheeted 123 Dobrotvir town Tyshytske; Never been mined III-2-75 Sheeted 123 Tyshytsya village Construction sand Deposit Mezhyrichanske; Never been mined II-1-37 Sheeted 123 Mezhyrichchya village Bendyuzke; Never been mined II-2-47 Sheeted 123 Bendyuga village Yastrubychivske-I; In production III-2-70 Sheeted 123 Yastrubychi village Yastrubychivske; Exhausted III-2-71 Sheeted 123 Yastrubychi village Mezhyrichanske-I; In production III-2-72 Sheeted 123 Mezhyrichchya village

113 1 2 3 4 5 Brick-tile raw materials Clay, loess, loam, sandy loam Deposit Konyukhivske; In production I-3-27 Sheeted 12 Konyukhy village Gorokhivske-I; In production I-3-30 Sheeted 12 Gorokhiv town Shklynske; In production I-4-31 Sheeted 12 Shklyn village Zvynyachenske; In production I-4-32 Sheeted 12 Zvynyache village Bayanetske; In production II-1-33 Sheeted 123 Bayanychi village Peremyslivtsivske; In production II-1-36 Sheeted 123 Peremyslivtsi village Sokalske; Out of production II-2-40 Sheeted 123 Sokal town Tartakivske; In production II-2-41 Sheeted 123 Tartakiv village Smykivske; Out of production II-3-49 Sheeted 123 Smykiv village Stoyanivske; Out of production II-3-50 Sheeted 123 Stoyaniv village Gorokhivske-II; In production II-4-53 Sheeted 12 Gorokhiv town Tsegivske; Out of production II-4-54 Sheeted 12 Tsegiv village Lobachivske; In production II-4-56 Sheeted 12 Lobachivka village Buzhanivske; In production II-4-57 Sheeted 12 Buzhany village Mykolaivske; In production II-4-58 Sheeted 12 Mykolaiv village Velykomostivske; In production III-1-65 Sheeted 123 Velyki Mosty town Kholoivske; In production III-3-81 Sheeted 123 Volya-Kholoivska village Dmytrivske; In production III-3-82 Sheeted 123 Dmytriv village Khmilnenske; Out of production III-4-86 Sheeted 123 Khmilne village Lopatynske-I; In production III-4-87 Sheeted 123 Lopatyn town Bebekhivske; In production III-4-88 Sheeted 123 Bebekhy village Derevnyanske; Out of production IV-1-93 Sheeted 123 Derevnya village Pidlisne; In production IV-1-97 Sheeted 123 Pidlisne village Kamyansko-Buzke; Exhausted IV-2-98 Sheeted 123 Kamyanka-Buzka town Sapizhanske; In production IV-2-99 Sheeted 123 Sapizhanka village Kolodentsevske; In production IV-2-101 Sheeted 123 Kolodentse village

114 1 2 3 4 5 Neznanivske; Out of production IV-3-102 Sheeted 123 Neznaniv village Gutysko-Turyanske; Out of production IV-4-112 Gutysko-Turyanske Sheeted 123 village Sokolivske; Never been mined IV-4-116 Sheeted 123 Sokolivka village

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73Annex 6. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of coal resources in pre-Mesozoic units of map sheet M-35-XIII (Chervonograd)

1 2 3 4 5 Combustible minerals Solid Hard coal Deposit Volynske; In production I-2-120 Sheeted, C 93 Lytovezh village 1-2 Zabuzke; In production II-2-121 Sheeted, C 95 Sokal town 1-2 Mezhyrichanske; In production II-2-122 Sheeted, C 95 Mezhyrichchya village 1-2 Mezhyrichchya-Zakhidna Never been mined III-1-123 site; Sheeted, C1-2 96 Velyki Mosty town

116

74Annex 7. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in pre-Quaternary units of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv)

1 2 3 4 5 Combustible minerals Gaseous and liquid Natural gas and oil Occurrence Stronyatynskiy; Water with gas outflow I-1-6 Sheeted, D 71 Stronyatyn village 1 Oleskiy-I; Bitumen and oil drops in caverns, I-4-24 Sheeted, D -C 76 Olesko town gas smelt 3 1 Pidgoretskiy; Bitumens; liquid oil and asphalt I-4-25 Sheeted, D 76 Pidgirtsi village drops in rock 3 Oleskiy-II; Gas outflow within 4 hours, liquid I-4-26 Sheeted, D -C 76 Olesko town bitumen drops in rock 3 1 Zolochivskiy; Oil films in rock II-4-54 Sheeted, D 110 Zolochiv town 3 Remezivtsivskiy; Oil drops and films in rock II-4-57 Sheeted, D 110 Remezivtsi village 3 Bryukhovytskiy; Gas outflow, Q – 40 thous.m3/day III-3-80 Sheeted, C 90 Bryukhovychi village 1 Novorozdolskiy; Water with gas ejection IV-1-98 Sheeted, K zv 102 Noviy Rozdol town 2 2 Vilkhovetskiy-I; Minor gas outflow IV-1-103 Sheeted, N vl 102 Vilkhivtsi village 1 Vilkhovetskiy-II; Minor gas outflow IV-1-110 Sheeted, N vl 102 Vilkhivtsi village 1 Metallic mineral resources Ferrous metals Manganese Occurrence Zhydachivskiy; Clay interbeds of 2.1 m total IV-1-107 Zhydachiv town thickness; manganese content up to Sheeted, N1ks 102 10.1% Lyubsha site; Bed 0.5-2.5 m thick ; manganese IV-2-112 Lyubsha, Yagodivka content 9.2-12.5% Sheeted, N1ks 64 villages Luchanskiy; Alternating beds 0.1 m thick with IV-2-117 Luchany village manganese content up to 13.8%; Sheeted, N1ks 64 total body thickness – 3.4 m Vovchatytskiy-I; Clay interbeds 0.2 m thick with IV-2-121 Sheeted, N ks 64 Vovchatychi village manganese content 10% 1 Vovchatytskiy-II; Clay interbeds 1.6 m thick with IV-2-123 Sheeted, N ks 64 Vovchatychi village manganese content 10.2% 1

117 1 2 3 4 5 Cheremkhivskiy-I; Alternating clayey marls of 3.1 m IV-2-126 Cheremkhiv village total thickness with manganese Sheeted, N1ks 129 content 11.3% Cheremkhivskiy-II; Alternating clayey marls of 2.7 m IV-2-129 Cheremkhiv village total thickness with manganese Sheeted, N1ks 129 content 10.63% Vasyuchynskiy; Clay 0.6 m thick with manganese IV-2-132 Sheeted, N ks 64 Vasyuchyn village content up to 17% 1 Bortnykivskiy; Alternating limestone and marl IV-2-134 Bortnyky village interbeds of 3.0 m total thickness Sheeted, N1ks 46 with manganese content up to 22.4% Rogatyn-Bukachivtsi Never been mined IV-3-148 site, Burshtynske deposit; Sheeted, N1ks 64 Yavche village Non-ferrous metals Titanium Occurrence Podusiv (site); Square 1 km2. Ilmenite content in Podusiv village samples from 2 to 18.2 kg/m3; rutile III-3-81 and leucoxene – from 1.8 to 20 Placer, N1op 30 kg/m3; zircon – from 0.3 to 14.2 kg/m3 Bolotnya-Zagay (site); Square 1.5 km2. Ilmenite content in Bolotnya village samples up to 16.2 kg/m3; rutile and III-3-82 Placer, N op 30 leucoxene – up to 18 kg/m3; zircon – 1 up to 14.2 kg/m3 Rare Strontium Occurrence Glynyanskiy (site); Total thickness of celestine-enriched Glynyany town, ores – from 0.2 to 6.0 m. Occurs in Veined, II-3-47 Baluchyn, Kutkir villages dissemination, veined and nodules. 59 K lk , K lk Strontium content in celestine- 2 1 2 2 enriched rocks attain 50% Bolotnyanskiy; Celestine vein 35-40 cm thick. Veined, III-3-83 59 Bolotnya village Strontium content not determined K2lk2 Kaminne; Gypsum 0.5 m thick with strontium Veined, IV-1-102 45 Kaminna village content 3% N1tr Ivanivtsivskiy; Limestone 0.9 m thick with Veined, IV-1-104 103 Ivanivtsi village strontium content 3% N1tr Borodchytsivskiy; Gypsum 1.0 m thick with strontium Veined, IV-1-105 45 Borodchytsi village content 3% N1tr Vilkhovetskiy; Limestone 0.2 m and 0.9 m thick Veined, IV-1-108 103 Vilkhivtsi village with strontium content 3% N1tr Goldovytskiy; Gypsum 0.4 m thick with strontium Veined, IV-2-111 46 Goldovychi village content 3% N1tr Luchanskiy; Gypsum 0.4 m thick with strontium Veined, IV-2-114 Luchan village content 6%; marl 0.4 m thick with 46 N tr, K lk strontium content 4% 1 2 2 Lishchynskiy; Marl 1.0 m thick with strontium Veined, IV-2-115 46 Lishchyny village content 3.74% K2lk2 Grusyatytskiy; Limestone 0.6 m thick with Veined, IV-2-118 46 Grusyatychi village strontium content 3% N1tr Cheremkhivskiy; Metasomatic limestone 6.0 m thick Veined, IV-2-130 46 Cheremkhiv village with strontium content 4.31% N1tr

118 1 2 3 4 5 Rogatynskiy; Limestone 5.0 m and 2.0 m thick Veined, IV-3-146 Rogatyn town with visible celestine content up to 62 K lk 15% 2 2 Non-metallic mineral resources Non-ore raw materials for metallurgy Foundry raw materials Sand Deposit Boloshchynske-1; Out of production III-1-62 Sheeted; N op 123 Boloshchyna village 1 Non-ore chemical raw materials Chemical raw materials Limestone for sugar industry Deposit Krasivske; In production. Complex: limestone for III-1-63 Sheeted; N op 123 Brodky village construction lime 1 Potutorske; Out of production IV-4-156 Sheeted; K db 123 Berezhany town 2 1 Gorodynske; In production. Complex: limestone for IV-4-157 Sheeted; N op 123 Pidvysoke village construction lime 1 Pidvysotske; In production. Complex: limestone for IV-4-158 Pidvysoke village aggregates, construction lime and Sheeted; N1op 123 gypsum Native sulfur Deposit Rozdolske; Exhausted IV-1-96 Sheeted; N tr 38 Noviy Rozdol town 1 Zhydachivske; Never been mined IV-1-106 Sheeted; N tr 33 Zhydachiv town 1 Teysarivske; Never been mined IV-1-109 Sheeted; N tr 105 Vilkivtsi village 1 Occurrence Granky-Kuty; Gypsum 1.8 m thick with scarce sulfur Granky-Kuty village pods; anhydrite 12.9 m thick with IV-1-94 Sheeted; N tr 60 sulfur pods (0.48-3.52%); gypsum 2.0 1 m thick with sulfur (3.04%) Kyivetskiy; Limestone 0.3 m thick with sulfur Kyivets village (17.44%); gypsum 0.7 m thick with IV-1-99 sulfur (1.28-18.48%); gypsum 17.1 m Sheeted; N1tr 102, 105 thick with minor sulfur bunches (0.48%) Demyanskiy-I; Isometric body - 1×1 km. In limestones IV-1-100 Demyanka-Lisna village with sulfur ore thickness from 0.65 to Sheeted; N1tr 38 3.1 m average sulfur content – 14.08% Demyanskiy-II; Limestone 9.5 m thick with single IV-1-101 Demyanka sulfur pods; limestone 3.1 m thick with Sheeted; N1tr 60 Naddnistryanska village sulfur (9.92-16.32%)

119 1 2 3 4 5 Molodynchenskiy; Sulfur mineralization is related to Molodychne village metasomatic limestones. Two bodies occur: Western and Eastern with 0.5 km distance in between. Western body is extended from north-west to south- east over 1300 m distance at 220 m IV-2-133 Sheeted; N tr 129 width. Sulfur ores 05.-2.7 m thick; 1 sulfur content 10-24.5% (average – 15.76%). Eastern body is 1400 m long and 220 m wide. Sulfur ores from 0.5 to 10.1 m thick; sulfur content – 12.01- 31.9% Agro-chemical raw materials Phosphorites Occurrence Mervytskiy; Sandstones 8 m thick with phosphorite Sheeted; I-1-1 80 Mervychi village nodules K1-2nz+i Kulykivskiy-I; Sandstones and aleurolites 8 m thick Sheeted; I-1-2 80 Kulykiv town with phosphorite nodules K1-2nz+i Kulykivskiy-II; Sandstones and aleurolites 6 m thick Sheeted; I-1-3 80 Kulykiv town with phosphorite nodules K1-2nz+i Stronyatynskiy; Sandstones and aleurolites 7 m thick Sheeted; I-1-4 80 Stronyatyn village with phosphorite nodules K1-2nz+i Krasnenskiy; Sandstones and aleurolites 2 m thick Sheeted; I-3-20 36 Krasne town with phosphorite nodules K1-2nz+i Bortkivskiy; Sandstones and aleurolites 9 m thick Sheeted; II-3-46 36 Bortkiv village with phosphorite nodules K1-2nz+i Non-metal ore raw materials Gemstone raw materials Stoned wood Occurrence “Kaizervald” outcrop; Stoned wood trunks up to 2.5 m long, I-1-9 Sheeted; N op 127 Lviv city 0.7 m in diameter 1 “Vynnyky” outcrop; Stoned wood fragments 1.5-2 t weight II-1-30 Sheeted; N op 127 Lviv city 1 “Stykhiv” quarry; Stoned wood fragments up to 50 t of II-1-34 Sheeted; N op 127 Lviv city total weight 1 “Vodnykivskiy” quarry; Stoned wood fragments up to 0.3 t II-1-41 Sheeted; N op 127 Vodnyky village weight 1 Quarry; Stoned wood fragments up to 0.5 t III-1-60 Sheeted; N op 127 Lopushna village weight 1 Quarry; Stoned wood fragments up to 1 t III-2-74 Velyki Glibovychi weight Sheeted; N1op 127 village Facing raw materials Gypsum Deposit Pryozernenske; Never been mined IV-2-122 Sheeted; N tr 123 Pryozerne village 1 Dobrovlyanske; Never been mined IV-2-124 Sheeted; N tr 123 Khodoriv town 1

120

1 2 3 4 5 Construction raw materials Glass raw materials Sand for glass industry Deposit Sykhivske; In production. Complex: construction II-1-33 Sheeted; N op 112 Lviv city sand 1 Zadvirske; Never been mined III-1-61 Sheeted; N op 123 Zadvirya village 1 Voloshchynske; Never been mined III-1-64 Sheeted; N op 123 Sukhodil village 1 Velykoglibovytske; In production III-2-73 Velyki Glibovychi Sheeted; N1op 123 village Stratynske; Out of production. Complex: limestone IV-3-142 Stratyn village for wall dimension stone; limestone for Sheeted; N1op 123 construction lime; construction sand Rogachynske; In production. Complex: limestone for IV-4-152 Sheeted; N op 123 Rogachyn village construction lime 1 Cement raw materials Limestone Deposit Rozvadivske (site No. 8); Never been mined III-1-70 Sheeted; N op 123 Radiv village 1 Rozvadivske (sites No. Never been mined IV-1-90 17-20); Sheeted; N1op 123 Pryyma village Rozvadivske (site No. Never been mined IV-1-91 19); Sheeted; N1op 123 Veryn village Wall dimension stone raw materials Limestone Deposit Rogatynske; Never been mined III-3-85 Sheeted; N op 123 Lypivka village 1 Zhukivske; In production. Complex: limestone for III-4-89 Sheeted; N1tn 123 Nadrichne village construction lime (N1op) Raw materials for construction lime and gypsum Limestone Deposit Krasivske; In production. Complex: limestone for III-1-63 Sheeted; N op 123 Brodky village sugar industry 1 Glukhovetske; Never been mined. Complex: III-1-65 Sheeted; N op 123 Glukhovets village construction sand 1 Devyatnykivske; Never been mined III-2-77 Sheeted; N op 123 Devyatnyky village 1 Svirzke; Never been mined. Complex: sand for III-2-79 Sheeted; N op 123 Vyspa village aggregates; construction sand 1 Rekshynske; In production. Complex: limestone for III-4-87 Sheeted; N op 123 Rekshyn village aggregates 1 Gorishnyanske; Never been mined IV-1-95 Sheeted; N op 123 Gorishne village 1 Moskalivske; Never been mined. Complex: IV-3-138 Sheeted; N op 123 Stratyn village construction sand 1 Rudanske; Never been mined IV-3-139 Sheeted; N op 123 Rogatyn town 1

121 1 2 3 4 5 Stratynske; In production. Complex: sand for glass IV-3-142 Stratyn village industry; limestone for aggregates; Sheeted; N1op 123 construction sand Pukivske; Never been mined. Complex: IV-3 147 Pukiv village limestone for aggregates; construction Sheeted; N1op 123 sand Volytske; Never been mined. Complex: IV-4-151 Volytsya village limestone for aggregates; construction Sheeted; N1op 123 sand Rogachynske; In production. Complex: sand for glass IV-4-152 Sheeted; N op 123 Rogachyn village industry 1 Gorodyske; In production. Complex: limestone for IV-4-157 Sheeted; N op 123 Pidvysoke village sugar industry 1 Pidvysotske; In production. Complex: limestone for IV-4-158 Pidvysoke village sugar industry; limestone for Sheeted; N1op 123 aggregates Gypsum Deposit Yagodivske; Never been mined IV-2-116 Sheeted; N tr 123 Yagodivka village 1 Vasyuchynske; Never been mined IV-2-127 Sheeted; N tr 123 Vasyuchyn village 1 Luchynetske; Never been mined IV-3-149 Sheeted; N tr 123 Luchyntsi village 1 Raw materials for aggregates Limestone Deposit Davydivske-I; Never been mined. Complex: sand for II-1-38 Sheeted; N op 123 Davydiv village locomotive tanks 1 Slovitske; Never been mined II-3-50 Sheeted; N op 123 Slovita village 1 Nedilyske; Never been mined III-2-75 Sheeted; N op 123 Nedilyska village 1 Rekshynske; In production. Complex: limestone for III-4-87 Sheeted; N op 123 Rekshyn village construction lime 1 Zhukivske; In production. Complex: limestone for III-4-89 Sheeted; N1op 123 Nadrichne village wall dimension stone (N1tn) Stratynske; In production. Complex: sand for glass IV-3-142 Stratyn village industry; limestone for construction Sheeted; N1op 123 lime; construction sand Pukivske; Never been mined. Complex: IV-3-147 Pukiv village limestone for construction lime; Sheeted; N1op 123 construction sand Volytske; Never been mined. Complex: IV-4-151 Volytsya village limestone for construction lime; Sheeted; N1op 123 construction sand Shybalynske; In production IV-4-154 Sheeted; N op 123 Berezhany town 1 Demnyanske; Never been mined IV-4-155 Sheeted; N op 123 Demnya village 1 Pidvysotske; In production. Complex: limestone for IV-4-158 Pidvysoke village sugar industry; limestone for Sheeted; N1op 123 construction lime

122

1 2 3 4 5 Limestone Deposit Tristyanetske; Never been mined. Complex: III-1-67 Sheeted; N op 123 Tristyanets village construction sand 1 Svirzke; Never been mined. Complex: III-2-79 Sheeted; N op 123 Vyspa village limestone for lime; construction sand 1 Lypivske; In production III-3-84 Sheeted; N op 123 Lypivka village 1 Naraivske; In production III-4-88 Sheeted; N op 123 Naraiv village 1 Sand-gravel raw materials Construction sand Deposit Elykhovychivske; Never been mined I-4-29 Sheeted; N op 123 Zolochiv town 1 Sykhivske; In production. Complex: sand for glass II-1-33 Sheeted; N op 123 Lviv city industry 1 Davydivske-II; In production II-1-35 Sheeted; N op 123 Davydiv village 1 Vynnychkivske; In production II-1-36 Sheeted; N op 123 Vynnychky village 1 Davydivske-III; Never been mined II-1-39 Sheeted; N op 123 Davydiv village 1 Davydivske; In production II-1-40 Sheeted; N op 123 Sholomiya village 1 Vodnykivske; In production II-1-42 Sheeted; N op 123 Vodnyky village 1 Lagodivske; Never been mined II-3-52 Sheeted; N op 123 Lagodiv village 1 Glukhovetske; Never been mined. Complex: III-1-65 Sheeted; N op 123 Glukhovets village limestone for construction lime 1 Trostyanetske; Never been mined. Complex: III-1-67 Sheeted; N op 123 Trostyanets village sandstone for aggregates 1 Vybranivske; Never been mined III-1-68 Sheeted; N op 123 Vybranivka village 1 Pivdenno-Trostyanetske; In production II-1-69 Sheeted; N op 123 Trostyanets village 1 Zakryvetske; Never been mined III-2-76 Sheeted; N op 123 Zakryvets village 1 Svirzke; Never been mined. Complex: III-2-79 Vyspa village limestone for construction lime; Sheeted; N1op 123 sandstone for aggregates Krasnopushanske; In production III-4-86 Sheeted; N op 123 Pomoryany village 1 Yagodivske; In conservation IV-2-119 Sheeted; N op 123 Yagodivka village 1 Voronivske; In production IV-3-135 Sheeted; N op 123 Voroniv village 1 Klishchivnyanske; In production IV-3-136 Sheeted; N op 123 Klishchivnya village 1 Moskalivske; Never been mined. Complex: IV-3-138 Sheeted; N op 123 Stratyn village limestone for construction lime 1 Lukovyshchenske-I; In production IV-3-140 Sheeted; N op 123 Lukovyshche village 1

123 1 2 3 4 5 Golodievske; In production IV-3-141 Sheeted; N op 123 Stratyn village 1 Stratynske; In production. Complex: sand for glass IV-3-142 Stratyn village industry; limestone for construction Sheeted; N1op 123 lime; limestone for aggregates Lukovyshchenske-II; Never been mined IV-3-144 Sheeted; N op 123 Lukovyshche village 1 Pukivske; Never been mined. Complex: IV-3-147 Pukiv village limestone for construction lime; Sheeted; N1op 123 limestone for aggregates Naraivske; Never been mined IV-4-150 Sheeted; N op 123 Rogachyn village 1 Volytske; Never been mined. Complex: IV-4-151 Volytsya village limestone for construction lime; Sheeted; N1op 123 limestone for aggregates Berezhanske; In production IV-4-153 Sheeted; N op 123 Rogachyn village 1 Sand for locomotive tanks Deposit Davydivske-I; Never been mined. Complex: II-1-38 Sheeted; N op 123 Davydiv village limestone for aggregates 1 Sand for silicate brick Deposit Zadvirske; Never been mined I-2-13 Sheeted; N op 123 Zadvirya village 1 Pogrebsko-Gorodovske; Never been mined IV-3-137 Sheeted; N op 123 Stratyn village 1 WATERS Underground waters Mineral Waters without distinct components Deposit Olesko; In exploitation Bed-fractured; D I-4-23 2- 61 Olesko town 3 Occurrence Gamaliivskiy; ChSo*; Mz** - 2.1 g/dm3; Q*** - 0.71 I-1-5 Gamaliivka village l/s Bed-fractured; K2 61 Polonychivskiy; ChSo; Mz - 10.4 g/dm3; Q - 1.15 l/s I-2-12 Bed-fractured; C 61 Polonychi village 1 Gumnyska; ChSo; Mz – 2.0 g/dm3; Q – 0.56 l/s I-3-16 Bed-fractured; K 61 Gumnyska village 2 Kutkir; ChSo; Mz – 2.0 g/dm3; Q – 3.57 l/s I-3-18 Bed-fractured; K 61 Kutkir village 2 Andriivskiy; ChSo; Mz – 4.4 g/dm3; Q – 1.73 l/s I-3-19 Bed-fractured; K 61 Andriivka village 2 Baluchynskiy; ChSo; Mz – 5.2 g/dm3; Q – 2.5 l/s I-3-21 Bed-fractured; K 61 Baluchyn village 2 Velykosolonskiy; SuCa; Mz – 2.7 g/dm3; Q – 0.47 l/s II-1-31 Bed-fractured; K 61 Velyka Solonka village 2 Pasiky-Zubrytskiy; SuCa; Mz – 2.8 g/dm3; Q – 0.35 l/s II-1-32 Bed-fractured; K 61 Pasiky-Zubrytski village 2 Zhyrivskiy; SuCa; Mz – 1.97 g/dm3; Q – 0.27 l/s II-1-37 Bed-fractured; K 61 Zhyrivka village 2 Chyzhykivskiy; ChSo; Mz – 2.9 g/dm3; Q – 6.1 l/s II-2-44 Bed-fractured; K 61 Chyzhykiv village 2

124 1 2 3 4 5 Prognoivskiy-I; ChSo; Mz – 3.0 g/dm3; Q – 6.25 l/s II-3-45 Bed-fractured; K 61 Prognoiv village 2 Prognoivskiy-II; ChSo; Mz – 3.7 g/dm3; Q – 3.3 l/s II-3-48 Bed-fractured; K 61 Prognoiv village 2 Kniselivskiy; SuCa; Mz – 2.2 g/dm3; Q – 6 l/s Bed-fractured; III-2-78 61 Kniselo village N1tr Malekhivskiy; SuCa; Mz – 2.4 g/dm3; Q – 6.5 l/s Bed-fractured; IV-1-93 61 Malekhiv village N1tr Granky-Kuty; SuCa; Mz – 2.3 g/dm3; Q – 0.36 l/s IV-1-97 Bed; N op 61 Granky-Kuty village 1 Kalynivskiy; SuCa; Mz – 2.2 g/dm3; Q – 2.5 l/s IV-2-113 Bed-fractured; K 61 Kalynivka village 2 Yagodivskiy; SuCa; Mz – 2.2 g/dm3; Q – 0.5 l/s Bed-fractured; IV-2-120 61 Yagodivka village N1tr Voskresyntsivskiy; SuCa; Mz – 2.3 g/dm3; Q – 0.05 l/s IV-2-125 Bed-fractured; K 61 Voskresyntsi village 2 Vasyuchynskiy; SuCa; Mz – 2.3 g/dm3; Q – 0.5 l/s Bed-fractured; IV-2-128 61 Vasyuchyn village N1tr Novosiltsivskiy; SuCa; Mz – 3.4 g/dm3; Q – 0.4 l/s Bed-fractured; IV-2-131 61 Novosiltsi village N1tr Silica Occurrence 3 Chuchmanivskiy; ChHySo; Mz – 1.0 g/dm ; SiO2 – 239.9 3 I-3-14 Chuchmany village mg/dm Bed-fractured; C1 61 Sulphide Occurrence 3 Malogrybovytskiy; HyCa; Mz – 0.4 g/dm ; H2S– 35.2 I-1-7 Mali Grybovychi village mg/dm3; Q – 0.74 l/s Bed-fractured; K2 61 3 Mylyatynskiy; SuCa; Mz – 3.2 g/dm ; H2S– 18.7 3 I-2-10 Mylyatyn village mg/dm ; Q – 0.22 l/s Bed-fractured; D3 61 3 Kizlivskiy; SuCa; Mz – 3.4 g/dm ; H2S– 18 I-3-15 Kizliv village mg/dm3; Q – 0.26 l/s Bed-fractured; D3 61 Deposit Cherche; In exploitation Bed-fractured; IV-3-145 42 Cherche village N1tr Fresh Drinking Deposit Novoyarychivske, In exploitation I-2-11 Novoyarychivska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Noviy Yarychiv town Buske, Buska site; In exploitation I-3-17 Bed-fractured; K 100 Busk town 2 Zolochivske, Ushnyanska Out of exploitation I-4-27 site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Ushnya village Zolochivske, Out of exploitation I-4-28 Khmilyovska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Sasiv village Bibrske, Budkivska site; In exploitation II-1-43 Bed-fractured; K 100 Stare Selo village 2

125 1 2 3 4 5 Zolochivske, In exploitation Vilshanytska site; II-3-49 Bed-fractured; K 100 Velyka Vilshanytsya 2 village Gologirske, Gologirska Out of exploitation II-3-51 site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Gologory village Bibrske, Out of exploitation II-3-53 Peremyshlyanska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Mizhgirya village Zolochivske, Out of exploitation II-4-55 Zolochivska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Zolochiv town Zolochivske, Plugivska In exploitation II-4-56 site; Bed-fractured; D3 100 Stratyn village Remezivtsivske, Out of exploitation II-4-58 Remezivtsivska site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Remezivtsi village Zubrivske, Zubrivska Out of exploitation III-1-59 site; Bed-fractured; K2 100 Rakovets village Bibrske, Pivdenna site; Out of exploitation III-1-66 Bed-fractured; K 100 Vybranivka village 2 Novorozdolske, Dibrova In exploitation Bed-fractured; III-1-71 site; 100 N op Dibrova village 1 Bibrske, Bibrska site; In exploitation III-2-72 Bed-fractured; K 100 Bibrka town 2 Novorozdolske, Balka In exploitation Bed-fractured; IV-1-92 Glyboka site; 100 N op Noviy Rozdol town 1 Industrial Bromine Occurrence Mali Pidliski; ChSo; Mz – 3.5 g/dm3; I – 6.0 mg/dm3; 3 I-1-8 Mali Pidliski village Br – 601-668 mg/dm Bed-fractured; D2 71 Baluchynskiy; ChSo; Mz – 141.6 g/dm3; I – 6-8.4 I-3-22 Baluchyn village mg/dm3; Br – 74-975.5 mg/dm3 Bed-fractured; C 72

126

75Annex 8. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of mineral resources in Quaternary sediments of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv)

1 2 3 4 5 Combustible minerals Solid Peat Deposit Grebentsi; In production I-1-161 Sheeted 43, 114 Grebentsi village Doroshiv-II; Out of production I-1-162 Sheeted 43, 114 Gryada village Doroshiv; In production I-1-163 Sheeted 43, 114 Gryada village Sytykhiv; In production I-1-164 Sheeted 43, 114 Stronyatyn village Gamaliivka-Grybovychi; In production I-1-165 Sheeted 43, 114 Gamaliivka village Mylyatynske; In production I-1-166 Sheeted 43, 114 Velykosilka village Basy; In production I-2-167 Sheeted 43, 114 Neslukhiv village Didyliv; In production I-2-169 Sheeted 43, 114 Didyliv village Yarychivske; In conservation I-1-170 Sheeted 43, 114 Noviy Yarychiv town Verblyany; Exhausted I-3-173 Sheeted 43, 114 Verblyany village Olesko-Khvativ; In production I-4-179 Sheeted 43, 114 Olesko town Ozhydiv; In production I-4-180 Sheeted 43, 114 Ozhydiv village Biliy Kamin; In production I-4-182 Sheeted 43, 114 Biliy Kamin village Sasivske; Exhausted I-4-184 Sheeted 43, 114 Sasiv village Skvaryava-Zolochiv; In production I-4-185 Sheeted 43, 114 Skvaryava village Zolochivske; Never been mined I-4-186 Sheeted 43, 114 Pochapy village Elykhovychi; Exhausted I-4-187 Sheeted 43, 114 Elykhovychi village Pidbereztsi; Exhausted II-1-188 Sheeted 43, 114 Pidbereztsi village Dmytrovychi; Never been mined II-1-189 Sheeted 43, 114 Dmytrovychi village Pidmonastyrske; Never been mined II-1-194 Sheeted 43, 114 Pidmonastyr village

127 1 2 3 4 5 Pecheniya; In production II-2-195 Sheeted 43, 114 Pecheniya village Stanymyr; In conservation II-2-196 Sheeted 43, 114 Kurovychi village Zvenygorod-Kotsurivske; In production II-2-197 Sheeted 43, 114 Zvenygorod village Gryniv; In production II-2-198 Sheeted 43, 114 Gryniv village Kopan; Exhausted II-2-200 Sheeted 43, 114 Kopan village Chervone; Never been mined II-3-202 Sheeted 43, 114 Chervone village Prognoiv; In production II-3-204 Sheeted 43, 114 Prognoiv village Trudovach; In production II-3-205 Sheeted 43, 114 Trudovach village Peremyshlyanske; In production II-3-208 Sheeted 43, 114 Peremyshlyany town Bonyshynske; In production II-4-211 Sheeted 43, 114 Bonyshyn village Strutyn-I; In conservation II-4-212 Sheeted 43, 114 Strutyn village Strutyn-II; In production II-4-213 Sheeted 43, 114 Strutyn village Pomoryanske; In conservation II-4-218 Sheeted 43, 114 Koropets village Borusiv; Never been mined III-1-220 Sheeted 43, 114 Borusiv village Bibrske; Never been mined III-2-221 Sheeted 43, 114 Shpylchyna village Stoky; Exhausted III-2-223 Sheeted 43, 114 Stoky village Knesilivske; In conservation III-2-227 Sheeted 43, 114 Knesilo village Bryukhovychy; Never been mined III-3-230 Sheeted 43, 114 Bryukhovychy village Bolotnyanske; In conservation III-3-231 Sheeted 43, 114 Bolotnya village Krynytsya; Never been mined III-4-232 Sheeted 43, 114 Dunaiv village Dunaiv; Body 0.7 m thick III-4-234 Sheeted 43, 114 Dunaiv village Rekshynske; In conservation III-4-236 Sheeted 43, 114 Rekshyn village Zabolotivtsi; Exhausted IV-1-249 Sheeted 43, 114 Berezhnytsya village Bobirka; Never been mined IV-2-251 Sheeted 43, 114 Luchany village Yagodivka; In production IV-2-252 Sheeted 47, 114 Yagodivka village Chorniy Ostriv; In conservation IV-2-253 Sheeted 43, 114 Chorniy Ostriv village Khodoriv; Never been mined IV-2-254 Sheeted 43, 114 Otynevychi village

128 1 2 3 4 5 Dolynyany-Zharski; In production IV-2-255 Sheeted 43, 114 Dolynyany village Vovchatychi; In conservation IV-2-257 Sheeted 43, 114 Vovchatychi village Potitske; In production IV-3-266 Sheeted 123 Potik village Babukhivske; In production IV-3-267 Sheeted 123 Babukhiv village Kalynivske; Never been mined IV-3-268 Sheeted 123 Kalynivka village Berezhanske-I; In production IV-4-272 Sheeted 123 Berezhany town Berezhanske; Never been mined IV-4-276 Sheeted 123 Berezhany town Pidvysotske; Never been mined IV-4-279 Sheeted 123 Pidvysoke village Occurrence Poltva; Body 0.9 m thick I-2-172 Sheeted 43, 114 Pykulovychi village Grygoriv; Never been mined IV-2-260 Sheeted 43, 114 Vasyuchyn village Metals Ferrous Iron Occurrence Korolivka; Lake-swamp sediments with IV-1-245 Korolivka village limonite ore nodules. Fe2O3 content Sheeted 45, 46 – 69.62% Zagurshchyna; Lake-swamp sediments with IV-1-247 Zagurshchyna; village limonite ore nodules. Fe2O3 content Sheeted 45, 46 – 47.9% Rogizne; Limonite ore lenses; Fe O content – IV-1-248 2 3 Sheeted 45, 46 Rogizne village 47.8% Sugrivskiy; Swamp sediments with limonite IV-2-259 Lens-shaped 45, 46 Sugriv village concretions. Fe2O3 content – 19.11% Mechyshchivskiy; Limonite concretions. Fe O content IV-4-280 2 3 Sheeted 45, 46 Mechyshchiv village – 18.25% Non-metals Construction materials Sand-gravel raw materials Sandy-pebble material Deposit Zarichanske; In conservation IV-1-243 Sheeted 123 Zarichchya village Brick-tile raw materials Clay, loess, loam, sandy loam Deposit Kulykivske; In conservation I-1-159 Sheeted 123 Kulykivske village Grebintsivske; Never been mined I-1-160 Sheeted 123 Grebintsi village Didylivske; In production I-2-168 Sheeted 123 Didyliv village Zadvirske; Never been mined I-2-171 Sheeted 123 Zadvirya village

129 1 2 3 4 5 Buske-I; Exhausted I-3-174 Sheeted 123 Busk town Novomylyatynske; In production I-3-175 Sheeted 123 Novomylyatyn village Buske; In production I-3-176 Sheeted 123 Busk town Kizlivske; Never been mined I-3-177 Sheeted 123 Kizliv village Andriivske; In production I-3-178 Sheeted 123 Andriivka village Pidgoretske; In production I-4-181 Sheeted 123 Pidgirtsi village Zhulytske; In production I-4-183 Sheeted 123 Zhulychi village Glukhovychivske; Never been mined II-1-190 Sheeted 123 Glukhovychi village Kovyarivske; In production II-1-191 Sheeted 123 Kovyari village Lypnykivske; In conservation II-1-192 Sheeted 123 Lypnyky village Starosilske; In production II-1-193 Sheeted 123 Stare Selo village Mostyshchenske; In production II-2-199 Sheeted 123 Mostyshche village Prognoivske; Never been mined II-3-201 Sheeted 123 Prognoiv village Glynyanske; In production II-3-203 Sheeted 123 Glynyany village Gologirske; Never been mined II-3-206 Sheeted 123 Gologory village Lypovetske; Never been mined II-3-207 Sheeted 123 Lupivtsi village Peremyshlyanske-I; In production II-3-209 Sheeted 123 Peremyshlyany town Peremyshlyanske-II; In production II-4-210 Sheeted 123 Peremyshlyany town Zolochivske; In production II-4-214 Sheeted 123 Zolochiv town Voronyakivske; Never been mined II-4-215 Sheeted 123 Voronyaky village Zolochivske (Voronyaky Never been mined ii-4-216 site); Sheeted 123 Voronyaky village Shpykolosivske; In production II-4-217 Sheeted 123 Shpykolosy village Krasivske; Never been mined III-1-219 Sheeted 123 Krasiv village Bibrske; In production III-2-222 Sheeted 123 Bibrka town Kvitneve; In conservation III-2-224 Sheeted 123 Kvitneve village Bertyshivske; Never been mined III-2-225 Sheeted 123 Bertyshiv village Repekhivske; Pidkrevets Never been mined III-2-226 Sheeted 123 village

130 1 2 3 4 5 Vovkivske; Never been mined III-3-228 Sheeted 123 Vovkiv village Kostenivske; Never been mined III-3-229 Sheeted 123 Kosteniv village Pomoryanske; In production III-4-233 Sheeted 123 Pomoryany village Plikhivske; Never been mined III-4-235 Sheeted 123 Plikhiv village Verbivske; Never been mined III-4-237 Sheeted 123 Verbiv village Granky-Kutivske; Never been mined IV-1-239 Sheeted 123 Granky-Kuty village Berezdovetske; In production IV-1-240 Sheeted 123 Berezdivtsi village Rozvadivske; Never been mined IV-1-241 Sheeted 123 Rozvadiv village Rozdolske; Never been mined IV-1-242 Sheeted 123 Rozdol town Zhydachivske; In production IV-1-244 Sheeted 123 Zhydachiv village Grusyatytske; Never been mined IV-2-250 Sheeted 123 Grusyatychi village Khodorivske; In production IV-2-256 Sheeted 123 Khodoriv town Verbytske; In production IV-2-258 Sheeted 123 Verbytsya village Zadanivske; Never been mined IV-3-261 Sheeted 123 Zadaniv village Dobrynivske; In production IV-3-262 Sheeted 123 Dobryniv village Velyko-Potitske; Never been mined IV-3-263 Sheeted 123 Potik village Babyntsivske; Never been mined IV-3-264 Sheeted 123 Babyntsi village Zalyzhzhya; In production IV-3-265 Sheeted 43, 114 Zalyzhzhya village Kalynivske-I; In production IV-3-269 Sheeted 123 Kalynivka village Galych-Berezivske; In production IV-3-270 Sheeted 43, 114 Berezivka village Lapshynske; Never been mined IV-4-271 Sheeted 123 Lapshyn village Rayske; In conservation IV-4-273 Sheeted 123 Ray village Baby; In conservation IV-4-274 Sheeted 43, 114 Posukhiv village Berezhanske-II; In production IV-4-275 Sheeted 123 Berezhany town Stavysko; Never been mined IV-4-277 Sheeted 43, 114 Posukhiv village Verkhnyolypytske; Never been mined IV-4-278 Verkhnya Lypytsya Sheeted 123 village

131 1 2 3 4 5 Waters Underground waters Fresh Deposit Mykolaivske; Out of exploitation IV-1-238 Sheeted 100 Krupske village Gnizdychivske; Out of exploitation IV-1-246 Sheeted 100 Gnizdychiv village

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76Annex 9. List of deposits and occurrences indicated in the geological map and map of coal resources in pre-Mesozoic units of map sheet M-35-XIX (Lviv)

1 2 3 4 5 Combustible minerals Solid Hard coal Deposit Buske; Never been mined I-3-284 Busk town Sheeted, C1 83 Occurrence Zadvirskiy-I; V bed thickness – 0.90 m I-2-281 2 Sheeted, C 83 Zadvirya village 1 Zadvirskiy-II; Aggregate V bed thickness – 0.42 m I-2-282 2 Sheeted, C 83 Zadvirya village (0.07+0.35) 1 Bogdanivskiy; V bed thickness – 0.57 m I-2-283 2 Sheeted, C 83 Bogdanivka village 1

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77Annex 10. List of nature landmarks indicated in the location scheme of geological and archaeological landmarks

Type No., Notes number in Landmark name Location Brief description (references map cited)

1 2 3 4 5 6 Verkhnyolypetskiy Verkhnya Lypytsya In Quaternary deluvial diluvium with village, Rogatynskiy area, sediments remnants of ancient 1 Strati- 1 (1843 ) Quaternary Ivano-Frankivska Oblast settlements are identified 8 graphic paleontologic knows as Lypetska culture, as remnants well as animal bones Luchyntsi village, Hilly relief of the area is Geo- Rogatynskiy area, Ivano- interesting in geomorphologic 2 (185) Mali Goldy morpho- 8 Frankivska Oblast, botanic respect logic reserve Pidgirtsi village, Exposure of quartz and Brodivskiy area, Lvivska glauconite so called Locality of Pale- 3 (408) Oblast, north-eastern “Pidgirski” Badenian sands 8 Badenian fauna ontologic outskirt with pelecypoda, ostracoda, sea urchin etc. fauna Lviv city, north-eastern In the mountain southern slope outskirt Upper Cretaceous marls, Geo- Badenian sandstones, sands, morpho- limestones and clays are Gora Leva 4 (412) logic, exposed. Sandy limestones 8 (Lion Mountain) strati- constitute clear structure graphic terrace where Vysokiy Zamok and Gora Leva benches are expressed Lviv city, north-eastern The height distinguished in the outskirt northern slope of Lvivske Gora Vysokiy Geo- plateau. It is composed of Zamok 5 (413) morpho- Cretaceous and Miocene 8 (High Castle logic sediments. Comprises complex Mountain) nature-protection and historic- archaeological reserve Lviv city, eastern outskirt Impressive cliff up to 20 m Geo- high comprising erosion Chortova Skelya 6 (414) morpho- remnant composed of Upper 8 (Devils Cliff) logic Badenian sandstones and sandstone breccias Lviv city, eastern outskirt, Cave about 110 m of total Geo- Pechera Medova Ratyn height (387 m) length is located in Upper 7 (415) morpho- 8 (Honey Cave) Badenian chemogenic logic limestones

1 Numbers in parentheses correspond to the numbers in primary sources.

134 1 2 3 4 5 6 To the north from Three erosion remnants 2.2 and Skelya Velykiy Geo- Trudovach village, 9.0 m high included in 8 (416) Kamin morpho- 8 Zolochivskiy area, Miocene Medobory Tovtrove (Great Stone Cliff) logic Lvivska Oblast ridge In 1 km to the south from The highest point of Podilska Geo- Pidgorodyshche village, Height (471 m). Comprises 9 (419) Kamula Mountain morpho- 8 Peremyshlyanskiy area, erosion remnant of Upper logic Lvivska Oblast Badenian rocks South-eastern outskirt of Three caves 3×5, 3×4 and 1×2 Ilyve village, Geo- m in size confined to Cliff with three 10 (427) Peremyshlyanskiy area, morpho- lowermost cliff outcrops of 8 caves Lvivska Oblast, left bank logic Badenian lithothamnium of Ilyva river limestones Zalissya village, “Ratynski” limestones of Strati- 11 (9) Basic column Peremyshlyanskiy area, Tyraska Suite (N tr) 77 graphic 1 Lvivska Oblast Trostyanets village, “Mykolaivski” sands of Strati- 12 (10) Basic column Mykolaivskiy area, Opilska Suite (N op) 77 graphic 1 Lvivska Oblast Naraiv village, “Naraivski” lithothamnium Strati- 13 (11) Basic column Berezhanskiy area, limestones of Opilska Suite 77 graphic Ternopilska Oblast (N1op) Berezhany village, “Naraivski” lithothamnium Strati- 14 (17) Basic column Ternopilska Oblast limestones of Opilska Suite 77 graphic (N1op) Stratyn village, “Mykolaivski” sands of Strati- 15 (18) Basic column Rogatynskiy area, Ivano- Opilska Suite (N op) 77 graphic 1 Frankivska Oblast Gorokhiv town, Volynska Strati- Basic column of Neo- 16 “Gorokhiv” 47 Oblast graphic Pleistocene sediments Bayanychi village, Basic column of Neo- Strati- 17 “Bayanychi” Sokalskiy area, Lvivska Pleistocene sediments 47 graphic Oblast Peremyslyvtsi village, Basic column of Neo- Strati- 18 “Peremyslyvtsi” Sokalskiy area, Lvivska Pleistocene sediments 47 graphic Oblast Remeniv village, Basic column of Neo- Strati- 19 “Remeniv” Kamyanka-Buzkiy area, Pleistocene sediments 47 graphic Lvivska Oblast Noviy Mylyatyn village, Basic column of Neo- Strati- 20 “Mylyatyn” Buskiy area, Lvivska Pleistocene sediments 47 graphic Oblast Pidbereztsi village, Basic column of Neo- Strati- 21 “Pidbereztsi” Pustomytivskiy area, Pleistocene sediments 47 graphic Lvivska Oblast Bibrka village, Basic column of Neo- Strati- 22 “Bibrka” Peremyshlyanskiy area, Pleistocene sediments 47 graphic Lvivska Oblast Ray village, Berezhanskiy Strati- Basic column of Neo- 23 “Ray” 47 area, Ternopilska Oblast graphic Pleistocene sediments

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STATE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF UKRAINE

Scale 1:200 000

Volynian Series Map Sheets: M-34-XVIII (Rava-Ruska), M-35-XIII (Chervonograd), and M-35-XIX (Lviv)

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Authors:

L.S.Gerasimov, S.V.Chaliy, A.A.Plotnikov, I.I.Gerasimova, G.V.Polkunova, I.O.Kostyk, T.L.Evtushko

Editors: V.Ya.Velikanov, B.D.Vozgrin

Expert of Scientific-Editorial Council: Yu.R.Karpinchuk (Lviv Branch of UkrSGRI)

Published according to the decision of Scientific-Editorial Council of the State Geological Survey of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine of March 18, 2003 (Protocol No. 129)

Chief of Publishing Center S.O.Nekrasova Editor G.G.Golubeva Technical Editor K.N.Koliychuk Computer arrangement S.I.Vyshnytska, A.V.Volkogon

English translation and computer arrangement B.I.Malyuk (2010)

Published by UkrSGRI. Registration Certificate Series DK No. 182 of 18.09.2000

Address: UkrSGRI Publishing Centre, 04114, Kyiv-114, Autozavodska Str., 78A Tel.: 206-35-18; tel./fax: 430-41-76

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