Control Groups (Cgroups)
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Security Assurance Requirements for Linux Application Container Deployments
NISTIR 8176 Security Assurance Requirements for Linux Application Container Deployments Ramaswamy Chandramouli This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8176 NISTIR 8176 Security Assurance Requirements for Linux Application Container Deployments Ramaswamy Chandramouli Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8176 October 2017 U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Walter Copan, NIST Director and Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology NISTIR 8176 SECURITY ASSURANCE FOR LINUX CONTAINERS National Institute of Standards and Technology Internal Report 8176 37 pages (October 2017) This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8176 Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. This p There may be references in this publication to other publications currently under development by NIST in accordance with its assigned statutory responsibilities. The information in this publication, including concepts and methodologies, may be used by federal agencies even before the completion of such companion publications. Thus, until each ublication is available free of charge from: http publication is completed, current requirements, guidelines, and procedures, where they exist, remain operative. For planning and transition purposes, federal agencies may wish to closely follow the development of these new publications by NIST. -
An Introduction to Linux IPC
An introduction to Linux IPC Michael Kerrisk © 2013 linux.conf.au 2013 http://man7.org/ Canberra, Australia [email protected] 2013-01-30 http://lwn.net/ [email protected] man7 .org 1 Goal ● Limited time! ● Get a flavor of main IPC methods man7 .org 2 Me ● Programming on UNIX & Linux since 1987 ● Linux man-pages maintainer ● http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ ● Kernel + glibc API ● Author of: Further info: http://man7.org/tlpi/ man7 .org 3 You ● Can read a bit of C ● Have a passing familiarity with common syscalls ● fork(), open(), read(), write() man7 .org 4 There’s a lot of IPC ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memory attach ● Pseudoterminals ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs Seq. packet) ● Standard, Realtime ● UNIX vs Internet domain ● Eventfd ● POSIX message queues ● Futexes ● POSIX shared memory ● Record locks ● ● POSIX semaphores File locks ● ● Named, Unnamed Mutexes ● System V message queues ● Condition variables ● System V shared memory ● Barriers ● ● System V semaphores Read-write locks man7 .org 5 It helps to classify ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memory attach ● Pseudoterminals ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs Seq. packet) ● Standard, Realtime ● UNIX vs Internet domain ● Eventfd ● POSIX message queues ● Futexes ● POSIX shared memory ● Record locks ● ● POSIX semaphores File locks ● ● Named, Unnamed Mutexes ● System V message queues ● Condition variables ● System V shared memory ● Barriers ● ● System V semaphores Read-write locks man7 .org 6 It helps to classify ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memoryn attach ● Pseudoterminals tio a ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ic n ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs uSeq. -
Linux and Free Software: What and Why?
Linux and Free Software: What and Why? (Qué son Linux y el Software libre y cómo beneficia su uso a las empresas para lograr productividad económica y ventajas técnicas?) JugoJugo CreativoCreativo Michael Kerrisk UniversidadUniversidad dede SantanderSantander UDESUDES © 2012 Bucaramanga,Bucaramanga, ColombiaColombia [email protected] 77 JuneJune 20122012 http://man7.org/ man7.org 1 Who am I? ● Programmer, educator, and writer ● UNIX since 1987; Linux since late 1990s ● Linux man-pages maintainer since 2004 ● Author of a book on Linux programming man7.org 2 Overview ● What is Linux? ● How are Linux and Free Software created? ● History ● Where is Linux used today? ● What is Free Software? ● Source code; Software licensing ● Importance and advantages of Free Software and Software Freedom ● Concluding remarks man7.org 3 ● What is Linux? ● How are Linux and Free Software created? ● History ● Where is Linux used today? ● What is Free Software? ● Source code; Software licensing ● Importance and advantages of Free Software and Software Freedom ● Concluding remarks man7.org 4 What is Linux? ● An operating system (sistema operativo) ● (Operating System = OS) ● Examples of other operating systems: ● Windows ● Mac OS X Penguins are the Linux mascot man7.org 5 But, what's an operating system? ● Two definitions: ● Kernel ● Kernel + package of common programs man7.org 6 OS Definition 1: Kernel ● Computer scientists' definition: ● Operating System = Kernel (núcleo) ● Kernel = fundamental program on which all other programs depend man7.org 7 Programs can live -
Multicore Operating-System Support for Mixed Criticality∗
Multicore Operating-System Support for Mixed Criticality∗ James H. Anderson, Sanjoy K. Baruah, and Bjorn¨ B. Brandenburg The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Abstract Different criticality levels provide different levels of assurance against failure. In current avionics designs, Ongoing research is discussed on the development of highly-critical software is kept physically separate from operating-system support for enabling mixed-criticality less-critical software. Moreover, no currently deployed air- workloads to be supported on multicore platforms. This craft uses multicore processors to host highly-critical tasks work is motivated by avionics systems in which such work- (more precisely, if multicore processors are used, and if loads occur. In the mixed-criticality workload model that is such a processor hosts highly-critical applications, then all considered, task execution costs may be determined using but one of its cores are turned off). These design decisions more-stringent methods at high criticality levels, and less- are largely driven by certification issues. For example, cer- stringent methods at low criticality levels. The main focus tifying highly-critical components becomes easier if poten- of this research effort is devising mechanisms for providing tially adverse interactions among components executing on “temporal isolation” across criticality levels: lower levels different cores through shared hardware such as caches are should not adversely “interfere” with higher levels. simply “defined” not to occur. Unfortunately, hosting an overall workload as described here clearly wastes process- ing resources. 1 Introduction In this paper, we propose operating-system infrastruc- ture that allows applications of different criticalities to be The evolution of computational frameworks for avionics co-hosted on a multicore platform. -
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Slides
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin. Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license. Latest update: October 9, 2021. Document updates and sources: https://bootlin.com/doc/training/linux-kernel Corrections, suggestions, contributions and translations are welcome! embedded Linux and kernel engineering Send them to [email protected] - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 1/470 Rights to copy © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin License: Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode You are free: I to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work I to make derivative works I to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: I Attribution. You must give the original author credit. I Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. I For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. I Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Document sources: https://github.com/bootlin/training-materials/ - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 2/470 Hyperlinks in the document There are many hyperlinks in the document I Regular hyperlinks: https://kernel.org/ I Kernel documentation links: dev-tools/kasan I Links to kernel source files and directories: drivers/input/ include/linux/fb.h I Links to the declarations, definitions and instances of kernel symbols (functions, types, data, structures): platform_get_irq() GFP_KERNEL struct file_operations - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 3/470 Company at a glance I Engineering company created in 2004, named ”Free Electrons” until Feb. -
Container and Kernel-Based Virtual Machine (KVM) Virtualization for Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
Container and Kernel-Based Virtual Machine (KVM) Virtualization for Network Function Virtualization (NFV) White Paper August 2015 Order Number: 332860-001US YouLegal Lines andmay Disclaimers not use or facilitate the use of this document in connection with any infringement or other legal analysis concerning Intel products described herein. You agree to grant Intel a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to any patent claim thereafter drafted which includes subject matter disclosed herein. No license (express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise) to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. All information provided here is subject to change without notice. Contact your Intel representative to obtain the latest Intel product specifications and roadmaps. The products described may contain design defects or errors known as errata which may cause the product to deviate from published specifications. Current characterized errata are available on request. Copies of documents which have an order number and are referenced in this document may be obtained by calling 1-800-548-4725 or by visiting: http://www.intel.com/ design/literature.htm. Intel technologies’ features and benefits depend on system configuration and may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. Learn more at http:// www.intel.com/ or from the OEM or retailer. Results have been estimated or simulated using internal Intel analysis or architecture simulation or modeling, and provided to you for informational purposes. Any differences in your system hardware, software or configuration may affect your actual performance. For more complete information about performance and benchmark results, visit www.intel.com/benchmarks. Tests document performance of components on a particular test, in specific systems. -
Containerization Introduction to Containers, Docker and Kubernetes
Containerization Introduction to Containers, Docker and Kubernetes EECS 768 Apoorv Ingle [email protected] Containers • Containers – lightweight VM or chroot on steroids • Feels like a virtual machine • Get a shell • Install packages • Run applications • Run services • But not really • Uses host kernel • Cannot boot OS • Does not need PID 1 • Process visible to host machine Containers • VM vs Containers Containers • Container Anatomy • cgroup: limit the use of resources • namespace: limit what processes can see (hence use) Containers • cgroup • Resource metering and limiting • CPU • IO • Network • etc.. • $ ls /sys/fs/cgroup Containers • Separate Hierarchies for each resource subsystem (CPU, IO, etc.) • Each process belongs to exactly 1 node • Node is a group of processes • Share resource Containers • CPU cgroup • Keeps track • user/system CPU • Usage per CPU • Can set weights • CPUset cgroup • Reserve to CPU to specific applications • Avoids context switch overheads • Useful for non uniform memory access (NUMA) Containers • Memory cgroup • Tracks pages used by each group • Pages can be shared across groups • Pages “charged” to a group • Shared pages “split the cost” • Set limits on usage Containers • Namespaces • Provides a view of the system to process • Controls what a process can see • Multiple namespaces • pid • net • mnt • uts • ipc • usr Containers • PID namespace • Processes within a PID namespace see only process in the same namespace • Each PID namespace has its own numbering staring from 1 • Namespace is killed when PID 1 goes away -
A Container-Based Approach to OS Specialization for Exascale Computing
A Container-Based Approach to OS Specialization for Exascale Computing Judicael A. Zounmevo∗, Swann Perarnau∗, Kamil Iskra∗, Kazutomo Yoshii∗, Roberto Gioiosay, Brian C. Van Essenz, Maya B. Gokhalez, Edgar A. Leonz ∗Argonne National Laboratory fjzounmevo@, perarnau@mcs., iskra@mcs., [email protected] yPacific Northwest National Laboratory. [email protected] zLawrence Livermore National Laboratory. fvanessen1, maya, [email protected] Abstract—Future exascale systems will impose several con- view is essential for scalability, enabling compute nodes to flicting challenges on the operating system (OS) running on manage and optimize massive intranode thread and task par- the compute nodes of such machines. On the one hand, the allelism and adapt to new memory technologies. In addition, targeted extreme scale requires the kind of high resource usage efficiency that is best provided by lightweight OSes. At the Argo introduces the idea of “enclaves,” a set of resources same time, substantial changes in hardware are expected for dedicated to a particular service and capable of introspection exascale systems. Compute nodes are expected to host a mix of and autonomic response. Enclaves will be able to change the general-purpose and special-purpose processors or accelerators system configuration of nodes and the allocation of power tailored for serial, parallel, compute-intensive, or I/O-intensive to different nodes or to migrate data or computations from workloads. Similarly, the deeper and more complex memory hierarchy will expose multiple coherence domains and NUMA one node to another. They will be used to demonstrate nodes in addition to incorporating nonvolatile RAM. That the support of different levels of fault tolerance—a key expected workload and hardware heterogeneity and complexity concern of exascale systems—with some enclaves handling is not compatible with the simplicity that characterizes high node failures by means of global restart and other enclaves performance lightweight kernels. -
Cgroups Py: Using Linux Control Groups and Systemd to Manage CPU Time and Memory
cgroups py: Using Linux Control Groups and Systemd to Manage CPU Time and Memory Curtis Maves Jason St. John Research Computing Research Computing Purdue University Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, USA West Lafayette, Indiana, USA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—cgroups provide a mechanism to limit user and individual resource. 1 Each directory in a cgroupsfs hierarchy process resource consumption on Linux systems. This paper represents a cgroup. Subdirectories of a directory represent discusses cgroups py, a Python script that runs as a systemd child cgroups of a parent cgroup. Within each directory of service that dynamically throttles users on shared resource systems, such as HPC cluster front-ends. This is done using the the cgroups tree, various files are exposed that allow for cgroups kernel API and systemd. the control of the cgroup from userspace via writes, and the Index Terms—throttling, cgroups, systemd obtainment of statistics about the cgroup via reads [1]. B. Systemd and cgroups I. INTRODUCTION systemd A frequent problem on any shared resource with many users Systemd uses a named cgroup tree (called )—that is that a few users may over consume memory and CPU time. does not impose any resource limits—to manage processes When these resources are exhausted, other users have degraded because it provides a convenient way to organize processes in access to the system. A mechanism is needed to prevent this. a hierarchical structure. At the top of the hierarchy, systemd creates three cgroups By placing throttles on physical memory consumption and [2]: CPU time for each individual user, cgroups py prevents re- source exhaustion on a shared system and ensures continued • system.slice: This contains every non-user systemd access for other users. -
Open Source Software
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE Product AVD9x0x0-0010 Firmware and version 3.4.57 Notes on Open Source software The TCS device uses Open Source software that has been released under specific licensing requirements such as the ”General Public License“ (GPL) Version 2 or 3, the ”Lesser General Public License“ (LGPL), the ”Apache License“ or similar licenses. Any accompanying material such as instruction manuals, handbooks etc. contain copyright notes, conditions of use or licensing requirements that contradict any applicable Open Source license, these conditions are inapplicable. The use and distribution of any Open Source software used in the product is exclusively governed by the respective Open Source license. The programmers provided their software without ANY WARRANTY, whether implied or expressed, of any fitness for a particular purpose. Further, the programmers DECLINE ALL LIABILITY for damages, direct or indirect, that result from the using this software. This disclaimer does not affect the responsibility of TCS. AVAILABILITY OF SOURCE CODE: Where the applicable license entitles you to the source code of such software and/or other additional data, you may obtain it for a period of three years after purchasing this product, and, if required by the license conditions, for as long as we offer customer support for the device. If this document is available at the website of TCS and TCS offers a download of the firmware, the offer to receive the source code is valid for a period of three years and, if required by the license conditions, for as long as TCS offers customer support for the device. TCS provides an option for obtaining the source code: You may obtain any version of the source code that has been distributed by TCS for the cost of reproduction of the physical copy. -
Greg Kroah-Hartman [email protected] Github.Com/Gregkh/Presentation-Kdbus
kdbus IPC for the modern world Greg Kroah-Hartman [email protected] github.com/gregkh/presentation-kdbus Interprocess Communication ● signal ● synchronization ● communication standard signals realtime The Linux Programming Interface, Michael Kerrisk, page 878 POSIX semaphore futex synchronization named eventfd unnamed semaphore System V semaphore “record” lock file lock file lock mutex threads condition variables barrier read/write lock The Linux Programming Interface, Michael Kerrisk, page 878 data transfer pipe communication FIFO stream socket pseudoterminal POSIX message queue message System V message queue memory mapping System V shared memory POSIX shared memory shared memory memory mapping Anonymous mapping mapped file The Linux Programming Interface, Michael Kerrisk, page 878 Android ● ashmem ● pmem ● binder ashmem ● POSIX shared memory for the lazy ● Uses virtual memory ● Can discard segments under pressure ● Unknown future pmem ● shares memory between kernel and user ● uses physically contigous memory ● GPUs ● Unknown future binder ● IPC bus for Android system ● Like D-Bus, but “different” ● Came from system without SysV types ● Works on object / message level ● Needs large userspace library ● NEVER use outside an Android system binder ● File descriptor passing ● Used for Intents and application separation ● Good for small messages ● Not for streams of data ● NEVER use outside an Android system QNX message passing ● Tight coupling to microkernel ● Send message and control, to another process ● Used to build complex messages -
Kvm – Kernel Based Virtual Machine
KVM – KERNEL BASED VIRTUAL MACHINE BACKGROUND Virtualization has begun to transform the way that enterprises are deploying and managing their infrastructure, providing the foundation for a truly agile enterprise, so that IT can deliver an infrastructure that is flexible, scalable, and most importantly economical by efficiently utilizing resources. 10 years ago virtualization was unheard of in the x86 market it was reserved for mainframe and high end UNIX systems. Over the last 3 to 4 years there has been exponential growth in the virtualization market both in terms of customer adoption and in terms of the rise of the number vendors in the virtualization space; from new hypervisor vendors to virtualization management vendors too numerous to mention. VIRTUALIZING THE X86 ARCHITECTURE The x86 architecture has proven to be the dominate platform in enterprise computing, moving from its humble beginnings in desktop systems to now, powering the large enterprise applications that run businesses across the globe. The current generation of x86 CPUs include features such as large scale multi-threading with 8 or more processing cores, support for large memory systems with NUMA and integrated memory controllers, high speed CPU interconnects and chipset for support for advanced reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) features. These features were once reserved for mainframe and high end UNIX systems, today x86 servers with 2 or 4 sockets are replacing expensive UNIX/RISC systems while delivering better performance and 4 and 8 socket servers are challenging mainframe class systems. While the x86 platform has evolved significantly over it's lifetime it has maintained it's core architecture to provide backward compatibility.