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Home , Battle of Passchendaele, Battle of the Somme, Battle of Verdun, Somme (river), Verdun

Impact of the of , , and Passchendaele

By: Kiley Spencer, Alexander Ruiz, Cheyenne Clements Background of Verdun

● went on from February 21st to December 18th, 1916 ● It was the largest battle of World One, on the Western Front ● The battle was between the German and French armies ● It took place on the hill north of Verdun-sur- in eastern Background of Somme

● It was also known as the Somme offensive ● The battle was between the and the ● The battle lasted from July 1st to November 18th, 1916 ● The battle was fought in Pas-de-Calais, France Background of Passchendaele

● It was also known as the Third Battle of ● Fought by the Allies against the German Empire ● The battle was from July 31st to November 10th, 1917 ● It took place at Passchendaele, , Strategies, aims, and weaponry

Verdun Strategies ● Three- quarters of the French and one third of of the German divisions traveled through “hell of Verdun” ● The strategic goals from the battle were subtle ● There approach was very sophisticated compared to other strategies ● Germany wanted to take more casualties than land from the France ● All about destroying the French Verdun Aims ● The plan by German Chief General wanted to “bleed France white” ● Wanted to launch a major attack on the French ● The Chief believed that the French would lose to many men ● German General Staff makes proposal of, “not to take territory but to take lives, to cause the French army to “bleed to death” defending the fortress complex around Verdun on the Meuse heights Verdun Weaponry ● Machine guns had a lot of popularity during the battle ● was also used offering kills in depth and scale ● Germans had heavy artillery enabling them to reduce French forces ● Germany had and green cross gas (toxic chemical) ● French used rifles during the battle

Somme Strategies ● The main strategy used by the british was to bombard German trenches with multiple smaller attacks for a week before the larger assault on July 1, 1916. Somme Aims ● The overall aim of the British attack was to relieve the French army fighting at Verdun. ● They also wanted to weaken the German army ● Although Allies could not break through German lines Somme Weaponry ● Bayonets ● Chiefly (used as a psychological weapon) ● Flame throwers ● Grenades ● Mills Bombs and Jam pots (both different forms of a grenade) ● Machine guns ● Pistols (officer’s weapon) ● Poison gas ● Rifles ● ● Trench Motars

Passchendaele Strategies ● To attack on multiple fronts ● To use poisonous gases ● Make small gains during the battle Passchendaele Aims ● There objective was to break through the German defences ● They wanted to seize the highlands of Passchendaele ● Wanted to capture German occupied Belgian channel ports Passchendaele Weaponry ● Similar weapons to those used at the ● Rifles ○ Standard issue for each country ○ British issue was more favorable in battle ● Machine guns ● Grenades ○ Weren’t used as much ○ Used during to throw in trenches ○ Had a very long tick time Passchendaele Weaponry ● ○ Very deadly ○ Easily avoided by gas masks ● Flamethrowers ○ Used in close quarters ● Tanks ○ Vulnerable to become stationary in terrain ● Artillery units Civilian involvement and cities burned Verdun ● In the heart of the city there was a citadel ● The citadel had forts around them resistant to artillery ● Thick steel reinforced concrete tops, sand cushions, the citadel was modernized for war ● Enclosed towns were used as bases for counter attacks ● The civilians were in between the crossfire ● Towns used for attacks therefore civilians being caught up in the battle Somme ● British soldiers went to attack against the German trench line which was suppose to be damaged but wasn't ● Civilians from cities across Britain and Ireland volunteered to help but never returned home ● British were not able to significantly damage the German dugouts Passchendaele ● After the land and villages of Passchendaele was completely destroyed ● Germans used Mustard gas in the battle affecting not only the soldiers but also the civilians in the villages ● The battle greatly affected New Zealand families Science and technology during the battles Verdun ● Even with all the new technology, the battle of Verdun still used ● Haldane’s oxygen apparatus was used to get men large amounts of oxygen to counterbalance effects of poisonous gasses ● Somme ● Tanks were first introduced on September 15, 1916 ● Barbwire ● Haldane’s oxygen apparatus was also used at the Somme Passchendaele

● Germans introduced chlorine gas ● Caused suffocation for victims ● Blood bags were brought into use in order to get blood to the front lines for those injured. Bibliography

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