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Ein Weiterer Fund Von Atelura Formicaria VON HEYDEN, 1855 in Thüringen (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae, Atelurinae) Und Synopsis Der Lebensweise Und Verbreitung

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Ein Weiterer Fund Von Atelura Formicaria VON HEYDEN, 1855 in Thüringen (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae, Atelurinae) Und Synopsis Der Lebensweise Und Verbreitung Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 60, 2016/2 45 T. MEINEKE, Ebergötzen Ein weiterer Fund von Atelura formicaria VON HEYDEN, 1855 in Thüringen (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae, Atelurinae) und Synopsis der Lebensweise und Verbreitung Zusammenfassung Am 21.und 26. August 2015 gelangen Nachweise des Ameisenfischchens Atelura formicaria VON HEYDEN, 1855 an einem weiteren Fundort in Thüringen (Jonastal bei Arnstadt, Ilm-Kreis). Alle beobachteten Individuen bewegten sich im Gangsystem der Braunschwarzen Rossameise Camponotus ligniperdus unter einem angefaulten Stammstück. Die im Schrifttum zerstreut vorliegenden Informationen zur Lebensweise und geographischen Verbreitung werden zusammengeführt und diskutiert. Eine Karte zeigt die als gesichert erachteten Fundpunkte sowie die als vorläufig einzustufenden Arealgrenzen. S u m m a r y A further record of Atelura formicaria VON HEYDEN, 1855 in Thuringia (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae, Atelurinae), and synopsis of its biology and distribution. – The myrmecophilous silverfish Atelura formicaria was found under a rotten trunk in the valley called Jonastal near Arnstadt (rural district Ilm-Kreis - 10°52'42,82"E, 50°48'52,99"N), on August 21 and 26, 2015. Three female specimen were collected. All moved in the nest system of the carpenter ant Camponotus ligniperdus. The scattered data in the literature of the biology and geographical distribution of Atelura formicaria are gathered and discussed. A map presently knowns known distribution is provided. 1. Einleitung Der erste publizierte Nachweis des Ameisenfischchens Die Gattung Atelura VON HEYDEN, 1855 ist in Europa aus Thüringen stammt von der Burg Gleichen im Land- mit drei Arten vertreten (MENDES 2013: Fauna Europaea kreis Gotha, wo am 7. April 2011 in zwei Nestern von version 2.6.2). Neben A. formicaria sind dies die aus Formica polyctena FORSTER, 1850 jeweils ein bis drei Südosteuropa beschriebene Atelura montana WYGOD- A. formicaria entdeckt wurden (HARTMANN 2012). Die ZINSKY, 1941 und die auf die iberische Halbinsel be- Entfernung zwischen diesem Fundort und dem Jonastal schränkte A. valenciana MOLERO-BOLTANÁS, GAJU-RI- beträgt nur knapp 8 km. Es handelt sich ebenfalls um CART, BACH & MENDES, 1998. Eine Beschreibung der einen besonders wärmebegünstigten Lebensraum differentialdiagnostischen Merkmale enthalten die Ar- (Steppenrasen und Badlands). beiten von WYGODZINSKY (1941b), STACH (1946) und MOLERO-BOLTANÁS et al. (1998). 3. Lebensweise Angaben zur Biologie und Verbreitung der heimischen 2. Fundumstände Atelura-Art finden sich im ohnehin spärlichen Schrift- Am 21. und 26. August 2015 gelangen im Jonastal bei tum nur verstreut und in jüngeren Publikation so gut Arnstadt (Ilm-Kreis, Thüringen, 10°52'42,82"E, wie gar nicht. Im Folgenden soll daher auf der Grund- 50°48'52,99"N) Nachweise von acht bis zwölf bzw. lage zugänglicher Quellen ein kurzer Überblick vier Atelura formicaria. 3 ♀♀ wurden überprüft gegeben werden. und in die Belegsammlung übernommen. A. formicaria ist in Deutschland die einzige nicht in Nach Anheben eines angefaulten Baumstammstückes Wohnungen des Menschen lebende Fischchenart von etwa 40 cm Durchmesser flüchteten die Ameisen- (STURM 2001, PALISSA 2011). Das Kammfischchen fischchen in schnellem ruckartigem Lauf aus den nun Ctenolepisma lineata (FABRICIUS, 1775) wird sowohl offen liegenden Gängen der Braunschwarzen Ross- im Freiland (wärmere Gebiete Südwestdeutschlands) ameise Camponotus ligniperdus (LATREILLE, 1802). als auch in Häusern angetroffen (z. B. RENKER et al. Bei weiteren Kontrollen Ende August und Anfang Ok- 2008). Alle weiteren Arten der Zygentoma erscheinen tober zeigten sich keine Ameisenfischchen. in Deutschland stets nur in Gebäuden, das bekannte Am Fuße eines südexponierten und nur schütter be- Silberfischchen Lepisma saccharina LINNAEUS, 1758 wachsenen steilen Kalkschotterhanges steht die Fund- ausnahmsweise auch im Freiland (z. B. BOCKEMÜHL stelle im Wirkungsbereich verstärkter Sonneneinstrah- 1966, KLAUSNITZER 1993, STYS & ROZKOSNY 1996, lung (Wärmestau). Eine ausführliche Beschreibung des RENKER et al. 1999). Umfeldes als Lebensraum der Rotflügeligen Ödland- Heydens Ameisenfischchen A. formicaria fehlen, wie schrecke Oedipoda germanica (LATREILLE, 1804) und allen Arten der Nicoletiidae, Augen. Der Verlust der anderer xerothermophiler Insekten enthält die Arbeit Sehkraft steht im Zusammenhang mit der troglobionten von MEINEKE & THIELE (2006). bzw. cavicolen oder subterranen Lebensweise der ganz 46 Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 60, 2016/1 überwiegend tropisch und subtropisch verbreiteten Fa- lichkeit über eine entsprechende Schutzstrategie, denn milie (MENDES 1988, MENDES 2002a). Alle ovoiden, HARTMANN (2012) konnte beobachten, dass ein Fisch- onisciformen und stets beschuppten Arten mit einer chen „von Ameisen betastet aber nicht angegriffen ausgeprägten Bindung an Ameisen- oder Termitenbaue wurde. Während dieses ‚Befühlens‘ verhielt sich das werden gemäß MENDES (2013) zur Unterfamilie Atelu- Tier für kurze Zeit ruhig“. rinae zusammengefasst. Ihr taxonomischer Status be- Ein Leben unter Ameisen bietet A. formicaria Nahrung sitzt mangels gemeinsamer abgeleiteter Merkmale pro- und einen sehr weitgehenden Schutz vor Feinden. Von visorischen Charakter (KOCH 2003, MENDES 1988, ebenso existenzieller Bedeutung sind die abiotischen MENDES 1994, MENDES 2002a, REMINGTON 1954). Zu Bedingungen. In Nestern bodenbewohnender Ameisen Beginn des Millenniums waren aus der Unterfamilie herrschen in den Sommermonaten eine gleichbleibend 113 Arten bekannt (MENDES 2002b). hohe Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit. Letztere verhin- Das mangelnde Sehvermögen kompensiert A. formica- dert die aufgrund des fehlenden Transpirationsschutzes ria mit außerordentlich hoch entwickelten taktilen und (POHL 1958) gegebene Gefahr der Austrocknung. Ein olfaktorischen Orientierungsfähigkeiten. Nach verglei- Umstand, der zeigt, dass die evolutionsbiologischen chenden anatomischen Untersuchungen konstatierte Wurzeln in tropischen Klimaperioden bzw. -zonen zu POHL (1958) eine Spezialisierung zum „Tasttier“. Es finden sind. Während der kühlen Jahreszeit dürfte das folgt der Pheromonspur der Ameisen (CHRISTIAN 1994) Ameisenfischchen wie seine Wirte in Winterruhe fal- und nimmt auf ähnliche Weise Nahrung wahr. JANET len. (1896a, 6b) beobachtete, wie es die Futterübergabe der Die skizzierten Anforderungen bestimmen die Eignung Wirtstiere (Trophallaxis) nutzt, um sich einen gehö- der Wirtsameise bzw. ihres Nestes. Im ausgewerteten rigen Teil davon anzueignen („myrmecoclepty“). Die Schrifttum werden 23 Arten erwähnt, wobei insbeson- regelmäßige Anwendung dieser Technik des Nahrungs- dere ältere Angaben aufgrund des seither erreichten ta- erwerbs konnte PARASCHIVESCU (1993) in einer Kolo- xonomischen Erkenntnisfortschrittes als unsicher gel- nie von Messor structor bestätigen. Die Form dieser ten müssen. Es ergibt sich folgende Häufigkeitsvertei- myrmekophilen Lebensweise wird als Synökie typi- lung der Nennungen auf der Ebene der Gattung bzw. siert (ESCHERICH 1904, GÖSSWALD 1955). Neben abge- Untergattung: Lasius sp. 29x (v. a. Lasius s. str., beson- zweigten Futtersäften verspeist Heydens Ameisen- ders L. „niger“), Formica sp. 12x (v. a. Serviformica), fischchen alle anderweitig erreichbare bzw. verwert- Tetramorium sp. 7x (T. „caespitum“), Camponotus sp. bare Kost und kann unter Laborbedingungen auch ohne 4x (v. a. C. ligniperdus), Myrmica sp. 3x, Messor sp. die Anwesenheit von Ameisen existieren (Janet 1896a, 2x, Aphaenogaster sp., Leptothorax sp. und Polyergus b u. a.). rufescens jeweils 1x. Es deutet sich eine klare Rang- Die einseitig nehmende Stellung im Ameisenbau birgt folge der Wirtsartengruppen an. Ähnlich liegen die Ver- die Gefahr der Verfolgung und Vernichtung. Ihr entgeht hältnisse bei Myrmecophilus acervorum nach Untersu- das Fischchen mit raschem Reaktionsvermögen und chungen in unterschiedlichen Teilen Mitteleuropas extrem schneller Beweglichkeit. Eigenschaften, die be- (BEZDĚČKA et al 2000, MÖLLER 2002, FRANC et al. reits MÄRKEL (1844) und alle folgenden Autoren her- 2015). Die am häufigsten genannten Artengruppen le- vorheben. Es bestehen weitgehende Analogien zur Le- ben endogäisch, nutzen ein breites Habitatspektrum bensweise der Ameisengrille Myrmecophilus acervo- des Offenlandes und besitzen eine weite Verbreitung. rum (PANZER, [1799]) (SCHIMMER 1909, JUNKER 1997). Sie produzieren insbesondere an wärmebegünstigten Noch zu prüfen wäre, ob A. formicaria wie jene auch Standorten regelmäßig sehr individuenreiche Nestpo- durch Belecken bzw. Säubern der Wirtstiere Verwert- pulationen (SEIFERT 2007). Hingegen meidet A. formi- bares konsumiert (z. B. VIEHMEYER 1903 u. 1905). Ent- caria offensichtlich Ameisen bewaldeter und/oder sprechende Beobachtungen an verwandten Arten, so z. feuchter und somit relativ kühler Biotope (z. B. Myrmi- B. bei der mit tropischen Wanderameisen vergesell- ca ruginodis, M. scabrinodis, Formica lemani). Auch schafteten Trichatelura manni (CAUDELL, 1925) (vgl. sind Vorkommen bei rein arborikolen Ameisenarten RETTENMEYER 1963), legen dies nahe. Voraussetzung nicht bekannt. Vertiefende Untersuchungen in mög- dafür wäre allerdings eine „bewusste“ Duldung durch lichst vielen verschiedenen Teilen des Artareals werden die Wirtsameisen. Das myrmekophile tropische Fisch- zeigen, ob die Verteilung auf die verschiedenen Amei- chen Malayatelura ponerophila MENDES, VON BEEREN sen einer Gesetzmäßigkeit folgt und welche Faktoren & WITTE, 2011 erwirkt die Integration in den Wirtstier- gegebenenfalls entscheidenden
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