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Penguatan Lembaga Ekonomi Desa Dalam Mendorong Pariwisata Di Daerah

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Penguatan Lembaga Ekonomi Desa Dalam Mendorong Pariwisata Di Daerah 63 Jurnal Kajian Pariwisata Volume 1 No 1 September 2019 E-ISSN: 2686-2522 Penguatan Lembaga Ekonomi Desa dalam Mendorong Pariwisata di Daerah Khaidarmansyah1, Ridwan Saifuddin2 1IBI Darmajaya Bandar Lampung, [email protected] 2)Balitbangda Provinsi Lampung, [email protected] ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi kinerja unit usaha pariwisata Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUM Desa), dengan mengambil lokus pada BUM Desa Mandiri Bersatu, Gisting, Kabupaten Tanggamus, Provinsi Lampung. Secara teoritis faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja unit usaha pariwisata dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan “Model 5M” (man, money, materials, machine, method). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan alat analisis diagram sebab-akibat atau diagram tulang ikan (Fishbone Diagram). Berdasarkan identifikasi terhadap lokus penelitan, empat faktor yang berpengaruh adalah man (people), money, infrastruktur, dan management. Dari empat katagori tersebut, faktor SDM (people) menjadi persoalan paling krusial dalam operasional unit usaha pariwisata BUM Desa, terkait masih lemahnya pendidikan, keterampilan, kemampuan manajerial, serta komitmennya dalam memajukan lembaga ekonomi desa. Keterbatasan infrastruktur pendukung pariwisata juga menjadi kendala pengembangan usaha pariwisata di daerah. Manajemen yang dijalankan pada BUM Desa tidak focus pada unit usaha pariwisata semata, melainkan tersebar dalam unit-unit usaha yang lain dan belum terintegrasi. Pengembangan usaha pariwisata melalui lembaga ekonomi desa BUM Desa Mandiri Bersatu membutuhkan intervensi SDM dengan kompetensi mumpuni untuk mengelola dan mengembangkan bisnis pariwisata, sehingga pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan media online dapat diwujudkan. Kata kunci: pariwisata, desa, kinerja, kompetensi. ABSTRACT This study aims to look at what factors affect the performance of The Village-Owned Tourism Business Unit (BUM Desa), became the objective of this study, by taking the locus at BUM Desa Mandiri Bersatu, Gisting, Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province. Factors affecting the performance of tourism business units are grouped based on the "5M Model" (man, money, materials, machine, method). This study uses qualitative methods using a causal diagram analysis tool or fishbone diagram (Fishbone Diagram). Based on identification of the research locus, four influential factors are man (people), money, infrastructure, and management. From all four factors, people factor is the most crucial issue in the operation of the BUM Desa tourism business unit, due to the lack of education, skills, managerial abilities, and commitment in advancing village economic institutions. The limited supporting infrastructure for tourism has also become an obstacle to the development of tourism businesses in the region. The management carried out at BUM Desa is not focused on one business unit (tourism), but is spread over other business units and is not yet integrated. The development of tourism businesses through the village economic institutions BUM Desa Mandiri Bersatu requires HR intervention with competent competence to manage and develop the tourism business, so that the use of information technology and online media can be realized. Keywords: tourism, village, performance, competence. Naskah masuk : 14 Juli 2019 Naskah direvisi : 20 Juli 2019 E-ISSN:2686-2522 http://ejurnal.univbsi.id/index.php/JIIP Naskah Terbit : 15 September 2019 PENDAHULUAN perlu diintegrasikan dengan pendekatan Pertumbuhan suatu daerah berkait erat aglomerasi industri pariwisata dalam dengan perkembangan sektor ekonominya. rangka meningkatkan daya tarik yang lebih Setiap daerah tentu memiliki kekayaan dan tinggi, sehingga memberikan efek potensi ekonominya masing-masing. pengganda yang lebih besar dalam Kekayaan dan potensi daerah ini tidak memajukan perekonomian dan hanya dalam bentuk fisik atau fiskal saja. pembangunan daerah. Perpaduan Selain dalam bentuk sumber daya alam keindahan alam, kekayaan komoditi daerah, (komoditi dan pariwisata), juga di pertanian, ekonomi kreatif, kearifan dalamnya dapat berupa potensi demografi, budaya, serta ketersediaan infrastruktur sosial, kebudayaan, lingkungan, kapasitas perlu dikelola secara lebih terintegrasi dan pengelolaan pemerintahan, dan lainnya. sinergis dalam rangka meningkatkan Kekayaan dan potensi masing-masing kontribusinya bagi perekonomian dan daerah inilah yang perlu dikelola secara pembangunan daerah. Perspektif optimal dengan mengedepankan kerja sama pengembangan perekonomian lokal diantara pemangku kepentingan untuk berbasis pariwisata ini penting, karena sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran masyarakat. kondisi daerah yang memang menunjang Lanskap indah alam Provinsi Lampung untuk dikembangkan ke arah itu dalam dengan bukit, gunung, pantai, juga hutan rangka pertumbuhan ekonomi yang merupakan potensi pariwisata yang bernilai inklusif, dengan tetap memperhatikan aspek tinggi. Sayangnya, potensi ini belum pasar. dimanfaatkan dan dikelola secara optimal. Pemerintah Provinsi Lampung telah Di sebelah Barat dan Selatan, di sepanjang memiliki Rencana Induk Pembangunan pantai merupakan daerah yang berbukit- Kepariwisataan Daerah (RIPPARDA) bukit sebagai sambungan dari jalur Bukit Tahun 2010-2025. Dokumen yang Barisan di Pulau Sumatera. Di tengah- seharusnya menjadi pedoman bagi tengahnya merupakan dataran rendah. pemangku kepentingan dalam membangun Sedangkan dekat pantai di bagian Timur, di kepariwisataan di Provinsi Lampung. sepanjang tepi Laut Jawa terus ke Utara, Dokumen tersebut, antara lain memuat merupakan perairan yang luas. Provinsi zonasi wilayah pariwisata di Provinsi Lampung dengan Ibu Kota Bandar Lampung, kawasan-kawasan wisata yang Lampung, memiliki wilayah yang relatif tumbuh dan berkembang di Provinsi luas serta letaknya yang cukup strategis, Lampung, juga harmonisasi pemanfaatan menyimpan potensi pariwisata yang ruang wilayah. Namun, seperti banyak bernilai tinggi. dokumen rencana induk lainnya, dokumen Pengembangan sektor pariwisata ini tentu tersebut tampaknya dibuat sekadar untuk tak cukup hanya mengandalkan faktor alam ada. Belum benar-benar diterjemahkan tersebut, melainkan perlu ditunjang dengan dalam kegiatan-kegiatan yang efektif, faktor pendukung lainnya, dengan terarah, dan terukur berdasarkan dokumen pendekatan industrialisasi, sehingga tersebut. meningkatkan daya tarik dan kemampuan Pengembangan industri pariwisata pada kawasan dalam menarik kunjungan unit terkecil pemerintahan bisa dilihat wisatawan. Di samping wisata alam dalam skala pemerintahan desa. Desa tersebut, industri pariwisata buatan pun dengan potensi pariwisata yang dikelola cukup berkembang di beberapa daerah di dengan baik, dapat menjadi pengungkit Provinsi Lampung, yang tentunya juga perekonomian warganya. Industrialisasi membutuhkan dukungan infrastruktur pariwisata akan menggerakkan sektor lainnya untuk lebih berkembang dan saling ekonomi warga setempat. Oleh karena itu, menunjang. otonomi desa sesuai dengan Undang- Potensi industri pariwisata yang tersebar di Undang No.6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa kabupaten dan kota di Provinsi Lampung memberikan peluang besar kepada desa E-ISSN:2686-2522 64 http://ejurnal.univbsi.id/index.php/JIIP untuk mengelola potensi yang ada untuk Lembaga ini merupakan salah satu kemakmuran warganya. Pemerintah desa implementasi undang-undang, dengan dapat membentuk Badan Usaha Milik Desa tujuan melembagakan ekonomi desa agar (BUM Desa) dengan unit usaha yang lebih sistematis, efisien, efektif, berdaya mengelola sumber daya sesuai potensi guna, dan berdaya saing. Kesempatan masing-masing. Hasil penelitian Bella menggerakkan perekonomian desa menjadi Aldila (Unila, 2017) tentang faktor yang semakin terbuka dengan keleluasaan berhubungan dengan peranan pengurus mengembangkan usaha berbasis potensi BUM Desa milik Pekon Gisting Bawah, yang dimiliki masyarakat maupun potensi Kabupaten Tanggamus, antara lain desa itu sendiri. BUM Desa merupakan menyimpulkan, terdapat perubahan tingkat sebuah lembaga ekonomi yang dikelola pendapatan warga antara sebelum dan masyarakat desa dan kepengurusanya sesudah berdirinya BUM Desa setempat. terpisah dari pemerintah desa. Berdirinya Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mendalami BUM Desa bertujuan menggali dan faktor yang memengaruhi kinerja lembaga mengoptimalkan potensi wirausaha desa. ekonomi desa, khususnya sektor pariwisata, Lembaga ekonomi desa tersebut diharapkan pada Badan Usaha Milik Desa Mandiri mampu berperan efektif sebagai lokomotif Bersatu, di Kecamatan Gisting, Kabupaten baru bagi kegiatan perekonomian warga Tanggamus yang memiliki unit usaha desa. Lahirnya BUM Desa diharapkan pariwisata, dengan pendekatan Model 5M mampu menggerakkan mesin ekonomi di (man, money, materials, method, machine). perdesaan untuk bersama-sama maju dengan unit-unit usaha milik warga yang KAJIAN LITERATUR sudah ada maupun yang baru. Indikator Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun penting keberhasilan BUM Desa adalah 2014 tentang Desa disebutkan bahwa kemampuannya menggerakkan dan pembangunan desa bertujuan untuk mendinamisasikan roda perekonomian di meningkatkan kualitas hidup manusia desa, sehingga dapat meningkatkan serta penanggulangan kemiskinan, melalui kapasitas ekonomi warganya. Karena itu, penyediaan pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar, unit bisnis yang dibangun BUM Desa pembangunan sarana dan prasarana, hendaknya lebih memerhatikan rantai nilai pengembangan potensi ekonomi lokal, dan rantai pasok yang lebih optimal dalam serta pemanfaatan sumber daya alam dan memberikan keuntungan bagi warga lingkungan secara berkelanjutan,
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