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Experiences from 2006 Guimaras Oil Spill in the Philippines Noe John Joseph E

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Experiences from 2006 Guimaras Oil Spill in the Philippines Noe John Joseph E Community Livelihood Recovery: Experiences from 2006 Guimaras Oil Spill in the Philippines Noe John Joseph E. Sacramento a * and Dhino B. Geges b a College of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Cebu b College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños * Corresponding author: Noe John Joseph E. Sacramento ABSTRACT The 2006 oil spill in Guimaras, Philippines, ravaged coastal communities, causing loss of fishing resources, and pollution of the coastal environment. This case study examines the community’s live- lihood recovery efforts after the disaster. The “Build, Back, Better” approach (Clinton, 2006) provided the lens to describe the stakeholder’s participation and empowerment for inclusive and planned community livelihood recovery. The study focuses on Barangay La Paz, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, a profoundly affected coastal settlement during the oil spill in 2006. Key Informant Interviews (KII), Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and secondary data collected from published research reports and government documents are the major data sources. The study employs thematic analysis. The find- ings reveal that various actors involved in community livelihood recovery provide alternative sources of income and help restore the livelihood sector. Building the community’s sense of ownership in the recovery process is shaped by several push and pull factors and thus also affects the sustainability objectives of the livelihood. Conditions for the release of financial assistance and claims are crucial to alternative and sustainable community livelihood recovery. Participatory planning involving the fishers themselves in deciding the terms and directions of the initiatives is strategic and important for sustainability. In gist, community livelihood recovery effort entails a chain of responsibilities among actors in the process. Recommendations for sustained community livelihood recovery based on the lessons from this case are provided for humanitarian organizations. Keywords: community, fisher, livelihood, oil spill, recovery INTRODUCTION also adversely impacts community livelihood, ecological balance, and the continuity of living Different kinds of disasters regularly strike the traditions and cultures. Philippine archipelago. The National Disas- ter Risk Reduction and Management Council In the past, the country experienced sever- (NDRRMC) reported that among the disasters, al oil spills. In 1994, an oil spill of 1,112.91 to floods and typhoons hit the country yearly, re- 143,088.57L of fuel oil from the bunker barge sulting in loss of human lives, property, crops, Petro Queen took place at the entrance of the natural resources, and other natural assets. Pasig River (ITOPF, 2010). In 2013, an oil spill While natural disasters heavily impinge on vul- that happened in Manila bay damaged the coast- nerable groups and communities, technological al towns of Rosario, Tanza, and Naic in Cavite. disasters such as oil spills adversely distress An estimated 500,000 L of oil were spilled from and “destroy the bio-physical environment an undetermined source. However, the M/T through the breakdown of technological pro- Makisig, a fuel carrier or the submerged pipe- cesses and systems” (Flagg, 2017). The oil spill lines of Petron, a fuel company was alleged to 50 January - December 2019 be the source of the spill (Rappler, 2013; Sabil- post-disaster restoration and improvement in lo, 2013). Cebu in the same year had the same people’s lives. Lindell (2013) mentioned that catastrophe when the RORO passenger vessel disaster recovery measures aim at “re-estab- St. Thomas de Aquinas collided with container lishing normal social, economic, and political ship Sulpicio Express 7 as they approached routines” of the community. The recovery of a Cebu port. The collision resulted in the release community from a disaster links various aspects of 120,000L of intermediate fuel oil (ITOPF, and institutions of the society, and the goal of 2013). Another case was recorded in Estancia, community recovery should go beyond what is Iloilo, after the devastation of Typhoon Haiyan, “normal” in addressing their physical, social, and locally known as “Yolanda”. From the report of economic vulnerabilities. Community livelihood United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) recovery is important for affected sectors to re- and United Nations Office for the Coordination cuperate from disasters and fully regain better of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), the heavily community life. Community livelihood recovery loaded oil tankers that ran ashore during the ty- involves processes and strategies of restoration phoon caused the massive spill of an estimated that impact income levels, access to resources, 800,000L of oil that dented the already severely assets of individuals, and households (Joakim & damaged coast of the town (UNOCHA, 2013). Wismer, 2015). Primarily, community livelihood A recent spill was recorded in Zamboanga City recovery measures are facilitated by govern- in 2017 from the old submerged pipelines of the mental support and humanitarian relief assis- Western Mindanao Power Corporation (WMPC) tance from helping organizations and private that operates for bunker fuels used in the pow- groups (Mannakkara, Wilkinson, and Potanga- er plant which was immediately fixed (Rosal- roa, 2014). However, the participation and own- ado, 2017). Among these cases of the oil spill ership of communities of their recovery is vital in in the country, the worst occurred in 2006, the sustaining these measures. Since most disas- M/T Solar 1 incident in Guimaras that resulted ter studies and community livelihood recovery in the impairment of marine biodiversity and research are people-centered, scholars and life in the island-province. The tanker, carrying practitioners encourage the use of participatory 2,067,000L of bunker fuel bound for Mindanao approaches and frameworks such as “bouncing sank along the southern coast of Guimaras is- back” to allow people perform community liveli- land, initially spilling 200,000L (UNOCHA, 2006) hood recovery interventions in addressing the that destroyed the people’s sources of livelihood vulnerabilities from a pre-disaster state along- across coastal communities, marine life, biodi- side addressing their recovery and building bet- versity, and protected areas. Studying one of the ter conditions. This post-disaster paradigm was stricken coastal barangays in Nueva Valencia, further framed from the perspective of “Bounc- Guimaras is essential to understanding com- ing Forward” (Manyena, O’Brien, O’Keefe, & munity livelihood recovery as central to disas- Rose, 2011: Kelman, Gaillard, Lewis, & Mercer, ter recovery. The roles of stakeholders such as 2016) and “Build Forward Better” (Murphy & community members, local government, help- Ricks, 2013: Kelman, Gaillard, Lewis, & Mercer, ing groups, Non-Government Organizations 2016). (NGOs), and People’s Organizations (POs) are the focus of this study to provide new insights to It is crucial to assess the socio-economic dy- any humanitarian organization in responding to namics and the life of coastal communities in community livelihood recovery, especially that Guimaras province after the disaster. Since technological disasters cause irreversible and the main livelihood of affected communities is hostile impacts on the environment, people, and fishing, small-scale fishers who depend heavily the community. on their catch were affected when the govern- ment regulated fishing activities. The culturally Community livelihood recovery is vital towards embedded traditional panginhas or gathering of Issue No. 8 51 seafood as daily sustenance for the family and The Locale of the Study for survival was also discouraged. Years later, the disaster even caused fewer crustaceans to Nueva Valencia is a 3rd class municipality in the gather. Community livelihood recovery from di- province of Guimaras that has 22 barangays. saster is important for communities to improve Fourteen barangays are coastal, six are inland, their state and bounce back from adverse im- and two are island barangays. The population pacts of the catastrophe. This study sought to of the municipality is 39,810 (PSA, 2015). Most examine the community livelihood recovery ef- areas in the municipality are hilly, and most of forts on livelihood loss after the oil spill. It par- the coastal regions are flat. In 2006, the oil spill ticularly aims to: a) discuss the major livelihood contaminated the coastal area of the municipal- recovery project implemented in the community ity, and among those hugely devastated was after the oil spill, b) explain key issues and prob- Barangay La Paz. Whilst the barangay is one lems that the fishing community encountered in of those severely damaged by the oil spill, the recovering their livelihood, and c) provide possi- case of La Paz will essentially provide insight ble strategies or approaches to improving com- into community livelihood recovery measures munity livelihood recovery in disaster-affected since most humanitarian organizations have ex- communities. tended their assistance and support to the area. Barangay La Paz is a coastal community locat- METHODOLOGY ed beneath a group of islets fronting the coast- al community of Nueva Valencia. La Paz has Theoretical Support of the Study a land area of 7.0459 km2 and a population of 1,921 (PSA, 2015). The barangay’s population This study employs the “Build, Back, Better” ap- represents 4.83% of the total population of the proach (Clinton, 2006) that accentuates
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