E1778 Energy Development and Access Project v3 (TEDAP) P092154

Public Disclosure Authorized

Environmental Assessment – Annex 2: Geological

Public Disclosure Authorized Investigations (EA) Part A (January 2005) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized E w 7 ,~~~1.4 .# t

REINFORCEMENT AND UPGRADING OF DSM, KILIMANJARO AND TRANSMISSION UNES AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PROJECT: Environmental Studies ANNEX 2: Geological Investigations

Leonard B. Kassana Research & Development Department, Tanzania ElectricSupply Company Limited, P.O. Box 9024, Dar es Salaam. Tanzania.

January 2005 I Reinforcement & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Arusha Transmission Lines ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Grain Size Distribution Table 2: Average PH levels Soil Properties

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 6.1: Maps Appendix 6.2: Test pits logs Appendix 6.3: Laboratory Results Appendix 6.4: Photo Records of the Investigation Area Appendix 6.5: Other relevant literature and correspondence docs

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CH Inorganic clays of high plasticity kv Kilo Volt MA Moshi-Arusha ND Non-Dispersive QDS Quarter Degree Sheet pH Negative decinal logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity Pi Plasticity Index TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Comnpany Limited Km Kilometers SM Silty sands and sand-clay rnixtures ToR Terms of Reference TP Test Pit USCS Unified Soil Classification System (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1985).

Leonard B. Kassana iii Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited 1/26/2005 And Arusha Transmission Lines Reinforcement & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

for the assistance in one-way or the other. Their The author is highly indebted to the following people helpful in carrying out this task: logistical support and comments as well, have been

Dar es Salaam: Director Corporate Planning & Research * Mr. K.R. Abdulla - Tanesco, Manager Research & Development * Mr. D.E.P. Ngula - Tanesco, Chief Research & Investigation Engineer * Mr. M. Katyega - Tanesco, Senior Geologist * Mr. K. Kabaka - Tanesco, Environmental Engineers * Messrs Mansur, H & Lazimah, J - Tanesco

Arusha: Regional Manager * Mr. C.J. Masasi - Tanesco Civil Engineer Technician, Transmission Lines * Mrs. Dina Msuya - Tanesco

iv Leonard B. Kassana 1/26/2005 Tanzania Electnc Supply Company Limited Reinforcement & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Arusha Transmission Lines ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This document is an annex to the main report for Reinforcement & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Arusha Transmission Lines ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES. It deals pertaining Geology with issues and in particular soil conditions and its main objective general overview is to obtain of the geological/soil conditions of the project areas. * Ihe proposed corridors for the Moshi - Arusha 132 kV overhead transmission is approximatejy 70 km long and the Dar es Salaam transmnission routes are approximately 43 km long. Regionally, the Moshi - Arusha area lies within the Great Eastern African Rift dominated by volcanic formations. Valley and is The transmission corridor traverses east west lower flat lying foot of through southern the mounts Kilimanjaro and Meru. The proposed transmission was selected to run parallel with corridor the existing 132 kV transmission line from Moshi Kiyungi substation to Arusha Njiro substation. * The Moshi - Arusha transmission towers will be founded in volcanic of Sandy Silty sediments mainly consisting CLAY and few places have soils mainly composed of Sandy * Soil samples SILT/Silty SAND. taken from Moshi - Arusha Transmission line corridor varying, a bit have pH values slightly on the acidic side and largely on the alkaline side. About samples have 80% of the tested soil PH values greater than 7.0 indicating that the soils are of the tested alkaline in nature. Only 20 % soil samples show acidic nature. By these results, the ground - Arusha Transmission conditions in the Moshi line route are not acidic and therefore it may be a very less corrosive inferred that the site pose threat to the transmission towers. During the fieldwork, inspection was conducted random visual on the existing 132 kV transmission towers and corrosive not observed on the towers. effects were * The Dar Transmissions corridors are located in the coastal plain environment dominated by superficial sands of the flat, low lying coastal plain represented from by redistributed outwash material the fault blocks. River alluviums consisting of sands varying are from off-white to buff-brown also found in the corridors. Test on soil pH for the samples that collected from Dar corridors show the soils specimen are acidic, but the number of soil conclusion. samples is too small to make a definitive * Due to terrain nature of the transmission corridors and non-dispersive nature of the few samnples taken from the sites, it is apparently inferred that soil erosion along the transmission is not severe. Control measures for soil erosion will have to be determined design/construction on a tower-to-tower case during the phase. At this stage of this report we may not have a suitable * Due to the preliminary blanket solution. nature and time/budget constraints of the study, measurement for the Field Resistivity assessing electrical conductivity of the ground, was period and thus not conducted during this it is recommended to be done at later phase of the study/implementation.

Leonard B. KIassana v Tanzania Electnc Supply Company Limited 1/2&62005 And Arusha Transmission Lines Reinforcement & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL

1. INTRODUCTION of Kilimanjaro-Arusha Transmission Lines and The field investigations for Reinforcement & Upgrading weeks no. 49 and 52 of 2004. This Dar es Salaam transmission lines took place between respect to geological/soil conditions of report gives an account of preliminary findings with the project area. Tanzania for Moshi-Arusha and Dar es project areas are situated in Northern and Eastern parts of The Transrnission Corridor lies between 30 Transmission routes respectively. The Moshi-Arusha Salaam The Dar es Salaam transrmission and 30 26' S Latitudes, 36°41'E and 370 19'E Longitudes. 22' S 6°43' and 6°56'S latitudes and 39°10' corridors lie between the following geographical coordinates: areas are shown in Figure 1. and 39021 'E longitudes. General locations of the project ~- ^^,, Lake R *Nawasha 0 150 km

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1/26/2005 Leonard B. Kassana Page 1 of 8 Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited Reinforcement & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, ENVIRONMENTAL Kilimanjaro And Arusha Transmission Lines STUDIES- ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

1.1 Scope of Work

The scope of the assignment was to obtain general overview condition of the soil and general geological of the area so as to highlight preliminary Environmental effects of soil erosion with respect to Impact Assessment. Specifically, the scope included: * Scan and traverse along the proposed corridor documenting rock and soil Overview Mapping. types in general i.e. * Zoning and documenting different geomorphologic conditions along the proposed * Spot soil investigations corridor at few selected sites at locations to geologist. be determined at the site by the

1.2 Methods of Investigations

Senior Geologist, Mr. Leonard B. Kassana of Research and Development Head Office, executed Department, TANESCO all investigations in accordance to the ToR.

The field light investigations consisted of: * Carrying out soil investigations within the selected transmission samples corridors by test pitting. Soil were collected for laboratory analysis as well * Ground water measurements in the Investigation pits. * Overview Geological Mapping * Literature search relevant to the project.

An overview mapping was based on: * Interpretation of topographic map at 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 scales * Interpretation of Geological maps, Quarter Degree Sheet (QDS) at a * Walkover scale 1:125,000 survey along the proposed transmission corridors Refer to Appendix 6.1 for maps locating investigation areas.

2. TOPOGRAPHY, REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND SITE GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 2.1 Kilimanjaro - 2.1.1 Topography

The project area is dominantly covered by volcanic mountain massifs country at about 900 rising abruptly from plateau m.a.s.l For Arusha areas, mount Meru raises summit of about from about 900 m.a.s.l to the 4600 m.a.s.l. and Kilimanjaro rises from about 5895 m.a.s.l. 900 m.a.s.l to the highest peak of

In general, the proposed transmission line runs parallel to both existing Transmission line 132 KV Moshi - Arusha and the main Moshi - Arusha road. The line of the runs almost east west direction south high volcanic mountains in Africa, namely Kilimanjaro running and Meru. The transmission lines parallel to the Moshi-Arusha road in are the south of the mountains. North of this road, terrain is of mounded topography formed the by Meru lahars while in the south of the road our transmission proposal is running, and where outwashes from the lahars form a more even plain. Wide spread topographical features are formed by the spread of 'lahars' or cold mudflow south and southwest of in the emanating from Kibo peak and mount Meru. For the further details of the topography the reader is kindly referred to the #42, 56 & 57 and QDS #55. special QDS covering

Leonatd S. Kassana Tanzania Electnc Supply Company Limited Page 2 of 8 112612005 Transmission Lines & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Arusha Reinforcement INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL

2.1.2 Regional Geology of Pleistocene to Recent. According to and Kilimanjaro are younger volcano products Mt. Meru QDS, essentially the geology of the Quarter Degree Sheets (QDS) # 55 and the KilimanjaroSpecial products and some interbedded sediments area is consisting of a pile of Neogene volcanic rocks. accumulated on eroded surface Precambrian metamorphic on transverse branch of southern two volcanoes together with other formations are located The African Rift System as shown in figure Gregory Rift, part Great Eastern Branch of the Great Eastern 2.1.2

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2.1.3 Soils in the Project Area Meru along lower, flat slopes of the Kilinmanjaro and The proposed transmrission corridor traverses Meru exhibits some black soils with distinctive mountains in the south. The south side of Mount

1/26/200 Leonard S. Kassana Page 3 of 8 Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited Reinforcement & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro ENVIRONMENTAL And Arusha Transmission Lines STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS carbonate concretions. Else where, soils on volcanic rocks show substantial colour variation from red to brown and even grey. In some areas calcareous duricrust zones are found within the project area. Seven test pits were dug along the corridor to assess the descriptions lithological conditions. Field lithological of these superficial deposits show domninantly that the sediments CLAY with occasion are Clayey SILT/Silty sand pockets. For field details please refer to Appendix 6.2. Large section where the transmission traverses is flat and only in few examnination areas there are gentle slopes arrd of the existing 132 KV transmission towers which were sign of built in earlyl980s showed no erosion effects. Thus due to low gradient nature of the corridor, no severe erosion. the corridor is naturally facing

Due to the preliminary nature of the investigation could not be well assessed corridor were but all test pits dug in dry and showed no sign of Groundwater. Volcanic rocks vesicular in nature imnnediately that may be porous and underlie the superficial deposits. The former is full of the later is full of many pore spaces and cracks and vesicles, so water is easier to get through the percentage of rainfall is ground. So a high absorbed into the ground. But since our excavation is shallow, expect to encounter ground water we don't during excavation except where a stream depression is crossed. 2.2 Dar es Salaam Region

2.2.1 Topography

In general, Dar es Salaamn is a coastal region whose widest topography lies between 0 m.a.s.l and m.a.s.l. However Pugu hills who 120 constitutes a small percent of the region rises to about 300 forming the highest land in the region. mna.s.l The proposed transmission corridor traverses in a terrain whose altitude ranges between 15 and 60 m.a.s.l. Major rivers within the project are Kizinga, Mzinga, Msimbazi,, Ubungo, Sinza draining towards Indian Ocean and Mlalakuwa all in the north easterly direction. Dar es Salaam Harbor part of River Mzinga mouth is a Northerly at the Indian coastline. The Dar es Salaam harbor is formed by erosion effects thought to have been of Mzinga and Kizinga rivers further deepened by tidal scour. Further details for the topography may be found in the QDS 186. 2.2.2 Regional Geology and Soils The main geological formations of Dar es Salaam region, in brief summary, are * Pugu Kaolinitic composed of: Sandstones, which are fine to medium grained and found in the off-white in colour. These are south west of Dar es Salaam with an SW-NE trend line. * Clay bound sands is another geological formation overlying reported the sandstones. The sandstones are to be of, probably, Mio-Pliocene age and they are semi-consolidated. * Reef limestones occur at several localities in the region. The age be Mio-Pliocene. of this formnation is assumed to * Superficial sands of the flat, low lying coastal plain represented form the redistributed outwash material fault blocks. East of Pugu, the sands are clean and off-white to brown. but elsewhere they are buff * River alluvium consisting of sands varying from off-white to buff-brown. The fine grades tend to be dark due to presence of admixed organic matter. According to QDS 186, two types of faults dominate the whose trend region. The most dominant set is the one line varies between NE to N. This seems to control the set is the one major rivers in the region. Second apparently controlling the coastline in the region trending These faults are considered in the SE-NW direction. to be of recent age geologically. The reader is kindly referred for further details of the regional geology. to QDS 186

Leonard B. Kassana Tanzania Electnc Supply Company Limited Page 4 of 8 1/25/2005 And Arusha Transmission Lines Reinforcement & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL

3 LABORATORY SOIL INVESTIGATION Salaam Transmission Lines were collected from both Moshi -Arusha and Dar es Soil samples areas where soil samples for the purposes of carrying out laboratory analysis. Investigation corridors in Appendix 6.1. The following test were collected are shown on maps enclosed in this report categories were ordered: * Grain size distribution for soil classification * PH levels for assessing acidic condition of the soils * Pinhole tests Soil Laboratory of the University of Dar es The laboratory investigations were carried out at the Salaam.

3.1 Methods carried out in accordance to the known All soil investigations for the above mentioned tests were were employed during the testing: international standards. The following British Standards * BS 1377 for Pinhole tests * BS 1377: Part II: 1990 for Grain size distribution * BS 1377: Part III: 1990 Test #9 for PH levels determination

3.2 Results & Discussions corridor are that the soils in Moshi - Arusha Transmission Line Sieve Analysis results indicate composed of Sandy of Sandy Silty CLAY and few places have soils mainly composed largely area are of varying nature SAND. This means that the behaviors of soils in the project SILT/Silty Generally, earthwork during the project corresponding to the behaviour of the composite soils. of earth could easily be washed away and execution should be well taken care of, otherwise piles courses within the vicinity of the sites of therefore increase turbidity/sediment loads within the water details on Sieve Analysis. the project activities. Refer to Table I and Appendix 6.3 for from Moshi - (Table 2 and Appendix 6.3) shows that soil samples taken Laboratory soil analysis acidic side and largely line corridor have PH values slightly varying, a bit on the Arusha Transmission greater than 7.0 indicating side. About 80% of the tested soil sanples have PH values on the alkaline show acidic nature. By these are alkaline in nature. Only 20 % of the tested soil samrples that the soils line route are not acidic and ground conditions in the Moshi - Arusha Transmission results, the threat to the transmission towers. it may be inferred that the site pose a very less corrosive therefore on the existing 132 kV transmission During the fieldwork, random visual inspection was conducted towers and corrosive effects were not observed on the towers. Line routes and tested for pH two samples were collected from Dar es Salaam Transmission Only only two samples it is difficult to mnake a levels. The results indicate that the soils are acidic but with ground in the area. definitive conclusion on acidic conditions coverage on the not completed as per our laboratory apparatus malfunctioning, Pinhole tests were However, due to DCPRIMRD/CRIE/9 dated submitted to the Soil Laboratory vide letter with ref. order that was and showed that the soil samples 14, 2004. Only two Pinhole tests were successfully done December and Appendix 6.3. were non-dispersive soil (ND). See the results in Table 3

1/262005 Leonard 8. Kassanoa Page 5 of 8 Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited Reinforcement & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro ENVIRONMENTAL And Arusha Transmission Lines STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL JNVESTIGATIONS

Table 1: Grain Size Distribution for both Moshi - Arusha and Dar es Salaam Transmission Lines # Location Depth of USCS Soil Description % Sampling % % % in Symbol Clay Silt m Sand Gravel I TPI -MA 0.6- 1.7 CH Sandy Silty CLAY 52 43 5 0 2 TP2 - MA 0.0-0.8 CH Sandy Silty CLAY 47 36 10 7- 3 TP4-MA 0.3-0.6 SM Clayey gravelly 2 21 58 27 Silty SAND 4 TP6-MA 2.0-2.5 SM Ciayey Sandy- 7 50 43 0 SILT 5 TP7 - MA 0.6-1.7 CH Gravelly Sandy 57 31 10 2 Silty CLAY 6 MLIMANI-CITY 0.0-0.5 CH Gravelly clayey 15 15 77 3 PROJECT. DAR Silty SAND 7 Buza Kipera S/S - Clayey Silty 8 11 81 0 Mbagala, DAR SAND

Table 2: PH Levels

# Location Depth of USCS Soil Description. Average Sampling in m Symbol PH I TPI - MA 0.6- 1.7 CH Sandy Silty CLAY 6.36 2 TP2 - MA 0.0-0.8 CH Sandy Silty CLAY 8.54 3 TP4-MA 0.3-0.6 SM Clayey gravelly Silty SAND 7.15 4 TP6 - MA 2.0-2.5 SM Clayey Sandy SILT 9.56 5 TP7 - MA 0.6-1.7 CH Gravelly Sandy Silty CLAY 7.63 6 MLIMANI CITY PROJ 0.0-0.5 CH DAR Gravelly clayey Silty SAND 6.15 7 Buza Kipera S/S - Clayey Mbagala, DAR Silty SAND 7.07

Graphical representation and other details are found in the Appendix 6.3. Table 3: Pinhole test

Sample no. Depth of Sarpling Classification TP2 0.0-0.60 ND4 TP 7 0.0 - 1.30 ND 4

Leonard B. Kassana Tanzania Elecd nc Supply Company Limited Page 6 of 8 1/26/2005 Transmission Lines & Upgrading of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Arusha Reinforcement INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS overhead transrission is approximately The proposed corridors for the Moshi - Arusha 132 kV * approximately 43 km long. 70 km long and the Dar es Salaam transmission routes are African Rift Valley and is the Moshi - Arusha area lies within the Great Eastern * Regionally, east west through southem by volcanic formations. The transmission corridor traverses dominated The proposed transmission corrid6r lower flat lying foot of the mounts Kilimanjaro and Meru. kV transmission line from Moshi Kiyungi was selected to run parallel with the existing 132 to Arusha Njiro substation. substation sediments mnainly consisting Moshi - Arusha transmission towers will be founded in volcanic * The Sandy SILT/Silty SAND. Silty CLAY and few places have soils mainly comnposed of of Sandy pH values slightly from Moshi - Arusha Transmission line corridor have * Soil samples taken of the tested soil the acidic side and largely on the alkaline side. About 80% varying, a bit on in nature. Only 20 % PH values greater than 7.0 indicating that the soils are alkaline samples have conditions in the Moshi soil samples show acidic nature. By these results, the ground of the tested be inferred that the site pose Transmission line route are not acidic and therefore it mnay - Arusha the fieldwork, random visual very less corrosive threat to the transmission towers. During a towers and corrosive effects were inspection was conducted on the existing 132 kV transmission observed on the towers. not dominated by corridors are located in the coastal plain environment * The Dar Transmissions outwash material of the flat, low lying coastal plain represented by redistributed superficial sands off-white to buff-brown blocks. River alluviums consisting of sands varying from from the fault from Dar corridors show found in the corridors. Test on soil pH for the samples collected are also is too small to make a definitive that the soils specimen are acidic, but the number of soil samples conclusion. nature of the few samples terrain nature of the transmission corridors and non-dispersive * Due to the transmission is not severe. from the sites, it is apparently inferred that soil erosion along taken on a tower-to-tower case during the Control measures for soil erosion will have to be determined not have a suitable blanket solution. design/construction phase. At this stage of this report we may elaborate and details are not results at this stage are only indicative as they are not very * The test sampling should be done due to the preliminary nature of the study. Further and detailed adequate of the project. Such tests may give to have more standard classification tests in the next stage qualifying data for the soils from the site. additional study, the Field Resistivity preliminary nature and time/budget constraints of the * Due to the not conducted during this for assessing electrical conductivity of the ground, was measurement of the study/implementation. period and thus it is recommended to be done at later phase

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6. REFERENCE

* Anders, R., et al 1972: Soil Erosion and Sedimentation in Tanzania, University of Upsalla, and University of Dar es Salaam. Clark * British Standards Institution, 1981: Code of Practice for Site Investigations, * Geological BS 5930:1981 Survey Division of Tanzania, 1983: Quarter Degree Sheet (1:125,000) I st Edition. # 55, Arusha, * Geological Survey Division of Tanganyika, 1965: Special Sheet (1:125,000), Kilimnanjaro - Moshi, covering QDS #42, 56 & 57. * Geological Survey Division, Ministry of Industries, Mineral Resources and Power, 1964: Explanatory Notes on the Geological Map of Kilimanjaro * Kassana, L.B, 1990: Geology of Pugu Kaolinitic Sandstone, Kisarawe, Thesis, Tanzania. Unpub. BSc. Geology Departrnent of the University of Dar es Salaan. 32 p * Survey and Mapping Division of Tanzania, 1965: Topographic Map 1:50,000 Edition 2-TSD/OSD. Sheet #52/2, Series,

Leonard B. Kassana Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited Page 8 of 8 1/26/2005 Aru5ha Transmis5ton Unes 4 Upgradmng Of Dar es 5alaam, Kilimanjaro And Reinforcement INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL SIUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAIJSOIL

APPENDIX 6.1: MAPS New 132 kV Transmiss.on Lline MoshN to Arusha (line route parallel to existing 132 kV line)

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APPENDIX 6.2: TEST PIT LOGS Arusha Transmission Lines & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Reinforcement rNVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAIJSOIL

APPENDIX 6.2: TEST PIT LOGS

LINE AA: MOSHI - ARUSHA 132 KV TRANSMISSION Moshi - Arusha 132 KV Transmission NB: All test pits were excavated within the existing way leave

TP 1 Sample Remarks Depth (m) Lithological Description from top roots 0.60 - 1.70 GW Dry 0.0 - 0.4 Dark Grey clayey SILT, with vegetation All soils are Brownish Grey clayey SILT 0.4 -1.1 volcanic sediments hard clump 1.1 - 1.7 Yellowish Brown SILT,

TP 5 Sample Remarks Depth (m) Lithological Description from top #1:0.21-0.51 GW = Dry 0.0 - 0.3 Hard, Yellowish Grey clayey SILT 0.0-0.21 All soils are Consolidated soil - Yellowish grey hard #2: 0.3 - 51 volcanic crust with whitish spots sediments

TP 6 Sample Remarks Depth (m) Lithological Description from top 2.0-2.5 River bank cut at - 0.6 Yellowish grey, loose, clayey SILT 0.0 Kiyungi S/S All soils are - 1.20 Blackish grey, loose, fine SILT 0.6 ALLUVIAL sediments

1.20 - 2.5 Slightly yellowish grey, very loose, clayey SILT

TP 2 Sample Remarks Depth (m) Lithological Description from top Alluvial clay deposits Cobles, gravels in black cotton soil 0.0- * 0.0 - 0.6 with cracks seen on matrix 0.60 (grade IV) Weathered the surface. 0.4 - 1.0 Highly are rock * Cobbles volcanic subangular

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TP 3: Located at 30 m north of angle tower # MA I I I Depth (m) Lithological Description Sample Remarks from top 0.0 - 0.50 Dark Brown, medium dense clayey 0.0 - 50 * Rock lump in filled SILT with calcitic material 0.50 - 1.30 Highly weathered (grade [V) volcanic rock

TP 4: Located 300 m west of River Sanya on the right hand side bank, flash flood area Depth (m) Lithological Description Sample Remarks from top 0.0 - 0.8 Grey, loose, dusty sandy SILT 0.0-0.8 * Gravels are sub angular 0.8 - 1.1 Gravel in Silty matrix

TP 7: located 30 m north of tower # MA 12, top of a ridge Depth (m) Lithological Description Sample Remarks from top 0.0 - 1.30 Reddish Brown firm clayey SILT 0.0-1.30 (Lateritic Soil)

Leonard B. Kassana 2of 3 Tanzania Electnc Supply Company Limited 1/26/2005 And Arusha Transmission Lines Reinforcement & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro rNVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICALUSOIL LINES BB: DAR ES SALAAM CITY 132 KV TRANSMISSION LINE BB1:FZIII - MBAGALA s/s 132 KV TRANSMISSION 14, logging done at the road cut of TPD 1: about 150 m west of the proposed angle tower TW TAZAMA pipe access road.

Remarks Depth (m) Lithological Description Sample from top 0.0 - 1.80 Reddish Brown, sof to firm Silty CLAY

kv substation TPD 2: located at the proposed Buza/Kipera (Yombo) 132/33 Remarks Depth (m) Lithological Description Sample from top 0.0 - 0.30 Grey silty SAND 0.30 - 1.0 Yellowish Grey silty SAND

BB2: UBUNGO - MIKOCHENI 132 KV LINE Nujoma road bridge. All soils are TPD3: located on the left bank of Ubungo River at the Sam alluvial deposits Sample Remarks Depth (m) Lithological Description from top 0.00 - 0.25 Dark grey clayey SILT 0.25 - 1.00+ Grey, medium SAND

site TPD4: Excavation pit of the Mlimani Holdings Project construction Remarks Depth (m) Lithological Description Sample from top 0.00 - 1.40 Yellowish Grey, clayey coarse SAND 1.40 - 2,00 Dark grey sandy clayey SILT

3 Leonard B. Kassana 3 of 1/26/2005 Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited Reinforcement 4 Upgrading Of Dar e5 Salaam. Kilimanjaro And Arusha Transmission ENVIRONMENTAL Lines STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAJJSOIL INVESTIGATIONS

APPENDIX 6.3: LABORATORY TEST RESULTS. SOIL pH TEST OF SOIL SCIENCES COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY PROJECT:- Tanesco Power Lines Date:- 27 December, 2004 TP6 TP7 MLIMANI pit MBACALA I TP2 TP4 PIT SAMPLE TP - 1.30 KIBURUGWA 0.00 - 0.80 2.00 - 2.50 0.00 No. 0.60 - 1.70 0.00 - 0.60 0.00 -0.50 30 30 30 30 30 Mass ofsoil 30 30 used 75 75 75 75 75 Volume of 75 75 water distilled 1:2.5 used mls 1:2.5 1:2.5 1:2.5 1:2.5 Soil to Water 1:2.5 1:2.5 RATIO 6.1669 6. 7.17 7.03 7.15 7.16 | 73 0 9.259.24 9 7631764| 7.3 measured 6.3i 6.35 6.36 6.15 7.07 7.15 9.56 7.63 Average pH 6.36 8.54 value 29.8 29.8 29.7 29.8 29.8 Temperature 29.7 29.8 degrees cngrde - -:c-, -

PIN HOLE TEST. BS 1377: Part 5: 1990 FROM PIN HOLE SAMPLING DEPTH CLASSIFICATION SAMPLE No. TEST 0.00 - 0.60 ND4 PIT No.2 ND4 0.00 - 1.30 PIT No. 7

TESTED AND REPORTED BY: A J.MBUYAH i Dje of Tunpoabon& Gecmica- fa oCMh En& & The BLh Exvizonrnz _4c Colpf EWeznn & Thhual WUyivk of Dar-eU P O. Box 35131 . %-. . - C SILT IM omws. 100 -i - COfaLn

|-80 - T 00 2.

w- 02 zX 0

mz

30.0 0.00 10 100.00

40~~ 0.oxx53 0PI0.0T 0.70 CH SAD lr LY 2 4

- -4 TP200 TO6 2.50SM CLAYEY PANDTICL E SI IN- mm4 - 4- TP1-ETH06 - 1.0meesT2DE ta 5; E H 0.0 - .6mts-A- T 4DPH00- 0.0 ete - - - T6DET2.00-.0mte

LOCATIONP UO. Cax CO51S3NC

3\^ SM- O.30T00.6C.YYRVLYITSN - 1 8 -P COSZLIS WmC CzAY SILT 100 - 1 0

800 I o

d6 NO, . - -

.0 '1.0'100 01 ' 0 EI- 0.0

- 0 - EPH00IIAIDPH .0O5mrSMAAA ee 1.0C)e |-+ P-

20

0 ii 1.00 10.00 10.oo 000.01 0.10 PARTICLE SIZE INmm 0.50mvetrs -- MBAGALA- metres. -4--TP7 DEPTHO.O00- 1.30memr - -MLIMANI DEPTH 00-

CC.COSTEY Uc. l LOCATION SOIL DESCRIPTION 6 -de % %% No. DEPTH OF SAMPLING USCS CLAY SILT SAND GRAVEL SAMPLE SYMBOL die dio .dw No, 31 10 o GRAVELLY SANDY SIL TYCLAY 57 5 4P70.60 TO1.30 CH4 tyot C* ft &I Buik - 15 15 7PY 0 TOc10.50 C14 GRAVELLYCLAYEYSILTYSAND 6 MLMNI 1 8 = O73 Su eLAYEY SILTY SAND 7 7iMBANG - P 0esSaaaB 35131- Reinforcement 4 Upgrading Of Dar es 5alaam, Kilimanjaro And Aru5ha Transmt55ion ENVIRONMENTAL Line5 STDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAJSOIL INVESTTGATIONS

APPENDIX 6.4: PROJECT PHOTO ALBUM Arusha Transmission Lines & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Reinforcement INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAUSOIL

APPENDIX 6.4: PROJECT PHOTO ALBUM AA: MOSHI - ARUSHA 132 KV

Km 00: View showing LHS bank of the Moshi- Lukaranga River. In the background the tower no. I can be seen -,. - ., Arusha

- Km 3.0: View to the East

Km 3.3: View to the East -

Leonard B. Kassana 1/26/2005 Tanzania Electric Suipply Company Limigted Reinforcement & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES And Arusha Transmission Lines - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL/SOIL INVESTIGATIONS

Km 6: View to the East

- .

--

.- ' , - -- Kmn 6: View showing a local lady collecting 'Magadi' - Soda

: FBicarbonate-

e -. Km 14: View to the East

LAA6

Leonard B. Kassana Tanzania jj Electric Supply Company Limited 1/26/2005 And Arusha Transmission Lines & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro Reinforcement INVESTiGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL/SOIL

- - -- Km 24: View to the Southi

AA7- .- !o

,X, -~~-

V'sS

Km 24: View into TP 4

Km 24: View to the tower footing

iii Leonard B. Kassana 1/2&2005 Tanzania Electnc Supply Company Linited Reinforcement & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And ENVIRONMENTAL Arusha Transmission Lines STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICALUSOIL INVESTIGATIONS

-- Km 30: View to the West.

IAAI

Km 34: View to the West

- L. -

Km 34: View to the East

AA12

Leonard B. Kassana iV Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited 1/26/2005 And Arusha Transmission Lines Reinforcement & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICALUSOIL

Kin 34: View into the TP 3

Km 58: View to the West

: - --

Km 58: View showing the expansive ground

v Leonard B. Kassana 1/26/2005 Tanzania Electnc Supply Company Limited Reinforcement & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Arusha Transmission Lines ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL/SOIL INVESTIGATIONS

"T

Km 58: View into TP 2

L - .*

___ __ ~416 . & -

( W - Km 72: View to the East

A 17

Km 72: View into TP I

Leonard B.Kassana vi Tanzania Electnc SUPPIY ComPany Limrted 1/262005 And Arusha Transmission Lines Reinforcement & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL/SOIL

BB: DAR ES SALAAM TRANSMISSION LINE CORRIDORS BB 1: UBUNGO - MIKOCHENI LINE ~w-.

Km 0.3: View showing the alluvial sand on the RHS of Sinza River

, . ,

PlateBBI-1 - *"

Km 3.3: View at Mlimani City Project construction pit showing on the soil strata ,.. erosive effects

Kin 3.3: View as plate BB 1_2

l .- *F-, the -~ showing a wide view of

pit ____ _construction

Plate ; .K Vl

vii Leonafd B. Kassan'. 1/2/2005 Tanzania E;ectrc Supply Company Limited Reinforcement & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Arusha Transmission Lines ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICAL/SOIL INVESTIGATIONS

BB2: FZHI SS-MBAGALA SS LINE

Km 0.0: View looking northerly .. -direction showing the Factory ~ ~Zone Eg 132/33 kV substation

Plate BB2-1

-A:'

w~~~;,~K * 1 n.0: 0sS' View looking southerly direction showing the 132 kV Feeder outlet Factory Zone m 132/33 kV substation to

Plate BB2-2

I ~

.-.

Km 9.1: Looking southeast .- direction showing terrain and vegetation where the line traverses

Plate BB2-3

Leonard B. Kassana Tanzania Electric Supply Cornpany Limited Vil12&2005 Arusha Transmission Lines Reinforcement & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICALUSOIL INVESTIGATIONS

Km 9.1: Looking northwesterly direction showing terrain and '3 J -vegetation where the line traverses

PlateBB24t

View at kml10.0: Looking

condition of the line traverse

Plate BB2-5

: * (..

-z ' s~~~ ."t:!. ~ ~

~< - - =Km 12.0: Looking west showing condition of the line i . - . h1 . i terrain -; - K. traverse

Plate BB2 - -

Leonard B. Kassana ix 1R6R005 Tanzania Electnc Supply Company Limited Reinforcement & Upgrading Of Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro And Arusha Transmission Lines ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICALUSOIL INVESTIGATIONS

. ~,/ I,/\/

hi 'Viewat Mbagala substation looking north showing the line traverse and terrain conditions

Plat BB-7

View at Mbagala existing substation looking east direction

Plate BB2 - 8

-- -

Leonard B. Kassana X Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited 1/26/2005 Transmis5ion Lines Reinforcement 4 Upgrading Of Dar es 5alaam, r.limanjaro And Aru5ha INVESTIGATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STJDIES - ANNEX 2: GEOLOGICALVSOIL

APPENDIX 6.5: OTHER RELEVANT LITERATURE ' I ~ ~Ie.sA It.} Vt 2Ministry of Iudtnstries, Mineral Resources and Power - (Geological Survey Division)

~k:~i~ IExplaiiatory Notes '. ''on tlle "* Geological Map of Kiliiiiaiijaro

- #, ;- ; I ,, * * PREFACE the mapping e The Sheffield University Kilimanjaro Expedition began assistance of the Geological Survey of Tanganyika. mountain in 1953 with the and included N ' project was under thc leadership of Mr. W. H. Wilcockson D. W. Humphries. Officers of the Geol, Wilkinson, Dr. C. Downie and Dr. San- 1. the Expedition were N. J. Guest, G. P. Leedal and D. N. Survey attached to out making u f -During the first season a general reconnaissance was carried early German topographical maps of the mountain. mountain in 195, r The memnbrs of the Expedition continued work on the -trological work bad.indicated the general distribution of lava the preliminary R. Neves then joinec from the volcanic centres. Prof. L. R. Moore and Dr. Expedition. quarter degree sheets 42. 56 and 57 rapid m: 4 To complete the area of the n and lower slopes in the neighbourhood of Moshi was compl. on the plains Survey Division r - 1963 by E. W. Hanley and G. R. Orridge of the Geological the extreme north-west by D. N. Sampson. and Mr. P. Wilki The geological map has been prepared by Dr. C. Downie up until the 1:50,000 contoured The final completion of the map was held I were available. The compilation from this scale and based on air photographs Chief Draugh: draughting and checking has been carried out by H. E. Empson, of the Geological Survey Division. is in the final stages of preparation by memb. A full geological account apprn, Department of Sheffield University. Meanwhile it is felt the Geological 1:125,000 geological p that the results of the mapping should be issued in the Government. The following accour series being published by the Tanganyika a Dr. C. Downie and other members of the expedition provides Mir. P. Wilkinson, of this f. description and summary of the history and petrography minary supply aspects of the gi mountain. Brief descriptions of the economic and watcr have been added by officers of the Geological Survey. by memN i A number of papers have already been written on Kilimanjaro these are listed at the end of this account. They do not. hox' the Expedition and area. constitute a full bibliography of geological work done in this

J. W. PALtisrER. Dodoma, for Grologic,,I S April, 1964 Conmmisioner CONTENTS-

PHYSIOGRAPHY ...... GLACIAL DEPOSITS ...... GEOLOGY ...... PRECAMBRIAN ...... NEoENE ...... -. Shi ...... - 01. Molog group ...... - ... 3 Maweaizi ...... The Neumtann Tower group...... 3 The Mawenzi grouip 3 Kibo ...... 3 The lower trachyandesite group ...... The Lava Tower trachyre group ...... The lower rectangle porphyry group ...... The upper trachyandesite group and the upper rectangle porpl group ...... The rhomb porphyry group ...... The Lent group ...... The small-rlornb porphyry group ... j Analcime syenite ... . . Kibo "lahar" ...... The Caldera Ri;m group . 5 The Inner Crater group Intrusions ...... Parasitic Cones ...... The Saddle zone The Roinbo zone .. Kilema zone. ... Kibongoto zone ...... Shira and Lagun,ishera zones . . Present Volcanicity ...... Meru "lahar" ...... Alluvium ...... Amboseli lake beds ...... Calcareous tulTaceous grit ... Red soils ...... Wind.blown sands...... Rr,IONAL SIRUCIURAL FEA1URI.S VOLCANo-TrCTONIc Fr.ATUIRlS ECONOMic Gr.OLOGY SELECTED BinLIOGRAPIIY ...... PHYSIOGRA f Kilimanjaro, which occupies most of this sheet and spreads into adjoining ones, is a volcanic mountain massif rising abruptly from plateau country at about 3,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level to culminate on Kibo in Uhuru Peak, 19,340 feet, the highest point on the African continent. The plain-on which the volcanic pile accumulated is a warped and faulted erosion surface the age of which is still uncertain. Despite its near-equatorial position, the great height of the mountain has caused the glacierization of the Kibo peak above about 15,000 feet: Six glacial episodes have been recognized of which the third was the most extensive and included the glacierization of Mawenzi and to lesser extent of Shira as well as Kibo. The earlier of these glacial epi- sodes took place during the activity of the volcanoes as shown by the presence of tillites underlying lava or pyroclastics, and have continued since the centres became extinct. Terminal momines are found as low as 10.000 feet on Mawenzi and Kibo. Recent climatic change, however, has shifted the perrnanent snow-line above the summit level and the glaciers are now recedini rapidly, leaving lateral and terminal moraines which form a distinctive feature of the topography. The great altitude also leads to striking contrasts in vegetation. A rough zoning of the mountain is as follows: (a) Ice and Alpine Desert, above 13,500 feet; (b) Heath or Moorland Zone from about 10,000 to 14,000 feet with giant senecios, lobelias and Erica spp.; (c) Mountain Rain Forest Zone, 6,500 to 9,500 feet; (d) Cultivated Temperate Zone, from plain level to about 6,500 feet with coffee, bananas, wheat, maize; (e) Plain at 2,500 to 4,000 feet, semi-arid steppe. The drainage pattern is, in a general way, radial from the three major centres and rivers cut deep gorges into the flanks. Water-flow is seasonal in the north and east and passes, by way of the Tsavo River, into the Athi (Galana) River system. In the extreme north-west the intermittent drainage flows into the dischargeless basin of Lake Amboseli. The rivers of the west and south drain into the headwaters of the Pangani River. Widespread topographic features are formed by the spreads of "lahar" or cold mudflow in the south and south-west, emanating from Kibo and from Meru, a prominent extinct volcano which lies to the west. In the south, at heights of about 2,500 feet, lie the extensive alluvial plains of the Upper Pangani and its tributaries, and in the north the south-westem parts of the Amboseli Basin appear as widespread alluvial and lacustrine deposits at heights of about 3,700 feet. GLACIAL DEPOSITS Above the forest level and at heights between 11,000 and 14.000 feet, terminal moraines belonging to the last glaciation are conspicuous on the flanks of Kibo and Mawenzi. Behind them the corresponding lateral moraines follow the ridges up to about 15,000 feet. The enclosed area is richly endowed with glacial phenomena including cirques, glaciated pavements, boulder-trains, crag and tail, roches mo1ltonn&es. Outwash gravels, almost entirely cover the Saddle area. Sets of retreat moraines are sometimes present and more recent moraines exist near the glacier snouts on Kibo. Outwash sands and gravels cover wide areas of the flanks notably north-west and south of Kibo and south of the Saddle. In places they extend down to below 9,000 feet. GEOLOGY Essentially the geology consists of a pile of Neogene volcanic products and some interbedded sediments accumulated on an erodedl surface of Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Pxr.CAMNIRIAN Within the boundaries of the sheet therc are only a fesn restricted otut- crops of Precambrian rocks, all of whiichi have been assigned to the Usagaran of the Mozambiquian orogenic belt. These outcrops represent the tops of inselbergs on the pre-volcanic surface and continue the topographic trends of the North Pare and Lelatema Mountains in the south. *north-west comner of the sheet biotite gneiss forrr small hill and, east ciAlMoo roup.-On- the north-western flanks :rystalline limestone appears of the mountain, belos, as a small outcrop. -. the south-west four occurs a group of olivine basaltic and trachybasaltic lavas which appcar i present the northern foothills of the Lelatema Escarpment. High-grade one of the earliest eruptive episodes of the mountain and may havc been dl-t i.,nts are here exposed and include garnet-quartz-feldspar granulite, quartzite, the early Shira centre, iu'ianite granulite (khondalite), dolomitic marble, calcite-diopside marble and ..olite-homnblende-quartz 'granulfte. A small is-olated outcrop of crystalline- Mawenzi.-The highly eroded rocky mountain Mawenzi, with its binl crsin the foothills. -at H-ans Meyer Peak, 16,896 feet. is a complex erosion residual between ii :I troun ouh-est Kiumb he ~tcrpsincudequatzo-eldpatic ganuitecornies. The most important of ihese corries lies on the east at the bet- .cride and/the botcrops arouie ndis aifnd iuncflude spartzafndsahomlnicgrnuieg Great Barrancoi, a 4,000-foot gorge whith offers the longest and most continuo. .knde Land/or bidgotsite, biotitegeiso and quartz-feldspa andis biotitic quartzo- through the mountain. heaeaRigcosssobittanhobedenes,visible, Mawenzi is a complex volcano with two majc r. giving rise to two groups of volcanic rocks. Both centres have bCL %t, gneiss and smri-icalcareous gneiss. In the two hills north-west and north- since the early Pleistocene. Laterna, retrogressive homnblende-hyperthene gneisses and granulitesi showing- ipient migmatization are found. These -occur'rences in the south-east lie a -I The Niuman'n Tower group comprises a succession, mainly of lavas, stii :1 north of the North Pare Mountains, In general, the foliation of all these )following range of rock type: ankaramite--olivine basat-asphyric :.s NNW.-SS. and feld' r1. with an inclination to the ENE. at 35-45'. olivine trachybasalt and trachybacalt. The lavas dip out from a complex ! an agglomeratic infilling and intrusive bodies, situated at the Neumann Too't II NmEoNEe lavas represent the earliest visible activity of Mawenzi, and in the upper p. f: cieo h ocnctomneeto sucran ute ot nThree Kings' Valley and-in the Great Barranco, where they form the entire %s'.. cc earleso knowmnceogent o volcankicys haverbeen. da rthedrbisortopicn they are seen to be overlain by lavas of the Mawenzi group. To the sou .14 I. ealeto3 'knillown. yeasold,e namely,icofv Mieene dage, The eriesotopi Great Barranco the Neumann Tower lavas occupy the whole south-east M ; 13ol, o amey,1 mllin f yariocneage Th erlistMawenzi but (heir full extent is much obscured by later parasitic I: n o volcanics can only be dated as Mio-Pliocene and activity has continued blanketing forest. Thus, although their distribution is probably extensive, i'csoeeinto Recent times with diminishing frequency and importance. with lavas below the forest line is conjectural, now limited to local fumnaroiles. The early history is little known because of The Mawenzi group is so named because all the principal ve cover of younger extrusives. peaks of Nft-. From an early stage, activity has been built of. its members. It is a sequence of effusions, including considerable a: .t~ .isd around three major centres, which now correspond to the three main pyroclastic rocks, showing the following range of types: olivine I.:summits of Shira, Kibo trachyt- and Mawenzi, The structures of these three trachybasalt--olivine trachyandesite and trachyandesite-basalt---andesite. i ~noes mutually interfere.to form a high massif with a pronounced WNW.- characteristic varieties are feldsparphyric and carry numerous phenocrysts of Si.L catin. umerusfrm araiticconscnspcuou zoes longcerainbytownite with a thin platy habit (length/thickness ratio up to 20-1): they r. ~ I:ns.one inch across, In the central region the lavas are often con :C ;i-Shira, the oldest centre, is a relatively simple strato-volcanic cone with a brecciated by flow and may be mistaken for pyroclastic rocks. The lava-br, :d crater. Topographically, it forms a plateau 12,000 feet high, rimmed at tuffs, especially the latter, thin rapidly away from the centre. The vents resri margnrige btreeanda a nrthsout haf mles ongof wichthethese out-pourings have been identified as plugs of syeno-gabbro grouped asi -nt, Klure Peak, is 13,030 feet high. A shorter ridge bounds the south side. of the Great Barranco and in the South Peak. th and east the structure has been reduced by erosion and buried beneath :,ions from Kibo. Mawenzi and Neumann Tower lav'as extend down the slopes on to r; crossing' into Kenya and are exposed in the wsalls of Lake Chala;, the group, trne is built mainly of lavas, although some pyroclastics are present. The been separated in these regions. Ickasscitios ae een -A conspicuous feature of the structure is the occurrence of tmite about 601" < olivine basait-trachybasalt-trachyandesite compositions similar to the lavas. They average between two and three 1 basaitenephlinte.and are relatively hard and give rise to pinnacles and ridges. Two sets of *lower exposed part olivine basalts are important, but in the upper part arrangcd radially to the Neumann Tower and Mawen7i centres res;pectively * advanced differentiates predominate. Tue trachybasalts are of the cnrsfr oifratidcneti nrc -.ariety, similar e.Ms ye.hwvr ' to those of Mawenzi (q.v.) but with plienocrysts of panralel swarm, trending W Wiird . whcetich inesect.Mst tykes,two entre T: ,oLutcr dimnensions. prle wr,tedn N .EE,wihitrct tetv ete.Ti sout11hern part of the Shira Plateau rises the conical hill called Platzkegel. ntsonalteedksadaeol ceaial ersrtd .zcd remnant of a nmajor vent-infilling occupies a roughly central position '-kiho.-The central and largest of the Kilimanjaro centres is a"p -tto the Sliira structure. The vent-infilling is mainly composed of basaltic volcano thec dome of which has been obliquely truncated by collapsc resuilti 2,with some basic lavas, and is penetrated by intruIsions of doleriticanI formation of a caldera n. ntahl ie ndaee.Tehgetpr lr.Similar small intruisions occur at the eastern limit of the south ridge caldcra rim is on the south and culminates in Uhuru Peak (formerly i On ilic inner slope Kaises of the main Shiira Ridge a small subsidiary centre of Spitze). 19,340 feet high. From the floor of ithe caldera rises an Inner ( effuNicon became active at a late stage. A radial swvarm of (tykes, crater 000 yar(1s in diameter. Within the Inner Crater lies the Ash Cone cii: :!,, s.rmdar to tava%, the is conspicuously exposed on the ridges, and terme(l the "Ash Pit", the latter 370 yards in dliameter and 425 feet deep conccntric sheets of intrusive rocks, concordant with the lavas, are visible Cratler is the site of thie last activity of tlie mountain. The southern shijol I: arc dissected by glaciated vles but oneyrar thie Great Wet Ni soutlisset Side doeis erosioni expose any --tst of the Shiira Plateau, in ithe upper parts of thec Kikafu Valley, th ocn.Hre taotli00fe,te(isetO considerahle section into thec %itri .itre" Sediments are exposed. sdeet ii h dl Tlhese alluvial deposits contain a wide variety rocksnarc torbe ftaoun.Th more0reent, ilc a havciotendedps tod flis (oldi, incluiding ijolitic rocks not seen elsewhiere on the mountain. T'hey post-date okand catoflaeksoand.in Thirego nothingeofnth oldvaer strcture( is seen dvi ivsity of Shira.an csfltkaninlisrgonoligo h iirsutreien 2 group is developed a spect. l taaso Kb so srngakaieifee: inan anefrmAbove ...e upper rectangle porphyry hn300fe hc opiigterobp -*ndesite, through trachyte to nepheline-rich phonolite. A wide range of these prhr ucsinmr in the the smnall-rhomb porphyry group and the Caldera Rim group. The n ecs occurs, and a detailed succession is well-established, especially emt esrb aai dips approach tfice horizontal on the flanks they steepen popyyIa.be,sdesntal safil ~s.Near the centre to phonolites with mega-phenocrysts of ali pat Kibo flooded westwards almost completely over Shira - -composition- from trachytes Ps. The lava flows of type !h to north and -south by the peak of Mawenzi. showing rhombic cross-sections; some varieties are very close to the "me cast they were strongly deflected others can be compared with those of Mount Kenya a1 in are available only on the south and west slopes and nmoraines and - Oslo region, whilst tcetions Erebus in -Antarctica. There is .considerable variation in phenocryst siz il t !nr; .ae~iial deposits conceal the lavas over considerable tracts. The maximum n I avagrous,thckneso thesevralach f wich ay omprse core offrequency and also in the presence or absence of nepheline mega-phenocrvy account. myc prs oof these features have proved stratigraphically significant. %-al flows, isg~iven in the following u, afJvashasben folos: IThe rhomb porphyry grouip (2,000 feet). The lavas of this li,' dterindsicesson by abundant phenocrysts of alkali feldspar up to one and f. :es isccsino aahabendtrieasflos--characterized half the volume of the tie nner Crater group in length, sometimes comprising as much as l and aphanitic to glassy, but locally it may i AVC Caldera Rim group - matrix is usually dark grey There are no neipheline nmega-phenocrysts. It. must have been the .1~ SmLenhobpophr group- he .distributed of all Kibo lavas since flows of this type pass off the sheet booir Rhom-pLentgroup r A) group- north, north-west, and probably south of the mountain. Individual flov.-s. Uprhomb aglporphyry more than 25 miles from ti r I ti1 Upper tractyanglesporhyr group exceed 50 feet in thickness, are known to extend point of origin. They moved by characteristic tunnel-flow mechanis,m. Lower rectangle porphyry grotup ' glacier I1 group ynot divided on map. Locally in the region of the snouts of the Penck and Crednter Lava Tower trtchyte rhomb. porphyry (400 feeit I-1 il,I Lower trachyandesite group I porphyry is underlain by the distinctive Penck Elsewhere :,o (and at certain well-defined stratigraphical horizons), very sparse feldspar phenocrysts in a very basic matrix. ta number of localities WVeru Weru agglomerate whicr S :et and alluvial deposits occur among the lavas of Kibo and in porphyry succession commences with the fluvio-glacial at 4,200 feet altitude. Neither of these t. ii; - as -ey may reach thickness of over 200 feet, e.g. in the Karanga Valley but their thick in the Weru Weru Valley they have been included in the rhomb porphiyry -. i are to small to be shown. extensive outcrops and . lb part of the Pleistocene but the mp The Lent group (1,000 feet). In many parts of Kibo the lavas n-i A;of the Kibo lavas seen belong to the earlier in; i group erupted in the latter half of the porphyry group were succeeded, after a lengthy erosion interval, i.mmb porphyry group and Calder-a Rim phonolites. These form extensive flows on rn ne and the Inner Crater activity is Recent. trachyandesites. trachytes and and appear to have originsted as flam v In trachyandesite group (200+ feet) is the oldest set of lavas exposed. It and southern flanks of the mountain, lower most prominent centre, the Lent Peak n, m. ,I I.tricted outcrop near the Lava Tower and in the Umbwe Valley at 13,500 feet from fissures and centres. The impressive collapsed dome. Pfeet. Lithologically the lavas resemble the upper trachyandesites. Kibo, is an (700 feet). In the central regivii it) nl i afewplce hih n heThe simall rhaomb porphtyry groiup lavas later in age than the Lent .An Lav Th-rrhyerop(0fetisseonyiafeplcshgonteporphyryeet tacyti sen grup(30 group is succeeded by a group of LaTwe are characterized by abundant, euhedral rhomb-sliaped phenocrysts of rek: vI 1 * c\t of Kibo. Lithologically the lavas are green, fluidal, fissile and are flanks less than half an inch in length. Sparse, small rnega-phs ' -. 'sPicuously xenolithic. Petrographically the lavas are aegirine-rich trachytes. size, generally t feet) is also exposed in limitedI areas neplieline are also commionly present. ovver rectangle porphyry group (2.000 feet). Within the central portion of Kiho. tI ,uth-ivest flanks. Petrographically the lavas are trachyandesites, differing from Anakcinie sycnu'te 01,000+ of the plagioclase mcga-plhenocrvs'ss. the Great West Notch show that the rhomb porphvry grouip is sucL -and lower trachyandesites in the nature thie bottom of which has not becr porphyries the mega-phenocrysts are of andesine vithi a conisiderable thickness of analcime-sycnite, lower rectangle contains small rhombic plienocrysts of alkali feldspar, andi in otl A~ II aTcross-section showving a legth/thickness ratio in the range Ill to 4/I in syenite cross-section resembles closely small rhomb porphyry. It is, in fact, thought to he a pu, traclhyandesites the feldspar is a labradorite with a more reguliar rhomb porphyry magmia which was extrudled under presumicd tni lengii/ticknssraioinherageSIto 5/1.s(nial slowly by virtue of its large lengh/iicknssrnge5/I o I/I.cauldronatioin he subsidence proceeded. and cooled inseof their restricted outcrops in the same area these earliest tliree groups of io'Isr.Abudrepitceralrgaeaftmelins Mo%hi at lheighits of below 3,000 feet. In places it shows tlhe mounded Ahave been represented as one unit on this map. was formedi by enormous debris flu's upp,-r rectangIk porphyry *iroIIJp chmaracteristic of "lattar'. This deposit upper/ trachlyande.sit- grou4p (200 feet) antd the at some period sub-v I similar in petrography to the loweer grOupsl- Of the development of thie Kibo Barranco which took pl-ice tl). Trhese two groups are porphyry group and before thec otitpotirinve .:,)e, buit have a much wider distribution, again mainly in thec west and south formantion of the small-rhomb mountain approaching the Anmhoseli Crater lavas. Lavas on the nortlhern slopes of the feet) is a grouip of rhomb porphryrics 551 I probably to be correalaed with the upper trachynndesite group. as are thiose Tlhe Caldera Rimpgrouip (630 miountain, large, well-formei niega-phenocrysts of alkali feld%par accompanied I'-. *eXPOSuire west of the Karanga River at the southern base of the one inichi' westwvard on to the Shiira Plateau and are also abundant mega-phienocrysts of nepheline %hich may approachi rrectangle porphyries extend flat-lying flows filling a caldfera uAhich f m: utteY sections in the 3,000 to 4,000 feet level east of Macharne and at thie These lavas formedI a series of t porphyry lavas. 1.ater they spilled over the sidecs formiing ' .u and Kikafu rivers. small rhionb the north and north is separated from thec underlying lower rectangle channel flows on the flanks of Kibo, especially on upper trachyandesite group of the map. The present summit ridlge ' by an important erosion surface, btut it appears to gradle upward into wvhcre sonic extend to the edge *groupl rhiomb porphyries were also erupted Jr ! Irectangle porphyry groupthog lava-flowsshwn transitionalpleors memhcrs of this group. Nepheline separation of the two through h ssosfreote vrinrry ph cytparasitic centre on the Saddle. 4 !nner Crater group (425+ feet) comprises nepheli: ch aegirine-phonolite Shira at,. Laguimishera zones. From the west to the north of Shiri a Ismall rnega-phenocrysts of well-shaped nepheline and more irregular ones ofwihmrtan10cesgnrlymoedpredhninheR boe ina.hs age. thei lowtcroneuils the preasento cavder which formped atd ar widest range of petrogmaphic types known in the parasitic activity is fout i ,.,.-.ce i teage pesen -Teirlowconefils cader whch frme attheboth pre-rhomb porphyry and post-rhomb porphyry activity is known. ~ Caldera Rim group. They spill over the rim of the caldora and form - Shira zone forms a well-defined anid narrow maised linear zone extending fret . h *th log,noth-est,andare arro flws n lsopresnt n te wet ad -Shira Plateau to the plains near Sinya. The lavas are chiefly andesites an . The groups of cones lying to the south and north of this zone have been :. . 'lions.. A number of dykes are present on the slopes of Kibo above 13000 ease of description, to an Engare Nairobi zone and a Lagumishera zone ci '. Y. )ly on the south-west and west, but a few are recorded high on the north. Presenit Volcanicity.lResidual volcanicity is now confined to Kibo, -c :I is *idial, from 1-8 feet wide. They comprise trachybasalts, rectangle porphyries, expressed by fumarolic activity associated with the Inner Crater ring frak *, ile rphyries and phonolites. fumaroles are believed to indicate waning activity, but they may represeni lo: -it * Cd s-Associated with the Kilimanjaro volcanicity are small but staerinth volcaniciWety. hr h iimnaolvspssudrte ,dventitious cones. Two hundred and sixty-three of these ntinor volcanic grerat "Iaharfieldextenofn wshiara stMrubyniimnmroiaaspthe ss odethe Ja. i.been mapped on this sheet; generally they are situated on the lower - retlahar"wa firreld irextendingmestad tobrybyncolpeothe h atwlmt of thecra . i s *ending-in zones down to the plains, but they also occur on the Saddle "lhr a omdi eettmsb- h olpeo h atwl fteca .l Oi:,n 14,000 feet. The cones are usually-only a few hundred feet in diameter - In gene(al, north of the Arusha-Moshi road the Meru "lahar" formn, aithe same in height, but several reach a mile in diameter and over five topography whilst south of the road outwash from the lahar forms a more' ri - n. tcet in height. -They consist mainly of scoria aiid ash, but several have The "lahar"~deposit consists of boulder beds, over 80 feet of which are v.. , e lava flows forming extensive fields as in the Upper Rombo and North Sanya River sections. Al] the boulders are of types lava common on Meru. a. Rock-types identified are: ankaramite--oceanite--olivine basalt- Alluviu,ni.-Most of the valleys of Kilimanjaro have alluvial terraces ir' r r .te-phonolite-basalt-andesite--trachyte. However, these cones have not parts wvith boulder beds conspicuous among the deposits. These terraces -' n udied in detail and there may be an even wider petrographic range. At least the plains north and south of the mountain to form wide spreads o'f 2-. peiriods of parasitic eruption are known. The later post-dates the Caldera gravelly deposits. The Pangani deposits in the south consist mainly of IC and hence is the youngest activity on the mountain except for the Inner Kikuletwa and Sanya rivers have narrower alluvial plains, and stroI - f s. The older pre-dates the rhomb porphyry group but may post-date the lacustrine and alluvial deposits have formed west of Shira where the drai e .!.aiigle porphyry group. In addition much older centres have been identified Sanya River was temporarily blocked by the Meru "labar"'. Extensive allus: . lavas of Mawenzi, and other periods of parasitic activity certainly occur. gravel deposits surround the lacustrine deposits of Amboseli. ire mostly arranged in well-defined belts corresponding in some cases clearly Amiboseli lake beds.-The lacustrine beds in the Lake Amboseli * I;regional tectonic or volcano-tectonic lines. considered to be Neogene in age. The lowest strata are the Si,iya Beds ss a',ddle zone. This zone comprises eleven eruptive centres arranged in two of dolomitic limestones with some sepiolitic mudstones towards their WNW-SEhe aininesbeteen entes o Kio an MaeziTheitmestones are the main host-rocks for meerschaum, which is found WNW.iS,Einlpart pre-CawerathRmagopin agntesandKinclunde MawnkaaiThes sporadic bodies. The Sinya Beds are overlain unconformably by the Ain; *traclhyandesites. The southern line entirely post-dates the Caldera RimThsargen,epoicclywthmkdttxtricndwlinp includes ankaramites and basalts. An isolated centre betsveen the lines 01 Tuikai Beds which lie unconformably on thesc clays in this part of t c tasaltb and nepheline rhomb porphyry. constituted mainly of impure limestones with lesser marls and clays. I'anntbo zone. Ti zoneaper to cotnethe otenSdl ie toth Calcareous ituflaceouis grit.-Deposits of wvell-bedded Calcareous sat, of Mawenzi. Comprising more than a hundred cones it is the densestom selagyofavfrmntatinahckssfoer5 ,irasitic cones on the mountain, The upper part consists of lava and scoria south-west of Lake Chala. J2y ankaramitic in nature. Thei part within and below the forest, consists Red soils.-South of Kirua are extensive alluvial deposits of saw *.sh cones with ankaramitic and olivine basaltic affinities. All this activity conglomerate with secondary limestones, all distinctly red in colour. Sir: * g.Lake Chala lies isolated at the south-eastern extremity of the RombohaeawdsrdbuirglrocrenentelwesopsfKii ,iccupies a large caldera, some 300 feet deep, and is surrounded by *a of Slhira and east of Mawenzi but are not shown on this map. In placc! Wof agglomerate and tuff. The walls expose Mawenzi-derived lavas. It thicknesses of 200 feet. Outcrops of Precambrian rocks are all surrirunde, (tiat the large spread of water-deposited calcareous tutTaceous grits in this of duricrust which may be highly calcarcous in places. Surface hlme'ione I rner of the sheet wsas derived from the Clhala centre. some of the parasitic cones in the Shira Zone and locally elsewhere. zoc,Ths onris(iaraemnain i acnsicou foma oitWind-blown sands.-Along the western edlge of Lake Amboseli there ai, it * cnspcuoszoe. hiszon rasedare isa emnatng roma pintdeposits of wind-blown material. The lake floor itself consists of flIne niL 2Saddle at 9.000 feet and running in thec general direction of the Pare places, contains crystals of gaylussite, becoming miore plentiftul as one tII. Somec twenty dissectedI basaltic scoriaccous cones overlie andi partlyeatrdinoKy. ''ick older series of basaltic to ultramnaric lavas whtich apparently form theeatrdinoK y. raiscd area. These older rocks appear to be overtain by lavas of the Although slhown on early topographical nmaps as s.aline, I.ake Ant1 o-kupon (heir eastern margin, and may prove to correlate with thie Neuimann particularly rich in either salt or soda. I.or to hc even oldcr. In the absence of poritive evidencc, the wh)oIe if RrrGI0NAL STP,UCTtIRA!. FEATU.RIS been miapped as parasitic lavas, which do, in fact form nmuch) of ilte ,sure. The stratigraphic position and petrographic claraicter aire citisely The Kilimanjaro massif appears to he SitUated at tlhe inter%ection ir *oseof(qv.)norh tte01 ofSttra.tectonic Mloggrop lines: the NNW.-SSE. faulted Pangani TroLugh, situated hetomc iofzone. B Mlog ruv (.. northanf areaaMountains and the Lelatema Mountains and an E.-W. trendling -lone . ineet f te eyodotte lns fStrai nextending from the Gregory Rift Valley 80 miles or so to the wcst. \ inefvr lland eroded cones occur, but their relationship to tlte faulting pre.dates the volcanic aclivity and wvittiin ttte hounds of it,. -unknown. 6 structures are buiried. 7 VOLCANO-TECToNIC FEATURES-VoLco-TcroNc FxruRs-into Thethe largewate, expiosi?on - Lake craterChala whaichhas accumulated extendsbelo°' as tha resultwater oftable seepage of gc . gnment of calderas, volcanic vents, parasitic cones, and dyke swarms is G Atab r m the map and these lines clearly have some form of structural control, BIBLIOGR -tber this is of purely volcanic origin or has regional significance is not DOWNIE, C. 1964. Glaciations of Mount Kilimanjaro, north-east T Bull. geol. Soc. Amer. Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 1-16. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY D. W. HumpH_IEs, W. H. WILCOC_soN and P. WILKINSON. IC haum is mined at Sinya, north-west of Kilimanjaro. The deposits are of Kilimanjaro. Narure.Vol. 178. pp:828-830. n.custrine limestones, associated with green sepiolitic clays, which extend across HUMPHRIEs, D. W. 1959. Preliminary notes on the glaciology of K into Kenya along the south-eastern margin of Lake Amboseli. Meerschaum lour. Glciology. Vol. 3, pp. 475-478. . m pipes at a modern, well-equipped factory inArusha. Larger pieces are used Geology, volcanology and glaciology of Kl. nieerschaum pipes, smaller pieces for inserts in pipe bowlis and the fine Guidso-boDk No Moun Key n-Kl,ajro h onanCu ir constituted into blocks (called "arcon" to distinguish it fromanatural Gude-bookrenya to Mouna and-Kiattrnar The Mountain Club .;schaum) -from which pipes, with the excellent smoking characteristics of - N . .K. i rschaum, are made. -W-LCOCYsoN, W. H. 1956. Prelimiary notes on the geology of .w;r is forrning round the mouths 6f fumaroles in the Inner Crater of Kibo, eol. Mag. Vol. XCIII. No. 3, pp. 218-228. ,_conomic amounts. cs for building and road construction are in fairly plentiful supply but there tage of suitable sand for building purposes near Moshi and in the areas l-v volcanic rocks. Building sand is quarried in the Pangani alluvium near i Chini. r .Supply. Kilimanjaro is situated in the centre of an extensive arid area of ,C;t where the plains normally receive less than 20 inches of rain per annum. i, a increases on the mountain itself. The north and east sides of the mountain . short rains (November-early December) while the long rains (April-May) :1. on the south side. The highest rainfall (over 60 inches per annum) :lhe southern slopes of the mountain centred on Machame and Marangu. ih and north-east side of the mountain, rainfall is lower, usually between 30 clies. :.nent surface water is found mainly on the southern slopes of the mountain lie larger streams flow perennially. With the exception of the Karangal o and the Rau, all these usually dry up before reaching the plains in the dry I:l the north and east sides of the mnountain, permanent surface water is (he forest belt on the lower slopes and only the Lumwe stream flows below line in the dry season. On the upper mountain slopes, surface water is niols only at a few places (e.g. near Peters Hut) in the dry season. u h much of the rain falling on the mountain is dissipated in surface run-off. ,.: is readily absorbed by the pervious volcanic formations and tends to ,ihe botton of the volcanic pile, held up in some places by impervious lava v.crge as small springs which occur frequently in the forest belt. Most of .; > are utilised to feed pipe lines which serve the population on the lower ,.' mountain. -prings occur at the foot of the mountain near Moshi and at Miwaleni on .lc. On the south-east, east and north sides of the mountain, all the large . tovu, Taveta, Ziwani and Loitokitok) are located in Kenya. \ty borcholes have been drilled for water in the Kilimanjaro-Moshi area. horeliolcs drilled in volcanic formations around the foot of Kilimanjaro uccessful. Large quantities of ground water can be reached within 400 ssurfacc. Boreholes drilled near Moshi and Sanya Juu have frequently of over 2.000 gallons per hour; some have given much higher yields. In !njaro (Engare Nairobi) area, boreholes have been less successful. On the k limanjaro several successful boreholes have been drilled on the southern ,r!lcular near Marangu. Uru and Machame where surface water is abundant ,d ground water horizons are struck at relatively shallow depth. Many .itesl5 have proved dry or ground water from levels near thc surface has iih continued drilling in attempts to increase water yield. On the eastern K.ilimanjaro, only one borehole, at Keni, has been successful; five other ,1 !led in NMkuu and Mashati areas were dry. 9 I I r 1. - i n | 3 X 5g - . .

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Table 4 Detail For classification of fine-grained soils and fine fraction of course-grained soils. Atterberg limits plotting in hatched area are borderline classifications requiring use of dual symbols. Equation of A-line:

PI = 0.73 (LL-20)

Notes: The above charts reprinted with permission from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards copyright the American Society for testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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