Ground Water Brochure Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh
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For Official Use Only CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE NELLORE DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH SOUTHERN REGION HYDERABAD September 2013 CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE NELLORE DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH (AAP-2012-13) BY A.V.S.S. ANAND SCIENTIST-C SOUTHERN REGION BHUJAL BHAWAN, GSI Post, Bandlaguda NH.IV, FARIDABAD - Hyderabad-500068 121001 Andhra Pradesh HARYANA, INDIA Tel: 040-24225201 Tel: 0129-2418518 Gram: Antarjal Gram: Bhumijal GROUND WATER BROCHURE S.P.S. NELLORE DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH CONTENTS S.No CHAPTER District at a Glance 1 Introduction 2 Rainfall & Climate 3 Geomorphology & Soil Types 4 Ground Water Scenario 5 Ground Water Management Strategy 6 Ground Water Related Issues and Problems 7 Awareness and Training Activity 8 Areas Notified by CGWA/ SGWA 9 Recommendations Acknowledgements S.P.S. NELLORE DISTRICT AT A GLANCE 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Geographical Area (Km2) : 13,076 Administrative Divisions District HQ : Nellore Mandals : 46 Towns : 5 Villages : 1201 Population : 29,66,082 (2011 census) Normal Annual Rainfall : 1,084 mm Annual rainfall (2012) : 889 mm 2. GEOMORPHOLOGY Major Physiographic Units : Structural Hills Pediplains, Deltaic plains and Coastal plains Major Drainage : Pennar & Swarnamukhi 3. LAND USE (ha) (2012) Forest Area : 2,62,787 Net Area Sown : 3,76,388 Cultivable waste : 96,956 4. SOIL TYPE Red loamy soils, Black cotton soils, Sandy soils, Lateritic soils and Alluvial soils 5. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (ha) Dug Wells : 12,494 Tube wells/ Bore wells : 79,681 Tanks/ Ponds : 70,783 Canals : 96,889 Other Sources : 5,124 Net Irrigated Area : 2,64,971 Gross Area Irrigated : 3,35,305 6. GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS Dug Wells : 39 Piezometers : 3 7. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Quaternary : Alluvium & Laterites Tertiary & Triassic : Sandstone Pre-Cambrian : Quartzite & shale Gneiss Amphibolites & Pelitic schists (migmatised) 8. Hydrogeology Water Bearing Formations : Hard Rock : Gneisses & Schists Soft Rock : Laterites, Sandstones & Alluvium Pre-monsoon : 1.28 to 9.50 m bgl Depth to Water Level (May, 2012) Post-monsoon : 0.50 to 9.58 m bgl Depth to Water Level (Nov., 2012) 9. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION Wells Drilled : 62 Depth Range : 18 to 457 m Discharge : < 1 to 38 lps Transmissivity : 16 to 500 m2/day 10. GROUND WATER QUALITY In general good and suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes, except in the coastal area. 11. DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES Total Recharge : 2369.16 MCM Total Draft : 791.64 MCM Projected Demand (2025) : 109 MCM for Domestic & Industrial Uses Stage of GW development : 37 % 12. GROUND WATER CONTROL & REGULATION Over Exploited Mandals : Nil Critical : Nil Semi-Critical Mandals : Nil Notified Mandals : Nil 13. GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND ISSUES Coastal salinity is the major considerable problem. GROUND WATER BROCHURE S.P.S. NELLORE DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH 1.0 Introduction Nellore district is one of the 9 coastal districts and it is situated in the south eastern part of Andhra Pradesh. Agriculturally it is an important district. The district has a coastline of 169 km. It is endowed by good rainfall and surface water. The district lies between North latitude of 13° 30’ and 15° 05’ and East longitudes of 79° 05’ and 80° 15’ with an aerial extent of 13,076 km2. It is bounded by the Bay of Bengal with a coastal length of 163 km on the East, Cuddapah district on the West, Prakasam district on the North, Chittur district on the southwest and Chengalpat district of Tamil Nadu state on the southeast. Chennai - Howrah broad gauge railway line and NH-5 runs across the district almost parallel to the coastline. India's prestigious and only satellite launch center known as SHAR is stationed at Sriharikota Island. Nellore town is the district’s headquarters. The district is divided into three revenue divisions viz., Nellore, Gudur and Kavali. Further these revenue divisions are divided into 46 revenue mandals (Fig. 1). There are 5 towns 1201 villages in the district. As per the 2001 census the population of the district is 26,68,564. The urban population of the district is 6,12,537 whereas rural population constitutes 20,56,027. The decennial growth rate from 1991 to 2001 is 11.55 percent. The density of population of the district is 204 persons per sq. km. 1.1 Drainage The Pennar is the major river which drain in the middle of the district. The other important rivers flowing in the district are Swarnamukhi, Manneru and Upputeru. All the rivers are non-perennial, flowing in the eastern direction and joins the Bay of Bengal. The general drainage pattern is dendritic to sub- dendritic. The drainage density varies from less than 1 to 3 km/km2. Pulicat lake is located in the south eastern part of the district. Pulicat Lake is the second largest lagoon of India and boasts of a rich biodiversity. Therefore, the lagoon has been preserved as a Wildlife Sanctuary. It straddles the border of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh states. The lake is separated from the Bay of Bengal, by an inland spit called the Sriharikota Island. The lake has a length of 60 km and a breadth of 0.2 to 17.5 km. It has a high water spread of 460 sq. km and low water spread area of 250 sq. km with an average depth of one metre. The lake is drained by three larger inflows (Swarnamukhi, Arani and Kalangi) and many minor inflows. It is connected with an estuary mouth with a width of 200 meters. Owing to its proximity to the sea, it has turned into a salt-water lagoon. 1.2 Irrigation The district is served with both surface and ground water irrigation sources. Major and medium irrigation projects exist in the district. The total net area irrigated is 264971 ha (2012) by means of all sources of irrigation available in the district. The district has one major (Pennar River Canal System) and five medium (Telugu Ganga, Somasila, Kanpur canal, Gandipalem project and Swarnamukhi Barrage) irrigation projects. The area irrigated through canals and tanks is 96889 ha and 70783 ha respectively, and irrigation through lift and other sources is 5124 ha. 92175 ha area is irrigated through tube wells and dug wells. 1.3 CGWB activities The Central Ground Water Board took up long term hydrogeological studies since 1969 with the establishment of Network Hydrograph Stations in various hydrogeological environments as a part of the all India programme and presently there are 42 (39 dug wells and 3 piezometers) hydrograph stations in the district. The systematic hydrogeological surveys were carried out during 1959 – 1989. Ground water management surveys were carriedout in the entire district during 1994-1995. As a part of ground water exploration programme Geophysical surveys were carried out during 2000-04. Ground water exploratory drilling programme was taken up during 1970 – 2004 in the district in both hard rock and soft rock areas, and has drilled 62 exploratory wells to evaluate the aquifer properties of deeper aquifers. Under Hydrology Project 5 piezometers were constructed. 2.0 Rainfall & Climate The climate of the district is moderate and characterized by sub-tropical climate. The period from December to middle of February is generally the season of fine weather. The summer season is from March to May. This is followed by monsoon period from June to September, the post monsoon from October to December and the winter season from January to February. The annual normal rainfall of the district is 1084 mm. The peculiarity of this district is that contribution of SW monsoon is far less than the contribution of NE monsoon rainfall. About 70% of the annual rainfall is contributed by the NE monsoon (Fig. 2). In general the amount of rainfall is increases from west to east about 900 to 1300 mm in the district. The mean daily maximum temperature in the district is about 38°C in May and the mean daily minimum temperature is about 20°C in December/ January. Temperature in the district begins to rise from the middle of February till May. With the onset of southwest monsoon in June, the temperature decreases to about 20°C and is more or less uniform during the monsoon period. The relative humidity ranges from 60 to 80% in the mornings, whereas in the evenings it varies from about 45 to more than 70%. The annual rainfall during 2012 is 889 mm. Fig. 2 The mean monthly rainfall distribution 3.0 Geomorphology & Soil Types Geomorphologically the district can be broadly divided into 3 distinct units, viz., western hills, central pediplains and eastern deltaic & coastal plains. The higher relief is represented by hill ranges of Eastern Ghats, in the western border of the district. These hills are locally known as Veligonda hills, run in a northwesterly direction with an highest elevation of 1,105 m amsl at Penchalakonda. The pediplain area i.e., in the central part of the district extends in a north - south direction. The general altitude of this physiographic unit varies from 36 to 170 m amsl with isolated hillocks. The master slope of the area is from west to east towards the Bay of Bengal. The deltaic and coastal plain extends from north to south along the eastern margin of the district all along the coast. Pennar and Swarnamukhi rivers are the major contributors to the formation of the deltaic plains. The sandy coastal plain extends upto a distance of 5 to 6 km from sea coast. The southern most fringe of the coastal plain is occupied by Pulicat lake. The predominant soils in the district are red loam, black cotton, lateritic sandy and alluvial soils.