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Fans Som Bråkar Fans som bråkar Fans reaktioner på representationer av queerhet i dataspelet Dragon Age: Inquisition Olga Svedin Institutionen för etnologi, genusvetenskap och religionshistoria Examensarbete mastersnivå Genusvetenskap Masterprogrammet genusvetenskap hp 30 Vårterminen 2019 Handledare: Hillevi Ganetz English title: Quarrelling fans. Fans reactions on queer representation Fans som bråkar Fans reaktioner på representationer av queerhet i dataspelet Dragon Age: Inquisition Olga Svedin Abstract Denna uppsats behandlar hur representationen av ett samkönat par, Dorian Pavus och Iron Bull i dataspelet Dragon Age: Inquisition, orsakar stridigheter i spelets fandomgrupp. I uppsatsen analyseras hur medietexten representerar paret samt fansens reception av paret och deras sexualitet. Min studie visar att fansens debatter präglas av konflikter om representationen av queerhet i dataspelet. Flera av debattörernas argument har en prägel av moralpanik. Denna debatt analyseras teoretiskt utifrån representationsteori och queerteori. Slutsatsen är att fansens debatter riskerar att begränsa representationen av sexualitet i dataspel. En begränsning som bidrar till att upprätthålla den heteronormativa matrisen. Nyckelord queerteori, reception, representationsteori, medieanalys, genus, Dragon Age: Inquisition, dataspelstudier Innehållsförteckning 1 Inledning .................................................................................. 1 Syfte .................................................................................................... 2 Frågeställningar ..................................................................................... 2 2 Teoretiskt ramverk ................................................................... 3 Heteronormativitet och queerhet .............................................................. 3 Representationsteori ............................................................................... 4 Medier, budskap och åskådaren ............................................................... 5 Känslors roll .......................................................................................... 6 Moralpanik och medier ............................................................................ 7 3 Material .................................................................................... 9 4 Metod ..................................................................................... 11 Etik och situering ..................................................................................12 5 Tidigare forskning................................................................... 15 6 Analys: Dragon Age: Inquisition som medietext ..................... 20 Ett samkönat kärlekspar ........................................................................22 Dorian Pavus ........................................................................................23 Iron Bull ..............................................................................................24 Två stridande riken i fjärran, bilden av Tevinter och Qunari ........................24 Qunari: ”Det främmande folket med sin underliga religion” ........................25 Tevinter: ”Slaveri, människooffer och den mänskliga dekadensen högborg” ..25 En postrukturell relation till historia .........................................................26 Ett banbrytande poträtt av samkönat begär? ............................................27 7 Analys: förhandlingar om vad paret Iron Bull/Dorian Pavus representerar ............................................................................... 32 Förutsättningar för fansens tolkning av Dragon Age: Inquisition. .................32 En ”oärlig” skildring av paret Dorian Pavus/Iron Bull ..................................34 Fans som gillar Dorian Pavus/Iron Bull .....................................................38 Moralpanik, feministisk kamp eller nåt helt annat?.....................................43 Queerhet och fandom ............................................................................47 8 Slutdiskussion ........................................................................ 49 9 Referenslista .......................................................................... 52 Tryckta källor........................................................................................52 Otryckta källor ......................................................................................53 Tumblrinlägg ........................................................................................54 Bilder i uppsatsen ..................................................................................54 10 Appendix ................................................................................ 56 Skärmdumpar på tumblrinlägg ................................................................56 Hotstuffcortez .......................................................................................56 Aslinncosplay ........................................................................................57 Brialavellan ..........................................................................................59 Tumblingisforcheer ................................................................................60 Apprenticebard .....................................................................................61 1 Inledning Inom forskningen har fandom ofta beskrivits som en huvudsakligen positiv plats för gränsöverskridande, självförverkligande och identitetsutveckling. En återkommande uppfattning bland forskare är att fandom utgör en frihetszon för kulturellt skapande, gränsöverskridande och maktkritik (jmfr Jenkins 1992). Camille Bacon-Smith betonar att den fredade zonen erbjuder en möjlighet för exempelvis kvinnliga fans att bygga sociala och kreativa gemenskaper (Bacon Smith 1993:2). Detta arbete fokusera på en mindre utforskad del av fandomkulturen. Inom fandomkulturen upptar konflikter mellan fansen ett stort utrymme. Detta fenomen har dock fått en allt för undanskymd roll inom forskningen (Gonzalez 2016:5.1- 5.4). Fandom har existerat långt före introduktionen av internet. Idag finns en närmast oändligt mängd olika fankulturella subgrupper. Antalet konfliktområden är sannolikt lika stor. Mitt intresse har främst koncentrerats till konflikter kring samkönade par. Det är ett återkommande diskussionstema och förefaller ofta utgöra ett särskilt brännande område. Fiktiva samkönade par benämns inom fandomkulturen för slash. Debatter mellan fans på Tumblr brukar benämnas med samlingsbegreppet anti-discourse. Detta begrepp översätts till antidebatten i denna uppsats. För att avgränsa mitt material har jag valt att fokusera på antidebatten om ett speciellt romantiskt par, Iron Bull och Dorian Pavus. De utgör två betydelsefulla aktörer i spelet Dragon Age: Inquisition, som producerats av Bioware (Bioware 2014). År 2018 består spelet av tre huvudtitlar; Dragon Age: Origins, Dragon Age II och Dragon Age: Inquisition. Samtliga har ett flertal expansionstitlar och bonusmaterial som utspelas i samma fiktiva universum. Bonusmaterialet består av Biowareproducerade serier, romaner, uppslagsböcker etc. Dragon Age är med andra ord en utpräglad franchise. Spelet utmärker sig på den västerländska spelmarknaden genom att inkludera samkönade romantiska relationer i spelets huvudhandling. 1 Syfte Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka grunden för de konfliktfyllda diskussionerna om slashparet Iron Bull och Dorian Pavus i Dragon Age - fandomen. Frågeställningar Hur kan representationen av samkönat begär i dataspelet Dragon Age: Inquisition förstås? Vad är grunden till fansens bråk om det samkönade paret Dorian Pavus/Iron Bull inom Dragon Age -fandomen? Hur förhåller sig debatten om paret Dorian Pavus/Iron Bull till den heteronormativa matrisen? 2 2 Teoretiskt ramverk Uppsatsen teoretiska ramverket vilar på tre huvudpelare: queer-, representations- och känsloteori. Dessa perspektiv tillämpas för att förstå de bakomliggande strukturerna för vad som avhandlas inom fankulturen. Judith Butlers queerteori används för att få en teoretisk förståelse för hur kön och sexualitet förhåller sig till maktordningar (Butler 1999). Samtidigt är queerteorin i den form som presenteras av Butler svår att tillämpa inom en fandomkontext. För att möjliggöra en överföring av queerteori till fandomkontexten används Stuart Halls representationsteori i kombination med Taylor Boulwares tankar om ”queera förståelser” (Boulware 2017; Hall 1997). Boulwares idéer om queera uppfattningar är ett perspektiv vars syfte är att anpassa queerteori till fandomforskningens kontext. Dataspelets Dragons Age förstås i uppsatsen som en form av budskapsförmedling som kan analyseras utifrån representationsteori. I enlighet med Halls synsätt finns det alltid ett flertal olika sätt att avläsa samma representation. Det innebär att det här aktuella dataspelets karaktärer och händelseförlopp uppfattas på olika sätt av publiken. Analysen har koncentrerats till de tillfällen där de fiktiva karaktärerna Iron Bull/Dorian Pavus, representerar skilda meningar för olika fans. Dessa debatter präglas av starka känsloargument, och de kan anses ha en central position i bråken om Iron Bull/Dorian Pavus. Representationsteorin så som den appliceras av Hall och Boulware har i detta sammanhang fördjupas med Sara Ahmed teorier om känslors roll i produktionen av samhällsstrukturer (Ahmed 2009). En särskild vikt har lagts på hennes betoning av känsloargumentens roll inom politiska debatter. Heteronormativitet och queerhet
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