Information Resources

Information Resources 175 Economic, Social, and Environmental Statistics for the Greater Mekong Subregion

The following statistical tables present environment 4b Freshwater Quality—Lakes—Yunnan, and development indicators of the subregional PRC, 1995-2000 countries. Environment indicators include statistics 4c Freshwater Quality—Lakes—Lao PDR, on air and water quality, forestry, coastal resources, 1990 and 1995 protected areas, biodiversity, natural hazards, rural 4d Freshwater Quality—Lakes— and urban environment, agriculture, and industry. Thailand, 1993-2000 Government commitment in subregional countries 4e Freshwater Quality—Lakes— to improve the environment is represented by Viet Nam, 1997 information on enacted laws and regulations as well 5 Freshwater Availability and as participation in international environmental Withdrawals by Country, 2000 treaties. Development indicators include statistics 6 Discharges of Organic Water Pollutants on economic growth, human development, and the for Selected Countries, 1990, 1995, Millennium Development Goals (MDG) indicators, and 2000 which also have a component on the attainment of 7a Forests and Forestry Area—Cambodia, environmental sustainability. Most of these 1992-1998 indicators are presented on a 5-year basis to show 7b Forests and Forestry Area—Yunnan, how countries are performing in terms of reaching PRC, 2000 each goal. For instance, statistics are optimistic in 7c Forests and Forestry Area—Lao PDR, terms of attaining gender equality in education at 1990 and 1995-2001 all levels by 2015. However, reduction of child 7d Forests and Forestry Area—Myanmar, mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015 is 1990-2000 unlikely to be achieved, as shown by the slow 7e Forests and Forestry Area—Thailand, progress in most of the countries. 1990-2000 Whenever possible, data are presented by 7f Forests and Forestry Area—Viet Nam, country, in a time series for each of the indicators. A 1990-2000 summary table of the statistics for the most recent 8 Species by Country, 2000 year for all countries is also provided. When available 9.1a Protected Areas—Lao PDR, 1990 and data for a country are for only 1 year, they are included 1995-2000 in the summary table with the other countries. Data 9.1b Protected Areas—Myanmar, for Yunnan Province, PRC mostly refer to information 1990-2000 for the entire PRC. 9.2 United Nations List of Protected Areas, 1997 List of Tables 9.2a United Nations List of Protected Areas—Cambodia, 1997

TABLE NO. TITLE 9.2b United Nations List of Protected 1 Air Pollutant Emissions Areas—Yunnan, PRC—1997 1a Air Pollutant Emissions—Mass 9.2c United Nations List of Protected Loadings—Cambodia, 1991, Areas—Lao PDR, 1997 1995-2000 9.2d United Nations List of Protected 1b Air Pollutant Emissions—Mass Areas—Myanmar, 1997 Loadings—Yunnan, PRC, 9.2e United Nations List of Protected 1995-2001 Areas—Thailand, 1997 1c Air Pollutant Emissions—Mass 9.2f United Nations List of Protected Loadings—Thailand, 1990-1998 Areas—Viet Nam, 1997 1d Air Pollutant Emissions—Mass 10 Coastal Areas by Country Loadings—Viet Nam, 1996 10a Coastal Areas—Cambodia, 1992-1997 2 Ambient Air Concentrations by 10b Coastal Areas—Myanmar, 1990-2000 Country 10c Coastal Areas—Thailand, 1990-1997 2a Ambient Air Concentrations— 10d Coastal Areas—Viet Nam, 1990-2000 Phnom Penh City, Cambodia, 11 Natural Hazards—Selected GMS 1998 and 1999 Countries 2b Ambient Air Concentrations— 11a Natural Hazards—Yunnan, PRC, Thailand, Selected Cities, 1990-2000 2000-2001 2c Ambient Air Concentrations— 11b Natural Hazards—Lao PDR, Viet Nam, Selected Cities, 1994-1999 1994-1998 3a Freshwater Quality—Rivers— 11c Natural Hazards—Myanmar, Cambodia, 2001 1990-2000 3b Freshwater Quality—Lancang River— 11d Natural Hazards—Thailand, Yunnan, PRC, 1995-2001 1990-2000 3c Freshwater Quality—Rivers— 11e Natural Hazards—Viet Nam, Lao PDR, 1990 and 1995 1990-2000 3d Freshwater Quality—Rivers— 12 Urban Environment by Country, 2000 Myanmar, 1999 12a Urban Environment—Cambodia, 1990, 3e Freshwater Quality—Rivers— 1995, and 2000 Thailand, 1991-2000 12b Urban Environment—Myanmar, 1990, 3f Freshwater Quality—Rivers— 1995, and 2000 Viet Nam, 1995-1999 12c Urban Environment—Thailand, 1990, 1995, and 2000 Large Sitting Buddha, Sukhothai, 4a Freshwater Quality—Rivers and Thailand (p. 175) Lakes—Cambodia, 1997

176 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment 13 Rural Environment and Land Use by 18.7.1 GDP Per Unit of Energy Used, 1990, Country, 2000 1995, and 1999 Units used in 14 Other Urban Environment Indicators 18.7.2 Carbon Dioxide Emission per Person, by City, 1998 1990, 1995, and 1998 the Tables 15 Traffic and Congestion by Country, 18.7.3 Proportion of Population with 2000 Sustainable Access to an Improved 16 Agriculture by Country Water Source, 1990 and 2000 BOD5 = biological oxygen 16a Agriculture—Cambodia, 1995 and 18.7.4 Proportion of Population with Access demand CO = carbon monoxide 2000 to Improved Sanitation, 1990 and CO = carbon dioxide 16b Agriculture—Yunnan, PRC, 2000 2000 2 CH4 = methane 16c Agriculture—Lao PDR, 1990, 1995, 18.8.1 Net ODA as Percentage of Gross DO = dissolved oxygen and 2000 National Income, 1990, 1995, and ft2 = square foot 16d Agriculture—Myanmar, 1990, 1995, 2000 GDP = gross domestic and 2000 18.9.1 Debt Service as Percentage of Exports product 16e Agriculture—Thailand, 1990, 1995, of Goods and Services, 1990, 1995, ha = hectare kg = kilogram and 2000 1999, and 2000 km = kilometer 16f Agriculture—Viet Nam, 1990, 1995, 18.10 Other MDG Indicators km2 = square kilometer and 2000 18.10.1 Number of Telephone Lines and ktoe = kiloton oil 17 Industry by Country Mobile Phones, 1990, 1995, 1999, equivalent 17a Industry—Thailand, 1992-2000 and 2000 m = meter 17b Industry—Yunnan, PRC, 2000-2001 18.10.2 Number of Personal Computers, 1990, m3 = cubic meter 18.1 MDG Indicators—Poverty and Hunger 1995, 1999, and 2000 mg/l = milligrams per liter Eradication 19 Demographic and Economic Data by mg/m3 = milligrams per 18.1.1 Share of Poorest Quintile in National Country, 2000 cubic meter Consumption 19a Demographic and Economic Data— N = nitrogen

18.1.2 Prevalence of Underweight in Children Cambodia, 1990, 1995, and 2000 NH4 = ammonium

Under 5 Years, 1990, 1995, and 2000 19b Demographic and Economic Data— NO2 = nitrogen dioxide 18.1.3 Proportion of Population Below Yunnan, PRC, 1990, 1995, and 2000 P = phosphorous Minimum Level of Dietary 19c Demographic and Economic Data— Pb = lead PM10 = particulate matter Energy Consumption, 1990 Lao PDR, 1990, 1995, and 2000 of 10 micro- and 1999 19d Demographic and Economic Data— meters in dia- 18.2 MDG Indicators—Achievement of Myanmar, 1990, 1995, and 2000 meter or less

Universal Primary Education 19e Demographic and Economic Data— PO4 = phosphate 18.2.1 Net Enrollment Ratio in Primary Thailand, 1990, 1995, and 2000 ppm = parts per million Education, 1990, 1995, 1999, and 19f Demographic and Economic Data— ppp = purchasing power 2001 Viet Nam, 1990, 1995, and 2000 parity SO = sulfur dioxide 18.2.2 Proportion of Pupils Starting Grade 1 20 Other Economic Indicators by Country, 2 SO4 = sulfate Who Reach Grade 5, 1990, 1995, 2000 SPM = suspended par- and 1999 21a Environmental Policies and Laws— ticulate matter 18.2.3 Literacy Rate of 15-24-Year-Olds, 1990, Cambodia tons = metric tons 1995, and 2000 21b Environmental Polices and Laws— TSS = total suspended 18.3 MDG Indicators—Gender Equality Yunnan, PRC solids 3 and Women Empowerment 21c Environmental Policies and Laws— µg/m = micrograms per cubic meter 18.3.1 Ratio of Girls to Boys in Primary and Lao PDR $ = US dollar Secondary Education, 1990, 1995, 21d Environmental Policies and Laws— and 1999 Myanmar 18.3.2 Ratio of Literate Females to Males 21e Environmental Policies and Laws— Among 15-24-Year-Olds, 1990, Thailand 1995, 1999, and 2000 21f Environmental Policies and Laws— 18.3.3 Share of Women in Wage Employment Viet Nam in the Nonagricultural Sector by 22 Participation in International country, 1990, 1995, and 1999 Environmental Treaties by Country 18.3.4 Proportion of Seats Held by Women in 22a Participation in International National Parliament, 1990, 1995, Environmental Treaties—Cambodia and 1999 22b Participation in International 18.4 MDG Indicators—Reduction in Child Environmental Treaties— Mortality Yunnan, PRC 18.4.1 Under-Five Mortality Rate, 1990, 1995, 22c Participation in International and 2000 Environmental Treaties—Lao PDR 18.4.2 Infant Mortality Rate, 1990 and 2000 22d Participation in International 18.4.3 Proportion of 1-Year-Old Children Environmental Treaties—Myanmar Immunized against Measles, 1990, 22e Participation in International 1995, and 1999 Environmental Treaties—Thailand 18.5 MDG Indicators—Maternal Health 22f Participation in International Improvement Environmental Treaties—Viet Nam 18.5.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio, 1995 and 23 UNESCO World Heritage List 2000 24 Peoples of the Greater Mekong 18.5.2 Proportion of Births Attended by Subregion Skilled Health Staff, 1990 and 1995- 25 Sources of Electricity by Country, 1999 2000 25a Sources of Electricity—Yunnan, PRC, 18.6 MDG Indicators—Reversal of 1980 and 1999 Incidence of HIV/AIDS, Malaria 25b Sources of Electricity—Myanmar, and Other Diseases 1980 and 1999 18.7 MDG Indicators—Environment 25c Sources of Electricity—Thailand, Sustainability 1980 and 1999

Information Resources 177 Economic, Social, and Environmental Statistics for the Greater Mekong Subregion

Table 1. Air Pollutant Emissions Table 1a. Air Pollutant Emissions—Mass Loadings—Cambodia, (tons) 1991, 1995–2000 (tons) Sulphur Nitrogen Carbon Country Dioxide Dioxide Dioxide Methane Indicator 1991 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Cambodia 7,700a 135,000b 1,775,000b 712,000 b Sulphur Dioxide (SO ) 7,000 7,400 7,700 – – – – c 2 Yunnan, PRC 294,424 ––– Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 3,200 4,000 4,400 – – – 135,000 Lao PDR – – – – Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 50,000 57,000 52,000 – – – 1,775,000 Myanmar – – – – Methane (CH4) – – –––– 712,000 Thailand 884,000d 904,000d 148,298,000d 27,000 d Viet Nam 77,246a 143,190a 12,600,000a – – Data not available. Source: Office of Air Quality, Noise and Vibration Management, Ministry of Environment; – Data not available. Cambodia Climate Change Enabling Activity Project, Ministry of Environment. a Refers to 1996 figure. b Refers to 2000 figure. c Refers to 2001 figure of the entire PRC. d Refers to 1998 figure. Source: Based on Tables 1a–1d.

Table 1b. Air Pollutant Emissions—Mass Loadings—Yunnan, PRC, 1995–2001 (tons)

Indicator 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 258,454 270,142 335,753 306,644 278,727 323,853 294,424 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ––––––– Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ––––––– Methane (CH4) ––––––– – Data not available. Source: Yunnan Environmental Monitoring Center.

Table 1c. Air Pollutant Emissions—Mass Loadings—Thailand, 1990–1998 (tons)

Indicator 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Sulphur Dioxide

(SO2) 1,084,000 1,239,000 1,358,000 1,551,000 1,358,000 1,474,000 1,316,000 1,379,000 884,000 Nitrogen Dioxide

(NO2) 620,000 670,000 738,000 813,000 897,000 999,000 1,083,000 990,000 904,000 Carbon Dioxide

(CO2) 125,782,000 137,093,000 155,192,000 171,179,000 192,700,000 211,662,000 231,547,000 163,959,000 148,298,000

Methane (CH4) 20,000 21,000 29,000 32,000 34,000 35,000 37,000 27,000 27,000 Sources: Department of Energy Development and Promotion, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Thailand Energy Situation 1996; Office of Environmental Policy, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, State of the Environment 2001.

Table 1d. Air Pollutant Emissions— Table 2. Ambient Air Concentrations by Country Mass Loadings—Viet Nam, 1996 (tons) Suspended Particulate Country Carbon Monoxide (ppm) Sulfur Dioxide (µg/m3) Lead (µg/m3) Matter (µg/m3) Indicator 1996 Cambodia

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 77,246 Phnom Penh Station 4.0000 3.42 0.30 – Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 143,190 Yunnan, PRC Carbon Monoxide (CO) 544,682 Kunming – – – –

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 12,600,000 Lao PDR Methane (CH4)–Vientiane – – – – Myanmar – Data not available. Yangon – – – – Source: Viet Nam: Population, Resource, Thailand Environment and Unshakable Development, Hanoi 1996. Bangkok 0.0011 – 30.00 0.08 Chiang Mai 0.0005 1,900.00 – 43.40 Viet Nam Table 2a. Ambient Air Concentrations— Hanoi – 127.00 4,100.00 – Phnom Penh City, Cambodia, 1998 and Ho Chi Minh City – 132.00 3,400.00 – 1999 – Data not available. Data refer to any year from 1999 to 2000, except for Hanoi figure on Pb, which refers to 1998. Indicator Unit 1998 1999 Source: Based on Tables 2a–2c. CO ppm 3.00 4.00 3 SO2 µg/m 2.28 3.42 Pb µg/m 3 0.19 0.30

Source: Office of Air Quality, Noise and Vibration Management, Ministry of Environment. Data measured along the roadsides in Phnom Penh.

178 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 2b. Ambient Air Concentrations—Thailand, Selected Cities, 1990–2000

City/Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Bangkok (OEPP Station) CO ppm 0.0011 0.0006 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0011 0.0009 0.0010 0.0009 0.0013 0.0011 3 SO2 µg/m ––––––––––– Pb µg/m3 420 300 230 180 120 110 70 70 50 30 – SPM (PM10) µg/m3 0.13 0.23 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.08 – Bangkok (Rajabhat Somdej Chaopraya Station) CO ppm 0.0011 0.0010 0.0018 0.0017 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010 0.0008 0.0006 0.0005 0.0008 3 SO2 µg/m ––––––––––– Pb µg/m3 380 250 210 210 410 80 60 70 – 90 240 SPM µg/m3 0.14 0.16 0.21 0.18 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.15 – 0.09 – Bangkok (Ratburana Post Office Station) CO ppm 0.0007 0.0007 0.0009 0.0009 0.0007 0.0007 0.0010 0.0005 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 3 SO2 µg/m ––––––––––– Pb µg/m3 300 260 130 220 520 70 70 70 70 100 120 SPM µg/m3 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.16 1.2 0.09 – – Chiang Mai (Public Service Centre) CO ppm––––– – –0.0003 0.0003 0.0006 0.0005 3 SO2 µg/m ––––– – –1,500 1,000 1,800 1,900 Pb µg/m3 ––––––––––– SPM µg/m3 – – – – – – – 58.4 48.2 91.1 43.4 Chiang Mai (Yuparaj School) CO ppm––––– – –0.0008 0.0008 0.0006 0.0009 3 SO2 µg/m ––––– – –2,700 2,800 2,700 2,300 Pb µg/m3 ––––––––––– SPM µg/m3 ––––– – –85.2 71.1 67.5 104.6 Nakorn Ratchasima CO ppm––––– – –0.0006 0.0005 0.0012 0.0005 3 SO2 µg/m ––––– – –2,900 2,600 1,500 3,900 Pb µg/m3 ––––––––––– SPM µg/m3 – – – – – – – 60.2 61.6 99.2 52

– Data not available. Source: Office of Environmental Policy, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, State of the Environment 2001.

Table 2c. Ambient Air Concentrations—Viet Nam, Selected Cities, 1994–1999 (µg/m3)

City/Indicator 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Hanoi City

SO2 (Thuong Dinh Industrial Zone) – 50 100 154 55 127 Pb (Nga Tu So Traffic Circle) ––––4,100 – SPM (Truong Chinh Street) 2,510 – – – – – Ho Chi Minh City –––– ––

SO2 (Tan Binh Industrial Zone) – 272 140 158 391 132 Pb (Dien Bien Phu-Dinh Tien Hoang Traffic Circle) –––– –3,400 SPM (Dinh Tien Hoang-Dien Bien Phu Traffic Circle) – – 1,770 – – – Hai Phong City –––– ––

SO2 (Cement Factory) – 360 270 407 192 222 SPM (Hoang Van Thu Street) 970 – – – – – Da Nang City –––– ––

SO2 (Steel Factory) – 160 120 62 61 238 – Data not available. Source: Database Department, National Environment Agency, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment.

Table 3a. Freshwater Quality—Rivers—Cambodia, 2001 (mg/l)

Station/Indicator Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Mekong River (Upstream) Location—Chrauy Changva (Kandal Province) BOD5 6.0 6.1 6.5 11.0 12.0 7.0 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.4 5.3 DO 6.5 6.4 5.6 4.7 4.5 5.3 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.5 6.7 Mekong River (Downstream) Location—Kien Svay (Kandal Province) BOD5 5.7 6.0 6.2 10.0 11.0 6.0 7.0 6.9 7.0 5.3 5.0 DO 6.0 5.1 5.1 4.7 4.3 5.6 5.3 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.5 TSS 5.0 2.5 2.0 1.4 27.0 49.0 65.0 175.0 255.0 75.0 15.0 Tonle Bassac Location—Takhmao (Kandal Province) BOD5 6.0 6.2 6.2 11.0 10.0 6.0 6.4 7.0 6.3 5.6 4.7 DO 6.0 5.4 5.0 4.2 4.8 5.3 5.8 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.3 TSS 8.0 2.3 3.0 2.2 89.0 43.0 145.0 95.0 260.0 102.0 16.0 Tonle Sap River Location—Phnom Penh Port BOD5 6.0 6.0 7.0 12.0 11.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 8.0 6.0 4.2 DO 6.8 6.2 5.7 4.9 4.7 5.2 6.0 6.1 5.8 6.5 7.0 TSS 5.0 1.9 2.3 1.5 12.0 37.0 150.0 135.0 185.0 93.0 17.0

Source: Water and Soil Quality Management Office, Ministry of Environment.

Information Resources 179 Table 3b. Freshwater Quality—Lancang River—Yunnan, PRC, 1995–2001 (mg/l)

River/Indicator 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Red River–Lao Cai DO 7.96 8.14 8.03 8.44 8.55 8.60 8.72 BOD5 1.62 1.62 1.55 1.26 0.66 1.18 0.94 TSS 242.00 482.00 203.00 375.00 312.00 380.00 289.00

Source: Yunnan Environment Planning of Lancang River.

Table 3c. Freshwater Quality—Rivers—Lao PDR, 1990 and 1995 (mg/l)

Station Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Nam Ou at Ban Hatya DO 1990 6.8 9.2 8.5 7.6 8.3 6.7 7.7 8.2 8.2 7.7 8.7 8.2 1995 – 8.3 8.6 8.7 8.7 5.4 7.0 7.3 7.7 9.5 8.4 9.6 TSS 1990 11.0 – – – – 528.0 146.0 366.0 180.0 32.0 24.0 17.0 1995 – 6.0 3.0 3.0 8.0 49.0 14.0 341.0 284.0 227.0 32.0 21.0 Nam Ngum at Thangone DO 1990 7.1 7.3 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.1 6.5 6.5 5.5 7.9 7.1 6.0 1995 – 7.9 8.8 6.4 4.8 4.6 4.9 6.9 8.2 7.3 8.0 8.4 TSS 1990 22.0 – – – – 26.0 44.0 162.0 142.0 24.0 18.0 9.0 1995 – 3.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 21.0 63.0 99.0 55.0 42.0 21.0 12.0 Nam Se Bang Fai at Ban Se Bang Fai DO 1990 7.9 7.0 8.4 7.1 7.3 5.6 6.5 6.6 8.1 8.6 8.3 8.6 1995 – 8.1 8.7 7.2 7.2 9.0 8.1 8.9 8.1 8.6 8.7 9.6 TSS 1990 44.0 7.0 4.0 – 4.0 37.0 61.0 252.0 330.0 70.0 50.0 41.0 1995 – 2.0 1.0 2.0 7.0 25.0 92.0 201.0 145.0 97.0 121.0 109.0 Nam Se Done at Ban Souvannakhili DO 1990 7.6 7.9 8.2 7.9 5.1 6.4 6.6 7.8 7.1 8.6 8.1 6.8 1995 – 8.8 8.8 – 7.1 8.7 7.8 8.4 8.1 8.2 7.9 9.9 TSS 1990 70.0 48.0 12.0 – 68.0 382.0 198.0 336.0 138.0 121.0 92.0 86.0 1995 – 5.0 3.0 – 46.0 117.0 350.0 114.0 215.0 78.0 28.0 32.0

– Data not available. Source: Department of Irrigation, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Table 3d. Freshwater Quality— Table 3e. Freshwater Quality—Rivers—Thailand, 1991–2000 Rivers—Myanmar, 1999 (mg/l; annual average) (mg/l) River/Indicator 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 River/Indicator 1999 Chao Praya River—Upper Ayeyarwady River—Upper BOD5 1.9 2.3 1.7 0.8 1.6 1.1 1.2 0.9 2.1 1.2 BOD5 – DO 5.6 5.6 5.9 6.3 6.5 5.8 6.4 5.7 6.3 6.0 DO – Chao Praya River—Middle TSS 514.0 BOD5 2.3 1.7 2.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.5 0.8 1.8 1.1 Salinity – DO 1.3 3.8 4.9 5.0 5.7 4.6 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.4 Ayeyarwady River—Middle Chao Praya River—Lower BOD5 2.1 BOD5 7.5 8.2 2.7 2.4 3.5 6.2 3.1 2.8 3.3 2.6 DO 8.0 DO 0.4 0.3 1.5 2.2 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.8 2.0 TSS 2,952.5 Moon River Salinity – BOD5 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.1 Ayeyarwady River—Lower DO 5.6 7.7 6.8 5.5 5.1 7.3 7.0 6.6 5.6 6.4 DO 11.6 Shee River BOD5 3.9 BOD5 3.3 3.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 TSS 5,942.5 DO 5.5 7.7 6.6 5.6 5.1 6.1 6.8 6.3 5.2 6.8 Salinity – Chindwin River Source: Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. BOD5 – DO – TSS 218.0 Salinity –

– Data not available. Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Ministry of Transportation. Table 3f. Freshwater Quality—Rivers—Viet Nam, 1995–1999 (mg/l; average daily concentration)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Red River—Lao Cai BOD5 10.40 23.30 2.60 – – DO 7.02 7.00 7.02 – – Red River—Hanoi BOD5 15.00 6.40 14.90 9.49 9.89 Huong River—Hue BOD5 7.10 7.20 2.60 10.60 11.20 Saigon River— Ho Chi Minh City BOD5 20.60 5.20 6.50 – –

– Data not available. Sources: Center for Environmental Engineering of Towns and Industrial Areas; Center of Environmental Technology, Institute of Environmental Resources.

180 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 4a. Freshwater Quality—Rivers and Lakes—Cambodia, 1997 (tons/day) River/Lake 1997 River/Lake 1997 River/Lake 1997 Bassac River and Tonle Sap River Tonle Sap Lake Coastal Zone Cambodia Phnom Penh City Battambang Town Towns in Coastal Zone BOD5 55.00 BOD5 6.40 BOD5 5.48 TSS 121.00 TSS 14.08 TSS 12.07 Total N 9.00 Total N 1.15 Total N 0.99 Total P 2.75 Total P 0.32 Total P 0.28 Mekong River Tonle Sap Lake Kampong Cham Town Siem Reap Town BOD5 13.60 BOD5 5.10 TSS 30.00 TSS 11.22 Total N 2.45 Total N 0.92 Total P 0.70 Total P 0.26 Bassac River Tonle Sap Lake Kandal Town Kampong Thom Town BOD5 8.65 BOD 5.00 TSS 19.03 TSS 11.00 Total N 1.56 Total N 0.90 Total P 0.43 Total P 0.25

Source: Department of Pollution Control, Ministry of Environment.

Table 4b. Freshwater Quality—Lakes—Yunnan, PRC, 1995–2000 (mg/l)

Lake/Indicator 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Station—Caohai DO 6.30 7.50 4.90 6.10 5.37 – Total P 0.57 0.61 0.91 0.55 0.61 1.24 Total N 4.43 5.10 7.78 7.56 8.20 13.50 TSS 29.00 31.00 38.00 30.00 38.00 Station—Waihai DO 7.60 7.70 8.00 8.22 7.78 – Total P 0.19 0.19 0.22 0.29 0.33 0.21 Total N 1.63 1.80 1.95 1.98 2.10 2.20 TSS 29.00 31.00 31.00 35.00 41.00 –

– Data not available. Source: Yunnan Environmental Monitoring Center.

Table 4c. Freshwater Quality—Lakes—Lao PDR, 1990 and 1995 (mg/l)

Lake/Indicator Year Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Nam Ngum at Dam Site DO 1990 4.600 4.100 3.100 7.100 2.300 3.700 4.700 3.300 2.900 2.400 5.400 1995 6.900 4.800 3.200 3.100 2.700 2.800 5.100 5.800 5.600 6.200 6.800

Total P 1990 0.008 0.012 0.014 0.009 0.056 0.020 0.017 0.011 0.007 0.014 0.101 1995 0.027 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.025 0.010 0.017 0.041 0.012 0.007 0.019

TSS 1990 ––––4.000 1.000 34.000 10.000 14.000 9.000 6.000 1995 2.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 2.000 10.000 7.000 4.000 6.000 4.000

– Data not available. Source: Department of Irrigation, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Table 4d. Freshwater Quality—Lakes—Thailand, 1993–2000 (mg/l)

Lake/Indicator 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Kwan Prayao (Prayao Province) DO 5.6 6.0 8.3 7.3 6.4 7.5 8.0 5.5

Bung Borapetch (Nakorn Sawan) DO 5.7 3.8 6.3 6.4 5.3 6.1 6.5 7.0

Nong Han (Sakon Nakorn) DO – 6.8 5.7 6.9 7.9 6.9 7.2 7.4

– Data not available. Source: Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Science and Technology.

Information Resources 181 Table 4e. Freshwater Quality—Lakes—Viet Nam, 1997 (mg/l) Lake/Indicator 1997 Lake/Indicator 1997 Lake/Indicator 1997 Bay Mau Lake (Hanoi) An Biem Lake (Haiphong) Goong Lake (Vinh City) DO 7.60 DO 5.50 DO 5.30 BOD5 17.90 BOD5 19.10 BOD5 19.40 TSS 46.30 TSS 61.00 COD 41.60 West Lake (Hanoi) Cua Nam Lake (Vinh City) NH4 0.38 DO 8.90 DO 5.60 NO2 0.04 BOD5 18.50 BOD5 17.60 PO4 0.88 TSS 35.30 COD 34.50 SO4 27.50 Tam Bac Lake (Haiphong) NH4 0.64 TSS 29.40 DO 4.80 NO2 0.02 Tinh Tam Lake (Hue City) BOD5 23.20 PO4 0.49 DO 1.90 TSS 26.30 SO4 33.50 BOD5 19.30 TSS 65.50 TSS 8.80

Note: Data are daily average concentration measured four times a year. Source: Center for Environmental Engineering of Towns and Industrial Areas.

Table 5. Freshwater Availability and Withdrawals by Country, 2000

Availability Withdrawals Annual Annual Annual Flows from Annual Withdrawals Withdrawals Withdrawals Internal Flows Other Countries Total Resources Withdrawals for Agriculture for Industry for Domestic Country (billion m3 ) (billion m3 ) per Capita (billion m3 ) (%) (%) Use (%) Cambodia 121 355.6 39,613 0.5 94 1 5 Yunnan, PRC 200 160.0 >10,000 14.7 76 12 12 Lao PDR 190 143.1 63,175 1.0 82 10 8 Myanmar 881 165.0 21,898 4.0 90 3 7 Thailand 210 199.9 6,750 33.1 91 4 5 Viet Nam 367 524.7 11,350 54.3 86 10 4 Source: World Bank 2002; Water Conservancy Bureau, Yunnan 2001; http://www.china.org.cn/e-xibu/2JI/3JI/yunnan/yunnan-ban.htm for Yunnan data.

Table 6. Discharges of Organic Water Table 7a. Forests and Forestry Area—Cambodia, 1992–1998 Pollutants for Selected Countries, 1990, 1995 and 2000 Indicator Unit 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 (kg/day/worker) Total forest area ‘000 ha 10,860 10,860 10,804 – 10,638 10,638 – Country 1990 1995a 2000a Annual deforestation ‘000 ha – – (55) – – (166) (221) Annual reforestation ‘000 ha 436 436 420 – 374 374 – Cambodia 0.14 – 0.16 3 b Annual timber harvest 1,000 m – – 1,500 – – – – Yunnan, PRC 0.14 0.13 0.14 Annual timber exports $ million ––––––123,256,000 Myanmar 0.17 0.09 0.14 Annual timber domestic use $ million ––––––1,963,000 Thailand 0.17 0.16 – Annual fuelwood use 1,000 m3 – – 9,018 – – – –

– Data not available. – Data not available. a Data may refer to earlier years. b Source: Department of Planning, Statistic and International Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Food and Agriculture Yunnan data refer to the entire PRC. Organization. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 7b. Forests and Forestry Area— Table 7c. Forests and Forestry Area—Lao PDR, 1990 and 1995–2001 Yunnan, PRC, 2000 Indicator Unit 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Indicator Unit 2000 Total forest area ‘000 ha 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 – Total forest area ‘000 ha 12,873 Annual Annual deforestation ‘000 ha 80 reforestation/ Annual reforestation ‘000 ha 35 forest plantation ‘000 ha – 9 – – – 4 15 20 Annual timber Annual timber harvest 1,000 m3—harvest 1,000 m3 600 600 600 600 600 600 – – Annual timber Annual timber exports 1,000 m3—export 1,000 m3 34 86.1 313 68 77 17 – – Annual timber Annual domestic domestic use 1,000 m3—use 1,000 m3 – ––––––– Annual fuelwood As % of total AnnualFuelwood As of total use primary use primary energy use 41 energy use – – – – – – – –

– Data not available. – Data not available. Deforestation and reforestation rates are 80,000 Source: National Statistical Center 1975–2000; and National Agriculture and Forestry Extension Service, Department of Forestry, ha and 35,000 ha, respectively, between 1985 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. and 2000. Source: Yunnan Institute of Science; Atlas of Remote Sensing Investigation on Eco- Environment in Western PRC.

Table 7d. Forests and Forestry Area—Myanmar, 1990–2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total forest area ‘000 ha 34,424 34,424 34,424 34,424 34,424 34,366 34,370 34,368 34,356 34,356 34,356 Annual reforestation ‘000 ha 31 31 32 31 23 32 32 40 29 30 – Annual timber harvest 1,000 m3 – – 2,499 2,492 2,061 2,079 2,211 2,497 2,519 2,630 1,586 Annual timber exports 1,000 m3 – – 236 291 259 274 351 405 562 787 390 Annual timber domestic use 1,000 m3 – – 192 233 240 347 325 332 372 367 337 Annual fuelwood use – – 18,737 18,371 18,276 17,637 17,862 17,348 17,761 18,591 18,701

– Data not available. Source: Ministry of Forestry.

182 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 7e. Forests and Forestry Area—Thailand, 1990–2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total forest area ‘000 ha 23,037 13,670 – 13,355 – 13,149 – – 12,972 – – Annual reforestation ‘000 ha 41 38 52 33 33 22 11 7 7 – – Annual timber harvest 1,000m3 919 232 119 65 62 35 44 60 55 50 46 Annual timber exports 1,000m3 53 58 45 54 62 81 45 80 108 289 379 Annual timber domestic use 1,000m3 3,374 3,455 3,889 3,179 4,066 3,418 3,230 2,339 1,186 1,485 1,525 Annual fuelwood use ktoe 426 3,426 3,555 3,765 3,902 3,786 3,909 3,200 3,188 3,279 3,258

– Data not available. Source: Royal Forest Department.

Table 7f. Forests and Forestry Area—Viet Nam, 1990–2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Forest ‘000 ha – – – 8,631 – – – 10,170 11,985 10,916 – Forest cover % 28 – – 26 – – 30 31 32 33 – Deforest ‘000 ha 38 20 40 22 14 26 10 – – – – Reforest ‘000 ha 100 124 123 128 158 210 203 222 209 211 1,964 Fuelwood stere 32,059,000 30,128,800 28,711,000 31,061,000 13,552,500 29,828,000 – 27,356,400 25,490,800 25,229,600 24,842,700

– Data not available. Sources: Statistical Data of Viet Nam Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 1975–2000; Viet Nam Statistical Yearbook 2000; and Viet Nam: Population, Resource, Environment and Unshakable Development, Hanoi 1996; National Environment Agency.

Table 8. Species by Country, 2000 (number) Higher Threatened Threatened Threatened Plant Higher Plant Mammal Mammal Bird Bird Country Species Species Species Species Species Species Cambodia – 5 123 21 307 19 Yunnan, PRC a 32,200 312 394 76 1,100 73 Lao PDR – 2 172 27 487 19 Myanmar 7,000 32 251 36 867 35 Thailand 11,625 385 265 34 616 37 Viet Nam 10,500 341 213 37 535 35

– Data not available. Data may refer to years earlier than 2000. a Yunnan data refer to the entire PRC. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 9.1a. Protected Areas—Lao PDR, 1990 and 1995–2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total coverage of protected area ‘000 ha 3,013 3,013 3,314 3,314 3,314 3,314 3,314 Marine protected area ‘000 ha – – – – – – – Terrestrial protected area ‘000 ha 3,013 3,013 3,314 3,314 3,314 3,314 3,314 Terrestrial coverage % of total land area 12.7 12.7 12.8 12.7 12.8 12.8 12.8

– Data not available. Source: Agricultural Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Table 9.1b. Protected Areas—Myanmar, 1990–2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total coverage of protected area ‘000 ha 721 721 721 721 807 807 1,221 1,396 1,415 1,642 1,642 Marine protected area ‘000 ha 5.01 5.01 5.01 5.01 18.68 18.68 39.16 39.16 39.16 39.16 39.16 Terrestrial protected area ‘000 ha 641 641 641 641 713 713 1,107 1,282 1,300 1,450 1,450 Terrestrial coverage % of total land area 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.05 1.05 1.64 1.9 1.92 2.14 2.14

Sources: Ministry of Forestry; MacKinnon and MacKinnon 1996.

Table 9.2. United Nations List of Protected Areas, 1997 (number)

National Biodiversity Non- Multiple National Protected Wildlife Nature Scenic Conservation Hunting Country Use Area Park Landscape Sanctuary Reserve Area Area Area Park Cambodia 3 7 5 8 – – – – – Yunnan, PRCa ––––662 –– Lao PDR – – – – – – 17 – – Myanmar – 1 – – – – – – 1 Thailand – 75 – 37 – – – 28 Viet Nam – 9 – – 43 – – – –

– No listing. a Yunnan data refer to the entire PRC. Sources: IUCN 1998; World Bank 2002; World Resources Institute, 2000–2001, http://www.wri.org/wr-00-01/pdf/fg1n 2000.pdf.

Information Resources 183 Table 9.2a. United Nations List of Protected Areas—Cambodia, 1997 Table 9.2b. United Nations List of Protected Areas—Yunnan, PRC, 1997

IUCN Latitude/ Year of IUCN Latitude/ Year of Name Classification Longitude Area (ha) Creation Name Classification Longitude Area (ha) Creation Multiple Use Area Nature Reserve Dong Peng VI 11°05’N/103°41’E 27,700 1993 Ai Lao Shan VI 24°16’N/101°13’E 50,660 1988 Samlaut VI 12°43’N/102°38’E 60,000 1993 Bai Ma Shan VI 28°11’N/99°13’E 190,144 1988 Tonle Sap VI 12°57’N/103°43’E 316,250 1993 Bai Zu Shan VI 24°48’N/101°37’E 3,004 1984 Bi Ta Hu VI 27°46’N/99°54’E 14,181 1984 National Park Cai Yang He VI 22°30’N/101°09’E 7,035 1986 Botum-Sakor II 11°10’N/103°14’E 171,250 1993 Cang Shan, Er Hai Hu VI 25°36’N/99°57’E 79,700 1993 Kep II 10°30’N/104°18’E 5,000 1993 Da Shan Bao Hei Jing He IV 27°27’N/103°18’E 19,200 1990 Kirirom II 11°19’N/104°03’E 35,000 1993 Da Wei Shan VI 22°45’N/103°39’E 15,365 1982 Phnom Bokor II 11°00’N/104°00’E 140,000 1993 Da Xue Shan VI 23°40’N/99°34’E 15,786 1984 Phnom Kulen II 13°38’N/104°04’E 37,500 1993 Da Xue Shan VI 27°46’N/98°57’E 17,887 1993 Ream II 10°33’N/103°39’E 15,000 1993 Da Zhong Shan VI 25°00’N/101°20’E 4,838 1984 Virachey II 14°14’N/106°55’E 332,500 1993 De Dang Hou Shan VI 24°03’N/99°09’E 7,200 1990 Fen Shui Ling Feng VI 22°50’N/103°19’E 10,760 1986 Protected Landscape Gao Li Gong Shan Ia 25°39’N/98°44’E 123,900 1986 Angkor V 13°26’N/103°51’E 10,800 1993 Gao Lu Shan VI 24°06’N/102°21’E 5,260 1991 Banteay Chmar V 14°10’N/103°02’E 81,200 1993 Gu Lin Qing VI 22°47’N/104°03’E 3,605 1982 Beng Per V 13°13’N/105°00’E 242,500 1993 Ha Ba Shan VI 27°18’N/100°02’E 21,908 1984 Kulen Promtep V 14°03’N/104°32’E 402,500 1993 Hai Zi Ping VI 27°51’N/104°39’E 2,782 1984 Preah Vihear V 14°23’N/104°41’E 5,000 1993 Huang Lian Shan VI 22°49’N/102°10’E 13,935 1983 Hui Ze Hei Jing He IV 26°07’N/103°21’E 6,800 1990 Wildlife Sanctuary Ji Zu Shan VI 25°55’N/100°19’E 10,760 1981 Aural IV 11°55’N/104°06’E 253,750 1993 Jia Che VI 25°54’N/103°19’E 8,282 1984 Lomphat IV 13°20’N/106°55’E 250,000 1993 Jie Zi He VI 23°27’N/102°01’E 3,260 1989 Peam Krasop IV 11°27’N/103°04’E 23,750 1993 Jin Guang Miao VI 25°30’N/99°33’E 9,500 1986 Phnom Nam Lyr IV 12°28’N/107°30’E 47,500 1993 Lao Hei Shan VI 24°50’N/101°36’E 1,370 1986 Phnom Prich IV 12°39’N/106°51’E 222,500 1993 Lao Jun Shan VI 22°55’N/104°31’E 4,509 1986 Phnom Samkos IV 12°15’N/102°59’E 333,750 1994 Lu Gu Hu VI 27°42’N/100°45’E 8,133 1986 Roniem Daun Sam IV 13°13’N/102°37’E 178,750 1993 Mang Bao Shui Ku VI ?/? 3,170 1991 Snoul IV 12°05’N/106°42’E 75,000 1993 Mo Pan Shan VI 23°54’N/101°57’E 7,454 1989 Na Pa Hai Hu IV 27°49’N/99°37’E 2,400 1984 Source: IUCN 1998. Nan Gun He VI 23°13’N/98°54’E 6,983 1994 Nan Jian Feng Huang Shan IV 24°58’N/100°32’E 2,500 1988 Nan Xi Lao Lin VI 23°26’N/102°02’E 1,030 1989 Table 9.2c. United Nations List of Protected Areas—Lao PDR, 1997 Niu Luo He VI 22°26’N/101°57’E 4,827 1983 Nu Jiang He VI 27°56’N/98°20’E 375,433 1986 IUCN Latitude/ Year of Peng Zu Yu Lai Jiu VI 24°10’N/102°28’E 5,104 1992 Name Classification Longitude Area (ha) Creation Rui Li Jiang Liu Yu VI 24°09’N/98°03’E 9,000 1992 Shan Hou Cha Chang VI 24°12’N/102°11’E 1,839 1990 National Biodiversity Shi Ba Lian Shan VI 25°10’N/104°41’E 1,212 1986 Conservation Area Shi Bao Shan VI 26°30’N/99°45’E 2,800 1988 Dong Ampham VI 14°57’N/107°20’E 200,000 1994 Shi Zi Shan VI 25°32’N/102°20’E 1,360 1982 Dong Hua Sao VI 15°00’N/106°07’E 110,000 1993 Shuang He Mo Nan De VI 24°48’N/102°32’E 31,667 1990 Hin Namnu VI 17°27’N/105°57’E 82,000 1993 Shui Mu Shan VI 25°28’N/100°29’E 1,500 1988 Khammouane Limestone VI 17°47’N/104°48’E 150,000 1993 Shui Xi Qu Dao VI 23°29’N/102°02’E 1,286 1989 Nakai-Nam-Theun VI 18°23’N/105°46’E 353,200 1993 Song Hua Ba VI 25°15’N/103°04’E 63,000 1981 Nam Et VI 20°30’N/103°35’E 170,000 1993 Tai Ji Ding VI 25°20’N/100°29’E 2,673 1988 Nam Ha (East) VI 20°43’N/101°19’E 69,000 1994 Tan Hua Shan VI 25°49’N/101°00’E 2,000 1982 Nam Kading VI 18°26’N/104°11’E 169,000 1993 Tian Chi VI 25°57’N/99°16’E 6,630 1983 Nam Phoun (Poui) VI 18°38’N/101°21’E 191,200 1994 Tong Bi Guan VI 24°19’N/97°41’E 34,158 1986 Nam Xam VI 20°08’N/104°33’E 70,000 1993 Tong Luo Ba VI 28°36’N/104°06’E 2,803 1992 Phou Dene Dinh VI 21°58’N/102°23’E 222,000 1994 Wang Xiang Tai VI 23°20’N/102°08’E 4,672 1989 Phou Khao Khoay VI 18°29’N/103°05’E 200,000 1994 Wei Bao Shan VI 25°49’N/100°18’E 2,000 1988 Phou Loeuy VI 20°11’N/103°14’E 150,000 1993 Wei Yuan He VI 23°06’N/100°31’E 7,653 1983 Phou Xang He VI 16°54’N/105°42’E 109,900 1994 Wu Liang Shan VI 24°26’N/100°44’E 23,355 1986 Phou Xiang Thong VI 15°36’N/105°42’E 120,000 1993 Xi Shuang Ban Na Ia 21°35’N/101°26’E 241,776 1986 Xe Bang Nouane VI 15°50’N/106°00’E 150,000 1993 Xi Shuang Ban Na Xe Pian VI 14°27’N/106°05’E 240,000 1993 Na Ban He VI 22°00’N/100°48’E 26,067 1991 Xiao Qiao Gou VI 23°21’N/104°40’E 1,893 1986 Source: IUCN 1998. Xin Tian Lao Lin VI 23°06’N/101°24’E 1,220 1989 Xue Shan He VI 25°27’N/99°48’E 1,000 1988 Yao Shan VI 27°20’N/103°04’E 10,215 1984 Yu Long Shan VI 27°09’N/100°09’E 25,996 1984 Table 9.2d. United Nations List of Protected Areas—Myanmar, 1997 Zhang Ba Lao Lin VI 23°22’N/102°03’E 3,674 1989 Zhang Mu Qing VI 25°15’N/101°39’E 3,514 1982 IUCN Latitude/ Year of Zhu Jiang Yuan Tou VI 26°08’N/104°06’E 2,050 1988 Name Classification Longitude Area (ha) Creation Zi Jin Shan VI 25°04’N/101°04’E 1,760 1983 Zi Xi Shan VI 25°15’N/101°15’E 16,000 1982 National Park Alaungdaw Kathapa II 22°29’N/94°25’E 160,580 1984 Scenic Area Dian Chi Hu II 24°54’N/102°42’E 292,000 1981 Park Shi Lin III 24°42’N/103°10’E 8,433 1981 Popa Mountain Park V 95°30’N/20°88’E 12,691 1985 Source: IUCN 1998. Source: IUCN 1998

184 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 9.2e. United Nations List of Protected Areas—Thailand, 1997

IUCN Latitude/ Year of IUCN Latitude/ Year of Name Classification Longitude Area (ha) Creation Name Classification Longitude Area (ha) Creation National Park Mu Ko Libong III 44,749 1979 Ao Phang Nga II 8°10’N/98°32’E 40,000 1981 Nong Plak Phraya - Chae Son II 18°42’N/99°20’E 59,200 1988 Khao Raya Bang Sa III 2,043 1980 Chaloem Rattanakosin II 14°40’N/99°18’E 5,900 1980 Nong Thung Thong III 8°52’N/99°33’E 6,150 1975 Doi Inthanon II 18°33’N/98°34’E 48,240 1972 Pa Len Pak Phanang- Doi Khuntan II 18°33’N/99°14’E 25,529 1975 Pa Len Ko Chai... III 5,670 1984 Doi Luang II 19°22’N/99°35’E 117,000 1990 Somdet Phasi Nakarin III 9,000 1989 Doi Suthep-Pui II 18°49’N/98°53’E 26,106 1981 Thale Noi III 7°52’N/100°10’E 45,700 1975 Erawan II 14°21’N/99°03’E 55,000 1975 Thale Sap III 7°53’N/100°10’E 36,466 1976 Hat Chao Mai II 7°25’N/99°19’E 23,086 1981 Tham Chao Ram III 11°16’N/99°28’E 2,540 1990 Hat Nopharat Thara - Tham Khang Khao-Khao Mu Ko Phi Phi II 7°58’N/98°46’E 38,996 1983 Chong Phran... III 1,200 1982 Hat Vanakorn II 3,800 1992 Tham Lawa - Tham Daoadung III 4,149 1976 Huai Huat II 16°52’N/104°17’E 82,856 1988 Tham Panamthip III 16°24’N/104°20’E 24,200 1987 Kaeng Krachan II 12°57’N/99°23’E 291,500 1981 Tham Rakhang - Khao Phra Non III 1,600 1982 Kaeng Krung II 9°30’N/98°50’E 54,100 1991 Wang Pong III 11°12’N/99°30’E 14,800 1987 Kaeng Tana II n.a. 8,000 1981 Khao Chamao-Khao Wong II 12°56’N/101°45’E 8,368 1975 Wildlife Sanctuary Khao Khitchakut II 12°51’N/102°09’E 5,870 1977 Chalerm Pra Kiet Somdej Khao Laem II 14°56’N/98°31’E 149,700 1991 Prathep Rattana Rachasuda IV 6°16’N/101°53’E 20,100 1991 Khao Laem Ya - Doi Chiang Dao IV 19°26’N/98°48’E 52,100 1978 Mu Ko Samet V 12°33’N/101°27’E 13,100 1981 Doi Luang IV 18°29’N/100°04’E 9,700 1984 Khao Lak-Lamru II 8°37’N/98°22’E 12,500 1991 Doi Pha Chang IV 19°10’N/100°29’E 57,108 1980 Khao Lam Pi - Doi Pha Muang IV 18°22’N/99°06’E 58,312 1980 Hat Thai Muang II 8°27’N/98°15’E 7,200 1986 Huai Kha Khaeng IV 15°26’N/99°14’E 278,014 1972 Khao Luang II 8°34’N/99°42’E 57,000 1974 Huai Sa La IV 14°27’N/104°14’E 38,000 1990 Khao Nam Khang II 6°30’N/100°35’E 21,200 1991 Huai Tab Tan - Huai Samran IV 50,200 1995 Khao Pu - Khao Ya II 7°26’N/99°57’E 69,400 1982 Khao Ang Ru Nai IV 13°17’N/101°51’E 103,000 1977 Khao Sam Lan II 14°25’N/100°56’E 4,457 1981 Khao Banthat IV 7°12’N/99°57’E 126,695 1977 Khao Sam Roi Yot II 12°13’N/99°57’E 9,808 1966 Khao Khieo-Khao Chomphu IV 13°15’N/101°02’E 14,470 1974 Khao Sok II 8°55’N/98°38’E 73,874 1980 Khao Pra Bang Kram IV 7°50’N/99°22’E 18,640 1987 Khao Yai II 14°21’N/101°29’E 216,863 1962 Khao Sanam Phriang IV 16°32’N/99°19’E 10,100 1985 Khaoen Si Nakarin II 14°47’N/99°00’E 153,200 1981 Khao Soi Dao IV 13°06’N/102°07’E 74,502 1972 Khlong Lan II 16°12’N/99°12’E 30,000 1982 Khlong Nakha IV 9°26’N/98°35’E 53,033 1972 Klong Wang Chao II 16°20’N/99°09’E 74,700 1990 Khlong Phraya IV 8°24’N/98°56’E 9,500 1980 Laem Son II 9°20’N/98°19’E 31,500 1983 Khlong Saeng IV 9°11’N/98°39’E 115,530 1974 Lansang II 16°45’N/98°59’E 10,400 1979 Khlong Yan IV 48,800 1992 Mae Ping II 17°37’N/98°51’E 100,300 1981 Mae Tuen IV 17°11’N/98°44’E 117,300 1978 Mae Wong II 15°54’N/99°12’E 89,400 1987 Mae Yuam IV 18°30’N/97°49’E 29,200 1986 Mae Yom II 18°43’N/100°15’E 45,475 1986 Maenam Phachi IV 13°18’N/99°25’E 48,931 1978 Mu Ko Chang II 11°59’N/102°22’E 65,000 1982 Omgoy IV 17°37’N/98°36’E 122,400 1983 Mu Ko Lanta II 7°32’N/99°07’E 13,400 1990 Phanom Dong Rak IV 14°26’N/104°33’E 31,600 1978 Mu Ko Petra II 6°59’N/99°35’E 49,438 1984 Phu Khieo IV 16°23’N/101°35’E 156,000 1972 Mu Ko Similan II 8°50’N/97°47’E 12,800 1982 Phu Luang IV 17°15’N/101°29’E 89,695 1974 Mu Ko Surin II 9°26’N/97°51’E 13,500 1981 Phu Miang-Phu Thong IV 17°25’N/100°40’E 69,951 1977 Mukdahan II 16°27’N/104°32’E 4,850 1988 Phu Santan IV 25,000 1990 Nam Nao II 16°44’N/101°32’E 96,600 1972 Phu Wua IV 18°10’N/103°59’E 18,650 1975 Namtok Chat Trakan II 17°17’N/100°40’E 54,300 1987 Phu-si-tan IV 16°35’N/104°09’E 25,000 1990 Namtok Mae Surin II 19°09’N/98°02’E 39,600 1981 Prince Chumphon Park (North) IV 64,499 1994 Namtok PhleW II 12°33’N/102°13’E 13,450 1975 Prince Chumphon Park (South) IV 31,500 1994 Namtok Yong II 8°17’N/99°45’E 20,500 1991 Salawin IV 18°26’N/97°36’E 87,500 1978 Oab Luang II 18°12’N/98°32’E 55,300 1991 Sub-lungka IV 15°35’N/101°21’E 15,500 1986 Pang Sida II 14°05’N/102°17’E 84,400 1982 Thung Yai Naresuan IV 15°25’N/98°51’E 364,720 1974 Pha Tam II 15°32’N/105°30’E 34,000 1991 Ton Nga Chang IV 6°57’N/100°12’E 18,195 1978 Phu Chong - Na Yoi II 14°25’N/99°15’E 68,600 1987 Umphang IV 15°51’N/98°58’E 251,565 1989 Phu Hin Rong Kla II 17°00’N/100°59’E 30,700 1984 Yod Dom IV 14°19’N/105°02’E 22,535 1977 Phu Kao - Phu Phan Kham II 16°57’N/102°41’E 32,200 1985 Phu Kradung II 17°02’N/101°44’E 34,812 1962 Source: IUCN 1998. Phu Pha Man II 16°45’N/101°45’E 35,000 1991 Phu Phan II 17°00’N/103°56’E 66,470 1972 Phu Rua II 17°30’N/101°21’E 12,084 1979 Phu Sa Dok Bua II 16°12’N/104°42’E 23,000 1992 Phu Wiang II 16°47’N/102°15’E 32,500 1991 Ramkamhaeng II 16°54’N/99°38’E 34,100 1980 Sai Thong II 16°20’N/101°32’E 31,900 1992 Sai Yok II 14°23’N/98°43’E 50,000 1980 Si Laana II 19°17’N/99°12’E 140,600 1989 Si Phang Nga II 9°07’N/98°27’E 24,608 1988 Si Satchanalai II 17°38’N/99°28’E 21,320 1981 Sirinath II 8°06’N/98°17’E 9,000 1981 Tai Rom Yen II 8°45’N/99°30’E 42,500 1991 Taksin Maharat II 16°54’N/101°46’E 14,900 1981 Tarutao II 6°31’N/99°26’E 149,000 1972 Tat Ton II 15°58’N/102°01’E 21,718 1980 Thaleban II 6°42’N/100°08’E 19,600 1980 Thap Lan II 14°15’N/102°16’E 223,580 1981 Thung Salaeng Luang II 16°43’N/100°50’E 126,240 1972 Wiang Kosai II 17°54’N/99°29’E 41,000 1981

Non Hunting Area Ang Kep Nam Bang Phra III 1,856 1976 Bung Boraphet III 15°40’N/100°15’E 21,280 1975 Bung Khong Long III 18°01’N/104°01’E 1,094 1982 Khao Kho III 16°37’N/100°50’E 4,352 1986 Khao Nam Phrai III 2,080 1979 Khao Pa Chang - Laem Kham III 23,500 1985 Khao Phra Bang Khram III 7°50’N/99°22’E 18,640 1987 Khao Phra Thaeo III 8°04’N/98°24’E 2,228 1980 Khao Reng III 10,920 1987 Khao Rheng III 10,920 1987 Khao Yai-Khao Na Pha Tang-Khao Taphrom III 17°30’N/100°25’E 2,400 1984 Khlong Lam Chan III 5,400 1984 Khram III 23,500 1985 Lampao III 33,750 1988 Mae Lao - Mae Sae III 24,500 1984

Information Resources 185 Table 9.2f. United Nations List of Protected Areas—Viet Nam, 1997

IUCN Latitude/ Year of IUCN Latitude/ Year of Name Classification Longitude Area (ha) Creation Name Classification Longitude Area (ha) Creation National Park Kon Ka Kinh IV 14°20’N/108°22’E 20,000 1986 Ba Be II 22°25’N/105°37’E 7,611 1977 Kong Cha Rang IV 14°34’N/108°34’E 16,000 1986 Ba Vi II 21°01’N/105°22’E 7,377 1977 Lo Go-Sa Mat IV 11°42’N/106°03’E 10,000 1986 Bach Ma II 16°11’N/107°49’E 22,031 1986 Mom Ray IV 14°27’N/107°42’E 35,000 1986 Ben En II 19°37’N/105°30’E 16,634 1986 Muong Nhe IV 22°17’N/102°26’E 182,000 1986 Cat Ba II 20°47’N/107°03’E 15,200 1986 Nam Ca (Quang Xuyen) IV 12°24’N/107°57’E 24,550 1986 Con Dao II 8°42’N/106°35’E 15,043 1982 Nam Don IV 21°37’N/103°44’E 18,200 1986 Cuc Phuong II 20°17’N/105°38’E 22,500 1962 Nam Lung IV 12°16’N/107°45’E 20,000 1986 Nam Bai Cat Tien II 11°25’N/107°17’E 37,900 1978 Ngoc Linh IV 14°55’N/108°11’E 20,000 1986 Yok Don II 12°50’N/107°40’E 58,200 1988 Nui Ba IV 12°02'N/108°25’E 6,000 1986 Nui Dai Binh IV 11°23’N/107°48’E 5,000 1986 Nature Reserve Nui Pia Oac IV 22°36’N/105°49’E 10,000 1986 Ba Mun IV 21°03’N/107°35’E 1,800 1977 Pa Co Hang Kia IV 20°44’N/105°01’E 10,000 1986 Bac Son IV 21°49’N/106°31’E 4,000 1977 Phong Quang IV 22°50’N/104°55’E 2,000 1986 Ban dao Son Tra IV 16°06’N/108°16’E 4,439 1977 Phu Quoc IV 10°20’N/104°01’E 14,400 1986 Bana-Nui Chua IV 16°00’N/107°58’E 43,300 1986 Rung Kho Phan Rang IV 11°46’N/108°57’E 1,000 1986 Bien Lac-Nui Ong (Tanh Linh) IV 11°02’N/107°47’E 35,400 1986 Sop Cop IV 20°41’N/103°42’E 5,000 1986 Binh Chau Phuoc Buu IV 10°30’N/107°27’E 7,370 1986 Suoi Trai IV 13°06’N/108°50’E 21,500 1986 Bu Gia Map IV 12°09’N/107°08’E 22,300 1986 Tam Dao IV 21°30’N/105°36’E 19,000 1977 Bu Huong IV 19°41’N/104°42’E 5,000 1986 Tam Nong (Tram Chim) IV 10°30’N/105°41’E 7,200 1986 Chu Yang Sinh IV 12°24’N/108°25’E 20,000 1986 Thuong Da Nihm (Bi Doup) IV 12°04’N/108°41’E 7,000 1986 Cu Lao Cham IV 15°57’N/108°31’E 1,537 1986 Thuong Tien IV 20°42’N/105°28’E 1,500 1986 Dat Mui (Nam Can) IV 08°35’N/104°46’E 4,467 1986 Trung Khanh IV 22°52’N/106°31’E 3,000 1986 Dong Phong Nha IV 17°27’N/106°17’E 5,000 1986 Vo Doi IV 9°14’N/104°57’E 1,500 1986 Hoang Lien Son IV 22°19’N/103°45’E 20,000 1986 Vu Quang IV 18°19’N/105°22’E 55,900 1986 Hon Me IV 19°21’N/105°56’E 5,000 1986 Xuan Nha IV 20°41’N/104°43’E 60,000 1986 Huu Lien IV 21°39’N/106°19’E 12,000 1986 Xuan Son IV 20°59’N/105°06’E 4,585 1986 Kalon Song Mao IV 11°28’N/108°20’E 20,000 1986

Source: IUCN 1998.

Table 10. Coastal Areas by Country

Population Annual Rate Total Coverage Density Total Coral Total Mangrove of Mangrove of Shrimp Ponds Survey (person/ Coverage Coverage Deforestation in Aquaculture Country Year km2) (km2) (km2) (%) (sq km) Cambodia 1997 92 – 728 0.40 13 a Yunnan, PRC – – – – – Lao PDR – – – – – Myanmar 2000 – – 1,610 0.34 412 Thailand 1996/1997 – – 1,676 – 113 Viet Nam 2000 4.62 – – – 5,350

– Data not available. a Refers to 1995 data. Source: Based on Tables 10a–10d.

Table 10a. Coastal Areas—Cambodia, 1992–1997

Indicator Unit 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Total coral coverage km2 –––––– Total mangrove coverage km2 777 777 777 – 728 728 Annual rate of mangrove deforestation % – 0.43 0.43 – 0.40 0.40 Total coverage of shrimp ponds in aquaculture km2 – – – 12.72 – –

– Data not available. Source: Ministry of Planning; Department of Forestry and Wildlife.

Table 10b. Coastal Areas—Myanmar, 1990–2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total mangrove km2 1,584 1,584 1,584 1,584 1,584 1,610 1,610 1,610 1,610 1,610 1,610 Annual rate of mangrove deforestation % 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 Total coverage of shrimp ponds in aquaculture km2 – 12.83 18.31 18.66 148.41 172.27 183.78 199.20 253.36 272.96 412.00

– Data not available. Source: ASEAN Facts and Figures, Myanmar.

186 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 10c. Coastal Areas—Thailand, 1990–1997

Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Total coral coverage km2 – – – ––– –– Total mangrove km2 – 1,738.21 – 1,686.82 – – 1,675.82 – Annual rate of mangrove deforestation % – – – – – – – – Total coverage of shrimp ponds in aquaculture km2 102.5 120.53 116.47 117.19 119.9 111.14 110.59 112.64

– Data not available. Source: Royal Forest Department.

Table 10d. Coastal Areas—Viet Nam, 1990–2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Population density 401.75 408.40 414.90 420.99 426.93 432.78 438.56 444.31 450.08 1009.78 4.62 Total coral coverage km2 –––– ––––– –– Total mangrove coverage km2 –––– ––––– –– Annual rate of mangrove deforestation % – – – – – – – – – – – Total coverage of shrimp ponds in aquaculture km2 2.958 3.098 3.414 3.817 3.934 4.536 4.987 5.041 5.245 5.350 5.350

– Data not available. Sources: Statistical Data of Viet Nam Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 1975–2000; and Statistical Yearbook 2000.

Table 11. Natural Hazards—Selected GMS Countries Table 11a. Natural Hazards— Yunnan, PRC, 2000–2001 Country Unit Forest Fires Landslides Flash Floods Earthquakes Typhoons Indicator Unit 2000 2001 Yunnan, PRC ‘000 ha 2a – 508a –– no. 673a 86a –––Forest fires ′000 ha 0.3 2.3 Lao PDR ‘000 ha 135b –33c – – no. 192 673 no. – – – – – Landslides ′000 ha – – Myanmar ‘000 ha – – – – – no. – 86 no. – – 13d 49d 9d Flash floods ′000 ha 375.3 508.0 Thailand ‘000 ha 93d –– –– no. – – no. 7,800e 7d 6d 2d 3d Earthquakes ′000 ha – – Viet Nam ‘000 ha 1d ––– – no. – – no. – – – – 3d Typhoons ′000 ha – – no. – – – Data not available. Data may refer to earlier years. – Data not available. a Refers to 2001 figure. Source:Yunnan Institute of Environmental Science. b Refers to 1998 figure. c Refers to 1997 figure. d Refers to 2000 figure. e Refers to 1999 figure. Source: Based on Tables 11a–11e.

Table 11b. Natural Hazards—Lao PDR, 1994–1998

Indicator Unit 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Forest fires ‘000 ha 50 40 135 Flash floods ‘000 ha 32 63 66 33 –

– Data not available. Sources: Provincial Administration; Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Table 11c. Natural Hazards—Myanmar, 1990–2000 (number)

Indicator 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Forest fires 00000000000 Landslides ––––––12––– Flash floods 42 54 29 39 29 32 22 79 5 27 13 Earthquakes 44 63 80 64 47 46 18 16 23 19 49 Typhoons 59 58 81 41 38 24 33 62 7 32 9

– Data not available. Source: Central Statistical Organization; Ministry of Transport, Department of Meteorology and Hydrology.

Information Resources 187 Table 11d. Natural Hazards—Thailand, 1990–2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Forest fires ‘000 ha – – 1,940.9 1,459.6 763.6 643.8 490.3 660.2 1,145.5 294.9 93.3 no. – 4,411 4,684 4,263 4,402 5,252 5,890 7,423 7,909 7,800 – Landslides no. ––––––––––7 Flash floods no. ––––––––––6 Earthquakes no. – 64261695762 Typhoons no. 72442142223

– Data not available. Sources: Forest Fire and Natural Disaster Management Division, Royal Forest Department; Secretariat of Civil Defence, Department of Local Administration, Ministry of Interior.

Table 11e. Natural Hazards—Viet Nam, 1990–2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Forest fires ′000 ha – – – – – 7.5 – 1.8 19.9 4.8 1.0 Landslides ′000 ha – – – – – – – – – – – Flash floods ′000 ha – – – – – – – – – – – Earthquake ′000 ha – – – – – – – – – – – Typhoon no. 4 2 4 4 1 5 – 2 – – 3

– Data not available. Sources: Statistical Data of Viet Nam Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 1975–2000; Center for Marine Environment, Survey, Research and Consultation.

Table 12. Urban Environment by Country, 2000

Population in Urban Area Urban Largest City Urban Land with Sanitary Population (% of urban Use Area Vehicles Facilities Country (% of total) population) (% of total) (per 1,000 people) (% of total) Cambodia 15.9 51 0.15 6 58 Yunnan, PRC 32.1 3 0.05 8 68 Lao PDR 23.5 – – 4 84 Myanmar 28.0 32 – 8.75 65 Thailand 21.6 56 – 105.7 97 Viet Nam 24.0 24 – – 86

– Data not available. Note: Some data for Yunnan may refer to the entire PRC. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2002a.

Table 12a. Urban Environment—Cambodia, 1990, 1995, and 2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Urban population % of total 12.6 14.2 15.9 Population in largest city % of urban population – – 51.0 Urban land use area % of total land area – 0.2 0.2 Motor vehicles per 1,000 people 1.0 – 6.0 Urban area with sanitary facilities % of population – – 58.0 Solid waste generation m3/capita/day 0.4 0.4 0.5

– Data not available. Note: Figures may refer to earlier years. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2002a; Municipal Solid Waste Management in Phnom Penh Municipality.

Table 12b. Urban Environment—Myanmar—1990, 1995, and 2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Urban population % of total 24.6 25.8 28.0 Urban population growth rate % – – – Population in largest city % of urban population – – 32.0 Green parks or open space ft2/person 1.6 2.1 3.4 Motor vehicles per 1,000 people 4.4 6.6 8.8 Urban area with sanitary facilities % of total land area 40.0 56.3 65.0 Solid waste collected % of total waste generated 75.7 70.9 57.8

– Data not available. Note: Figures may refer to earlier years. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2002a; Myanmar Statistical Yearbook, 2001; Statistical Profile of Children and Women in Myanmar, 1997; Yangon City Development Committee; Township’s Population by States and Divisions; Department of Road Administration, Ministry of Railways.

188 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 12c. Urban Environment—Thailand, 1990, 1995, and 2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Urban population % of total 18.70 20.00 21.60 Population in largest city % of urban population – – 56 Vehicles per 1,000 people 46 – – Urban area with sanitary facilities % of total land area 73.96 96.14 97 Solid waste collected % of total waste generated – 88.14 –

– Data not available. Note: Figures may refer to earlier years. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2002a.

Table 13. Rural Environment and Land Use by Country, 2000

Average Population Annual Density Permanent Rural Population (persons/ Land Area Arable Land Cropland Others Population Growth Rate km2 of (‘000 (% of (% of (% of Country (% of total) (1980–2000) arable land) km2 ) land area) land area) land area) Cambodia 84.1 2.6 268 177 21.0 0.6 78.4 Yunnan, PRC 67.9 0.4 691 – 13.3 1.2 85.5 Lao PDR 76.5 1.9 454 231 3.8 0.3 95.9 Myanmar 72.0 1.5 359 658 14.5 0.9 84.6 Thailand 78.4 1.0 323 511 28.8 6.5 64.7 Viet Nam 76.0 1.6 1031 325 17.7 4.9 77.4

– Data not available. Note: Some data for Yunnan may refer to the entire PRC. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 14. Other Urban Environment Indicators by City, 1998

Average House Price Work Trips Travel Time Households with Access to Services (%) Household to Income by Public to Work Potable Sewerage Wastewater City Income ($) Ratio (%) Transport (%) (minutes) Water Connection Electricity Telephone Treated (%) Phnom Penh 3,584 8.9 – 45 45 75 76 40 – Vientiane 1,077 23.2 2 27 87 – 100 87 20 Yangon 8.3 69 45 78 81 85 17 – Bangkok 8,521 8.8 28 60 99 100 100 60 –

– Data not available. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 15. Traffic and Congestion by Country, 2000

Motor Passenger Two-Wheelers Road Traffic Gasoline Vehicles per Cars per per 1,000 (million vehicle Diesel Price Super Price Country km of Road 1,000 People People km) ($/liter) ($/liter) Cambodia 31 5 41 7,210 0.61 0.44 Yunnan, PRCa 11 1 3 – 0.40 0.45 Lao PDR 3 6 18 – 0.41 0.32 Myanmar – – – – – – Thailand 97b 14 86 45,769 0.39 0.35 Viet Nam – 45 – – 0.38 0.27

– Data not available. a Figures for Yunnan refer to the entire PRC. b Figure refers to 1999. Note: Some figures may refer to 1990 data. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 16. Agriculture by Country

Agricultural Machinery Agricultural Arable Land Irrigated Land (tractors per Fertilizer consumption Land Area (% of land area) (% of cropland) 1,000 workers) Nitrogen Phosphorous Pesticide Country (% of total) 1999 1997–1999 1997–1999 (kg N/ha) (kg P/ha) Consumption (tons) Cambodia 21.5a 21.0 7.1 0 3.0 b –– Yunnan, PRC 11.1c 13.3c 39.0 c 1 558.1 d 263.3 d 16,000 d Lao PDR 8.9 3.8 17.8 1 – – – Myanmar 20.0 14.5 16.7 1 7.2 e 0.3 e 1,354 e Thailand 27.7f 28.8 26.0 10 46.4 b 28.8 b 51,344 e Viet Nam 28.4 17.7 41.3 5 – – –

– Data not available. a Refers to 1997 figure. b Refers to 1995 figure. c Figure refers to the entire PRC. d Refers to 2000 figure. e Refers to 1999 figure. f Refers to 1998 figure. Source: Based on Tables 16a–16f.

Information Resources 189 Table 16a. Agriculture—Cambodia, 1995 and 2000 Table 16b. Agriculture—Yunnan, PRC, 2000

Indicator Unit 1995 2000 Indicator Unit 2000 Agricultural land area % of total land area 20.6a 21.5b Agricultural land area % of total land area 11.1 Arable land % of land area – 21.0c Arable land % of land area 13.3 a,b Irrigated land % of cropland – 7.1d Irrigated land % of cropland 39 a,c Agricultural machinery tractors/1,000 workers – 0.0d Agricultural machinery tractors/1,000 workers 1 a,c Fertilizer consumption Fertilizer consumption Nitrogen (N) kg N/ha 3.0 – Nitrogen (N) kg N/ha 558.1 Phosphorous (P) kg P/ha – – Phosphorous (P) kg P/ha 263.3 Pesticide consumption tons – – Pesticide consumption tons 16,000.0 FAO-banned pesticide used number – – FAO-banned pesticide used number Soil erosion cm/year – – Soil erosion cm/year 0.1 Rangeland % of total land area – – Rangeland % of total land area 2.0

– Data not available. – Data not available. a Refers to 1994 figure. a Figure refers to the entire PRC. b Refers to 1997 figure. b Refers to 1999 figure. c Refers to 1999 figure. c Refers to 1997–1999 figure. d Refers to 1997–1999 figure. Sources: World Bank 2002; Yunnan Institute of Environmental Science; The Investigation Report of Sources: World Bank 2002; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery. Yunnan Eco-Environment.

Table 16c. Agriculture—Lao PDR, 1990, 1995, and 2000 Table 16d. Agriculture—Myanmar, 1990, 1995, and 2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Agricultural land area ‘000 ha 8.5 7.0 8.9 Agricultural land area % of total land area 15.4 19.0 20.0 Arable land % of land area – – 3.8 a Arable land % of land area – – 14.5 a Irrigated land % of cropland – – 17.8 b Irrigated land % of cropland – – 16.7 b Agricultural machinery tractors/1,000 workers – – 1 b Agricultural machinery tractors/1,000 workers – – 1.0 b Fertilizer consumption Fertilizer consumption Nitrogen (N) kg N/ha – – – Nitrogen (N) kg N/ha 11.1 18.3 7.2 a Phosphorous (P) kg P/ha – – – Phosphorous (P) kg P/ha 3.0 7.8 0.3 a Pesticide consumption tons – – – Pesticide consumption tons 312.8 901.9 1,353.8 a FAO-banned pesticide used number – – – FAO-banned pesticide used number – – – Soil erosion cm/year – – – Soil erosion cm/year – – – Rangeland % of total land area – – – Rangeland % of total land area – – –

– Data not available. – Data not available. a Refers to 1999 figure. a Refers to 1999 figure. b Refers to 1997–1999 figure. b Refers to 1997–1999 figure. Sources: World Bank 2002; Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest. Sources: World Bank 2002; and Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar Agricultural Statistics, 1989–1990 and 1999–2000.

Table 16e. Agriculture—Thailand, 1990, 1995, and 2000 Table 16f. Agriculture—Viet Nam, 1990, 1995, and 2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Agricultural land area % of total land area 27.7 27.9 27.7 a Arable land % of land area – – 28.8 b Agricultural land area % of total land area 21.2 22.3 28.4 Irrigated land % of cropland – – 26.0 c Arable land % of land area – – 17.7 a Agricultural machinery tractors/1,000 workers – – 10.0 c Irrigated land % of cropland – – 41.3 b Fertilizer consumption Agricultural machinery tractors/1,000 workers – – 5 b Nitrogen (N) kg N/ha 37 46.39 – Fertilizer consumption 186.2 215.8 – Phosphorous (P) kg P/ha – 28.82 – Nitrogen (N) kg N/ha – – – Pesticide consumption tons – – 51,344 Phosphorous (P) kg P/ha – – – FAO-banned pesticide used number – – – Pesticide consumption tons 6.4 5.8 Soil erosion cm/year – – – FAO-banned pesticide used number – – – Rangeland % of total land area – – – Soil erosion cm/year – – – Rangeland % of total land area – – – – Data not available. a Refers to 1998 figure. – Data not available. b Refers to 1999 figure. a Refers to 1999 figure. c Refers to 1997–1999 figure. b Refers to 1997–1999 figure. Sources: World Bank 2002; Centre for Agricultural Statistics and Agricultural Regulatory Division, Office Sources: World Bank 2002; Statistical Yearbook 2000; Environment Statistic Compendium of Viet Nam, of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative; National Statistical Office. Statistical Publishing House, 1999.

Table 17. Industry by Country

Industrial Hazardous Wastewater and Toxic Treated (% of Waste Generated industrial wastewater Country (tons/year) generated) Cambodia – – Yunnan, PRC 212,600a 84.1a Lao PDR – – Myanmar – – Thailand 1,290,000b – Viet Nam 109,468c –

– Data not available. a Refers to 2001 figure. b Refers to 2000 figure. c Refers to 1999 figure. Sources: Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Thailand; Yunnan Institute of Environmental Science.

190 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 17a. Industry—Thailand, 1992–2000 (tons)

Indicator 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Hazardous and toxic waste generated 786,500 890,000 990,000 1,100,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,305,000 1,250,000 1,290,000

Source: Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment.

Table 17b. Industry—Yunnan, PRC, 2000 and 2001

Indicator Unit 2000 2001 Hazardous and toxic tons/year 240,000 212,600 waste generated

Industrial wastewater treated % of industrial wastewater generated 82.5 84.1

– Data not available. Source: Yunnan Institute of Environmental Science.

Table 18.1. MDG Indicators—Poverty and Hunger Eradication (percent)

Proportion of Share of Population Below Poverty Poorest Quintile Prevalence of Minimum Level Proportion of Gap Ratio in National Child Malnutrition of Dietary Energy Population Below (incidence x Consumption, Under 5 Years Consumption, Country $1 a day depth of poverty) 1997/1998 of Age, 2000 1999 Cambodia – – 6.9 46 37 Yunnan, PRCa 18.8 b 4.4 b 5.9 10 9 Lao PDR 26.3 c 6.3 c 7.6 – 28 Myanmar – – – 36 7 Thailand <2 d 0.5 d 9.8 19 21 Viet Nam – – 11.4 33 19

– Data not available. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. b Refers to 1999 figure. c Refers to 1997 figure. d Refers to 1998 figure. Sources: World Bank 2002; World Bank, http://www.developmentgoals.org/Data.htm.

Table 18.1.1. Share of Poorest Table 18.1.2. Prevalence of Quintile in National Consumption Underweight in Children Under 5 Years, (percent) 1990, 1995, and 2000

Country Share Survey Year Country 1990 1995 2000 Cambodia 6.9 1997 Cambodia – 47 46 Yunnan, PRC a 5.9 1998 Yunnan, PRC a 17 13 10 Lao PDR 7.6 1997 Lao PDR – 40 – Myanmar – – Myanmar 32 43 36 Thailand 9.8 1998 Thailand – 18 19 Viet Nam 11.4 1998 Viet Nam 45 45 33

– Data not available. – Data not available. a Figure refers to the entire PRC. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Source: World Bank 2002. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2002a for data in 2000; and UNDP 2002.

Table 18.1.3. Proportion of Table 18.2. MDG Indicators—Achievement of Universal Population Below Minimum Level of Primary Education Dietary Energy Consumption, (percent) 1990 and 1999 (percent) Proportion of Net Enrollment Pupils Starting Literacy Rate Country 1990 1999 Ratio in Primary Grade 1 Who of 15–24 Education, Reach Grade 5, Year-Olds, Cambodia 43 37 Country 1999–2001 1995 2000 Yunnan, PRCa 16 9 Lao PDR 29 28 Cambodia 88.6 48.9 78.9 Myanmar 9 7 Yunnan, PRC a 93.2 97.3 97.8 Thailand 30 21 Lao PDR 81.8 54.2 70.5 Viet Nam 27 19 Myanmar 92.1 68.6 90.9 a Thailand 81.4 97.1 98.9 Figures refer to the entire PRC. Viet Nam 96.3 82.8 97.0 Source: World Bank, http://www.developmentgoals. org/Data.htm. – Data not available. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Sources: World Bank 2002; http://www.developmentgoals.org/Data.htm; Government of the Union of Myanmar, for Myanmar data in 2001.

Information Resources 191 Table 18.2.1. Net Enrollment Ratio in Primary Education, Table 18.2.2. Proportion of Pupils Starting Grade 1 Who 1990, 1995, 1999, and 2001 Reach Grade 5, 1990, 1995, and 1999 (percent) (percent)

Country 1990 1995 1999 Country 1990 1995 1999 2001 Cambodia – 49 – Cambodia – 97.7 88.6 – Yunnan, PRC a 86 94 97.3 Yunnan, PRCa 97.4 97.9 93.2 – Lao PDR 53 55 54.2 Lao PDR 61.4 70.0 81.8 – Myanmar – – 68.6 Myanmar – – 83.2 92.1 Thailand – – 97.1 Thailand – – 81.4 – Viet Nam – – 82.8 Viet Nam – 87.8 96.3 – – Data not available. – Data not available. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Source: World Bank 2002. Sources: World Bank, http://www.developmentgoals.org/Data.htm; Government of the Union of Myanmar, for Myanmar data in 2001. Table 18.3. MDG Indicators—Gender Equality and Women Empowerment (percent)

Table 18.2.3. Literacy Rate of Ratio of Girls Ratio of Share of Proportion of 15–24-Year-Olds, 1990, 1995, to Boys in Literate Women in Wage Seats Held by and 2000 Primary and Females to Employment Women in (percent) Secondary Males among in the Non- National Education, 15–24-Year-Olds, agricultural Sector, Parliament, Country 1990 1995 2000 Country 1999 2000 1999 1999 a Cambodia 73.5 75.6 78.9 Cambodia 79.3 91.1 44 5.5 b Yunnan, PRC a 94.7 96.5 97.8 Yunnan, PRC 88.6 97.3 – 21.8 c Lao PDR 55.2 62.9 70.5 Lao PDR 78.7 70.6 41 – Myanmar 88.2 89.6 90.9 Myanmar 97.2 99.1 – – Thailand 98.1 98.6 98.9 Thailand 96.1 99.0 46.2 6.6 d Viet Nam 95.0 96.1 97.0 Viet Nam 88.4 100.4 – 27.2 a Figures refer to the entire PRC. – Data not available. a Source: World Bank 2002. Refers to 1995 figure. b Figures refer to the entire PRC. c Refers to 1990 figure. Table 18.3.1. Ratio of Girls to Boys in d Refers to 2002 figure. Primary and Secondary Education, Source: World Bank 2002; NationalEnvironment Agency of Viet Nam for 2002 data on proportion of 1990, 1995, and 1999 seats held by women in national parliament in Viet Nam. (percent) Table 18.3.2. Ratio of Literate Females to Males Among Country 1990 1995 1999 15–24-Year-Olds, 1990, 1995, 1999, and 2000 Cambodia – – 79.3 (percent) Yunnan, PRC a 81.1 87.3 88.6 Lao PDR 74.8 75.9 78.7 Country 1990 1995 1999 2000 Myanmar 94.7 95.4 97.2 Cambodia 81.6 85.7 90.0 91.1 Thailand 94.1 – 96.1 a Viet Nam – – 88.4 Yunnan, PRC 94.3 96.1 97.1 97.3 Lao PDR 51.8 61.3 68.8 70.6 – Data not available. Myanmar 95.7 97.5 98.8 99.1 a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Thailand 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 Source: World Bank 2002. Viet Nam 99.2 99.9 100.3 100.4

a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Table 18.3.3. Share of Women Source: World Bank 2002. in Wage Employment in the Nonagriculture Sector by Country, 1990, 1995, and 1999 (percent) Table 18.3.4. Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National Parliament, 1990, 1995, and 1999 Country 1990 1995 1999 (percent) Cambodia – 44 – Yunnan, PRC – – – Country 1990 1995 1999 Lao PDR 41 – – Cambodia – 5.8 5.5 Myanmar – – – a Thailand 45 44 46 Yunnan, PRC 21.3 21.0 21.8 Viet Nam – – – Lao PDR 6.3 21.2 – Myanmar – – – – Data not available. Thailand 3.8 6.6 – b Source: World Bank 2002. Viet Nam 18.5 26.0 27.2

– Data not available. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Table 18.4. MDG Indicators—Reduction in Child Mortality b Refers to 2002 figure. Source: World Bank 2002. Proportion of 1-Year-Old Table 18.4.1. Under-Five Mortality Rate, 1990, Under-Five Infant Children 1995, and 2000 Mortality Rate Mortality Rate Immunized (per 1,000 live births) per 1,000 per 1,000 Against Live Births, Live Births, Measles (%), Country 1990 1995 2000 Country 2000 2000 1999 Cambodia 119 124 120 Cambodia 120.4 95 55.4 Yunnan, PRC a 47 43 40 Yunnan, PRC a 39.5 32 90.0 Lao PDR 170 – – Lao PDR – 90 71.0 Myanmar 130 131 72 Myanmar 72.0 47 85.0 Thailand 41 34 33 Thailand 33.2 25 96.0 Viet Nam 54 39 34 Viet Nam 34.2 30 93.0 – Data not available. – Data not available. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Sources: World Bank 2002; Government of the Union of Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2002a; Government of the Union of Myanmar Myanmar for Myanmar’s 2000 figure. for Myanmar’s 2000 data on under-five and infant mortality rate.

192 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 18.4.2. Infant Mortality Rate, Table 18.4.3. Proportion of 1-Year-Old 1990 and 2000 Children Immunized against Measles, (per 1,000 live births) 1990, 1995, and 1999 (percent) Country 1990 2000 Country 1990 1995 1999 Cambodia 80.0 95.0 Yunnan, PRC a 38.0 32.0 Cambodia 34 62 55 Lao PDR 120.0 90.0 Yunnan, PRC a 98 93 90 Myanmar 91.0 47.0 Lao PDR 32 68 71 Thailand 34.0 25.0 Myanmar 90 82 85 Viet Nam 36.0 30.0 Thailand 80 91 96 Viet Nam 85 96 93 a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Sources: ADB 2002a; Government of the Union of a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Myanmar for Myanmar’s 2000 figure. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 18.5. MDG Indicators—Maternal Table 18.5.1. Maternal Mortality Ratio, Health Improvement 1995 and 2000 (per 100,000 live births) Proportion Maternal of Births Country 1995 2000 Mortality Attended Cambodia 590 437 Ratio per by Skilled a 100,000 Health Yunnan, PRC 60 55 Live Births, Personnel (%), Lao PDR 650 530 Country 2000 1995-2000 Myanmar 170 230 Thailand 44 44 Cambodia 437 43 Viet Nam 95 100 a Yunnan, PRC 55 85 a Lao PDR 530 60 Figures refer to the entire PRC. Myanmar 230 57 Source: World Bank 2002; ADB, GMS Unit. Thailand 44 95 Viet Nam 100 79 a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2002a; ADB, GMS Unit.

Table 18.5.2. Proportion of Births Table 18.6. MDG Indicators—Reversal of Incidence of HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases Attended by Skilled Health Staff, 1990 and 1995–2000 HIV Prevalence Number of Incidence of Proportion of TB (percent) Among 15–24- Contraceptive Children Orphaned Tuberculosis (TB) per Cases Detected Year-Old Women Prevalence by HIV/AIDS, 100,000 People, under DOTS (%), Country 1990 1995–2000a Country (%), 1999 Rate (%) 1999 1999 1999 Cambodia 47 43 Cambodia 3.5 23.8 a 13,000 560 57 Yunnan, PRC b 94 85 Yunnan, PRCa <0.05 83.0 b 4,500 103 32 Lao PDR – 60 Lao PDR 0.1 25.1 b 280 c 171 – Myanmar 94 57 Myanmar 1.7 – 43,000 169 33 Thailand 71 95 Thailand 2.3 72.0 d 75,000 141 40 Viet Nam 95 79 Viet Nam 0.1 75.3 d 3,200 189 80

– Data not available. – Data not available, DOTS = directly observed treatment short course. a Refers to available data nearest the a Figures refer to the entire PRC. year/period indicated in the column heading. b Refers to 1999 figure. b Figures refer to the entire PRC. c Refers to 2000 figure. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2002a. d Refers to 1995 figure. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 18.7. MDG Indicators—Environment Sustainability Table 18.7.1. GDP Per Unit of Energy Used, 1990, 1995, and 1999 Proportion of ($) Population with Proportion of Sustainable Population Country 1990 1995 1999 GDP per Unit Carbon Dioxide Access to an with Access Cambodia – – – of Energy Emissions per Improved Water to Improved a Used ($), Person (tons), Source (%), Sanitation (%), Yunnan, PRC 1.8 3.0 4.2 Country 1999 1998 2000 2000 Lao PDR – – – Myanmar – – – Cambodia – 0.1 30.0 18 Thailand 4.9 5.8 5.2 Yunnan, PRC a 4.2 2.5 75.0 38 Viet Nam – – 4.1 Lao PDR – 0.1 58.0 46 – Data not available. Myanmar – 0.2 70.0 70 a Thailand 5.2 3.2 80.0 96 Figures refer to the entire PRC. Viet Nam 4.1 0.6 56.0 73 Source: World Bank 2002.

– Data not available. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Sources: World Bank 2002; Government of the Union of Myanmar for 2000 data on proportion of population with access to improved water source and sanitation.

Table 18.7.2. Carbon Dioxide Emission Table 18.7.3. Proportion of per Person, 1990, 1995, and 1998 Population with Sustainable Access (tons) to an Improved Water Source, 1990 and 2000 Country 1990 1995 1998 (percent)

Cambodia 0.1 0.1 0.1 Country 1990 2000 Yunnan, PRC a 2.2 2.6 2.5 Lao PDR 0.1 0.1 0.1 Cambodia – 30.0 Myanmar 0.1 0.2 0.2 Yunnan, PRC a 71.0 75.0 Thailand 1.9 3.1 3.2 Lao PDR – 58.0 Viet Nam 0.4 0.5 0.6 Myanmar 64.0 70.0 Thailand 71.0 80.0 – Data not available Viet Nam 48.0 56.0 a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Source: World Bank 2002. – Data not available. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Source: World Bank 2002.

Information Resources 193 Table 18.7.4. Proportion of Population Table 18.8.1. Net ODA as Percentage with Access to Improved Sanitation, of Gross National Income, 1990, 1990 and 2000 1995, and 2000 (percent) Country 1990 1995 2000 Country 1990 2000 Cambodia 2.8 13.6 12.6 Cambodia – 18 Yunnan, PRC a 0.6 0.5 0.2 Yunnan, PRC a 29 38 Lao PDR 17.3 17.6 16.8 Lao PDR 19 46 Myanmar – – – Myanmar 45 46 Thailand 1.0 0.5 – Thailand 86 96 Viet Nam – 4.2 5.4 Viet Nam 73 73 – Data not available, – Data not available. ODA - official development assistance. a a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Figures refer to the entire PRC. Source: World Bank 2002. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 18.9.1. Debt Service as Percentage of Exports of Table 18.10. Other MDG Indicators Goods and Services, 1990, 1995, 1999, and 2000 Number of Country 1990 1995 1999 2000 Telephone Lines Number of Unemployment and Mobile Personal Cambodia – 1 3 2 a Rate of 15–24 Phones per Computers per Yunnan, PRC 12 10 9 7 Year-Olds 1,000 People, 1,000 People, Lao PDR 9 6 8 8 Country (%) 2000 2000 Myanmar 9 19 6 5 Thailand 17 12 22 16 Cambodia – 12.3 1.1 Viet Nam 9 5 10 8 Yunnan, PRC a 3.1 b 177.6 15.9 Lao PDR – 9.8 2.6 – Data not available. a Myanmar – 5.8 1.1 Figures refer to the entire PRC. Thailand 7 c 142.6 24.3 Source: World Bank 2002. Viet Nam – 41.7 8.8

– Data not available, MDG - Millennium Development Goals a Figure refers to the entire PRC. b Refers to 2000 figure. c Refers to 1999 figure. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 18.10.1. Number of Telephone Lines and Mobile Table 18.10.2. Number of Personal Computers, 1990, Phones, 1990, 1995, 1999, and 2000 1995, 1999, and 2000 (per 1,000 people) (per 1,000 people)

Country 1990 1995 1999 2000 Country 1990 1995 1999 2000 Cambodia 0.3 2.2 9.5 12.3 Cambodia – 0.5 1.1 1.1 Yunnan, PRC a 5.9 35.9 120.0 177.6 Yunnan, PRC a 0.4 2.3 12.2 15.9 Lao PDR 1.6 3.8 8.9 9.8 Lao PDR – 1.1 2.3 2.6 Myanmar 1.6 3.6 5.8 5.8 Myanmar – – 1.1 1.1 Thailand 25.4 83.1 125.9 142.6 Thailand 4.2 14.1 23.0 24.3 Viet Nam 1.4 10.8 30.9 41.7 Viet Nam 0.1 1.4 7.6 8.8

a Figures refer to the entire PRC. – Data not available. Source: World Bank 2002. a Figures refer to the entire PRC. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 19. Demographic and Economic Data by Country, 2000

Population, Population Population Crude Death Crude Birth 2000–2001 Growth Density Rate per Rate per GDP/Capita GDP/Capita Country (millions) Rate (%) (persons/km2) 1,000 People 1,000 People Growth (%) in PPP ($) Cambodia 13.0 2.5 69.0 12.0 30.0 2.7 1,446.0 Yunnan, PRCa 42.4 0.7 135.0 7.0 16.0 7.2 3,976.0 Lao PDR 5.2 2.5 23.0 13.0 37.0 3.3 1,575.0 Myanmar 49.0 2.0 73.0 12.0 25.0 – – Thailand 62.4 0.8 122.0 7.0 17.0 3.5 6,402.0 Viet Nam 77.7 1.6 239.0 6.0 19.0 4.1 1,996.0

– Data not available. a All figures refer to the entire PRC except for the figure on population. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2001, 2002a; http://tdctrade.com/mktprof/china/mpyun.htm for Yunnan, PRC data on population.

Table 19a. Demographic and Economic Data—Cambodia, 1990, 1995, and 2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Population millions 8.6 10.2 13.0 Population growth rate a % 2.8 4.8 2.5 Population density persons/km2 49.0 – 69.0 Crude death rate per 1,000 people 15.0 – 12.0 Crude birth rate per 1,000 people 41.0 – 30.0 GDP/capita growth % – – 2.7 GDP/capita in PPP $ 980.0 1,291.0 1,446.0

– Data not available. a Population growth rates in 1990, 1995, and 2000 refer to average population growth rates in 1985–1990, 1995–2000, and 2000–2001, respectively. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2001, 2002a.

194 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 19b. Demographic and Economic Data—Yunnan, PRC, Table 19c. Demographic and Economic Data, Lao PDR, 1990, 1995 and 2000 1990, 1995, and 2000 Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Population millions 4.1 4.6 5.2 Population millions – – 42.4 Population growth rate % 2.7 2.6 2.5 Population growth rate % 1.6 0.9 0.7 Population density persons/km2 18.0 – 23.0 Population density persons/km2 122.0 – 135.0 Crude death rate per 1,000 people 16.0 – 13.0 Crude death rate per 1,000 people 7.0 – 7.0 Crude birth rate per 1,000 people 45.0 – 37.0 Crude birth rate per 1,000 people 20.0 – 16.0 GDP/capita growth % – – 3.3 GDP/capita growth % – – 7.2 GDP/capita in PPP $ 900.0 1,236.0 1,575.0 GDP/capita in PPP $ 1,394.0 2,692.0 3,976.0 – Data not available. a – Data not available. Population growth rates in 1990, 1995 and 2000 refer to average population growth rates in All figures refer to the entire PRC except for the figure on population. 1985–1990, 1995–2000, and 2000–2001, respectively. a Population growth rates in 1990, 1995, and 2000 refer to average population growth rates in 1985– Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2001, 2002a. 1990, 1995–2000, and 2000–2001, respectively. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2001, 2002a; http://tdctrade.com/mktprof/china/mpyun.htm.

Table 19d. Demographic and Economic Data—Myanmar, Table 19e. Demographic and Economic Data, Thailand, 1990, 1995, and 2000 1990, 1995, and 2000 Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Population millions 55.8 59.4 62.4 Population millions 40.8 44.7 49.0 Population growth rate % 1.6 1.0 0.8 Population growth rate % 1.9 2.3 2.0 Population density persons/km2 109.0 – 122.0 Population density persons/km2 62.0 – 73.0 Crude death rate per 1,000 people 6.0 – 7.0 Crude death rate per 1,000 people 11.0 – 12.0 Crude birth rate per 1,000 people 20.0 – 17.0 Crude birth rate per 1,000 people 24.0 – 25.0 GDP/capita growth % – – 3.5 GDP/capita growth % – – – GDP/capita in PPP $ 3,835.0 6,289.0 6,402.0 GDP/capita in PPP $ – – – – Data not available. – Data not available. a Population growth rates in 1990, 1995, and 2000 refer to average population growth rates in a Population growth rates in 1990, 1995, and 2000 refer to average population growth rates in 1985– 1985–1990, 1995–2000, and 2000–2001, respectively. 1990, 1995–2000, and 2000–2001, respectively. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2001, 2002a. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2001, 2002a.

Table 19f. Demographic and Economic Data—Viet Nam, 1990, 1995, and 2000

Indicator Unit 1990 1995 2000 Population millions 65.8 71.6 77.7 Population growth rate % 1.9 1.6 1.6 Population density persons/km2 203.0 – 239.0 Crude death rate per 1,000 people 7.0 – 6.0 Crude birth rate per 1,000 people 29.0 – 19.0 GDP/capita growth % – – 4.1 GDP/capita in PPP $ – 1,514.0 1,996.0

– Data not available. a Population growth rates in 1990, 1995, and 2000 refer to average population growth rates in 1985–1990, 1995–2000, and 2000–2001, respectively. Sources: World Bank 2002; ADB 2001, 2002a.

Table 20. Other Economic Indicators by Country, 2000

Money and Inflation Saving and Investment (annual % change) (current and market prices) (% of GDP) Government Finance a (% of GDP) Balance of Payments External Payments Indicators Merchandise Merchandise Gross Overall Current Export ($) Import ($) Official Total Gross Gross Consumer Total Revenue Expenditure Fiscal Account Growth Growth Reserves External Exchange Domestic National Price Liquidity and and Surplus Balance (% (annual % (annual % (including gold, Debt Rate Country Investment Saving Indexb (M2)c Grantsd Onlending (Deficit)e of GDP)f change)g change) g $ billion) (% of GDP) ($, average)

Cambodia 13.5 6 . 9 0 . 5 26.9 11.0 16.3 (5.3) (7.6) 53.2 37.1 0.5 65.5 3,859.0 Yunnan, PRCh 36.1 38.9 0.2 13.4 15.3 18.1 (2.8) 1.9 12.8 35.5 165.6 13.5 8.3 Lao PDR 20.5 14.7 27.0 45.8 14.0 21.9 (7.9) (5.8) 8.3 6.6 0.1 149.2 7,845.8 Myanmar 13.2 13.2 11.4 32.3 5.1 10.4 (5.3) (0.4) 22.0 (10.0) 0.3 0.3 6.2 Thailand 22.7 30.4 2.2 1.6 16.5 19.6 (3.2) 7.7 19.5 31.3 32.7 65.3 40.2 Viet Nam 23.9 25.5 (0.6) 39.0 20.8 25.2 (4.8) 1.7 25.2 34.5 2.8 38.7 14,168.0

( ) Negative. a Figures are on a fiscal year basis. b Annual percentage change. c Includes foreign currency deposits. d Excludes money transfers. For PRC, total revenue means general government revenues, including central, provincial and local. e Excludes grants. f Excludes official transfers. Table 21a. Environmental Policies and g Some imports are reexported to neighboring countries. Laws—Cambodia h Refers to the entire PRC. Source: ADB, GMS Unit. Title Year General Policy National Environmental Action Plan 1998–2003

Environmental Laws Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control 1999 Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management 1999 Sub-Decree on EIA 1999 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management 1996 Royal Decree on Protected Areas 1993

EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment. Sources: Ministry of Environment; ADB 2002c.

Information Resources 195 Table 21b. Environmental Policies and Laws—Yunnan, PRC

Title Year Title Year General Policy Circular on Strengthening Environmental Protection in the Tourism Area 1995 9th 5-Year Plan and Long-Term Environmental Protection Plan for Regulation on Examining an Environmental Protection Facility along with 2010 for the Yunnan Province 1996 Construction Projects 1994 Regulation on First-Import Chemicals and Import/Export Environmental Laws in the PRC Toxic Chemicals 1994 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Desert Prevention Ordinance on Emergency Management for Nuclear Plant 1993 and Transformation 2002 Management of the Promotion of Sound Environmental Technology 1993 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Administrative Punishment for Offence Against Environmental Protection 1992 Control of Atmospheric Pollution 2000 Management of the Executing Label for Environmental Supervision 1992 Marine Environment Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China 1999 Circular on Strengthening the Environmental Protection of Law of the People’s Republic of China on Promoting the Transformation Construction Project Invested by Overseas 1992 of Scientific and Technological Achievement 1999 Regulation on Pollution Prevention from the Chromium Compounds Forestry Law of the People’s Republic of China 1998 Production and Related Construction 1992 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Conserving Energy 1997 Encouragement for Scientific and Technological Promotion on Flood Control Law of the People’s Republic of China 1997 Environmental Protection 1992 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protecting Against and Management of Scientific and Technological Achievements on Mitigating Earthquake Disasters 1997 Environmental Protection 1992 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Regulation on Pollution Prevention in the Gangues 1992 Water Pollution 1996 Regulation on Environmental Pollution Prevention from the Electrical Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Facility and Wastes Involved with PCBs 1991 Pollution From Environmental Noise 1996 Examination System for the High Quality Laboratory of Environmental Mineral Resources Law of the People’s Republic of China 1996 Monitoring (Temporary) 1991 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Coal Industry 1996 Reporting System of the National Environmental Monitoring (Temporary) 1991 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control Management of the National Environmental Monitoring Equipment (Temporary) 1991 of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste 1995 Environmental Management Service Provided by the Environmental Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Monitoring (Temporary) 1991 Contiguous Zone 1992 Regulation on Environmental Supervision (Temporary) 1991 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water and Soil Conservation 1991 Supervision of the Radioactivity Environment 1990 Law of People’s Republic of China on the Entry and Exit Animal and Regulation on Strengthening the Management of the Environmental Plant Quarantine 1991 Protection Subsidy Fund 1990 Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China 1989 Ordinance on Environmental Protection of the People’s Liberation Army 1990 Water Law of the People’s Republic of China 1988 Management of NEPA Ordinances and Regulations 1990 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife 1988 Regulations on Secrecy on Environmental Protection 1990 Fisheries Law of the People’s Republic of China 1986 Management Procedure on Environmental Protection for Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China 1985 Construction Projects 1990 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics 1982 Ordinance on Radiative Safeguards for Radioactive Isotope and Radiation 1989 Regulation on Undertaking an Environmental Impact Assessment for Other Environmental Regulations in the PRC the Construction Project 1989 Regulations on the Safety Administration of Dangerous Chemicals 2002 Supervision for Sewage Treatment Facility 1988 Ordinance of Environmental Management for the Construction Project 1998 References to the Management of Environmental Protection for Inventory of the Hazard Wastes 1998 Construction Projects 1988 Inventory of the Forbidden Import Chemicals and the Strictly Charging for the Special Service Provided by Monitoring Center (Temporary) 1988 Controlled Import Toxic Chemicals (Part I) 1998 Management of the Environmental Protection Archives on Recommendations to Promote the Clean Production 1997 Environmental Protection 1988 Cognizance of Environmental Protection Products (Temporary) 1997 Circular on the Decision of the Integrated Examination for City Environment 1988 Circular on Strengthening the Environmental Protection in the Ordinance on Nuclear Material Management 1987 Township Enterprises 1997 Reporting on Environmental Pollution and Destruction Accident (Temporary) 1987 Circular on Issuing Quota Permit to Produce Fire Extinguishing Agent Halon 1997 Design Provision for Environmental Protection for the Construction Project 1987 Circular on Strengthening the Supervision to the Waste Water Discharge Ordinance of Safety Supervision for Civil Nuclear Establishment 1986 from the Pesticide Production 1997 Management of Environmental Protection for the Construction Project 1986 Circular on Strengthening the Environmental Protection in the Circular on Approval Authorization for Environmental Impact Report of Township Coal Mine 1997 the Construction Project 1986 Management of the Environmental Complaints 1997 Provisional Regulations on Environment Control for Economic Zones Open Provisional Regulations on Environmental Protection in Cases of to Foreigners 1986 Wastes Importation 1996 Examination System on Environmental Protection for the Circular on Implementing the Solid Waste Pollution Prevention Law 1996 Enterprise (Temporary) 1985 Circular on Implementing the Decisions on Environmental Protection Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Controlling the Issued by the State Council 1996 Dumping Wastes into Sea Waters 1985 Circular on the Supplement to the Regulation of the Environmental Circular on Possible Fund Resources Used for Environmental Protection 1984 Protection for Imported Waste (Temporary) 1996 Regulation on National Environmental Monitoring 1983 Management of Environmental Protection from Electromagnetic Radiation 1996 Management of the Environmental Protection Standards 1983 Circular on Strengthening Environmental Protection in the Food Service Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the and the Entertainment Sectors 1995 Prevention of Pollution by Vessels in Sea Waters 1983 Management of the Design Permit for Environmental Projects 1995 Regulations of the People’s Republic of China Concerning Environmental Criteria for the Environmental Supervisor 1995 Protection in Offshore Oil Exploration and Exploitation 1983

All laws and regulations refer to the entire PRC except for the General Policy, which refers to the environment policy of Yunnan Province, PRC. Sources: ADB 2002c; Environmental Laws in China, http://www.zhb.gov.cn/englishlaw.php3; Environmental Regulations in China, http://www.zhb.gov.cn/english/regulation.php3.

196 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 21c. Environmental Policies and Laws—Lao PDR Table 21d. Environmental Policies and Laws—Myanmar

Title Year Title Year General Policy General Policies Environmental Action Plan 1993 Myanmar’s Agenda 21 1997 National Environmental Policy 1994 Environmental Laws Forest Policy 1995 Prime Minister’s Decree on Vientiane Urban Development and Administration Authority 2000 Environmental Laws Formalized EIA Requirement 2000 Draft Environment Law 2000 Environmental Protection Law 1999 Protection of Wildlife and Wild Plants and President’s Decree on Urban Planning Law 1999 Conservation of Natural Areas Law 1994 Mining Law 1997 Mines Law 1994 President’s Decree on Historical, Cultural, and Plant Pest Quarantine Law 1993 National Heritage Protection 1997 Forestry Law 1992 Prime Minister’s Decree on Urban Development Freshwater Fisheries Law 1991 and Administration Authority (UDAA) 1997 Marine Fisheries Law 1990 Prime Minister’s Decree on Management and Pesticide Law 1990 Use of Forest and Forestland 1993 Law on Aquaculture 1989 Water and Water Resources Law 1996 Law on Fishing Rights of Foreign Fishing Vessels 1989 Land Law 1997 Irrigation Laws and Regulations 1982 Forestry Law 1996 Territorial Sea and Maritime Zone Law 1977 Prime Minister’s Decree on Protection of Sites Factory Act 1950 and Building of National Importance 1994 Decree on Logging Ban 1991 Sources: ADB 2002c; Japan International Cooperation Agency, http://www. jica.go.jp/english/global/env/profiles/ 99mya.pdf; Tan, A., http:// Decree on Adoption of Tropical Forestry Programme 1991 unsite.nus.edu.sg/apcel/dbase/myanmar/reportmy.html; Asia Decree on Wild Animals, Fisheries, Hunting, and Fishing 1989 Pacific Center for Environmental Law, http://law.nus.edu.sg/apcel dbase/myanmar/primary.html. Other Environmental Regulations Provisions on Discharge of Wastewater from Factories 1994 Decree on Implementation of the Environmental Protection Law 2001 Decree on Implementation of the Water and Water Resources Law 2001 Regulation of Environmental Assessment in Lao PDR 2000 Decree on Implementation of the Land Law 1999

Sources: ADB 2002c; Asia Pacific Center for Environmental Law. http://law. nus.edu.sg/apcel/base/laos/primary.html; http://aw.nus.edu.sg apcel/dbase/laos/regs.html.

Table 21e. Environmental Policies and Laws—Thailand

Title Year General Policies Policy and Prospective Plan for National Environmental Quality Enhancement and Protection 1997–2017 Environmental Quality Management Plan 1999–2006 National Environment Quality Enhancement and Protection Act 1992

On Pollution Control Factories Act 1992 Public Health Act 1992 Cleanliness and Orderliness of the Country Act 1992 Hazardous Substances Act 1992 Poisonous Substances Act 1967

On Energy Energy Conservation Promotions Act 1992

On Conservation of Natural Resources Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act 1992 Forest Plantation Act 1992 Forest Reserve Act 1964 National Park Act 1961 Forestry Act 1947 Conservation of Wild Elephants Act 1921

On Fisheries Fishery Act 1945

On Mining Petroleum Act Nos. 1–5 1971, 1973, 1979, 1989, 1991 Mineral Act 1967

On Water Resources and Marine Environment Groundwater Act No. 2 1992 Prevention of Ships Collision Act 1979 Groundwater Act 1977 Navigation in Thai Waterways Act 1913

Cultural/Natural Heritage Archaeological Sites, Antiques, Art Objects and National Museum Act 1961

Source: ADB 2002c; http://sunsite.nus.edu.sg/apcel/dbase/thailand/report. html#app1.

Information Resources 197 Table 21f. Environmental Policies and Laws—Viet Nam

Title Year Title Year General Policies Law on Forest Protection and Development 1991 National Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development 1991–2000 Decree 23/HDBT of the Council of Ministers (now the Government) Draft National Strategy for Environment Protection 2001–2010 Issuing Rules on Sanitation 1991 Viet Nam Maritime Code 1990 Environmental Laws Law on Protection of People’s Health 1989 Instruction on the Strengthening of Environment Protection in the Period Ordinance on the Conclusion and Implementation of International Treaties of Industrialisation and Modernisation 1998 by the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam 1989 Instruction No. 490/1998/TT-BKHCNMT on Environmental Impact Assessments 1998 Law on Fisheries (draft) Decree No. 26/CP on Sanctions against Administrative Violations in Law on Water Resources (draft) Environmental Protection 1996 Law on Minerals 1996 Other Environmental Regulations Decree 84/CP on Petroleum 1996 Viet Nam Standards, Air Quality—Ambient Air Quality Standards, TCVN 5937 1995 Decree No. 02/CP on Toxic Chemicals and Radioactive Substances 1995 Viet Nam Standards, Air Quality—Maximum Allowable Concentration of Decree No. 175/CP on Providing Guidance for the Implementation of the Hazardous Substances in Ambient Air, TCVN 5938 1995 Law on Environmental Protection 1994 Viet Nam Standards, Air Quality—Industrial Emission Standards; Regulation No. 1807/QD-MTg on Regulations and Organization of the Inorganic Substances and Dusts, TCVN 5939 1995 Appraisal Council on Environmental Impact Assessment Reports and Viet Nam Standards, Air Quality—Industrial Emission Standards; Issuing of Environmental Licenses 1994 Organic Substances, TCVN 5940 1995 Instruction No. 1420/QD-MTg for Guiding Environmental Impact Assessment Viet Nam Standards, Acoustics—Noise in Public and Residential Areas— to the Operating Units 1994 Maximum Permitted Noise Level, TCVN 5949 1995 Decree 09/CP of the Government on Organising and Managing the Tourist Viet Nam Standards, Soil Quality—Maximum Allowable Limits of Pesticide Enterprise 1994 Residues in the Soil, TCVN 5941 1995 Law on Environmental Protection 1993 Viet Nam Standards, Water Quality—Surface Water Quality Standard, Decree No. 22/CP on Responsibilities, Authority and Organisation of the TCVN 5942 1995 Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment 1993 Viet Nam Standards, Water Quality—Coastal Water Quality Standard, Law on Petroleum 1993 TCVN 5943 1995 Law on Land 1993 Viet Nam Standards, Water Quality—Ground Water Quality Standard, Decree 14/CP on Administrative Fines in the Management and Protection TCVN 5944 1995 of Forests 1992 Viet Nam Standards, Industrial Waste Water—Discharge Standards, Decree 18-HDBT of the Council of Ministers Determining the List of TCVN 5945 1995 Precious and Rare Wild Plants and Animals and Regulating Their Management and Protection 1992

Sources: ADB 2002c; Tan, A.. http://law.nus.edu.sg/apcel/dbase/vietnam/reportv.html.

Table 22. Participation in International Environmental Table 22b. Participation in International Environmental Treaties by Country Treaties—Yunnan, PRC

Climate Ozone CFC Law of Biological Title Year Change Layer Control the Sea Diversity United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1996 Cambodia 1996 – – – 1995 International Convention to Combat Desertification Yunnan, PRC a 1994 1989 1991 1996 1993 in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought Lao PDR 1995 1998 1998 1998 1996 and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa 1996 Myanmar 1995 1994 1994 1996 1995 Framework Convention on Climate Change 1994 Thailand 1995 1989 1989 – – International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution Viet Nam 1995 1994 1994 1994 1995 from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL) Annex III (Optional): Hazardous Substances Carried in Packaged Form 1994 – Did not participate. a Convention on Biological Diversity 1993 Refers to the entire PRC. Agreement for the Establishment of the Asia Pacific Sources: World Bank 2002; Ministry of Environment, Cambodia. Fishery Commission 1993 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat 1992 Table 22a. Participation in International Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements Environmental Treaties—Cambodia of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1992 Convention Establishing a Marine Scientific Organization Title Year for the North Pacific Region 1992 Ramsar Convention 1999 Montreal Protocol on CFC Control 1991 International Trade of Endangered Species of Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Wild Flora and Fauna 1997 Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on Framework Convention on Climate Change 1996 the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution 1996 Thereof 1991 Coordinate Body of Southeast Asia Seas Agreement 1996 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the Convention on Biological Diversity 1995 High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties 1990 International Convention for the Prevention of Protocol Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Pollution from Ships 1995 Cases of Pollution by Substances Other than Oil 1990 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pollution Damage 1995 Pacific Region 1990 International Tropical Timber Agreement 1994 Agreement for the Establishment of the Network of Convention on World Heritage 1993 Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific 1990 Plant Protection Agreement for Asia and Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1989 the Pacific Region 1969 Protocol to the International Convention on Civil Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1986 Resources of the High Seas 1966 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Convention on Road Traffic 1956 Cultural and Natural Heritage 1986 International Plant Protection Convention 1952 International Tropical Timber Agreement 1986 Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Years refer to the year the treaty entered into force in Cambodia. Fauna and Flora 1985 Sources: World Bank 2002; Ministry of Environment; Environmental Treaties Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by and Resource Indicators, http://sedac.ciesin.org/pidb/. Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1985 Amendments to the Annexes to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1985 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (as modified by the Protocol of 1978) 1983 The Antarctic Treaty 1983 Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1981 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 1980 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1980 Convention on Road Traffic 1957

Data refer to the entire PRC. Years refer to the year the treaty entered into force in the PRC. Source: World Bank 2002; Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators, http://sedac.ciesin.org/pidb/.

198 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 22c. Participation in International Environmental Table 22d. Participation in International Environmental Treaties—Lao PDR Treaties—Myanmar

Title Year Title Year Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1998 Law of the Sea 1996 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1998 Framework Convention on Climate Change 1995 Montreal Protocol on CFC Control 1998 Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1994 International Convention to Combat Desertification in Montreal Protocol on CFC Control 1994 those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Convention on Biological Diversity 1995 Desertification, Particularly in Africa 1996 Convention Concerning the Protection of the Convention on Biological Diversity 1996 World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1994 Framework Convention on Climate Change 1995 International Tropical Timber Agreement 1994 Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Agreement for the Establishment of Network of Development of the Mekong River Basin 1995 Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific 1990 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution Cultural and Natural Heritage 1987 from Ships 1988 Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of International Convention on Standards for Training, Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers 1988 and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof 1972 Statutes of the International Center for the Study of the Plant Protection Agreement for Asia and the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property 1987 Pacific Region 1960 Convention on the International Maritime Association 1963 Convention on Road Traffic 1959 Agreement for the Establishment of the Asia Pacific International Plant Protection Convention 1955 Fishery Commission 1949

Years refer to the year the treaty entered into force in the Lao PDR. Years refer to the year the treaty entered into force in Myanmar. Sources: World Bank 2002; Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators, Sources: World Bank 2002; Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators, http://sedac.ciesin.org/pidb/. http://sedac.ciesin.org/pidb/.

Table 22e. Participation in International Environmental Table 22f. Participation in International Environmental Treaties—Thailand Treaties—Viet Nam

Title Year Title Year Framework Convention on Climate Change 1995 Framework Convention on Climate Change 1995 Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1989 Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1994 Montreal Protocol on CFC Control 1989 Montreal Protocol on CFC Control 1994 International Tropical Timber Agreement 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1994 Framework Convention on Climate Change 1995 Convention on Biological Diversity 1995 Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements Development of the Mekong River Basin 1995 of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1995 Agreement for the Establishment of the Network of Framework Convention on Climate Change 1995 Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific 1994 Convention on Biological Diversity 1995 Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1989 Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1989 Development of the Mekong River Basin 1995 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Convention on International Trade in Endangered Cultural and Natural Heritage 1987 Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1994 Convention on International Trade in Endangered United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1994 Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1983 Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1994 International Plant Protection Convention 1978 Amendment to the Convention on International Trade in Convention on the International Maritime Organization 1973 Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Art. XI) 1994 Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution Resources of the High Seas 1968 from Ships 1991 Agreement Establishing the Southeast Asian Fisheries International Convention on Standards of Training, Development Center 1967 Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers 1991 Statutes of the International Centre for the Study of the Agreement for the Establishment of the Network of Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property 1967 Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific 1990 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Convention on Wetlands of International Importance in Outer Space, and Under Water 1963 Especially as Waterfowl Habitat 1989 Convention on Road Traffic 1962 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Cultural and Natural Heritage 1988 Pacific Region 1956 Convention on the International Maritime Organization 1984 Agreement for the Establishment of the Asia Pacific Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Fishery Commission 1948 Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Years refer to the year the treaty entered into force in Thailand. Thereof 1980 Sources: World Bank 2002; Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators, Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 16, http://sedac.ciesin.org/pidb/. Aircraft Noise 1980 Statutes of the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property 1972 Agreement Establishing the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center 1968 Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region 1956 Convention on Road Traffic 1953 Agreement for the Establishment of the Asia Pacific Fishery Commission 1951

Years refer to the year the treaty entered into force in Viet Nam. Sources: World Bank 2002; Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators, http://sedac.ciesin.org/pidb/.

Information Resources 199 Table 23. UNESCO World Heritage List

Year Site Listed Cambodia 1992 Angkor China, People’s Republic of 1987 The Great Wall 1987 Mount Taishan 1987 Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 1987 Mogao Caves 1987 The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 1987 Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian 1990 Mount Huangshan 1992 Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area 1992 Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area 1992 Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area 1994 The Mountain Resort in Chengde City 1994 Potala Palace, Lhasa 1994 Temple of Confucius, the Cemetery of Confucius, and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu 1994 The Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains 1996 Lushan National Park 1996 Mt. Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area 1997 Ancient City of Ping Yao 1997 Classical Gardens of Suzhou 1997 Old Town of Lijiang 1998 Summer Palace in Beijing 1998 Temple of Heaven, Beijing 1999 Mount Wuyi 1999 The Dazu Rock Carvings 2000 Mount Qincheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System 2000 Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui—Xidi and Hongcun 2000 Longmen Grottoes 2000 Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 2001 Yungang Grottoes 2003 Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas Lao PDR 1995 Louang Phrabang 2001 Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champassak Cultural Landscape Thailand 1991 Thung Yai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries 1991 Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns 1991 Historic City of Ayutthaya and Associated Historic Towns 1992 Ban Chiang Archaeological Site Viet Nam 1993 The Complex of Hué Monuments 1994 Ha-Long Bay 1999 Hoi An Ancient Town 1999 My Son Sanctuary 2003 Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park

Source: UNESCO, http://www.thesalmons.org/lynn/world.heritage.html.

Table 24. Peoples of the Greater Mekong Subregion

Cambodia Yunnan, PRC Lao PDR Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam National Majority Peoplesa 6,467,000 24,629,000 3,000,000 21,553,000 59,000,000 65,051,000

Tibeto-Burman Peoples Yi, Laqua – 4,054,100 – – – 382 Bai – 1,339,000 – – – – Hani, Akha, Kado – 500,000 88,000 380,000 60,000 13,750 Lisu – 557,100 – 126,000 21,000 – Lahu, Lahu Shi – 416,476 22,500 135,000 48,000 10,400 Naxi – 265,700 – – – – Jingpo, Lashi, Zaiwa, Kachin – 118,300 – 710,500 – – Tibetans – 111,400 – – – – Pumi – 29,300 – – – – Achang – 27,708 – 1,700 – – Nu – 26,500 – – – – Jinuo – 17,800 – – – – Drung – 5,500 – – – – Karen – – – 3,202,400 410,800 – Kayah – – – 210,000 77,900 – Mpi – – – – 2,000 – Bisu – – – – 1,000 – Ugong – – – – 100 – Arakanese – – – 1,875,000 – – Chin – – – 903,400 – – Yangbye – – – 810,300 – – Taungyo – – – 443,400 – – Intha – – – 141,100 – – Kaduo – – 5,000 128,500 – – Chaungtha – – – 121,700 – – Maru – – – 103,600 – – Rawang – – – 100,000 – – Kayah (Eastern) – – – 77,900 – – Zome – – – 30,000 – – Naga, Khiamniungan – – – 25,000 – – Mru – – – 20,000 – – Zyphe – – – 20,000 – – Hrangkhol – – – 18,000 – – Naga, Tase – – – 17,000 – – Ralte – – – 16,830 – – Lushai – – – 12,500 – –

200 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 24. continued

Cambodia Yunnan, PRC Lao PDR Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam Mahei – – – 12,000 – – Gangte – – – 11,000 – – Taman – – – 10,000 – – Norra – – – 10,000 – – Meitei – – – 6,000 – – Yos – – – 3,400 – – Lama – – – 3,000 – – Pankhu – – – 2,278 – – Hpon – – – 1,700 – – Anal – – – 1,000 – – Pyen – – – 800 – – Anu – – – 700 – – Purum – – – 300 – – Phula – – – – – 5,000 Phunoi – – 20,000 – – 1,300 Laghuu – – – – – 1,000 Sila – – 19,000 – – 600 Phana’ – – 5,000 – – SUBTOTAL 0 7,468,884 159,500 9,692,008 620,800 32,432

Sino-Thai Peoples Dai, Tai Nüa, Lü – 1,014,300 140,000 272,400 78,000 3,700 Zhuang – 1,003,900 – – – – Bouyei – 34,000 – – – – Shui – 7,600 – – – – Gelao – – – – – Phu Thai – – 128,000 – 156,000 – Khun – – – – 100,000 – Phuan – – 96,000 – 96,000 – Shan – – – 2,920,000 56,000 – Nyaw – – – – 50,000 – Song – – – – 30,000 – Tai Dam – – 14,000 – 20,000 500,000 Saek – – – – 11,000 – Yoy – – – – 5,000 – Khün – – – 100,000 – – Khamti – – – 70,000 – – Tai – – – – – 2,000,000 Tày – – – – – 1,190,000 Nung – – – – – 705,000 Zao – – – – – 200,000 Tai Dón – – 100,000 – – 190,000 Phu Thai – – 128,000 – 156,000 150,000 Tai Daeng – – 25,000 – – 100,000 Nhang – – – – – 38,000 Ts’ün-Lao – – – – – 10,000 Lachi – – – – – 9,465 Laha – – – – – 2,000 Bouyei – – – – – 1,450 Kang – – 34,065 – – – Thai, Northern – – 5,000 – – – Nyaheun – – 4,000 – – – SUBTOTAL 2,059,800 674,065 3,362,400 758,000 5,099,997

Hmong-Mien Peoples Miao, Hmong – 1,060,000 230,000 10,000 100,000 556,000 Yao, Iu Mien, Kim Mun, Bunu, Baheng – 173,100 30,000 – 55,000 350,000 Kim Mun – – 0 – – 170,000 Bunu, Baheng – – 0 – – 3,700 SUBTOTAL 0 1,233,100 260,000 10,000 155,000 1,079,700

Mon-Khmer Peoples Blang, Lawa, Palaung – 817,700 – 12,000 15,200 – Wa, Vo – 347,700 – 558,000 – – Deang – 15,300 – – – – Khmer – – – – 1,000,000 895,000 Kuy 15,495 – 64,000 – 300,000 – Mon – – – 835,100 100,000 – Aheu, Sô 300 – 102,000 – 55,750 – Khmu, Bit, Phsing – – 391,224 20,000 40,000 42,853 Phai 1,000 – – – 31,000 – Bru – – 69,000 – 25,000 40,000 Palaung, Pale – – – 575,000 5,000 – Mal – – 13,977 – 4,000 – Chong 5,000 – – – 500 – Mlabri – – – – 300 – Tonga – – – – 300 – Kensiu – – – – 300 – Nyahkur – – – – 300 – Lamet, Khamet – – 14,355 – 100 – Kintaq – – – – 100 – Mok – – – – 7 – Parauk – – – 348,400 – – Riang – – – 20,000 – – Danau – – – 10,000 – – Yinchia – – – 4,000 – – Tai Loi 1,500 – – 1,500 – – Samtao – 100 – 100 – – Muong – – – – – 914,000 Bahnar – – – – – 137,000 Man Cao Lan – – – – – 114,000 Hre – – – – – 94,000 Koho – – – – – 92,000 Katua – – 14,700 – – 40,300

Information Resources 201 Table 24. contniued

Cambodia Yunnan, PRC Lao PDR Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam Sedang – – – – – 40,000 Tho – – – – – 30,000 Trieng – – – – – 27,000 Ta’oih – – 30,000 – – 26,000 Maa – – – – – 25,000 Cua – – – – – 23,000 Pacoh – – 15,000 – – 15,000 Chrau – – – – – 15,000 Phuong – – – – – 15,000 Rengao – – – – – 15,000 Salang, Halang, Halang Doan 1,000 – 4,000 – – 10,100 Khao – – – – – 10,000 Jeh – – 5,000 – – 10,000 Takua – – – – – 10,000 Monom – – – – – 5,000 Khua – – 5,000 – – 5,000 Todrah – – – – – 5,000 Khang – – – – – 3,921 Mang – – – – – 2,300 Kayong – – – – – 2,000 Nguôn – – – – – 2,000 Chut – – – – – 1,500 Hung – – 3,000 – – 700 Romam – – – – – 250 Maleng 800 – – – – 200 O’du 194 – – – – 100 Arem, Chut – – 1,520 – – 100 Laven – – 32,000 – – – Oy – – 10,600 – – – Kataang – – 10,000 – – – Khuen – – 8,000 – – – Kasseng – – 7,000 – – – Khlor – – 6,000 – – – Jeng – – 5,400 – – – Tareng – – 5,000 – – – Ir – 5,000 – – – – Ong – – 5,000 – – – Ngeq – – 4,000 – – – Alak – – 4,000 – – – Sapuan – – 2,400 – – – Kiorr – – 2,359 – – – Puoc – – 2,164 – – 11,000 Bo 2,000 – – – – – Sok 1,600 – – – – – The 1,500 – – – – – Phong-Kniang 1,000 – – – – – Sou 1,000 – – – – – Con 1,000 – – – – – O’du – – – – – – Mlabri 24 – – – – – Tampuan 25,000 – – – – 3,921 Mnong 38,000 – – – – 146,000 Kru’ng 2 9,368 – – – – – Brao, Brou, Lave 5,286 – 12,750 – – 250 Stieng, Bulo 5,000 – – – – 50,000 Kravet 3,012 – – – – – Kraol 2,600 – – – – – Kaco’ 2,000 – – – – – Somray 2,000 – – – – – Pear 1,300 – – – – – Lamam 1,000 – – – – – Saoch 500 – – – – – Suoy 200 – – – – – Samre 200 – – – – – SUBTOTAL 115,961 1,280,700 854,449 2,380,100 1,577,857 2,880,395

Austronesian Peoples Malay, Pattani – – – – 3,100,000 – Moken – – – 7,000 7,000 – Cham (Western) 220,000 – – – 4,000 25,000 Urak Lawoi’ – – – – 3,000 – Moklen – – – – 1,500 – Rade, Ede 20,000 – – – – 195,000 Jarai 15,000 – – – – 242,000 Roglai – – – – – 47,000 Cham (Eastern) – – – – – 35,000 Haroi – – – – – 35,000 Chru – – – – – 11,000 SUBTOTAL 255,000 – – 7,000 3,115,500 590,000

Others Chinese (Not in PRC) – – – – 1,423,000 900,000 Hui – 522,000 – – – – Mongolian – 13,100 – – – – Man – 7,000 – – – – Chittagonian – 0 – 14,000,000 – – Chak – 0 – 910 – – SUBTOTAL – 542,100 14,000,910 1,423,000 900,000

Total Population 6,837,961 37,213,584 4,984,014 36,984,508 66,650,157 74,733,524

– Data negligible. Source: Grimes and Grimes 2003. Note: The enumeration of population by main ethnic groups is not accurate or up to date. As a result, in all countries except Thailand, the ethnic population is less than the estimate for total population. In Thailand, the ethnic population estimate exceeds the total population, indicating that some people have been counted as ethnic minority and Thai.

202 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Table 25. Sources of Electricity, 1999 Table 25a. Sources of Electricity— (percent) Yunnan, PRC, 1980 and 1999 (percent) Nuclear Country Hydropower Coal Oil Gas Power Source 1980 1999 Cambodia – – – – – Hydropower 19.4 16.4 Yunnan, PRC a 16.4 77.8 4.0 0.4 1.2 Coal 54.6 77.8 Lao PDR – – – – – Oil 25.8 4.0 Myanmar 15.9 0.0 16.1 68.0 0.0 Gas 0.2 0.4 Thailand 3.6 18.3 17.8 59.2 0.0 Nuclear power 1.2 Viet Nam – – – – – Figures refer to the entire PRC. – Data not available. Source: World Bank 2002. a Figures for Yunnan refer to the entire PRC. Source: World Bank 2002.

Table 25b. Sources of Electricity— Table 25c. Sources of Electricity— Myanmar, 1980 and 1999 Thailand, 1980 and 1999 (percent) (percent)

Source 1980 1999 Source 1980 1999 Hydropower 53.5 15.9 Hydropower 8.8 3.6 Coal 2.0 0.0 Coal 9.8 18.3 Oil 31.3 16.1 Oil 81.4 17.8 Gas 13.2 68.0 Gas 9.9 59.2 Nuclear power 0.0 0.0 Nuclear power 0.0 0.0

Source: World Bank 2002. Source: World Bank 2002.

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208 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Glossary

Concept/Term Definition Source

Ambient air concentration concentration of a hazardous pollutant or radioactive material in the atmosphere measured at http://www.inel.gov/environment/monitoring/ remote locations, as against being directly measured from the point of release results/2000-ambient-air.pdf

Annual deforestation permanent conversion of natural forest area to other uses, such as shifting cultivation, World Bank 2002b permanent agriculture, ranching, settlements, and infrastructure development; deforested areas exclude areas degraded by fuelwood gathering, acid precipitation, or forest fires

Annual freshwater withdrawals total water withdrawal, without counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also World Bank 2002b include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source

Annual withdrawals for agriculture withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production World Bank 2002b

Annual withdrawals for domestic use withdrawals for drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial World Bank 2002b establishments and homes

Annual withdrawals for industry withdrawals for direct industrial use, including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants World Bank 2002b

Aquaculture the farming of fish or other aquatic animals or plants; sometimes more broadly defined as any form of intervention in the life cycle of an aquatic organism that enhances production

Arable land includes land defined by the Food Agricultural Organization as land under temporary crops, World Bank 2002b temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Excluded is abandoned land as a result of shifting cultivation

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) a measure of organic pollution in water. It is the amount of oxygen required for biochemical http://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary/B/ oxidation by a unit volume of water at a given temperature in 5 days biochemical_oxygen_demand

Births attended by skilled health personnel refers to the percentage of deliveries supervised by a trained health staff from pregnancy to ADB 2002a delivery and care of the newly born

Carbon dioxide emissions emissions from the burning of fuels and production of cement; they also include carbon dioxide http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, and gas flaring chem_profiles/carbon_dioxide/health_cd.html

Carbon monoxide a colorless and odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of fuels http://www.nsc.org/ehc/indoor/carb_mon.htm

Child malnutrition under 5 years of age refers to percentage of children under 5 years of age whose weight for age are below by two ADB 2002a standard deviations from the median of the international reference population

Consumer price index measures over time the change in the cost of a typical basket of goods and services purchased ADB 2002a by a chosen group of consumers. The price data of these goods and services are normally weighted based on their relative importance to total consumption expenditure

Contraceptive prevalence rate proportion of women practicing, or whose partners are practicing contraception; usually World Bank 2001 estimated for 15–49-year-old women

Crude death rate per 1,000 people number of deaths occurring during the year for every 1,000 persons estimated at mid-year World Bank 2001

Current account balance balance on goods, services, and income or that balance including either private unrequited ADB 2002a transfers or all unrequited transfers; the balance of goods, services, and income alone provides the total net transfer of real resources between an economy and the rest of the world

Debt service as a percentage of exports of principal and interest payments for a particular year on total long-term debt, International ADB 2002a goods and services Monetary Fund repurchases and charges, and interest on short term debt, expressed as a percentage of total value of exports of goods and services

Diesel price pump price of the most widely-used grade of diesel World Bank 2002b

Discharges of organic water pollutants measured in terms of biochemical oxygen demand, which is the amount of oxygen that bacteria World Bank 2001 in water will require to break down waste

Fertilizer consumption the amount of plant nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous)) consumed per year per ha of UNDP 2001 arable land

Freshwater availability total renewable water resources coming from internal flows of rivers and groundwater from World Bank 2001 rainfall in the country and river flows from other countries; total resources per capita are computed by dividing total freshwater available by the population of the country

Gasoline super price pump price of the most widely-used grade of gasoline World Bank 2002b

GDP per unit of energy use ratio of gross domestic product(GDP) (purchasing power parity US$) to commercial energy use UNDP 2001 expressed in kilograms of oil equivalent; the ratio is a measure of energy efficiency, comparing estimates of real GDP across countries relative to units of energy use.

GDP/capita growth annual growth rate computed from GDP per capita at constant price and in local currency units UNDP 2001

GDP/capita in PPP gross domestic product divided by midyear population adjusted in purchasing power parity World Bank 2002b

Gross domestic product (GDP) sum of the gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any taxes minus any ADB 2002a subsidies not included in the value of the products

Gross national saving difference between gross national income and public and private consumption, plus net current World Bank 2002b transfers

Hazardous waste waste, or combination of wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, http://www.ehs.neu.edu/tsld003.htm chemical or infectious characteristics may cause or significantly contribute to an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness, or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health, safety, welfare or to the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, used or disposed of, or otherwise managed

Glossary 209 Human Development Index composite index that measures average achievement in three basic aspects of human UNDP 2001 development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living

Human Poverty Index (for developing countries) composite index that measures deprivation of the three basic aspects of the human development UNDP 2001 index: longevity, knowledge, and standard of living

Irrigated Land areas intentionally provided with water including land irrigated by controlled flooding World Bank 2002b

Land area total area except those areas under inland water bodies ADB 2002a

Lead in relation to air pollution, a product of combustion from motor vehicles using leaded gasoline http://www.epa.gov/air/utbanair/lead/what.html

Literacy rate of 15–24-year olds percentage of people ages 15–24 who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple http://www.developmentgoals.org/ statement on their everyday life Definitions_Sources.htm

Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 livebirths number of women per 100,000 who die during pregnancy and childbirth World Bank 2001

Merchandise exports or freight on board (fob) value, is the value of goods and related distributive services at the ADB 2002a customs frontier of the exporting economy

Merchandise imports or the cost plus insurance plus freight (cif) value of imported goods ADB 2002a

Methane a greenhouse gas from waste decomposition, which contributes to global warming http://sedac.ciesin.org/mva/shared.htmls/ glossary.html

Natural hazard naturally occurring process or event that is a potential threat to humans and their welfare http://members.lycos.co.uk/NaturalHazards/ NatHaz1.html

Net enrolment ratio in primary education ratio of the number of children of official school age attending primary school to the number of World Bank 2001 children of official school age in the population

Net ODA as percentage of gross national presented as a percentage of gross national income, comprises the disbursements of loans made The World Bank http:// income on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the www.developmentgoals.org/ members of Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by certain Definitions_Sources.htm Arab countries to promote economic development and welfare in recipient economies considered as developing by DAC

Nitrogen dioxide poisonous gas with pungent odor formed when nitric oxide combines with hydrocarbons and World Bank 2002b sunlight causing a photochemical reaction. Nitrogen dioxide is emitted by bacteria, nitrogenous fertilizers, aerobic decomposition of organic matters in oceans and soils, combustion of fuels and biomass, motor vehicles, and industrial activities

Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS estimated number of children who have lost their mother or both parents to AIDS before age 15 The World Bank http:// since the epidemic began. The estimate done at the end of 1999 includes orphaned children www.developmentgoals.org/ who are no longer alive; others are no longer under age 15 Definitions_Sources.htm

One-year-old children immunized against refers to children one year of age and below who received measles vaccine; a child is considered World Bank 2002b measles sufficiently immunized against measles after receiving one dose of the vaccine

Permanent cropland land planted with perennial crops that need not be replanted after each harvest such as coconut, ADB 2002a banana, coffee, and rubber plantations

Population number of all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not World Bank 2001 permanently residing in the country of asylum who are considered part of the population of the country of origin

Population below $1 a day share of the population living on less than US$1 a day in 1985 prices, adjusted for purchasing World Bank 2001 power parity

Population density midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers World Bank 2001

Population in largest city percentage of a country’s population residing in the biggest metropolitan area World Bank 2002b

Population with access to improved sanitation proportion of the population with at least adequate excreta facilities (private or shared, but not World Bank 2001 public) that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta; improved facilities range from simple built protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection

Population with sustainable access to an proportion of population with reasonable access to adequate supply of water of at least 20 liters World Bank 2001 improved water source a day from an improved source, such as household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well, or spring or rainwater collection

Pupils starting grade 1 who reach Grade 5 percentage of children enrolled in primary school who eventually reach grade 5 World Bank 2002b

Purchasing power parity (PPP) rate of exchange that accounts for price disparities across countries, allowing international UNDP 2001 comparisons of real output and incomes; PPP US$1 in a domestic economy has the same purchasing power as $1 in the United States

Ratio of literate females to males the percentage of females to males aged 15–24 who can, with understanding, read and write a The World Bank short, simple statement on their everyday life http://www.developmentgoals.org/ Definitions_Sources.htm

Road traffic the number of vehicles multiplied by the average distance traveled World Bank 2002b

Rural population percentage of the population living in rural areas as defined in each country World Bank 2002b

Seats held by women in national parliament the percentage of seats held by women in a lower or single house or an upper house or senate, UNDP 2001 where applicable

Share of poorest quintile in national percentage share of consumption by the poorest 20% The World Bank http:// consumption www.developmentgoals.org/ Definitions_Sources.htm

Share of women in wage employment in the the share of female workers in the nonagricultural sector (industry and services), expressed as a The World Bank non-agricultural sector percentage of total http://www.developmentgoals.org/ Definitions_Sources.htm

210 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Soil erosion the detachment of individual soil particles from the soil aggregates and transport of these http://pas.byu.edu/biol150/pres/erosion/ particles by the erosive agents—wind and water; these particles are eventually deposited to form tsld002.htm new soils or to fill lakes and reservoirs

Solid waste generation Any garbage, refuse, or sludge and any other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semi- http://tis.eh.doe.gov/oepa/workshop/orientat/ solid, and contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and 97_sw5-hr4_slide.pdf agricultural operations and from community activities

Sulfur dioxide in relation to air pollution, a pollutant produced when fossil fuels containing sulfur are burned World Bank 2002b

Suspended particulate matter A collective name for fine solid and liquid particles dispersed in the atmosphere from combustion http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ processes, industrial activities, or natural sources; these particles are small enough to be inhaled ehc008.htm#SectionNumber:2.1 and affect the respiratory tract

Swidden agriculture a farming system that involves an alternation between cropping for a few years on selected and cleared plots and a lengthy fallow period when the soil is rested; with a long fallow period (10- 20 years) to restore soil fertility by accumulation of biomass, shifting cultivation is said to be a sustainable farming practice in mountain environments

TB cases detected under DOTS percentage of estimated new infectious tuberculosis (TB) cases detected under the directly World Bank 2001 observed treatment short course (DOTS) case detection and treatment strategy

Total external debt public and publicly guaranteed long-term debt, private nonguaranteed long-term debt, estimated ADB 2002a short-term debt, and use of International Monetary Fund credit; it also includes interest arrears on long-term debt whenever available

Total forest area land area with tree crown cover (at least 10% for developing countries and more than about ADB 2002a 20% for developed countries) including natural forest and forest plantation

Total liquidity (M2) the liabilities of the monetary system ADB 2002a

Under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 live births probability of newborn baby dying before reaching the age of 5 UNDP 2001

Unemployment rate of 15–24 year olds percentage of 15–24-year olds without work but available for and seeking employment World Bank 2001

UNESCO World Heritage List list of natural and cultural heritage sites protected against the threat of damage and destruction UNESCO and preserved as world heritage of humanity http://whc.unesco.org

Urban households with access to services percentage of households in formal settlements with access to potable water, sewerage, World Bank 2002b electricity, and telephones

Urban population percentage of the population living in urban areas as defined in each country World Bank 2002b

Wastewater treated percentage of all wastewater which has undergone some form of treatment World Bank 2002b

Work trips by public transport percentage of trips to work by bus, minibus, tram, or public transportation, other means of World Bank 2002b transportation used in developing counties, such as taxi, ferry, rickshaw, or animal are excluded

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CEETIA Center for Environmental Engineering of Towns and Industrial Areas (Viet Nam) DWT dead-weight ton ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP gross domestic product GMS Greater Mekong Subregion GNI gross national income GW gigawatt ha hectare IUCN World Conservation Union km kilometer KW kilowatt m meter MDG Millennium Development Goal MOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Thailand) MRC Mekong River Commission MW megawatt NGO nongovernment organization NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation ODA official development assistance PDR People’s Democratic Republic (Lao) PPP purchasing power parity PRC People’s Republic of China STEA Science, Technology and Environment Agency (Lao PDR) UNCSD United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNEP RRC.AP UNEP Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization WHO World Health Organization WWF World Wide Fund for Nature

NOTE: $ refers to US dollars throughout the Atlas

Abbreviations and Acronyms 211 Acknowledgments

The Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment was a joint undertaking by members of the Greater Mekong Subregion Working Group on Environment (GMS-WGE), a team from the United Nations Environment Programme Regional Resource Center for Asia and the Pacific (UNEP RRC.AP), and staff of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The GMS-WGE members were Ieng Sovannora from Cambodia, Luo Gaolai from the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Keobang A. Keola from Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Yin Yin Lay from Myanmar, Monthip S. Tabucanon from Thailand, and Truong Manh Tien from Viet Nam. At UNEP RRC.AP, Surendra Shrestha gave overall direction, advice, and encouragement to the UNEP team while Tin Aung Moe and Rajendra Shrestha provided overall technical advice. Representatives of GMS countries worked at UNEP as interns for 2 months compiling environmental statistics and other information for the remote sensing images and maps. They are Mao Socheat from Cambodia; Zhu Xiang from Yunnan Province, PRC; Singsavanh Singkavongxay from the Lao PDR; Supawan Wongprayoon from Thailand; and Nguyen Thi Kim Nga from Viet Nam. At ADB, Rajat M. Nag, J. Warren Evans, C.R. Rajendran, and Myo Thant provided technical advice and support. Jacques M. Ferreira provided overall guidance and, with Jesusito Tranquilino, coordinated the review of drafts by the GMS countries and by staff from the Mekong Department. Lynette Mallery provided advice and guidance on preparation of the Atlas for publication. Stephen Banta provided editorial advice on early drafts. Edith Cruz, Cora Rueda, Ma. Charina Munda, and Ma. Consuelo Garcia provided administrative and computer support. Robert Everitt led the ADB team and was involved in the preparation of the publication from the very beginning. He was responsible for the overall design of the Atlas, with assistance from Jay Maclean. Helen Cruda assisted in coordination of the team. Contributors

Senior Author Robert Everitt Contributing Authors Helen Cruda, Henry Tucker, Jesusito Tranquilino, Tod Ragsdale, Lorie Rufo, Ruben Martinez, Nao Ikemoto Editors Jay Maclean and Graham Dwyer Research Lorie Rufo Remote Sensing Images Tin Aung Moe, Rajendra Shrestha, Abhijit Patil, Shankar Manandhar Maps Ronnie Elefaño, Tin Aung Moe Tables and Graphics Anna Juico, Ronnie Elefaño, Lhoie Maestro, and Sid Pantilo Statistical Tables Lorie Rufo, Helen Cruda Cover Design Mike Cortes (DoubleSlash Media, Inc.) Book Design Ram Cabrera, Mike Cortes (DoubleSlash Media, Inc.) Layout Mike Cortes (DoubleSlash Media, Inc.)

Photo Credits

Page Photo Description. Photographer/Owner

Front Cover 3 (middle left) Woman collecting wood. John R. MacKinnon, (upper left) Red Zhao girl from Sapa, Viet Nam. ARCBC Grant Kinkead 3 (lower left) Vietnamese woman selling lotus flowers. (upper right) Terraced ricefields, Viet Nam. Tom Shields Eric Sales, ADB (lower left) Indochinese tiger. Allen Matheson, 3 (middle) Red Zhao women from Sapa, Viet Nam in Photohome.com colorful costumes. Grant Kinkead (lower right) Remote sensing image of the city of Yangon, 3 (lower middle) Bayon Temple in the Angkor Wat complex, Myanmar. UNEP RRC.AP Cambodia. Eric Sales, ADB Back Cover 3 (lower middle) Thai monks. Ram Cabrera, Asia Rice (upper left) Douc langurs. monkeymatters.com Foundation (upper right) Remote sensing image of Sam Roi Yod. 3 (bottom) Rice planting in Cambodia. Ram Cabrera, ADB UNEP RRC.AP 3 (lower right) Horses carrying the day’s harvest, Viet Nam. (lower left) Ha Long Bay, Viet Nam. Tallglass.com courtesy of Tom Shields Todd M. Kuipers 4 (middle left) Cambodian child. Ram Cabrera, ADB (lower right) Sterculia brevissima. Minguo Li-Margraf, 4 (lower right) Giant carp, Bung Sam Lan Lake, Thailand. http://natureproducts.net Jean-Francois Helias, Fishing Adventures Middle Photos; Thailand. www.anglingthailand.com counterclockwise 4-5 Black Hmong girl tending to the family’s from upper left Fig tree, Cambodia. Ajay Guha, ADB buffalo. Tom Shields Kunming Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, PRC. 5 (top right) The Stone Forest in Yunnan Province, PRC. Huazhang Luo Huazhang Luo Vang Vieng Landscape, Lao PDR. Nicolas Pietri 5 (middle left) Cambodian woman. Ram Cabrera, ADB Children from Sapa, Viet Nam. Grant Kinkead 5 (middle right) Commercial District, Ho Chi Minh City, Beach in Thailand. Marsh Gardiner Viet Nam. Eric Sales, ADB Shwedagon Temple, Myanmar. Jude Khin 5 (lower left) Asian elephants. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC Contents Page A Valley near Sapa, Viet Nam. Grant Kinkead 5 (bottom) Red panda. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 1 Mekong River at sunset, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan 5 (lower right) Indigenous Thai woman. Ram Cabrera, ADB Province, PRC. John R. MacKinnon, Asean 7 Ruins of an old villa, Sapa, Viet Nam. Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation Grant Kinkead (ARCBC) 9 Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Ram Cabrera, ADB 2 (upper) Overgrown freshwater lake in Cat Ba Island, 10 (upper) Siem Reap landscape. Nicolas Pietri Viet Nam. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 10 (lower) Two women rowing a small craft in Tonle Sap 2 (middle) Mangroves near Can Tho, Viet Nam. Lake. Eric Sales, ADB Grant Kinkead 11 (top) Beasts of burden in rural Cambodia. 2 (lower) Kuang Si waterfall near Louang Phrabang. Ram Cabrera, ADB Tom Shields 11 (middle) Cambodians riding inner tubes on the artificial 3 (top) Busy scene on the Mekong River. Jim Holmes, lake beside Angkor Wat. Nicolas Pietri Along the Mekong Productions 11 (bottom) Woman at a temple inside Angkor Wat. 3 (upper left) Young Cambodian girl. Ram Cabrera, Eric Sales, ADB Asia Rice Foundation

212 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment 12 (left) National Museum in Phnom Penh. Tom Shields 49 (upper) 9-mm rough and a 3-carat cut ruby from 12 (right) Royal Palace in Phnom Penh. Tom Shields Myanmar’s Mogok Stone Tract. 13 Black Dragon Park with the reflection of the Jade Richard W. Hughes Dragon Snow Mountain, Lijiang, Yunnan. 49 (lower left) Rough sapphires from Huay Xai, Lao PDR. Bernard Wright Richard W. Hughes 14 Western Hills on the West Bank of Dian Chi Lake. 49 (lower right) Trader offering jadeite, sapphires and rubies in Bernard Wright Yangon’s Shwebontha Street gem market, 15 (top left) Morning scene, Lijiang. Huazhang Luo Myanmar. Richard W. Hughes 15 (top right) Creek between houses in Lijiang. Huazhang Luo 50 Theun Hinboun Dam, Lao PDR. Ian Gill, ADB 15 (middle) Source of Tiger Leaping Gorge. Marsh Gardiner 53 (upper) Another view of Theun Hinboun Dam, Lao PDR. 15 (bottom) Girl peering from a houseboat on the Lijiang River Ian Gill, ADB near Yangshuo. Marsh Gardiner 53 (lower) A powerline from the Theun Hinboun Hydropower 16 Stone Forest near Kunming. Huazhang Luo Project. Ian Gill, ADB 17 Vang Vieng landscape. Nicolas Pietri 54 Mangroves in the Mekong delta, Viet Nam. 18 (top) Sitting golden Buddha in That Luang Temple. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC Eric Sales, ADB 63 (left) Phou Loei, Nam Et-Phou Loei National Biodiversity 18 (middle) Vientiane Victory Arch monument. Conservation Area, Viengkham district of Eric Sales, ADB Louang Phrabang, Lao PDR. Stuart Chape, 18 (bottom) Laotian child, Hinboun. Eric Sales, ADB IUCN Lao PDR 19 (upper) Fishing in floodwaters. Eric Sales, ADB 63 (upper right) Giant dracontomelon tree, Cuc Phuong National 19 (lower) Hmong children in Ban Na Oune. Tom Shields Park, Viet Nam. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 20 Lanxang Avenue, Vientiane. Tom Shields 63 (lower right) Banglang Forest in Nam Cat Tien National Park, 22 Kyaik Pun Pagoda. Jude Khin Viet Nam. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 23 (top) Two boys rowing on Inle Lake. Jude Khin 66 (top) Vang Vieng forest, Lao PDR. Nicolas Pietri 23 (middle) Woman selling herbs and vegetables in Shan 66 (middle) Jungle in the Mekong Basin, Lao PDR. State. Jude Khin Tom Shields 23 (middle right) Young girl near the Pindaya Caves. Jude Khin 66 (bottom) Tourists at Kao Yai National Park, Thailand. 23 (bottom) Shan people in festive attire at Kat Kuu. John R.MacKinnon, ARCBC Jude Khin 67 Douc langur. Monkey Matters 24 (top) Sule Pagoda, Yangon. Bernard Cloutier, 77 (upper) Asian elephant. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC http://berclo.net 77 (lower left) Douc langur. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 24 (middle) Floating restaurant in Yangon. Jude Khin 77 (lower right) Bantengs. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 24 (bottom) Stupa of the Shwedagon Temple. Jude Khin 78 (upper left) Kouprey. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 25 Bangkok City. Eric Sales, ADB 78 (lower left) Saola. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 26 (top) Large and small statues of Buddha, Sukhotha. 78 (right) Indochinese tiger. Allen Matheson, Patrick Jennings Photohome.com 26 (middle) Thais offering candles in a temple. 79 (upper) Giant Mekong catfish. Jean-Francois Helias, Eric Sales, ADB Fishing Adventures Thailand. 26 (bottom) The busy floating market in Bangkok. www.anglingthailand.com Ram Cabrera,Asia Rice Foundation 79 (lower) Siamese crocodile. Jameson Weston, 27 (upper) Harvest time near Chiang Mai. Utah’s Hogle Zoo Ram Cabrera, ADB 80 (top left) Sterculia brevissima. Minguo Li-Margraf 27 (lower) Produce vendor in the floating market, Bangkok. http://natureproducts.net Marsh Gardiner 80 (top right) Flower sellers along the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam. 28 (upper) Ornamental trees in the garden of the Royal Rich and Kelly Willis, www.2goglobal.com Palace, Bangkok. Tom Shields 80 (middle) Musella lasioca. Minguo Li-Margraf, 28 (lower) Golden stupas and the Emerald Buddha temple, http://natureproducts.net Bangkok. Tom Shields 80 (bottom) Mekong River palm. Minguo Li-Margraf, 30 (upper) Saigon River. Eric Sales, ADB http://natureproducts.net 30 (lower) Street scene in South Viet nam. 81 (top) Thailand orchids. John R. MacKinnon, Carolyn Dedolph, ADB ARCBC 31 (upper) Boat full of vegetables going to the Cai Rang 81 (middle) Teak trees in Myanmar. Alfred Molon, floating market in Can Tho. Tom Shields www.molon.de/Galleries.de 31 (lower) Monk beside a pagoda. Carolyn Dedolph, ADB 81 (bottom) Hedychium flavescens. Minguo Li-Margraf, 32 (left) Lake beside Ho Chi Minh’s bamboo house, http://natureproducts.net Hanoi. Tom Shields 83 Yangtze River (with digital alteration). Paul Kan 32 (right) Entrance arch of the Temple of Literature, Hanoi. 84 (upper) Nam Et, Nam Et-Phou Loei National Biodiversity Tom Shields Conservation Area, Vienthong district of 33 Siphandon Wetlands, Lao PDR. Stuart Chape, Houaphanh, Lao PDR. Stuart Chape, IUCN Lao PDR IUCN Lao PDR 35 (upper) Lake in Lijiang, Yunnan Province, PRC. 84 (lower) Khong Island, Champassack, Lao PDR. Huazhang Luo Stuart Chape, IUCN Lao PDR 35 (lower) Harnessing a stream to grind rice, Viet Nam. 85 (upper) Freshwater lake in the limestone region of Tom Shields Viet Nam. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 37 (top) Irrigational canal near Siem Reap, Cambodia. 85 (lower) Siphandon Wetlands, Champassack, Lao PDR. Tallglass.com courtesy of Todd M. Kuipers Stuart Chape, IUCN Lao PDR 37 (middle) Kuang Si waterfall near Louang Phrabang, Lao 86 (upper) Rice being farmed with other crops near Bac Ha, PDR. Tom Shields Viet Nam. Tom Shields 37 (bottom) Scene in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia. 86 (lower left) Farming scene, Vang Vieng, Lao PDR. Eric Sales, ADB Nicolas Pietri 38 (upper) Ba Be Nature Reserve, Viet Nam. 86 (lower right) Young boy with water buffaloes, Sapa, Viet Nam. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC Grant Kinkead 38 (lower) Ha Long Bay, Viet Nam. John R. MacKinnon, 87 (left) Terraced fields near Kunming, Yunnan ARCBC Province, PRC. Bernard Wright 40 (top) Two boys at play in a reservoir, Viet Nam. 87 (right) Water buffalo wallowing in a river, Vang Vieng, John R.MacKinnon, ARCBC Lao PDR. Nicolas Pietri 40 (middle) Floodplain of Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia. 89 (top) Terraced ricefields, Viet Nam. Tom Shields Tom Shields 89 (middle) Planting rice, Cambodia. Ram Cabrera, ADB 40 (bottom) Rural scene, Siem Reap, Cambodia. 89 (bottom) Rural scene, Sapa, Viet Nam. Grant Kinkead Nicolas Pietri 92 (top) Crushing sugarcane using water buffalo power, 41 (top) White Water River, Yunnan Province, PRC. northern Viet Nam. John R. MacKinnon,ARCBC Huazhang Luo 92 (middle) Market scene, Lao PDR. Eric Sales, ADB 41 (middle) Theun Hinboun Dam, Lao PDR. Ian Gill, ADB 92 (bottom) Svey Rieng market, Cambodia. Eric Sales, ADB 41 (bottom) Fishing cormorants in Er Hai Lake, Yunnan 93 (upper) Mixed farming scene, Cambodia. Nicolas Pietri Province, PRC. Huazhang Luo 93 (lower) Slash and burn activity, Viet Nam . 47 (upper) A sawn jade boulder from Myanmar’s jadeite Carolyn Dedolph, ADB mines. Richard W. Hughes 94 (upper) Fisher sorting his catch. John R. MacKinnon, 47 (lower) Freshly mined and refined gold from Lonkin, in ARCBC Myanmar’s jade mines district. 94 (lower) Bountiful catch of various fish species. Richard W. Hughes John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 48 Digging in the sapphire mine Huay Xai, Lao PDR. 95 (left) Fishing in floodwaters, Lao PDR. Eric Sales, ADB Richard W. Hughes 95 (right) Fish trap on the Bung Hiang River, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. Simon Bush, Australian Mekong Resource Center (AMRC)

Photo Credits 213 96 (upper left) The Mekong River, Lao PDR. Eric Sales, ADB 96 (lower left) Taunggyi market, Shan State, Myanmar. Bernard Cloutier, http: //berclo.net 96 (right) Fisher making a gill net, Lao PDR. Simon Bush, AMRC 97 (upper left) Colorful fishing boats moored in O’Cheau Teal estuary, near Sihanoukville, Cambodia. Robert Everitt, ADB 97 (upper right) Inle Lake fisher, Myanmar. Robert Everitt, ADB 97 (lower right) Morning catch, O’Cheua Teal fishing village, near Sihanoukville, Cambodia. Robert Everitt, ADB 97 (lower left) Dong Mii village annual community fishing day, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. Simon Bush, AMRC 98 (upper left) Farmer in the floating gardens of Inle Lake, Myanmar. Robert Everitt, ADB 98 (lower left) Women fishers with scoop nets, Lao PDR. Simon Bush,AMRC 98 (right) Sunrise over the Shan Hills, Inle Lake, Myanmar. Robert Everitt, ADB 99 Lisu people. Bernard Cloutier, http://berclo.net 101 (upper left) Thai minority women. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 101 (upper right) Hmong minority women, Viet Nam. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 101 (lower) Palaung girl, Thailand. Bernard Cloutier, http://berclo.net 102 (top) Minority woman in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Ram Cabrera, ADB 102 (middle) Hani woman selling produce in the Menghun market, Yunnan Province, PRC. Bernard Cloutier, http://berclo.net 102 (bottom left) Hmong from Sapa, Viet Nam. Grant Kinkead 102 (bottom right) Red Zhao girl from Sapa, Viet Nam. Grant Kinkead 103 Life along the Mekong River, Can Tho, Viet Nam. Tom Shields 105 A poor Cambodian family. Ram Cabrera, Asia Rice Foundation 107 (upper) Houses along the Mekong River. Tom Shields 107 (lower) Elderly woman in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Ram Cabrera, ADB 115 Ngo Dong River in Tam Coc, Viet Nam. Grant Kinkead 117 (upper) Night scene, Bangkok, Thailand. Eric Sales, ADB 117 (lower) Beach in Thailand. Marsh Gardiner 118 (upper) Woman selling fish in the market at Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Eric Sales, ADB 118 (lower) Fruit sellers on city streets in Viet Nam. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 119 (upper) Children in Theun Hinboun, Lao PDR. Ian Gill, ADB 119 (lower) Innovative transportation. Eric Sales, ADB 123 (upper left) Fruit vendors, Hanoi, Viet Nam. Eric Sales, ADB 123 (upper right) Night scene, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam. Eric Sales, ADB 123 (lower) Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Ram Cabrera, ADB 124 (upper left) Theun Hinboun Dam, Lao PDR. Ian Gill, ADB 124 (upper right) Vang Vieng, Lao PDR. Nicolas Pietri 124 (lower) Young girls using a push net, Dong Mii community fishing day, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. Simon Bush, AMRC 125 (top left) Tall dipterocarp trees in a Cambodian semi- evergreen forests. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 125 (top right) Bangkok, Thailand. Eric Sales, ADB 125 (middle) Night scene in Chinatown, Bangkok. Marsh Gardiner 125 (bottom left) Food vendor from Hanoi, Viet Nam. Eric Sales, ADB 125 (bottom right) Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Eric Sales, ADB 126 Neak Leung ferry crossing in Cambodia. Carolyn Dedolph, ADB 127 (upper) Girl selling Khmer stone carvings near Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Eric Sales, ADB 127 (lower) Hanoi Opera House, Viet Nam. Eric Sales, ADB 128 Community-managed irrigation system, Lao PDR. Ian Gill, ADB 129 (upper) Painted stork, mostly found in Cambodia and Thailand. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 129 (lower left) Bayon Temple framed by fan-leaved toddy palms. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 129 (lower right) Amherstia nobilis from Myanmar. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 130 (top) Mekong River at sunrise. Carolyn Dedolph, ADB 130 (middle left) black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis). John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 130 (middle right) Lotus flower. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 130 (bottom) Durian fruit. John R. MacKinnon, ARCBC 131 Remote Sensing image of Mekong Delta. UNEP RRC.AP 175 Large Sitting Buddha, Sukhothai, Thailand. Patrick Jennings

214 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment Subject Index—See also Statistical Section, p. 176–202.

Agenda 21 126-127 Fisheries 94 Pollution Luishaihe 44 Agriculture 86, 104 consumption 95 air 176, 178 major 35 land area 87 management 124, 127 carbon dioxide emissions 113 Mekong 42 productivity 124 threats 96-97 urban and industrial 125, 128 Nam Mun 46 slash-and-burn 93 Flora 80 water 97 Nam Ou 45 traditional 93 Caobangia squamata 80 Population Se San 43 Aquaculture production, 95 Dendrobium infundibulum 81 below minimum level of dietary Wetlands 54 Arable land, subregion 87 Hedychium flavescens 81 energy intake 109 Bai Boi 58 ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Mekong River palm 80 density 116 Can Gio 59 Conservation (ARCBC) 128 Musella lasioca 80 growth rate 119 Dat Mui 58 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 129 Sterculia brevissima 80 subregion 2 Dian Chi Lake 60 Asian Elephant, Elephas maximus, 77 Tectona grandis 81 Potatoes 92 Lake Er Hai 61 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Xanthocyparis vietnamensis 80 Poverty, and environment 103 Lake Inle 62 (ASEAN) 128 Flowers, Yunnan 80 and hunger 108 Sam Roi Yod 57 Banteng,Bos javanicus 77 Forest area 63 eradication 108 Siphandon 56 Beans, dry 92 Forest cover 64 GNI per capita 105 subregion 54 Beef and veal 93 Forestry 65 human poverty index 105 Tonle Sap 55 Biodiversity 67 Forests 104 measures to combat 107 World Conservation Union (IUCN) 83 Buffalo meat, milk 93 conservation 66 national distribution 106 World Summit on Sustainable Development Cassava 92 Fruits 92 proportion of population 107–109 127 Catchments, major 38 Gas, natural 51 undernourished children 108 World Wide Fund for Nature 69 Caobangia Squamata 80 Gemstones 49 Power trade 122 Xanthocyparis vietnamensis 80 Catfish, giant Mekong 79, 80 Gender equality 110 Protected Areas 83 Cement, 48 ratio of girls to boys in primary and bird sanctuaries 84, 85 Challenges, subregional 123 secondary education 110 Elephant ranges 84 Chicken meat 93 Giant barb, Catlocarpio siamensis, 79 forest parks 84 Child mortality, reduction Gibbon 73 highlighted in the Atlas 85 (millennium goal) 110 Ginkgo biloba 14 history of management 84 Climate, 6 GMS (Greater Mekong Subregional IUCN categories 83 Coal deposits 50 Economic Cooperation) Program 129 legally designated 84 Coconuts 92 GNP (gross national product) 6 mountain parks 84 Coffee, green 92 Gross national product (GNP) 6 multiple use areas 84, 85 Cows’ milk 93 Groundnuts 92 national biodiversity conservation area 84, Crops other than rice 92 Health, and environment 104 85 Cross-border issues, see Transboundary children orphaned by AIDS 112 national marine parks 84 Dams 41 HIV prevalence 112 national parks 84, 85 Deforestation, rate 65 improvement of maternal nature reserves 84, 85 Deltas 90, 91 (millennium goal) 111 nonhunting areas 84 Dendrobium infundibulum 81 infant mortality rate 111 protected landscapes 84, 85 Development trends 117 malaria cases 112 species/habitat reserves 84 cooperation in energy 50 maternal mortality ratio 111 Three Parallel Rivers 83 global partnerships (millennium goal) 114 public expenditure 111 wildlife sanctuaries 84,85 millennium goals 108 Hedychium flavescens 81 Religions 6 Diseases, combating (millennium goal) 112 Hen eggs 93 Rice 89-92 Dolphin, Irrawaddy, Orcaella brevirostris 79 HIV/AIDS 112 Rice bowls Douc langur, Pygathrix, 77 Horticulture 80 Ayeyarwady Delta 90 Earth Summit 126 Human Development Index 11, 30 Chao Phraya Delta 90 Economic and Social Commission for Hydrology, Mekong River 38 Mekong Delta 91 Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) 47, 129 Hydropower 51 Red River Delta 91 Economic corridor 119 generation 97 Ricelands, distribution 89 Ecoregions 68-69, 133-174 projects 51 River basins, major 34, 35 Ecosystems 10, 22, 54, 67, 69, 72, 83, Indochinese tiger, Panthera tigris corbetti, 78 Mekong 42 Ecotourism 11 Industrialization 117 Rubber 92 Education 109 IUCN (World Conservation Union) 83 Rubies 49 literacy rate 109 Johannesburg Commitment 127 Sanitation net enrolment ratio in primary 109 Jute 21 access to improved water source 113 universal primary (millennium goal) 109 Kouprey, Bos sauveli, 78 access to sanitation facilities 114 Eggs 93 Lancang Cascade, fisheries 96 freshwater resources 114 Electricity 122 Languages 101 Saola, Pseudoryx nghetinhensis, 78 consumption 2 Langur, douc 67 Sapphires 49 Energy 50, 122 Livelihood and environment 104 School enrollment 109 import and export 51 Livestock 93 Siamese crocodile, Crocodylus siamensis, 79 traditional fuel consumption 104 Maize 92 Sorghum 92 Environment Mekong River Commission (MRC) 123, 128 Soybeans 92 and health 104 navigational improvements 97 Sterculia brevissima 80 and livelihood 104 Mekong River palm 80 Strategic Environmental Framework 130 and civil society 103, 127 Migration, urban 118 Statistics 176-202 challenges, national responses 127 Millennium Development Goals 108 Structural transformation 117 challenges, subregional responses 128 Mineral occurrences 48 Sugar cane 92 strategic framework 130 Mining, share of GDP 47 Suspended solids, Mekong River 39 sustainability 113 Musella lasioca 80 Sweet potatoes 92 ESCAP (UN Economic and Social Commission NGOs (nongovernment organizations) 127 Swidden Agriculture 92, 104 for Asia and the Pacific) 47, 129 Oil, petroleum 50 Hai system, Lao PDR 93 Ethnic groups, major 101 Oil palm fruit 92 Teak, Tectona grandis 81 Ethnic minorities 100-102 Onions 92 Tin 48 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 65, Orchids, Thailand 81 Tobacco 92 66 Ox 77 Tourism 117 Fauna 77-79 Oxygen, chemical oxygen demand 39 Transboundary issues 123 Asian Elephant, Elephas maximus, 77 dissolved 39 Transportation 119 Banteng,Bos javanicus, 77 Peoples 101 United Nations Commission for Sustainable Douc langur, Pygathrix, 77 Austronesian 101 Development (UNCSD) 129 Giant barb, Catlocarpio siamensis, 79 Hmong-Mien 101 United Nations Development Programme Indochinese tiger, Panthera tigris corbetti, Mon-Khmer 101 (UNDP) 129 78 Sino-Thai 101 United Nations Environment Programme Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris 79 Subregion 101 (UNEP) 129 Kouprey, Bos sauveli, 78 Tibeto-Burman 101 Urbanization 118 Mekong catfish, Pangasianodon gigas 79 Petroleum reserves 50 Water quality 39 Saola, Pseudoryx nghetinhensis, 78 Pigmeat 93 Water resource use 124 Siamese crocodile, Crocodylus siamensis, Plan of Implementation, Johannesburg 127 Watersheds 79 Plantains 92 Fish fauna 78-79

Index 215 Geographic Index

Andaman Islands Rain Forests, Mekong Delta, rice bowl 91 Tenasserim-South Thailand Semi-evergreen ecoregion 69, 133, 135 Mekong River 4, 37 Rain Forests, ecoregion 133, 157 Annamite Range Rain Forest 72, 85 Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin Rain Forests, Thailand 25 Aural, protected area 85 ecoregion 133, 144 Thanh Hoa, Viet Nam, 133, 151 Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River 37, 79 Mogok 49 Thanlwin (Salween) River 4, 37 Ayeyarwady Delta 89, 133, 140, 166 Mui Ca Mau, protected area 85 Thung Yai Naresuan, protected area 85 Bai Boi, wetland 58 Mun Chi river basin, fisheries 97 Tonle Sap 54, 85 Bangkok, Thailand 28 Muong Nhe, protected area 85 Freshwater Swamp Forests, Battambang, Cambodia 133,158 Myanmar 21 ecoregion 133, 158 Botum Saakor, Cambodia 133, 136 Myanmar Coast Mangroves, ecoregion Tonle Sap-Mekong Peat Swamp Forests, protected area 85 133, 166 ecoregion 133, 159 Cambodia 9 Coastal Rain Forests, ecoregion 133, Umphang, protected area 85 Can Gio Wetland 59, 85 145 Vientiane, Lao PDR 20, 133, 148 protected area 85 Nakai-Nam Theun, protected area 85 Viet Nam 29 Cang Shan, Er Hai Hu, protected area National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Viet Nam Central Highlands, 85 Lao PDR 146 swidden agriculture 93 Cardamom Mountains Rain Forests, Nam Et, protected area 85 Xe Piane 85 ecoregion 73, 85, 133, 136 Nam Kading, protected area 85 Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, PRC 85, Cau Mau, Viet Nam 133, 165 Nam Mun Basin, Thailand 133, 160 133, 147 Central Indochina Dry Forests, watershed 46 Yala, Thailand 133, 152, 153 ecoregion 133, 160 Nam Ou Watershed 45, 85 Yangon, Myanmar 24 Chamkars, Cambodia, swidden Nanyun, Myanmar 133, 164 Yok Don 85 agriculture 93 Nha Trang, Viet Nam 133, 163 Yunnan Province, PRC 13 Champassak, Cambodia 158 Nong Khai, Lao PDR 148 Northern Yunnan, 133, 169, 172, 174 Chao Phraya Delta, rice bowl 90 North of Bangkok, Thailand 133, 137 Guizhou provincial border area 133, 167 Freshwater Swamp Forests, Northern Annamites Rain Forests, Yunnan Plateau 133, 168 ecoregion 133, 137 ecoregion 133, 146 Lowland Moist Deciduous Forests, Northern Indochina Subtropical Forests, ecoregion 133, 138 ecoregion 85, 133, 147 Chao Phraya River 37 Northern Khorat Plateau Moist Chiang Mai, Thailand 133, 142 Deciduous Forests, ecoregion 133, 148 Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma Montane Forests, Northern Thailand-Laos Moist Deciduous ecoregion 133, 139 Forests, ecoregion 133, 149 Chonburi, Thailand 133, 138 Northern Triangle Subtropical Forests, Chu Mom Ray, protected area 85 ecoregion 133, 150 Chung Tien, Yunnan Province, PRC 133, Northern Triangle Temperate Forests, 171 ecoregion 133, 164 Da Lat, Viet Nam 133, 156 Northern Viet Nam Lowland Rain Forests, Dat Mui Wetlands 58, 85 ecoregion 133, 151 Dian Chi Hu, protected area 85 Nujiang Langcang Gorge Alpine Conifer and Dian Chi Lake 60, 85 Mixed Forests, ecoregion 133, 171 Eastern Himalayan Alpine Shrublands Omgoy, protected area 85 and Meadows 133, 173 Pak Mun Dam, fisheries 97 Er Hai Lake 61, 85 Peninsular Malaysian Montane Rain Forests, Gizhou Plateau Broadleaf and Mixed ecoregion 133, 152 Forests, ecoregion 133, 167 Peninsular Malaysian Rain Forests, Hanoi, Viet Nam 32, 133, 154 ecoregion 133, 153 Haka, Myanmar 133, 139 Phang Nga, Thailand 133, 157 Hengduan Mountains Subalpine Conifer Phnom Bokor, protected area 85 Forests, ecoregion 133, 170 Phnom Penh, Cambodia 12 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam 30, 32 Phnom Prich, protected area 85 Huai Kha Khaeng , protected area 85 Phnom Samkos, protected area 85 Indochina Dry Forests, ecoregion 74,85 Phou Dene Dinh, protected area 85 Indochina Mangroves, ecoregion 133, Phou Loeuy, protected area 85 165 Phou Xang He, protected area 85 Inle Lake wetland 62 Phu Kao-Phu Phan Kham, protected area 85 protected area 85 Prey Veng, Cambodia 133, 159 Irrawaddy, see Ayeyarwady Pu Mat, protected area 85 Dry Forests, ecoregion 133, 161 Protected Forests, Viet Nam 146 Freshwater Swamp Forests, Qionglai-Minshan Conifer Forests, ecoregion 133, 140 ecoregion 133, 172 Moist Deciduous Forests, Quang Ninh, Viet Nam 133, 155 ecoregion 133, 141 Rakhine Yoma, Myanmar, 133, 145 Kachin State, Myanmar 133, 150, 173 Red (Song Hong) River 4, 37 Kayah-Karen Montane Rain Forests 74, Red River Delta, rice bowl 91 85, 133, 142 Freshwater Swamp Forests, ecoregion Khammouane Limestone, protected area 133, 154 85 Roniem Daun Sam, protected area 85 Khao Ang Ru Nai, protected area 85 Sagaing, Myanmar 133, 141, 144 Kiri Saakor, Cambodia 133, 136 Salween, see Thanlwin Koko Island, Myanmar 133, 135 Sam Roi Yod Wetlands 57, 85 Kulen Promtep, protected area 85 protected area 85 Kunming, Yunnan Province, PRC 16, Sambor Dam, fisheries 97 133, 168 Se San Watershed 43, 85 Lancang cascade 51, 96 Si Nakarin, protected area 85 Lao PDR 17 Sichuan Basin Evergreen Broadleaf Forests, Lijiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province, PRC ecoregion 133, 169 133, 170 Siphandon Wetland 56 Lomphat, protected area 85 Song Hong, see Red River Louang Phrabang, Lao PDR 133, 143, South China-Viet Nam Subtropical Evergreen 149 Forests, ecoregion 133, 155 Luang Prabang Montane Rain Forests, Southeast Tibet Shrublands and Meadows, ecoregion 133, 143 ecoregion 133, 174 Luishahe Watershed 44, 85 Southeastern Indochina Dry Evergreen Mae Tuen, protected area 85 Forests, ecoregion 133, 162 Mae Yuam Fang Khwa, protected area Southern Annamites Montane Rain Forests, 85 ecoregion 133, 156 Mandalay, Myanmar 133, 161 Southern Viet Nam Lowland Dry Forests, ecoregion 133, 163

216 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment

GREATER MEKONG The Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the SUBREGION Environment champions the environment of a unique part of Asia, an area straddled by rivers great and small, with bountiful watersheds, wetlands, and ATLAS forests. OF THE ENVIRONMENT The Atlas celebrates the peoples of the subregion, and presents the environmental challenges they face and their responses. It reminds us that the subregion’s peoples and communities are key to maintaining its environment. The Atlas captures for the first time in one volume, maps, remote sensing images, and essential information on one of the most culturally, ethnically, and above all, biologically diverse regions in the world. The subregion is made up of Cambodia, Yunnan Province of the People’s Republic of China, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam. They are linked together by the longest river in Southeast Asia, the Mekong. In many ways this Atlas is the story of the Mekong on its 4,200-kilometer journey from the mountains in the southwestern People’s Republic of China to the sea.

Asian Development Bank United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 789, Regional Resource Centre for Asia 0980 Manila, Philippines and the Pacific E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 4, Khlongluang www.adb.org/publications Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand www.rrcap.unep.org