Commission européenne / EuropeseCommissie, 1049 Bruxelles / Brussel, Belgique / BELGIË - Tel. +32 22991111

EUROPEAN COMMISSION ENTERPRISE AND INDUSTRY DIRECTORATE-GENERAL

Aerospace, Maritime, Security and Defence Industries Space Research

HORIZON 2020 WORKSHOP ON SPACE SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION 18-19 FEBRUARY, 2013 - MADRID

WORKSHOP REPORT

CONTENTS

LIST OF RAPPORTEURS, SPEAKERS, AND PANELLISTS...... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5 2. INTRODUCTORY SESSION...... 6 3. MEMBER STATES PERSPECTIVES ...... 7 4. SPLINTER SESSIONS...... 9 4.1. Session 1A: Preparation for future Human Exploration ...... 9 4.2. Session 1B: Mission Concepts...... 11 4.3. Session 1C: Sensors and Instruments...... 14 4.4. Session 1D: Preparation for future Robotic Exploration ...... 16 4.5. Session 2A: ISS Experiments...... 18 4.6. Session 2B: Analogue Terrain Studies and Ground Test Environments ...... 21 4.7. Session 2C: Space Environments Studies...... 23 4.8. Session 3A: Astrophysics and Fundamental Physics...... 24 4.9. Session 3B: Planets, Moons, Asteroid and Comets ...... 27 4.10. Session 3C: Earth ...... 29 4.11. Session 3D: Heliophysics...... 31 ANNEX A - WORKSHOP AGENDA ...... 34 ANNEX B - PRESENTATIONS FIRST DAY ...... 36 ANNEX C - LIST OF ATTENDEES ...... 37

Commission européenne / EuropeseCommissie, 1049 Bruxelles / Brussel, Belgique / BELGIË - Tel. +32 22991111 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

LIST OF RAPPORTEURS, SPEAKERS, AND PANELLISTS

We would like to thank the session rapporteurs for their work. This report is largely based on their splinter session reports: Michael BALIKHIN Gerda HORNECK Robert LOWSON Zeina MOUNZER Jean-Pierre SWINGS Frances WESTALL

We would like to thank the speakers and panellists who volunteered to prepare interesting and stimulating presentations to launch the discussions:

Richard AMBROSI, Anna BELEHAKI, Tomás BELENGUER, Carlo BONIFAZI, Richard BONNEVILLE, Volker BOTHMER, Stephen BRIGGS, Anthony BROWN, Maria Teresa CAPRIA, Augusto CARAMAGNO, Gerard CORNET, Jean-Louis COUNIL, Juan CUETO, Fabio FAVATA, Enrico GAIA, Bruno GARDINI, Cristina GARRIDO, Laura GATTI, Francesc GODIA, Celestino GÓMEZ CID, Felipe GÓMEZ GÓMEZ, Mariella GRAZIANO, Leonid GURVITS, Mike HAPGOOD, Emmanuel HINGLAIS, Gerda HORNECK, Michel ILZKOVITZ, Hannu KOSKINEN, Lucas LABADIE, Ana LAVERÓN, Jesús MARTIN-PINTADO, José Miguel MAS HESSE, Steve MILLER, José MORENO, Gregor MORFILL, Michael NYENHUIS, Gian Gabriele ORI, Coumar OUDEA, Alain PODAIRE, Stefaan POEDTS, Jean-Yves PRADO, Stefan SCHNEIDER, Francois SPIERO, Piet STAMMES, Pauli STIGELL, Patrik SUNDBLAD, Michael SUPPA, Jean-Pierre SWINGS, Janusz SYLWESTER, Hubertus THOMAS, Pierre-Gilles TIZIEN, Frank VAN RUITENBEEK, Luis VÁZQUEZ, Mike WATSON, Iya WHITELEY, Jean- Claude WORMS, Paul ZABEL, MariPaz ZORZANO.

2 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Europe has a strong position in space science and exploration activities. The European space research community, from academia, industry and space research and technology institutes, is operating and competing at the highest international level. Whereas space infrastructure, such as science satellites or Mars exploration rovers, are mainly organised and developed through ESA, the scientific aspects are organised at national level. This includes the development and funding of scientific instruments as payloads on ESA space missions, and the funding of science teams involved in all mission aspects, from the mission proposal, to the operations of science payload, and exploitation of data from space missions. The European space research community present at the workshop indicated that this situation results in a fragmented space research landscape, where competition between national teams within Europe is putting the European space research community at a disadvantage compared to international colleagues. During the workshop three important aspects where mentioned in all different sessions:

· The community called for coordination at European level of the space research activities. This should allow for transnational European collaboration between teams from industry, academia, and space research and technology institutes from the earliest proposal stage to the data exploitation stage. · Space research under Horizon 2020 needs to be combined with ESA and national activities in such a way that there is synergy and added value for the European space research community. · There is a strong need to develop a common integrative space exploration vision for Europe (human and robotic, as well as solar system science exploration) to provide a framework within which space research activities can best be organised and funded. FP7 funded network and road mapping projects such as THESSEUS, EUROPLANET and ASTROMAP have a role to play here.

The workshop topical sessions were organised in three parallel sessions, addressing different aspects of involvement in space science and exploration missions.

A) Activities taking place before the space mission

Typical activities where the science community is closely involved are: developing proposals for new scientific missions, developing scientific instruments and sensors, preparing and developing experiments and activities on the international space station, and preparing for exploration missions. Horizon 2020 was considered to be most effective in aspects which are generic for multiple missions, such as for example planetary protection aspects. Mission specific aspects are usually covered by ESA processes. In addition, national instrument development could be complemented through Horizon 2020 in order to demonstrate new technologies at intermediate Technology Readiness Level (TRL), and to support low TRL breakthrough technologies which require cross-national collaboration. The ISS can well be used as a stepping stone to human exploration beyond low Earth orbit, and is therefore an important building block of European future exploration activities. Human and robotic exploration should be developed together as the means to explore space. To prepare new challenging science 3 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid and exploration missions is important to support the cross-national teams in their preparation for ESA or international mission proposals. Direct collaboration between academic researchers and industry and space technology institutes starting at the earliest stages of space research project is key to achieving the best possible result in the long run.

B) Activities taking place in the context of space missions

The science community is and will be directly involved in the operation of space missions, for example currently in the ISS in doing experiments and monitoring human health aspects, in operating scientific payloads on astronomy missions, and in the future in directing the scientific operation of Mars rovers. In addition, the environment in which spacecraft operates, either in space, or on a planetary surface, is a key factor in the development and operation of missions, and needs to be mapped, modelled and, in the case of space weather, forecasted. Many of those are activities well suited to Horizon 2020 collaborative projects. The ISS operations are funded until 2020 at the present, and the best possible use of existing facilities and humans present at the station should be made to study human health aspects and Life Support Systems, as well as human-robotic interactions in preparation for future human exploration. In space weather a coordinated and long term approach, where collaborations are established in all aspects, including monitoring, data archiving and dissemination, simulations and modelling, would further strengthen the European community and increase the international impact. Analogue terrain studies and ground based test environments have an important role to play before and during space missions. This involves a variety of aspects, including the study of the space environment, for example the geology of the landing surface on Mars, testing of new technologies, testing of human-robotic interfaces, and simulating operational aspects in both robotic and human missions.

C) Exploitation of data from space missions

Exploitation of space data was highlighted as priority area for Horizon 2020. In the current situation archives with space data and funding of scientists to use data from European missions is fragmented in national programmes and archives and in different ESA programmes. There is a strong need to coordinate and combine those different elements into a coherent ground research structure that enables the European community to better exploit space data. For different fields of research (Earth sciences, astrophysics, heliophysics, and planetary sciences) the archive and funding situation has developed in different manners. As a result, the gaps and shortfalls differ considerably between those research communities. For the earth sciences community the major concern is the scientific data exploitation of the Sentinel satellites. The structures to enable scientific exploitation of the wealth of data from this programme are not yet in place, and are not seen to be catered for in the operational Copernicus programme. For the astrophysics community the three main issues are support to EU scientists to make proposals for using ‘space observatory’ time, facilitating the sharing of advanced data and tools, and long- term data and processing tool preservation. GAIA is the most important mission on the horizon, which will be operational from 2014 to 2018. For the all the missions related to understanding solar physics and the Sun-Earth interactions there is a strong international collaboration with NASA and NOAA-SWPC (Space Weather Prediction Center) bilaterally as well as within EU research projects. The main issue is that data exploitation should be improved on the European side, which has a less effective system. The community demands for more observations, more reliable data and data analysis facilities. For planetary missions the issues are in some cases more similar to Earth 4 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid observation than to astrophysics missions: the data are complex, have many different formats, and are linked to a geographic reference frame. The data in current archives are often too basic to be used for direct scientific interpretations, and simple and standardized tools for processing are not available. In the case of Mars enhanced data exploitation of Mars Express is urgent in view of the next generation Mars missions (ExoMars 2016, 2018), which will rely on studies of the Mars surface and environment. For future missions where extra-terrestrial samples are brought back to Earth, such as Mars, Moon or asteroid sample return missions, a European sample curation facility is needed. Development of such a facility requires considerable research and coordination of efforts, and Horizon 2020 is considered an appropriate funding programme for preparing this.

In the discussions on the implementation aspects the potential topics for Strategic Research Clusters (SRC) were discussed. Those included for example space science instruments, space exploration in general, space weather, space sample curation, and analogue terrain facilities. Although the SRC concept was felt to be suitable in some areas, it was highlighted that the open bottom-up approach with annual calls is at least as valuable.

Finally, for space science and exploration the importance of Horizon 2020 support for networking, education and outreach, and space spin-off activities was frequently highlighted.

1. INTRODUCTION

In early 2013 the Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to organise two workshops on Horizon 2020 Space Research and Technology Development (RTD). These events were held to consult a representative cross-section of the European Space Research community on Space RTD areas that are of potential interest in the next framework programme (H2020).

The first workshop on Space Technology took place in Brussels, on 30-31 January 2013. The second one, on Space Science and Exploration, was held in Madrid on 18-19 February 2013.

These workshops constituted an additional stage to the consultation process that started with the "Hearing on Space Research in FP8" and that has continued with the recent recommendations issued by the FP7 Space Advisory Group (SAG1). Since then, the Commission has been involved in a continuous process of meeting with the major European Space representatives (academia, industry and space research and technology institutions).

The purpose of these workshops was to directly consult the Space Research community, so as to gather their input on the Commission's proposal for Space Research under Horizon 2020 and the corresponding implementation strategy.

This report is on the Space Science and Exploration Workshop in Madrid, which targeted the academic and institutional researchers, but also included the participation of industry involved in space science and exploration projects.

1 http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/pdf/advisory-groups/sag_paper_on_space_research_in_h2020_december_2012.pdf

5 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

The registration process had two phases. In a first step an invitation to express interest to participate in the workshop was sent in December 2012 to Member States, National contact points and approximately 4800 space stakeholders. 310 persons registered for the Space Science workshop. For reasons of capacity in the venue the Commission invited in a second step 201 participants to attend in order to achieve a fair distribution between topics, type of organisations, and residence. 177 persons actually attended the workshop.

2. INTRODUCTORY SESSION

During the introductory session several presentations were given to set the scene for the workshop from different perspectives. The presentation from the Commission by Peter

The workshop was opened by Mr. Mauro Facchini, Head of the Space Research unit of the European Commission, who welcomed the participants and recalled the overall context of the EU space research activities and its past achievements. He chaired the first plenary session comprising a set of keynote presentations to set the scene for the discussions in the workshop.

Mr. Peter Breger, representing the Commission, presented the overall funding situation of Horizon 2020 and the status of the institutional and legislative process for the Horizon 2020 legal base. The objectives for the space part and first ideas on its implementation were presented, focusing, in particular, on the planned concept of strategic research clusters (SRC).

Three presentations from ESA followed, covering the various science and exploration programmes of ESA.

Mr. Fabio Favata (ESA Science Directorate) first presented the mandatory Science Programme, highlighting that this is a bottom-up programme driven by the science community. Missions are always carried out in close collaboration with the Member States, with typically 30-40% of the mission cost through national projects, such as the science payload. The other programme under responsibility of the ESA Science Directorate is the Robotic Exploration programme, which is an optional programme, where the elements are defined by the Member States and the science community is consulted, but not the driver. This programme is focussed on Mars, with the two ExoMars missions planned in 2016 and 2018 together with Russia, and the associated technology programme preparing for the next step, Mars Sample Return. The science data policy of ESA allows for the retrieval of data from the operational missions and storage in the data archives, but ESA does not fund the scientific exploitation of data. This is funded exclusively through national programmes, putting European scientists at a disadvantage compared to their US colleagues, where the entire chain from mission development to data exploitation is funded in a consistent way through NASA.

The programmes of the ESA Directorate for Human Spaceflight and Operations were presented in two parts. First by Mr. Bruno Gardini, who focussed on the Lunar exploration project, which has been very active in the last years with the science community in preparing the Lunar Polar Lander. Mr. Gardini explained that the work on this mission has now been discontinued because the ESA Ministerial Conference in 2012 decided to focus all efforts on the ESA Service Module of the joint NASA/ESA Orion Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), which also represents the ESA contribution to the 6 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid international ISS programme. For Lunar exploration activities ESA is now considering a collaboration with Russia, aiming for a Lunar Polar Sample Return mission. The Human Exploration aspects were discussed by Mr. Berhard Hufenbach, who explained that all three aspects of human exploration (ISS, Moon and Mars) will be shaped in an international environment in the next couple of years, primarily in collaboration with Russia, the US, and China. The ISS is a critical enabler for future human exploration to the Moon and Mars. Apart from the European role in transportation (e.g. MPCV) Europe can capitalize on its strengths on In Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU) and human-robotic partnerships.

Mr. Stephen Briggs (ESA Earth Observation Directorate) focussed on the data exploitation aspects. ENVISAT resulted in a huge data set and many scientific publications. The Copernicus Sentinels will result in an even larger data stream and the elements need to be put in place for the science community to be able to best exploit this wealth of data. This involves data access, tools, calibration and validation, high-level products and re-processing for which Horizon 2020 could support. This should not be limited to the Space section of Horizon 2020, but should be in collaboration with the Societal Challenge and Excellent Science pillars and the ICT part of Horizon 2020.

The recommendations of the Space Advisory Group, which is a group of some 20 independent and high-level experts from various space-related fields, were presented by Mr. Jean-Pierre Swings. The two main messages in the field of space science and exploration were: 1) Space data exploitation by European scientists needs to be supported and organised in a more effective way; and 2) There is a need for a shared and internationally consolidated European vision for robotic and human exploration of Mars, Moon and NEOs.

Mr. Jean Claude Worms explained that the ESSC/ESF provides an independent European voice on European space research and policy. One of the current activities is a consultation with the space research community in preparation for Horizon 2020, in particular focussing on the SRC aspects.

The views of the European industry were presented by Ms. Laura Gatti (Eurospace). She highlighted the importance of collaboration between industry and the academic/institutional research community in building a strong and competitive space sector in Europe. Horizon 2020 could have an important role to ‘de-risk’ new technologies by supporting the maturation of promising technologies and in particular by in-orbit demonstration (IOD).

In combination the presentations in the introductory session gave an excellent overview of the multi-facetted European space science and exploration landscape and the role that Horizon 2020 can play to bring the diverse aspects together in a synergistic manner.

3. MEMBER STATES PERSPECTIVES

During the workshop several EU member states, namely Spain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Finland, reported on their national space science and exploration activities and presented their national perspective on Horizon2020.

Spanish National Program, which is well aligned with Horizon 2020, aims to provide funding for scientific instruments and data exploration and to support development of 7 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid technology for space systems. Some of the main areas of expertise are optics, optical semiconducting polarizers, and IR and X-ray superconducting detectors. The Spanish Earth Observation Program, with national missions, was also mentioned.

France focused the presentation on space science and Earth science. The need to facilitate network in order to enhance the circulation of information and the possibility of creating a “Virtual Observatory”, in order to combine heterogeneous data from several national data centres of both space and ground-based observations were discussed. In the field of Earth observation Horizon 2020 is well positioned to support the medium to high TRL level science technologies, including demonstration from aerial platforms.

The German representative discussed robotic aspects related to space exploration, in- orbit servicing and tele-operations, focussing on common technologies which are needed in all fields of robotics. The need of testing facilities for demonstrating robotic tools and elements was highlighted.

Italy provided an overview of the extensive National Space RTD Programmes and highlighted the activities in all the space sectors such as Earth Observation and Astrophysics. Italy also has a strong position in in access to space activities (VEGA), re- entry systems and technologies, and in space electrical propulsion.

The Netherlands presented several points where the EU could be of help such as striking the balance between long term perspectives for space community, in order to increase confidence, and flexible mission opportunities. The benefits of establishing and using a best practises approach in national space research policies were mentioned. This could help to achieve a better coordination at European level of space research activities.

Portugal presented a set of activities aligning with the 4 objectives of Space under Horizon 2020, focussing on GMES and solar system data exploitation. Finland mentioned the possibility of having a socio-economic study analysing the state of play of the sector.

The main message throughout the Session was a need of internationalisation and cooperation between National Programmes and the EU and ESA. This should take place not only at the political level but also at programmatic level in the programme boards and committees. In the current economic context, with pressure on national budgets for space science and exploration, and in an increasing globalisation of the space field, the EU should lead collaboration and cooperation to maintain and build on the European heritage in space science and exploration.

Concerning the SRCs, the importance of keeping the process transparent (i.e. independent evaluation by REA), and participation open to newcomers was mentioned several times. Spain advocated a careful and staged implementation process, starting with only one or two SRCs to develop the governance model. Some topics were suggested as potential SRC: climate change, space exploration technologies, Earth observation instrument development, demonstration and calibration/validation through airplane/balloon campaigns, and in-orbit servicing/robotics.

It was also suggested by Portugal to establish a “Space Synergies and optimization Working Group” as a support action to the different SRCs that could bring expert and avoiding overlap between SRCs. There was clear agreement that a substantial part of the programme should be maintained with bottom-up annual calls rather than SRCs. Finally,

8 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid enhancing data exploitation, by coordinating activities of disperses national data centres, possibly through virtual observatories, was highlighted by all Member States as one of the highest priority and highest impact actions for Horizon 2020 which is not covered by ESA or national programmes.

4. SPLINTER SESSIONS

4.1. Session 1A: Preparation for future Human Exploration Space exploration, with robotic and finally human missions to our neighbor targets in space (Moon, asteroids and Mars) is a global adventure. Essential contributions are the global exploration roadmap of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) (2011, to be revised in 2013) and the Lucca declaration of the Third International Conference on Exploration and the first High-level International Space Exploration conference with representatives from 28 countries (2011). In Europe, space activities are divided among different competencies at European and national level (European Space Agency, national space agencies, national research organisations, universities, national research centres, industry and the European Union). This richness and diversity of national and European competences in space activities is a challenge to coordinate. So far, little of ESA’s Aurora programme, which was developed in 2001, has been realized. In spite of this, Europe has gained key competences in space technology (e.g., Spacelab, the Columbus Module of the International Space Station, the family of Automated Transfer Vehicles) and space life sciences (e.g. on the responses of the human body to the conditions of spaceflight and the development of countermeasures, which are key elements for safeguarding human presence in space, on the Moon and on Mars) and with MarsExpress and the upcoming ExoMars mission Europe has recognized Mars as the focus of its space exploration program. The Space Advisory Group of the European Commission recommended in its report “Space research in Horizon 2020” a comprehensive Robotic Mars-Exploration programme under European leadership that should become an essential element of a coordinated international space research programme. This should be complemented by an intense ISS utilisation element, including the preparation for human exploration. Roadmaps for a European strategy in preparation of human exploratory missions are ESA’s HUMEX study (Study on the survivability and adaptation of humans to long-duration Exploratory missions) (2003) and the FP7 project THESEUS (Towards Human Exploration of Space. A European Strategy-Roadmap) (2012).

4.1.1. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why this is the best done at EU level? A) SRC: Follow the THESEUS roadmap (FP7 project) in close coordination with ESA and the national European and non-European space organisations: i) Standardized protocols and procedures ii) Integrated view of human adaptation to the different environmental stressors of space flight and development of countermeasures (ground simulations, ISS utilization) iii) Data bases and risk assessment This needs multiyear interdisciplinary programmes and can only be achieved in a concerted action with all stakeholders (science and technology).

9 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

B) SRCs as transfer of non-space activities to space activities and vice versa: In preparation of human exploration and building on FP7 projects (e.g.,THESEUS): i) Verification in space: Linking studies at ground based simulation and environmental test facilities with the utilization of the International Space Station and benefits to the citizens on Earth, ii) Earth as stepping stone to space exploration: Earth analogues studies (Mars simulation facilities and environments) iii) Habitats and life support systems for exploratory missions, with due consideration of the mission concept (short or long-term mission to the Moon, asteroids or Mars). It should be noted that depending on the specific mission the interfaces and interactions of different subsystems can be quite different, which needs to be considered. C) Dedicated call for utilisation of the ISS for the preparation of human space exploration (depends on negotiations with ESA) D) Open calls for data exploitation and management (not funded by ESA, but urgently needed for Europe to be competitive in the international scenario)

4.1.2. What are the objectives for European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? The overall objectives in preparation of human exploratory missions are a) to assess the hazards and minimize the risks for the astronauts during whole missions, and b) to provide an infrastructure that safeguards the astronauts’ health, wellbeing and efficiency. In order to reach this overall goal, an agreed European strategy on human exploration is needed, but still missing: Despite the numerous activities at European (and international) level there exists no agreed strategy in Europe on human space exploration. Europe should concentrate on its key competences, where it could maintain or acquire leadership in a global space exploration programme. Examples are habitat technologies (e.g., sustainable life support systems that are independent from supply from the Earth); health care for long-duration space missions (e.g. an integrated and personalised view of the complex interplay of all parameters of space flight – microgravity, space radiation, confinement - and the development of efficient countermeasures); automation and robotics as support to humans; innovative methodologies to design complex missions, (e.g., “fears, attractions and temptation”). In addition, sustainable new technologies that are currently being developed in Plasma Medicine, might have special benefits for astronaut health care (improved wound healing, treatment of various kinds of skin diseases and hygiene – e.g. wrt. to control of fungal growth). In order to increase public awareness and excitation, and to view human space exploration from another – more human – perspective, other disciplines from e.g., “soft” sciences: philosophy, arts, social sciences, and architecture should be included.

10 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

4.1.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities, and why? a) For the preparation of human exploration a long-term view and the definition of long-term goals is necessary. Roadmaps, e.g., THESEUS, stretch over 10-20 years; however projects, such as in FP7, are normally limited to a few years. In order to follow the road maps for the preparation of human exploration, adaptation to a long-term dynamic research programme is required. With short projects, like in FP7, it is difficult - nearly impossible - to reach high TRLs. For such a long-term program, SRC is the appropriate program. b) In addition, short term projects, as in FP7, are especially suitable for data exploitation.

4.1.4. Important points of discussion and key messages - Human space exploration can only be performed in international cooperation, and Europe needs to bundle its efforts to remain an essential partner. - The THESEUS roadmap (periodically updated) should become the roadmap of the European Union for its long-term planning of human exploratory missions. - For the preparation of human exploratory missions, a continuous long-term planning of projects is necessary according to the THESEUS and other international roadmaps. - Horizon 2020 should include the ISS as test bed for the preparation of human exploratory missions, in addition to ground based test and environment simulation facilities, available at several centres in Europe.

4.2. Session 1B: Mission Concepts The European space and planetary exploration community is diverse, innovative and imaginative, underpinned by a strong scientific and technical base that is helping Europe develop as a world leader in the field. It is a community that Horizon 2020 is ideally suited to supporting. Science and Exploration missions in Europe are defined by scientific requirements. The scientific community formulates the ideas, theories or questions that are to be tested, validated or answered within the context of a mission. The detailed definition of a mission, its concept, design, selection and implementation, are carried out by the European Space Agency (ESA) and/or national space agencies. The focus of the Horizon 2020 programme is in the phase between the initial ideas and the mission implementation; where the programme can support in establishing the building blocks required for the realisation of a mission.

4.2.1. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why this is the best done at EU level? The high level objective is to support the exploration of our universe – from our near- Earth environment, the Sun and the Moon, and our own Solar System, through our galaxy the Milky Way, and out into the far-distant reaches, as well as back to the earliest accessible times. Included in that objective is understanding how our near-space environment may affect natural, social and economic life on Earth. Key to realising this objective is the fostering of European competitiveness and innovation. Global collaboration on science and exploration missions is supported, yet it is imperative that 11 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid steps are taken to allow Europe to play a key role in these collaborations, and to maintain a level of autonomy. A number of scientific objectives were discussed, aiming at increased knowledge of (evolution of) stars and planets, exploration of outer planets, study of planetary atmospheres, as well as in-situ exploration. In addition, missions to perform fundamental science and support the verification of fundamental physics laws are considered of importance, as these provide vital results for a wide variety of disciplines, albeit that the results of such missions are not direct but rather achieved in the medium/long term. Certain mission types or precursor missions were suggested that would enable essential capabilities, such as high precision Formation Flying, space-based Interferometry to reach so far unprecedented high-angular resolution and sensitivity, missions to land on other planets / moons and spacecraft to monitor the impact of the Sun's activity on Earth. The importance of outreach to the general public as well as to the younger generation (students and young professionals) was also highlighted, particularly considering the long duration nature of most science and exploration missions. Mission scientists should be enabled to carry out such activities, and a greater level of professional outreach support should be developed.

4.2.2. What are the objectives for European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? Considering the context of H2020, it was agreed that the focus of RTD in the frame of science and exploration, should be on activities that support increasing the technical readiness level of technologies needed for science and exploration missions, particularly where this is not easily done under ESA or national programmes, such as covering the so-called death valley gap between TRL 3/4 to TRL 6/7. Furthermore, it is important that the RTD activities are aligned with clearly defined strategy roadmaps for science and exploration that are put in place by ESA and/or national agencies. Along the same lines, RTDs should not be limited to one mission, but rather support the build-up of European capability and reduced dependence for critical building blocks (e.g. RTGs). A number of RTD topics were suggested, including:

- Precise Formation Flying technologies (Autonomy, advanced GNC, fine servo- loop etc…) - Interferometry sub-systems and technology - Balloon Technology - RTGs - Electric Propulsion - Detectors, especially to cover the mid-infrared spectral region - Precision landing and sampling technologies for sample-return missions etc. - R&D for technologies miniaturization (optics, etc.) - etc

The results of the performed RTD activities should be thoroughly assessed in the frame of the relevant programme(s) for which the activities are performed.

12 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

4.2.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities, and why? Whilst the European space and planetary exploration community is energetic and thriving, it is more dispersed and fragmented than some of its competitors, particularly in the USA, where NASA acts as a provider of space missions, a commissioner of technological innovation, and a funder of data exploitation. Europe still needs to be better networked and integrated for it to be greater than the sum of its parts and to maximise its economic, technological and scientific potential. The key funding gap between missions and their instruments, once commissioned, and the research required to identify and develop them, can be addressed in Horizon 2020. So too can supporting activities, using ground-based observatories, laboratory studies, computational modelling and the calculation of vital datasets. Following the arguments that it is imperative for the RTDs to focus on supporting the development of key capabilities that enable science and exploration missions, and that this should be aligned with medium and long term strategies and roadmaps, SRC’s are considered the right mechanism. It is also suggested that horizontal SRC’s would be suited for developments of across programmes. Open calls are also suited for some of the required developments, e.g. for low TRL developments. Moreover, it is important to recognise the need for high-level strategic actions to work alongside more bottom-up responsive implements if the area is to be adequately supported and its imagination and initiative captured. One area that needs constant attention is that of community self-organisation. Therefore, the implementation should be set up in such a way that coordination and collaboration between the different entities in Europe is ensured, and international cooperation is enabled. It is also considered important that science and engineering groups are integrated in taking the developments further, as their requirements are complementary. The H2020 programme can play an important role in supporting networking and outreach activities between the different communities, which is considered necessary.

4.2.4. Important points of discussion The following points were underlined during the discussion: - It is important to realise the timescale of the H2020 programme, and what is feasible within that timescale. - In comparison with FP6/7, it is desired that a better assessment of the results of H2020 activities is carried out, in the scheme of the programmes that are being supported. - The need for long-term plans, continuity of programmes, and roadmaps was emphasised. It was pointed out that the roadmaps are already defined by ESA, whereas the H2020 activities should support the already existing roadmaps and programmes. - The H2020 activities should help achieve the required credibility of mission concepts as well as the required TRL levels for the needed technologies, to ensure the sustainability and feasibility of missions.

13 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

- A common definition of mission and system requirements, as well as schedule and operational goals is essential. - A coordination between and integration of the research and science community and industry is needed, i.e. networking, grouping. - It is important to encourage and foster students and young professionals and strongly enable their involvement and dedication.

4.2.5. Key Messages The most important messages that were brought forward repeatedly in the presentations as well as the discussions are: - There are a number of key technologies that require further research and development to enable the desired science missions. - H2020 should support achieving the required TRL levels for the technologies needed for defined missions, particularly within the so-called death valley of technical maturity. - It is important that the H2020 activities are in-line with and in-support of the roadmaps and missions defined by ESA. - A common definition of the requirements to achieve operational level avoids duplication and ensures achievement of the mission goals. - Continuity and improved evaluation of resulting developments in the context of the overall programme are essential.

4.3. Session 1C: Sensors and Instruments Space activity in the ESA framework tends to focus on individual missions. This can mean long intervals between specification and delivery of instruments, gaps in the delivery chain, and high costs. The focus on supporting individual missions can restrict flight opportunities for new instruments. Long development cycles can on the other hand mean that the development of instruments is disconnected from emerging mission requirements. The fact that ESA missions do not fund instruments but rather carry instruments from member states, can lead to fragmentation and competition, rather than collaboration; and instrument development can be hampered by financial pressure on national governments.

The sensor/instrument sector has big potential, if it can be exploited, for spin-in from other sectors, and similar technologies are required for many different types of mission.

While the scope for international cooperation can be constrained by security considerations, there is scope to develop transnational networks, building on those that exists already to a certain extent; space exploration can realistically be considered only at a global scale.

There was a close alignment with the points that emerged from the splinter group on mission concepts. Much of the contextual background was shared with other domains, although some of the key factors were particularly marked in this sector.

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4.3.1. Objectives for European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 / RTD activities to be supported through Horizon 2020 Key Messages The EU should aim to promote development around low TRL when it is not taken care of at ESA or MS level (especially lacking in smaller EU MS) and higher TRL, because in larger MS (e.g. FR) the instrument development up to TRL 4 is well taken care of, but demonstration up to TRL 6 of new technologies is required before take-up in ESA programmes. At this level, development costs are high, but there is limited motivation for national investment.

For scientific missions, instrument development should be driven by the scientific case for the final outputs that it aims to generate. This will generate an “application pull” and lead to the development of technologies to create future scientific and exploration breakthroughs.

Instruments need to operate in extreme environments and at low energy. The key aspects to be pursued are robustness, versatility, and miniaturisation, recognising in particular the importance of non-dependence. Significant technical problems remain to be solved and addressed by demonstration (in-air or in-orbit) before new technologies (especially micro-technologies which in theory have much to offer to space missions) can be exploited.

Coordination and collaboration are vital; there needs to be a joined up development process where end users are involved in defining the focus of research from the start; and business and scientific communities should collaborate with the definition of work even at the lowest TRLs. The development of Networks should be explored, and a way needs to be found of coordinating diverse national activities fostering collaboration rather than competition.

There are many common factors between this sector and others outside the space sector (e.g. car sector), and there is scope to learn from them.

Real concerns exist about needs to secure the development and training of operators in this field, and to maintain continuity of expertise against the background of a very long development cycle.

4.3.2. Mode of Implementation A closer rapprochement between H2020 and ESA programmes is an overriding requirement.

Annual calls and SRC’s should not be seen as alternatives; they both have a role to play. Annual Calls are important for promoting blue-sky research, and a way needs to be found of connecting the outputs of such blue-sky research with SRCs.

Instruments/sensors are clearly a logical and appropriate area for integrated SRC approaches – in the context of future satellite development. But the concept of an SRC needs to be fleshed out, so that it promotes end to end integration and responds to demand pressures, including the need for speed and to minimise costs.

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The mechanism for defining an SRC for instruments/sensors is challenging. It would need to engage at an early point with wider ESA and EU strategies. Many of the building blocks for an SRC in this domain are in place, and work needs to be to be done to bring them together.

4.3.3. Important point of discussion and Key messages Development in this area needs to be undertaken to a 10 year time horizon (at least); it is not clear how to reconcile this with the 7-year H2020 framework. Clearly activity under this heading needs to be seen as reflecting a long-term vision.

While H2020 resource should focus on low TRL (breakthrough) and higher TRL (4- 5, including demonstration), this should be within an end-to-end strategic framework.

It is vital to find ways of motivating industry participation at early stage, and of promoting collaboration between technology developers and users (scientists or other) at even the lowest TRL stage. This should include cross-national collaboration in the EU rather than competition between national teams developing similar instruments.

An integrated SRC approach could be very beneficial for European space instrument development, but should not be to the exclusion of open, bottom-up calls for individual projects.

4.4. Session 1D: Preparation for future Robotic Exploration The time frame 2020-2030 exceeds the traditional framework of the ministerial meetings for ESA and it is therefore necessary to provide a broader programme or roadmap to enable European goals in space. In this context, preparation of robotic exploration is aimed at exploration of the solid bodies in the Solar System, namely Mars and in particular Mars Sample Return (and the search for extraterrestrial life), the outer planets, as well as the Moon and/or an asteroid in preparation for future human missions.

Preparation of a rational roadmap will help place the necessary activities within a reasoned mission context. For instance, in this time frame it will not be possible to accomplish both a sample return mission from Mars and a manned mission to that planet. A strategic roadmap can help to establish European priorities between various mission scenarios and inform the international community of the European strategy, noting that many mission scenarios will involve international collaboration.

4.4.1. What are the objectives for European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? There was a general call for Science driven programmes with clearly defined objectives and strategies for achieving these goals, which encompass a range of enabling technologies This was considered true for robotic exploration or the expansion of the presence of humans in space. For this, a European over-arching vision is needed, which is supported by the EU member states.

A key objective identified is the search for life in the Solar System outside Earth, either with a sample return mission from Mars and/or exploration of the icy planets in the outer Solar System. One important aspect concerns a change of paradigm in the

16 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid acceptance of risks that will lead to lower costs and faster implementation with the result of introducing mature, flight tested components into a mission.

An associated technology objective is the development of intelligent robotic systems that could aid in the search for extraterrestrial life.

Furthermore, with respect to exploration of the outer Solar System, or when targeting ambitious planetary missions in general, it is imperative to develop suitable power systems.

While the pursuit of robotic exploration (e.g. sample return mission to Mars) will advance many robotic technologies, which also provides a competitive edge to space industries, discussions showed that recurrent technology development (serving a larger commercial market) are needed to foster European competitiveness, and scientific robotic exploration in Horizon 2020 as discussed in this session would play only a lesser role in this respect.

4.4.2. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why this is the best done at EU level? EU support for relevant RTD activities is important because of the need to ensure European excellence in space technology as well as a means of reasoned coordination of activities. These activities are broader than those in the traditional realm of ESA, while still being concurrent and complementary to ESA’s activities. Support for them through H2020 will provide freedom from programmatic constraints that can, at times, have negative effects. Finally, EU support for these initiatives contributes to addressing societal challenges and the EU role will thus be better appreciated through education, training, and outreach activities.

For instance, EU support is necessary to determine the enabling technologies in terms of (1) instruments, autonomy, in-situ, power, navigation, structures, communications; (2) reference roadmaps for industry (cf. Brussels workshop results). It is also necessary to take basic R&D to maturity through standardisation processes that can be tested and qualified in Earth analogue situations; through establishment of the certification process; and through utilisation of low cost space test platforms and testbeds.

For this it will be necessary to establish partnerships between industry and academia and to provide the framework to inspire and train the next generation of scientists and engineers.

Finally, H2020 could be seen as a means of providing support for a (or more) European facility (facilities) e.g. for decontamination and planetary protection, perhaps together with the sample return receiving facility (facilities). For this specific example, the development of technologies such as cold plasma sterilisation, storage and transport will be required.

4.4.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities, and why? SRCs would be a good means of supporting larger projects that are complementary to ESA and national space programmes. This could be, for example, a European center

17 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid for sterilisation, planetary protection, perhaps in collaboration with a sample receiving facility. Another SRC project could be related to an ESA Preparation of the building blocks of missions and their inflight demonstration could be covered by an SRC.

Regular Calls could be used to support studies relating to smaller and possibly high risk concepts.

It was noted that international collaboration in the calls should be facilitated.

Other important points discussed and key messages identified were:

· The importance of complementarity between H2020 and ESA · Utilisation of existing roadmaps as basis for future roadmaps · Avoidance of duplication by coordinating activities · The importance of H2020 as a means of supporting much broader, cross disciplinary themes and activities with the aim of underlining Europe’s role in space technology, for instance in robotics, power/propulsion systems or a decontamination and/or receiving facility (facilities) · The EU role to engage the public, facilitate technology transfer, and facilitating synergies between programmes · Importance of balanced peer review mechanisms.

4.5. Session 2A: ISS Experiments The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular permanently crewed laboratory in Low Earth Orbit. The principal partners of the ISS are the space agencies of the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada. ESA has 8 % utilization rights, which are managed through its optional ISS Exploitation and European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences (ELIPS) programmes. The construction of the ISS began in 1998 with Russia’s Zarya module, ESA’s space laboratory Columbus was attached 2008 to the ISS. The following laboratory facilities are accommodated inside of Columbus: Biolab, Fluid Science Laboratory, European Physiology Module, European Drawer Rack, etc.; EuTEF with EXPOSE, Solar and ACES are facilities attached to the outside of Columbus. Other European facilities are Matroshka (outside/inside) and EXPOSE-R (outside). Other non- european facilities are also being used by ESA to perform European experiments, e.g. Microgravity Science Glovebox, a multipurpose rack. European User Support and Operation Centers (USOCs) are located in various participating countries and act as the link between the user community and ESA's Columbus Control Centre in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, NASA's Payload Operations Integration Center in Huntsville, Alabama, and the Russian Mission Control Centre in Moscow. The ISS is supported until 2020, a further extension until 2027 is planned.

4.5.1. What are the objectives for European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? In view of the limited life time of the ISS (funding until 2020), a maximum exploitation of existing facilities on ISS is recommended. Above all, the ISS should be used as demonstration test bed for human space exploration, microgravity experimentation and technology demonstration.

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In human space exploration, the goals are: a) Validation of technologies for extended habitability and autonomy b) Artificial gravity studies (although desirable, it is unlikely that operational facilities for projects are available on ISS within time horizon of 2020) c) Optimising human-robotic collaboration d) On-orbit demonstration of technologies for exploration e) New approaches for physiological countermeasures: i. Integrative approach, ii. Holistic approach, and iii. Individual approach.

Because the ISS is funded at present until 2020 only, the argument was put forward that the emphasis should be on use of on-board facilities.

Development of new operational laboratory facilities for the ISS is time and resource intensive, hence would be dependent on the further extension. There could well be some elements which could reach sufficient maturity in a shorter time. Such small, simple and modular equipment would offer opportunities for new science, but needs to be examined on a case by case basis. Whereas most panel presentations dealt with the utilization of the ISS as test bed in preparation for human exploratory missions, it was pointed out in the discussion that the ISS is also an ideal research platform for several other established fields of research. Examples are fluid physics, material sciences, biology, fundamental physics, space science, space weather studies, astrobiology, space biology, and Earth observation. Limited mass allocations available on flights to ISS were seen as a bottleneck, and further emphasised the priority to be given to small parts utilising existing on-board facilities. An opportunity for free flight experiments could potentially also be available on re- supply vehicles, in the phase following their detachment from the ISS.

4.5.2. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why this is the best done at EU level? Under the assumption, that negotiations between the European Commission and ESA result in the establishment of feasible modes for the utilization of the ISS within Horizon 2020, the following suggestions were made: a) Use existing elements of the ISS only. Small multipurpose simple and modular hardware could be integrated in those facilities, e.g., a vibrator for fluid physics experiments, which has been requested by the community for a long time. b) ISS experiments should primarily use the advantage of the presence of the crew, as test subjects and for long-term studies. The use as experimenters would have to be weighed up against the cost involved. c) Use the ISS primarily for human exploration issues: i. Concentrate on effects of weightlessness and long-term confinement. These studies should be driven by crew-health aspects (not necessarily for solving academic questions), they should be based on an integrated approach with the aim to develop and test effective countermeasures, thereby 19 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

maintaining crew health and improving mission success and mission safety. ii. Accompanying studies in ground-based research and simulation facilities and parabolic flights are necessary in addition to the experiments on the ISS; they are an implicit element for their preparation, as simultaneous ground control and for follow-up examinations. Terrestrial artificial gravity facilities could also be utilised in such studies. iii. The ISS should be considered as a key tool for developing, testing and validating Life Support Systems, especially Bioregenerative LSS (e.g. MELiSSA). d) The establishment of an ISS data archiving and exploitation system, especially for data relevant for human exploration, is required. This should build on the existing USOC network, and the FP7 projects ULISSE and CIRCE. These activities are not supported by ESA. e) The ISS could be used for in-orbit validation of instruments/technology in order to increase their TRLs. f) The ISS can also be used for deployment of small satellites (such deployment mechanisms have been already developed by JAXA and NASA).

It should be noted that in view of ESA’s decreased budget of the ELIPS programme experiments on the ISS might not be sufficiently supported by ESA anymore. In addition to the ISS, ground simulation facilities, e.g. drop towers, parabolic flights, bed rest studies, and large ground simulation entities are valid tools for Horizon 2020. Although parabolic flights will certainly be adequate in many research domains, the short duration of weightlessness periods limits their value for Crew Health.

4.5.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities, and why? a) SRCs would be suitable entities for the following items:

i. In preparation of human exploratory missions, establish a unified space-ground crew health management in a trans-disciplinary approach (integrated approach, develop and test countermeasures, driven by crew health aspects) with synergies between ISS experiments and ground-based analogue studies.

ii. Establish a European observatory of space medicine: In continuation of the FP7 projects ULISSE and CIRCE there should be efforts on coordination of the data exploitation from ISS (possibly dedicated centres). Space medicine experiments on the ISS are to be coordinated with ground-based studies in an observatory of space medicine. This is not done by ESA and is desperately needed by the community.

iii. Use the ISS as a key tool for developing, testing and validating Life Support Systems, especially Bio-regenerative LSS (e.g. MELiSSA). b) Open calls should also be announced, especially for the exploitation of data generated from experiments on the ISS.

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4.5.4. Important point of discussion and key messages a) The EC should establish with ESA modes of utilisation of the ISS within Horizon 2020. b) Within Horizon 2020, the ISS should be used primarily for the preparation of human exploration: i. Concentrate on human health aspects in a trans-disciplinary approach (integrated approach, develop and test countermeasures, driven by crew health aspects) in synergy with ground-based analogue studies. ii. Develop, test and validate Life Support Systems including biological aspects. c) Establish an ISS data archiving and exploitation system for scientific relevant data (build on existing USOC network and CIRCE)

4.6. Session 2B: Analogue Terrain Studies and Ground Test Environments The main context for analogue terrain and ground test studies are the future missions to solid bodies in the Solar System: robotic missions to Mars (including sample return) and the outer planets; human missions to Mars and the Moon, asteroids or to the Lagrange points. All such missions require huge investment into both technology and science as the basis of exploration. Such investment involves the development of analogue laboratory test situations, field analogue sites, and a reasoned exploitation of existing available operational mission data previous to mission planning.

In this respect, there are a number of previous EU projects that have demonstrated good EU collaborative activities, such as Europlanets, Astronet, Carex, and Theseus.

4.6.1. What are the objectives for European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? With respect to analogue field sites, there should be a concerted effort to choose a limited number of sites that address a wide variety of the different aspects of robotic and human missions and where an end to end mission scenario can be imitated. This includes the 1) scientific relevance of the proposed field sites and 2) the testing of subsystems in the whole mission scenarios and operations. The requirements for those two types of analogue terrains are different. To this end, it is necessary to make a catalogue of potential sites.

Ground testing implicates studies of enabling team interactions, including between and within ground and space, robotic-human interactions and long-term validation of systems, life support for human missions, and studies in analogues that mimic psychological and physiological effects of human spaceflight.

Another objective is the imperative for addressing curation facilities for returned samples.

Finally, the definition of analogues should be extended to include available existing operational mission data since there is a vast amount of data already stored but not necessarily systematically “mined” (data archiving and exploitation).

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4.6.2. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why this is the best done at EU level? To address these objectives, it is necessary to define common goals that will integrate communal efforts in order to support cutting edge research. This can be achieved through networking and service infrastructure involving established scientists, students, and industry.

Concretely, this implies the following:

· The creation of a database of analogue terrains and their attributes · Support of long-term test infrastructures including habitats, analogue environments and other ground-based facilities, e.g. weightlessness simulation projects, end-to end mission scenarios on the terrain. Utilization of existing facilities in Europe is recommended. · The development of generic tools that can be used in multiple missions. · The use of low cost demonstrators to validate subsystems or parts of missions in progressively incremental steps.

These ground-based activities, however, need to be aligned with European and international mission concepts. The possibility of non-European contributions to these activities should be considered.

4.6.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities, and why? In the framework of severely reduced national budgets for these kinds of space- related activities, and the cross-national collaboration required, support on a European level is greatly needed. SRC type projects are recommended for large-scale “vision or roadmap” types of research, such as for physiology changes and/or longer term test analogue sites. The latter would validate at the same time habitat technology, life support systems, human/robotic interaction, crew health and well-being, system inter relationships, etc. Additionally there are cost-sharing (e.g. logistics, operations) possibilities within such a SRC. Another SRC project could be related to the development of curation facilities for returned samples (including planetary protection). Note that, with respect to tests of physiology changes, there will be significant feedback of societal relevance.

General open calls could fund 1-3-year projects related to science activities in field analogue terrains, such as interactive time series studies. They could also be used for increasing the TRL of key technologies in a progressive manner (knowing that there is a gap between national funding of the initial concepts and ESA funding of the final development of the instruments). These short term calls could in addition fund high risk, but promising projects and demonstration studies that lead into long-term projects.

Setup of access and analysis of existing operation data, conduct studies using real preparation and post mission phases to understand current challenges and test new techniques and technologies for future exploration missions.

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4.6.4. Important point of discussion and key messages

· With respect to field analogue sites, it will be necessary to make a catalogue of sites and their attributes in order to choose a few that address the widest possible aspects of mission science and technology. · Support for the establishment of a EU analogue infrastructure site, which would foster long-term ground-based studies, networking, also between scientists and industry, cost-sharing and collective use of support systems, transportation, and knowledge exchange. · Importance of understanding physiological and psychological changes induced by long-term spaceflight is key for the accomplishment of future human spaceflight. This should include studies alongside crew pre and post mission activities to understand real operational challenges. · Importance of ground testing and validating surface operations from rover mobility to human activities, including novel life support technologies ,ground/space teams and human/robotic inter-relationships · Importance of incremental testing of parts of missions and instruments and operational concepts · Support for the development of a European curation facility for Sample Return.

4.7. Session 2C: Space Environments Studies The topic includes scientific activities related to the operation of in-orbit space missions (e.g. space weather, atmosphere and surface mapping). In many of these areas Europe already has an impressive track record in terms of research and development, contributions to space missions and scientific publications. One important area where Europe is particularly strong is space weather research (also covered in session 3D – Heliophysics). Aspects relating to the satellite industry were also discussed in the session as well as planetary environments

4.7.1. What are the objectives for European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? The discussion highlighted the following priorities:

ð Monitoring infrastructure, for simulations and for modelling, involving networks and continuity (two issues that have also been identified by the Space Advisory Group). ð Striving for some degree of autonomy in solar observation (we now rely to a large extent on US and its open data policy of SDO, STEREO, ACE,… observatories) ð Long-term data archiving in order to enable understanding and forecasting, particularly of adverse events (including the role of the Sun and the factors that influence the impact on the Earth and near-Earth environment). ð Importance of computational resources and data infrastructure to handle massively larger data volumes and to address “big problems” in Space Weather research.

From a space mission definition point of view, the current level of knowledge of space environment often leads to excessive design margins (“overdesign”) and higher mission costs than necessary. 23 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

4.7.2. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why is this best done at EU level? The priorities mentioned above should be supported through Horizon 2020. They need to be addressed on a European (or international) level because of the size and the global nature of the problems and to overcome national fragmentation.

The session contributors also pointed to the need to address:

In orbit validation for measurement and validation of new technologies and applications.

Ground analogs for solar system exploration, especially improved capabilities for testing (see session 2B – Analog terrain studies).

Ensure good coordination with in particular ESA, as well as with ground-based activities (EISCAT-3D, LOFAR, magnetometers, GNSS, …) and international collaborations.

In addition, the need to strengthen European “cohesion” among space environment actors was discussed. This was considered especially important due to the nature of space projects which often run over decades. Cohesion could be improved through:

- Personal bonding ( mobility of experts, collaborations, etc ) - Knowledge bonding ( produce reviews, material for training, etc ) - Facilities bonding and bonding between scientists and industries including : o coordination of campaigns between laboratories ( calibrations, etc ) o launch multi-national and multi-purpose campaigns Some of these needs are partially addressed by the large COST international network on Space Weather (COST Action ES0803).

4.7.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities, and why? There is a need for a balance between directed calls and more open calls to also allow for emerging ideas and concepts.

A possible Strategic Research Cluster (SRC) on space environment studies could deal with subjects such as:

- A coordination structure such as a “European Space Weather Agency” (encompassing Earth + planets) - A “virtual” Space Weather Observatory - Facilities for EU wide coordination of numerical simulations and data analyses, similar to the Global Circulation Models (GCMs) for Earth weather prediction.

4.8. Session 3A: Astrophysics and Fundamental Physics Over long time scales the strategic investment in fundamental science has always yielded great technological and economic benefits for society. Europe is a leading player in many areas of fundamental research in space science and astrophysics. Preservation of this European leadership requires investment on the pan-European level. ESA provides 24 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid support and coordination for the development, launch and operation of space missions. However, the scientific exploitation of their data is only supported at a national level. The absence of coordination on the European level hampers the scientific return of these missions. In contrast, NASA coordinates support from the mission planning to data archiving and scientific exploitation. From the start of a scientific space mission (even a European mission) NASA provides opportunity and support for any USA scientist, even those that are not involved in scientific instrumentation, to exploit data and contribute to the science return. Horizon 2020 is an opportunity to coordinate the scientific exploitation of data and foster the highest possible science return from space missions. The data from some past European mission have been lost because either the software and/or the raw data processing have not been preserved. A Europe-wide policy is required for data archiving to retain expertise and enable scientific data exploitation beyond the mission life span. To advance fundamental science problems, such as particle acceleration in the universe, the synergy between astronomical observations and heliospheric in situ measurements should exploited in cooperation between the space science and astrophysical communities. Expanding the range of observations has always led to gigantic leaps in scientific knowledge. Scientific mission exploitation should facilitate future expansion of the observation range for example to the last unexplored electromagnetic window in to the universe for wavelengths > 12 m.

4.8.1. What are the objectives or European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? i) To foster an environment for the highest possible science return of scientific missions. ii) To create conditions necessary for the exploitation of the synergy between astrophysical observations and heliospheric in situ measurements and to advance fundamental science questions such as shock physics or particle acceleration for example. iii) To facilitate the homogenization of data tools, data archiving procedures, and databases across projects and research communities. iv) To develop repositories for advanced data analysis methodologies across projects and research communities. v) To advance a European wide approach for the preservation of the ability for the scientific data exploitation long after the missions end.

4.8.2. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why this is the best done at EU level? To support activities devoted to developing, harmonizing (across projects, and communities), and preserving data processing software, including basic raw data processing, visualization, and advanced data analysis techniques. To support activities devoted to the advancement of particular fundamental scientific problems combining data of different nature (e.g. from heliospheric in situ and

25 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid astrophysical observations both from space and ground based), theoretical studies and numerical modeling. To support activities devoted to the development of data bases that combine data from different sources (e.g. from heliospheric in situ and astrophysical observations both from space and ground based) relevant to a particular problem of fundamental science. To support development of advanced software to archive and transfer huge amount of data returned by present and future missions using such means as a cloud computing for example.

4.8.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities and why? The RTD activities would profit from the following implementation methods. i) The formation of Research Clusters across projects and research communities that will tackle particular problems of fundamental science in areas of European leadership, exploiting the complementary in situ heliospheric measurements and astronomical observations. Such a mode of implementation will exploit the synergy of expertise available within the heliospheric and astrophysical communities and ensure the preservation of European leadership in various areas of fundamental science. Since the expertise for a particular problem is typically spread across Europe such activity is not possible on national level. ii) The formation of Research Clusters to optimize the scientific exploitation of European space missions by providing the necessary support in terms of manpower (pre and post-doctoral researchers), travel funds etc. Since the communities involved in these missions are located at different institutes over Europe, this activity would clearly benefit from coordinated European support, possibly in addition to national funds. iii) The formation of Research Clusters across projects and research communities that will be aimed at: 1) Developing, harmonizing and preserving raw data analysis software from space missions across communities and disciplines that will allow data exploitation far beyond the mission life span and 2) Developing and implementation of advanced data analysis methods that will increase the efficiency of data exploitation. Since the development of data analysis software for any European project is distributed across various European countries such an activity is not possible on a national level. iv) Open calls for coordinated scientific exploitation of space missions that are in operation, either European or with a significant European involvement. This would optimize an Europe wide effort for a higher science return of a particular mission. ESA missions involve efforts from many countries. As a result, such an activity cannot be addressed on national level. v) Annual calls that address specific problems and allowing less structured concepts to be developed. Such calls would enable a rapid response to discoveries and new challenges. In addition, coordination with other themes out of Space, such as ICT could be interesting to incorporate technological developments in support to the objectives for the Astrophysics and Fundamental Physics topics.

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4.8.4. Important point of discussion Particular important points made by participants are the following: 1. Particular missions that are either in operation or planned that will benefit from the above approach as mentioned by the panel members and other participants are: GAIA, Solar Orbiter, ExoMars, EUCLID, JUICE and in operation CLUSTER and Venus Express. 2. The absence of a planned UV mission in the midterm makes it important to support the exploitation of the World Space Observatory led by Russia, presently being developed. 3. Future missions should address the last unexplored electromagnetic window in to the universe for wavelengths > 12 m.

4.8.5. Key messages The main aim of Horizon2020 in the field of fundamental science and astrophysics should be to provide the environment for the highest possible science return on European investments in space missions.

4.9. Session 3B: Planets, Moons, Asteroid and Comets The specific context for data exploitation from missions to solid bodies in the Solar System is the enormous investment that Europe has in missions, provided mainly through ESA and its Cosmic Vision, but also through bilateral cooperation with NASA on a national basis. This investment is returned in the form of a huge quantity of data that requires careful management in order to be fully exploited by the scientific community at large. This data is not always readily accessible for various reasons: either at a usable level (i.e. treated data) it is retained by the instrument PI or it is stored in a form that cannot easily be accessed by other members of the community because they either do not have the software codes or, especially in the case of older data, because knowledge of the codes and calibration data is lost as the people who developed them are no longer active and the codes have not been transmitted to the younger generation. With better analytical tools presently available, it is possible to still obtain new information or new interpretations of older data. One example of data management regarding Solar System missions is the work with planetary sciences data archives performed under the Europlanet FP7 project.

The data exploitation issues of planetary missions are different than in astrophysics or Earth observation missions, because of the particular 'mission governance' structure in Europe for planetary missions: The satellite is developed under ESA contract, but the instruments (development, operations, and partial data processing) are funded at national level.

The curation of samples returned to Earth by Sample Return missions also falls within this framework and needs to be addressed. These samples represent tangible data points and any future analyses of them will also produce a vast amount of data that will require similar storage, handling, and management.

The kinds of initiatives proposed here will need close cooperation between ESA, national space agencies, and the EC.

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4.9.1. What are the objectives for European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? The over-arching objective for Europe is to enable the European community to make the best use of available space data. This can be broken down into the following specific objectives:

· Safeguard old and new data, making sure that the codes to be able to exploit the data are similarly safe-guarded, as well as to store the data in a readily accessible, immediately usable form. Note that much useful re-evaluation of old data is undertaken by undergraduate and graduate students. · Ensure the continuity and transfer of the knowledge of how to exploit the data from one generation to the next. · Ensure cross-exchange of data from different instruments of the same mission in order to fully exploit and interpret it. · Ensure not only the preservation of usable databases but also the scientific knowledge that has been acquired from exploitation of the data.

4.9.2. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why this is the best done at EU level? · One solution would be the creation of intelligent archives accessible through virtual observatory techniques, whose building has been initiated by the Europlanet project. This could also involve a network of laboratory and analogue terrain facilities based on a variety of interdisciplinary expertise. The common archiving of data from space and ground activities would ensure its availability for better exploitation. A warning from Europlanet was mentioned that the 'virtual observatory' is a nice concept derived from astrophysics, but certainly does not solve all problems for solid body data exploitation, often related to the lack of funding and personnel. · Planetary mapping activities, similar to those undertaken by the USGS, could be coordinated within the H2020 framework. This activity is fundamental because (e-)maps form the basis of all exploration. The preparation of digital maps requires much work and this could be supported by H2020. · In order to support data exploitation and the transfer of the know how necessary to “read” the data, H2020 could also make sure that relevant software tools and computing facilities for full data exploitation are made available, i.e. support preparatory activities for the scientific exploitation of the data. In this way the data can be accessed in an immediately usable form. · Furthermore, in view of future sample return missions, H2020 could play a leading role in the creation of sample return curation facilities and the means of handling data produced by analyses of the returned samples. In this respect, the latter concept feeds into that of a virtual data archiving observatory. The EC could play a key role in the development of such a center or network of centers in order to avoid unnecessary duplication.

28 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

4.9.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities, and why? These activities of course require a suitable level of funding. It is suggested that the kinds of SRC projects that could be addressed include exploitation of data by teams that develop a framework for space data dissemination, undertake space data processing, data modeling and perhaps use the “cloud computer” concept. Another SRC project could address sample return curation facilities in terms of concept and implications. Apart from the SRC projects, there should be regular calls on general topics, such as database studies, modeling tools, data fusion from different instruments of the same mission, preparatory modeling work in order to better exploit data from active or future missions, and planetary space data exploitation. Support for young researchers could also be achieved through regular calls for small projects.

4.9.4. Important point of discussion and key messages

· The importance of excellent user-friendly data storage, management, and dissemination. This is an (ICT) RTD area in itself, with rapid evolution (e.g. 'big data', cloud computing). · The transfer of the know-how on how to make the data usable · Making readily usable and immediately accessible data available · Continue to work on making planetary data accessible through virtual observatory techniques Undertake studies on the establishment of curation facilities for returned samples

4.10. Session 3C: Earth Earth observation data exploitation in Horizon 2020 has to be considered in a new context, where Europe’s Copernicus satellites will be operational. The volumes of data originating from Earth Observation satellites are increasing dramatically. The Space Component of the Copernicus programme, as well as European (ESA and EUMETSAT), national and international missions will provide unprecedented new data resources during Horizon 2020 period and beyond.

This discussion revealed a number of issues shared with other domains around the broad question of knowledge management, sharing of large datasets and the necessity for coordination of parallel activities.

There is a wide range of societal and technical challenge areas in which Earth Observation can play a role. However, the Earth science communities are still seen as disconnected and the potential benefits of EO data are not fully exploited by them.

The capacity for the validation and quality control of Earth Observation data is seen as weak and declining, with limited funding for the research and exploitation of space data and maintenance of validation facilities, including networks and specific sites.

Important concerns exist about the accessibility of space data and the reported quality of the derived products. 29 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

Earth Observation activities are still seen as too much driven by industrial/political interests, with insufficient involvement of users, in particular for data processing and data exploitation.

4.10.1. What are the objectives or European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? Research and Innovation capacity needs to

· provide for the use of EO to the maximum practical extent, to improve our understanding of Earth system processes, and thus to feed into future operational services; · define new EO services as a result of new / updated processing algorithms and new type of data available, including the development of user-oriented services, which integrate data from satellite and non-satellite sources and models; and · prepare future EO capacities with improved technological solutions and more advanced processing algorithms, based on scientific data user feedback.

4.10.2. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why this is the best done at EU level? The above objectives, in the context identified by the group, indicate the following areas to focus on:

• Research to develop the key data sets needed to support earth science and decision- making, including:

- horizon-scanning for emerging issues, identifying both new user needs and new emerging technologies;

- work on crucial topics: climate change, atmospheric pollution, water cycle…, i.e. those where new developments can still produce significant improvements;

- better links between local, regional and global studies.

• Research to promote the continuity and accessibility of data, particularly:

- open data access, easy distribution and standard data and associated metadata formats;

- data archiving/curation and documentation, with particular emphasis on long-term archiving and maintenance of historical records needed to study climate change and long-term trends.

• Research into improving the quality and usability of EO data, particularly making use of non-space data:

- the validation of EO space data with ground validation networks;

- interoperability and standardisation of the resulting products;

- assimilation of data into dynamical models;

30 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

- making use of experiments and simulations, particularly through the Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSE/OSSE) approach.

• Integration:

- the development of products using a the widest possible range of relevant data sources, space and non-space, from all origins (including data from European Research Infrastructures and meteorological data);

- exploring potential synergies and links between earth observation and other H2020 research areas, eg information technologies, environment…

• Research into improved exploitation methods and tools, and to lay the foundations for possible future Copernicus services and downstream applications, based on

- promoting the development of effective continuous feedback loops between the users and developers of systems;

- promoting the better engagement of users, especially those who work with well qualified and documented data products, and building users’ capacities;

- improved communication mechanisms.

4.10.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities, and why? This was not much discussed in the group. However, it was felt that there was room for both open calls and for an SRC approach. The instruments and mechanisms of H2020 should enable to better structure the European Earth science communities while maintaining an appropriate level of competition within these communities.

4.10.4. Important point of discussion and key messages A key point is the need for integration and coordination. Research and innovation activities need to form a part of the work being done in global frameworks. Well- coordinated Themes/Challenges on Space and Environment within H2020 represent an ideal framework to support further embedding of Copernicus in the international scene, particularly in GEO/GEOSS. There are strong potential links, which need to be exploited, with activities outside H2020 space (particularly the societal challenges pillar, the new capacities offered by information and communication technologies, Copernicus operational activity, ESA work on climate change…). The management of Earth Observation data is one aspect of a wider issue around handling “Big Data.”

4.11. Session 3D: Heliophysics Understanding solar physics and the Sun-Earth interactions is fundamental in order to be able to reliably model and predict, or fore-cast, space weather effects, both in space (radiation risks for humans and equipment) and on the ground (various types of electromagnetic perturbations), and thus to be able to develop mitigation techniques.

31 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

Heliophysics and Space Weather research is strong in Europe. Current activities include a COST action, several ongoing EU FP7 projects (AFFECTS, COMESEP, HELIO, eHeroes, etc.) and ESA activities in its SSA programme.

There currently exist several instruments onboard satellites ( SOHO, Cluster, STEREO with 60% European payload, ACE, Proba2, SDO, etc. ) as well as on the ground with excellent European involvement, and Europe is now awaiting Solar Orbiter, and is involved in others, such as Solar Probe Plus.

There is strong international collaboration with NASA and NOAA-SWPC (Space Weather Prediction Center) bilaterally as well as within EU research projects

But, data exploitation should be improved in Europe. Publication statistics show that the US system is more effective.

There is a need for more observations and more reliable data => there is a definite plea for data analysis facilities (also mentioned in the SAG report).

4.11.1. What are the objectives for European Space Science and Exploration to be reached by 2020-2030 in this area? There are strong synergies with the outcomes expressed in session 2C on Space Environment Studies. However, specific issues discussed for Heliophysics were:

- More complete understanding of the physical phenomena underpinning space weather, including the complicated Sun-Earth interaction chain which is not yet fully understood. - Reliable real-time data, data archiving and an open data policy; - Solar and space weather-oriented monitoring (e.g. new in-situ L1 mission); - Small missions, preferably in stereo or via multi-satellites, preferably in multi- wavelengths, including X-rays; - Combined analysis of space based and ground based observations. - L1 and sub L1 missions for space weather forecasting could also include studies of new technologies such as solar sails; - Modeling of effects of space weather and advance space weather forecasting.

4.11.2. What type of RTD activities should be supported through Horizon 2020 and why is this best done at EU level? Three main recommendations:

Better European coordination of activities in Space Weather and Heliophysics research. This coordination could possibly evolve into a “Space Weather Agency” over time (in analogy to Meteorological agencies). The main coordination tasks would be: to gather, archive and distribute data (see data analysis facilities below), operate and sustain e-services, issue space weather predictions/warnings etc.

“Virtual Observatory” to focus on describing the full physics from Sun to Earth.

Data Analysis and Archiving Facilities i.e. “Keep data alive” for: · comprehensive modeling activities ( tests and validation ), 32 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

· identifying time-dependent variations, · training models and operators for space weather predictions, · data mining, · preparation of new missions.

4.11.3. What mode of implementation would be most suitable to these RTD activities, and why? In the discussion, support was expressed for:

A combination of open non-prescriptive calls to stimulate new ideas and scientific excellence, with a clustering of projects with more specific focus.

A strategic Research Cluster (SRC) on Space Weather could be effective in improving the European coordination of Space Weather and Heliophysics activities taking into account existing assets and other ongoing activities at ESA or national level.

33 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

ANNEX A - WORKSHOP AGENDA

Monday, February 18th

13:30 – 14:15 Registration

14:15 – 14:20 Opening by the European Commission Mauro Facchini (EC)

14:20 – 15:00 Horizon 2020 Activities in Space Peter Breger (EC)

15:00 – 15:15 ESA Science and Robotic Exploration Programme Fabio Favata (ESA)

15:15 – 15:30 ESA Human Exploration Programme Bruno Gardini (ESA)

15:30 – 15:45 ESA Earth Observation Programme Stephen Briggs (ESA)

15:45 – 16:05 Recommendations of the Space Advisory Group Jean-Pierre Swings (SAG)

16:05 – 16:45 Coffee Break

16:45 – 17:05 Space Science Perspectives Jean-Claude Worms (ESSC / ESF)

17:05 – 17:20 Industrial Perspective Laura Gatti (EUROSPACE)

17:20 – 18:50 Science and R&D Perspectives of Member States

18:50 – 19:00 Workshop Organisation Tanja Zegers (EC)

20:30 – 22:30 Walking dinner / European Space Expo

End of the first day

34 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

Tuesday, February 19th

08:00 – 08:30 Registration

08:30 – 10:00 Before Space Missions

1A - Preparation for 1D - Preparation for 1B - Mission 1C - Sensors & future HUMAN future ROBOTIC Concepts Instruments exploration exploration

EC Chair: EC Chair: EC Chair: EC Chair: Mats Ljungqvist Héctor Guerrero Tanja Zegers Peter Breger

10:00 – 10:30 Coffee Break

10:30 – 12:00 In the context of Space Missions 2A - ISS 2B - Analogue Terrain Studies 2C - Space Environment Experiments & Ground Test Environments Studies

EC Chair: EC Chair: Tanja Zegers EC Chair: Mats Ljungqvist Peter Breger

12:00 – 12:30 Break

12:30 – 14:00 Exploitation of Data from Space Missions

3B - Planets, Moons, 3A - Astrophysics & Asteroids 3C - Earth 3D - Heliophysics Fundamental Physics & Comets

EC Chair: EC Chair: EC Chair: EC Chair: Héctor Guerrero Tanja Zegers Peter Breger Mats Ljungqvist

14:00 – 15:15 Lunch Break

15:15 – 17:15 Session Chairs / Rapporteurs summarise their sessions 17:15 – 17:30 Conclusion and Outlook (EC)

End of the workshop

35 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

ANNEX B - PRESENTATIONS FIRST DAY

[provided as separate file; available on http://ec.europa.eu/embrace-space]

36 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

ANNEX C - LIST OF ATTENDEES

FAMILY NAME FIRST ORGANISATION COUNTRY NAME

AHMED Saleh UK Space Agency UNITED KINGDOM

AKED Richard Space Applications Services NV BELGIUM

ALBANI Sergio European Union Satellite Centre SPAIN

AMBROSI Richard University of Leicester UNITED KINGDOM

APPOURCHAUX Thierry Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale FRANCE

BABIC Jan Jozef Stefan Institute SLOVENIA

BALIKHIN Michael The University of Sheffield UNITED KINGDOM

BANKOV Ludmil SRTI-BAS BULGARIA

BARDE Sebastien CNES FRANCE

BAVDAZ Marcos European Space Agency ESA

BELEHAKI Anna National Observatory of Athens GREECE

BELENGUER Tomás INTA SPAIN

BEQUIGNON Jerome ESA BELGIUM

BERNOT Christine European Commission

BESNARD Stephane INSERM U1075 FRANCE

BITELLI Gabriele University of Bologna ITALY

BLANCO Juan José Universidad de Alcalá SPAIN

BOITHIAS Helene ASTRIUM FRANCE

BONDAVALLI Paolo Thales Research and Technology FRANCE

BONIFAZI Carlo ASI ITALY

BONNEVILLE Richard CNES FRANCE

BOTHMER Volker University of Goettingen GERMANY

BREGER Peter European Commission

37 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

BRIGGS Stephen European Space Agency ESA

BROWN Anthony Leiden University THE NETHERLANDS

BUKALA Aleksandra SENER Poland POLAND

CALZADA DÍAZ Abigail Space Generation Advisory Council SPAIN

CAPARRINI Marco Starlab SPAIN

CAPRIA Maria Teresa INAF ITALY

CARAMAGNO Augusto DEIMOS Space S.L.U. SPAIN

CAROLI Ezio INAF ITALY

CID Consuelo Universidad de Alcalá SPAIN

CIRINA Cristiana ASI ITALY

CLAUSSE Sebastien Thales Alenia Space España SPAIN

COQUAY Pierre Belgian Federal Science Policy Office BELGIUM

CORNET Gerard SRON THE NETHERLANDS

COUNIL Jean-Louis CNES FRANCE

CUETO Juan Thales Alenia Space España SPAIN

DANNENBERG Kristine Swedish National Space Board SWEDEN

DAVIES Jackie Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UNITED KINGDOM

DAVIES Philip SSTL UNITED KINGDOM

DE GROOT Rolf European Space Agency ESA

DEL TORO INIESTA José Carlos IAA / CSIC SPAIN

DELL'ACQUA Fabio University of Pavia / EUCENTRE ITALY

DENIS Gil EADS - Astrium Satellites FRANCE

DETSIS Emmanouil European Science Foundation FRANCE

DI IORIO Alessio ALMA Sistemi SAS ITALY

DOGAN Burcu TUBITAK TURKEY

DURAND Yves Thales Alenia Space FRANCE

ENG Pascal IAS-Orsay/CNRS FRANCE

38 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

FACCHINI Mauro European Commission

FAVATA Fabio European Space Agency ESA

FEBVRE Pascal University of Savoie FRANCE

FEROCI Marco INAF ITALY

FERRARI Claudio ISIS R&D Srl ITALY

FERRETTI Guido University of Geneva SWITZERLAND

FLAMENBAUM Serge EADS - ASTRIUM Satellites FRANCE

FLURY Jakob Leibniz Universitaet Hannover GERMANY

FONTÁN Eugenio MADRID AEROSPATIAL CLUSTER SPAIN

GAIA Enrico Thales Alenia Space Italia SpA ITALY

GAMMAROTA Antonio Thales Alenia Space Italy ITALY

GARDINI Bruno European Space Agency ESA

GARGIR Geneviève Cnes FRANCE

GARRIDO Cristina CDTI SPAIN

GATTI Laura EUROSPACE BELGIUM

GAUER Markus DLR GERMANY

GODIA Francesc Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona SPAIN

GOLKAR Alessandro Skolkovo Institute of Science and RUSSIA Technology (Skoltech)

GOMEZ Vicente EADS CASA Espacio SPAIN

GOMEZ DE CASTRO Ana Universidad Complutense de Madrid SPAIN

GÓMEZ Felipe CAB / INTA - CSIC SPAIN

GONZÁLEZ-CINCA Ricard Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña SPAIN BarcelonaTech

GOSWAMI Nandu Medical University of Graz AUSTRIA

GRAGLIA Gianluca Thales Alenia Space Italy ITALY

GRAZIANO Mariella GMV Aerospace and Defence SPAIN

GUERRERO Héctor European Commission

39 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

GUIZZO Gian Paolo IRSPS ITALY

GURVITS Leonid Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe THE NETHERLANDS

HAPGOOD Mike Science & Technology Facilities Council UNITED KINGDOM

HARRISON Richard Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UNITED KINGDOM

HARTMANN Maik Astro- und Feinwerktechnik GERMANY Adlershof GmbH

HAUBOLD Herbert Environment Agency Austria AUSTRIA

HAUKE Ernst EADS - Astrium GERMANY

HILL Juergen DLR GERMANY

HINGLAIS Emmanuel CNES FRANCE

HOMEISTER Maren OHB System AG GERMANY

HORNECK Gerda DLR GERMANY

HUBAC Camille European Commission

HUFENBACH Bernhard European Space Agency ESA

ILZKOVITZ Michel Space Applications Services NV BELGIUM

IMHOF Barbara LIQUIFER Systems Group GmbH AUSTRIA

JANOVSKY Rolf OHB System AG GERMANY

JOCHEMICH Marc DLR GERMANY

KAMI•SKI Krzysztof Astronomical Observatory Institute POLAND

KAMOUN Paul Thales Alenia Space FRANCE

KLEIN Adrian DLR GERMANY

KOLAR Jan Czech Space Office CZECH REPUBLIC

KONTAR Eduard University of Glasgow UNITED KINGDOM

KOSKINEN Hannu University of Helsinki FINLAND

LABADIE Lucas University of Cologne GERMANY

LANEVE Giovanni University of Rome "La Sapienza" ITALY

LAPPAS Vaios University of Surrey UNITED KINGDOM

LAVAGNA Michèle Politecnico di Milano ITALY

40 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

LAVERÓN Ana Universidad Politécnica de Madrid SPAIN

LEEDJÄRV Laurits Tartu Observatory ESTONIA

LEMAITRE Olivier Eurospace BELGIUM

LEÓN Gonzalo Universidad Politécnica de Madrid SPAIN

LEVOIR Thierry CNES FRANCE

LEWIS John Telespazio VEGA Deutschland GmbH GERMANY

LINDQVIST Per-Arne KTH (Royal Institute of Technology) SWEDEN

LIONNET Pierre Eurospace BELGIUM

LJUNGQVIST Mats European Commission

LOON Jack Van University Amsterdam // ELGRA THE NETHERLANDS

LOPÉZ-MORENO José Juan IAA / CSIC SPAIN

LOWSON Robert Technology Strategy Board UNITED KINGDOM

MANDELBLIT Nili ISERD ISRAEL

MARCH Marta INTA SPAIN

MARCOS Jesus Tecnalia SPAIN

MARTIN-PINTADO Jesús CAB / INTA - CSIC SPAIN

MAS HESSE José Miguel CAB / INTA - CSIC SPAIN

MEDINA Francisco CSIC - CIB SPAIN Javier

MEKJAVIC Igor Institute Jozef Stefan SLOVENIA

MILLER Steve University College London UNITED KINGDOM

MOEN Joran University of Oslo NORWAY

MORENO José Universidad de Valencia SPAIN

MORENO Jose EADS ASTRIUM CRISA SPAIN

MORFILL Gregor Max-Planck-Institut für GERMANY extraterrestrische Physik

MOUNZER Zeina Telespazio GERMANY

MUSIALEK Miranda ONERA FRANCE

41 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

NATALI Stefano SISTEMA GmbH AUSTRIA

NYENHUIS Michael University of Bonn GERMANY

O'GORMAN Paul Dublin City University IRELAND

ORI Gian IRSPS ITALY Gabriele

OUDEA Coumar EADS - Astrium Space FRANCE Transportation

OUREVITCH Stephane SpaceTec Partners SPRL BELGIUM

PACE Emanuele Università di Firenze ITALY

PALAU Marie EADS - Astri Polska POLAND Catherine

PATRICIO Joana IMAR - Institute of Marine Research PORTUGAL

PETER Andre FFG AUSTRIA

PIANA Michele Universita di Genova ITALY

PILAR Roman CDTI SPAIN

PODAIRE Alain Mercator Ocean FRANCE

POEDTS Stefaan KU Leuven BELGIUM

PONCY Joel Thales Alenia Space FRANCE

PRADO Jean-Yves CNES FRANCE

PRETI Giampaolo SELEX Galileo ITALY

PUTZAR Robin Fraunhofer EMI GERMANY

RASEL Ernst University of Hannover GERMANY

REITZ Guenther DLR GERMANY

RICOTTILLI Marcello ASI ITALY

RODRIGUEZ Diego SENER SPAIN

ROMANA João FCT PORTUGAL

ROSA Pedro NAV, EPE PORTUGAL

SAAMENO Paula EADS CASA Espacio SPAIN

SAMANIEGO Bruno EADS - Astrium GERMANY

42 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

SANCHEZ Jose IntegraSys SPAIN Manuel

SANMARTIN Juan Universidad Politécnica de Madrid SPAIN Ramon

SANTOVITO Maria CORISTA ITALY Rosaria

SARACENI Alessandro Eurospace BELGIUM

SCHELLING Gustav University of Munich GERMANY

SCHNEIDER Stefan German Sport University Cologne GERMANY

SCHOPFER Juerg EAER / SERI SWITZERLAND

SPIERO Francois CNES FRANCE

SRAMA Ralf University of Stuttgart GERMANY

STAMMES Piet Royal Netherlands Meteorological THE NETHERLANDS Institute (KNMI)

STANISLAWSKA Iwona Polish Academy of Sciences POLAND

STAVITSKY David ELBIT SYSTEMS ISRAEL

STERKEN Veerle Universität Stuttgart GERMANY

STIGELL Pauli Tekes FINLAND

STRAHLENDORFF Mikko Ministry of Transport and FINLAND Communications

SUNDBLAD Patrik Swedish AeroSpace Physiology SWEDEN Center

SUPPA Michael DLR GERMANY

SWINGS Jean-Pierre Liège Univ. BELGIUM

SYLWESTER Janusz Space Research Centre, Polish POLAND Academy of Sciences

THOMAS Geist FFG AUSTRIA

THOMAS Hubertus Swiss Space Office SSO SWITZERLAND

TIMMERMANS Wim University of Twente THE NETHERLANDS

TIZIEN Pierre- CNES FRANCE Gilles

43 Horizon 2020 Workshop on Space Science and Exploration 18-19 February, 2013, Madrid

TORRA Jordi University of Barcelona SPAIN

TORTORA Jean- Eurospace BELGIUM Jacques

UREÑA Juan CDTI SPAIN

VAN RUITENBEEK Frank University of Twente THE NETHERLANDS

VASILKO Peter ZTS VVU Košice SLOVAKIA

VASSILEVA Any SRTI-BAS BULGARIA

VÁZQUEZ Luis Universidad Complutense de Madrid SPAIN

VEEFKIND Pepijn KNMI THE NETHERLANDS

VELA Juan Pedro CATEC SPAIN

VIEDMA Emilio INDRA Sistemas SPAIN

WATSON Mike University of Leicester UNITED KINGDOM

WEDLER Armin DLR GERMANY

WEGMANN Martin University of Wuerzb Germany

WESTALL Francesc CNRS FRANCE

WHITELEY Iya Centre for Space Medicine UNITED KINGDOM

WNUK Edwin Adam Mickiewicz University POLAND

WOLF Nadja EADS - Astrium GERMANY

WORMS Jean- European Science Foundation FRANCE Claude

YAGÜE Julia GMV Aerospace and Defence SPAIN

ZABEL Paul DLR GERMANY

ZEGERS Tanja European Commission

ZORZANO MariPaz CAB / INTA - CSIC SPAIN

44