Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme
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Soil Aspects ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED SRI RAMESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME VOLUME – I October 2007 Department of Environmental Science, BUB 8 Soil Aspects ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED SRI RAMESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME VOLUME – II October 2007 Department of Environmental Science, BUB 9 Soil Aspects Ch apter No. Content Page No. I QUESTIONAIRE i to xix II Executive Summary I to XIV Chapter III - Salient Features Paragraph No. Content Page No. 3.0 Introduction 1 3.1 Location and Accessibility 1 3.2 Topography 1-2 3.3 Drainage 2 3.4 Climate and Rainfall 2 3.5 Geology and Soils 2-3 3.6 Population 3 3.7 Land use and Socio-economic Aspects 4 3.8 Cropping pattern 4 3.9 Hydrological aspects 4 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Content Page No. 3.1 SRLIS – Gross Command Area Details 3 3.2 Population as per 2001 census 3 Summarized Salient Features of 3.3 Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme 5-7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Content 3.1 Location map of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme 3.2 Location map of Command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme 3.3 SOI topomap of command area of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme 3.4 Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme Department of Environmental Science, BUB 10 Soil Aspects Chapter IV - Soil Quality Assessment Paragraph No. Content Page No. 4.0 Introduction 8 4.1 Soil Water – A Dynamic Solution 8-9 4.2 Soil Management and Micronutrient Needs 9 4.3 Changes in Soil Acidity 9-10 4.4 Soil Moisture 10 4.5 Fertilizer Applications 10-11 4.6 Scope of Study 11-12 Study Area 4.7.1 Location and Accessibility 4.7.2 Physiography and Drainage 4.7.3 Climate, Rainfall and Hydrological Aspects 4.7 12-16 4.7.4 Geology 4.7.5 Soil Types 4.7.6 Land Use Pattern 4.7.7 Cropping Pattern 4.8 Objectives 16 4.9 Materials and Methods 16 Soil Analysis 4.10.1 pH and conductivity 4.10.2 Soil Colour 4.10.3 Organic Carbon 4.10.4 Exchangeable Potassium and Sodium 4.10.5 Exchangeable Calcium and Magnesium 4.10.6 Available Phosphorus 4.10 4.10.7 Chloride 16-24 4.10.8 Cation Exchange Capacity 4.10.9 Calcium Carbonate 4.10.10 Exchangeable Sodium percentage 4.10.11 Particle Size Distribution 4.10.12 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) 4.10.13 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 4.10.14 Salinity Results 4.11.1 Soil pH 4.11.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 4.11.3 Salinity 4.11.4 Colour of the Soil 4.11.5 Exchangeable Calcium 4.11.6Exchangeable Magnesium 4.11 24-27 4.11.7 Percent Organic Carbon 4.11.8 Exchangeable Sodium 4.11.9 Exchangeable Potassium 4.11.10 Percent Chlorides 4.11.11 Available Nitrogen (%N) 4.11.12 Available Phosphorous 4.11.13 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) Department of Environmental Science, BUB 11 Soil Aspects Discussion 4.12.1 pH 4.12.2 Electrical Conductivity 4.12.3 Soil Colour 4.12 4.12.4 Organic Carbon 28-34 4.12.5 Available Phosphorus 4.12.6 Exchangeable Sodium 4.12.7 Exchangeable Potassium 4.12.8 Available Nitrogen 4.13 Particle Size Distribution 34 4.14 Textural Class 35 4.15 Water Holding Capacity (WHC) 35 Salinity 4.16 35-38 4.16.1 Salinity Causing Factors 4.17 Fertility Status of the Soils 38-39 4.18 Nutrient index 39-40 Estimation of Soil Loss 4.19.1 Erosion Index (EI 30 ) Values on Storm Basis 4.19.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) 4.19.3 Nomograph Method 4.19.4 Determination of LS 4.19.5 Evaluation of Cropping Management 4.19 40-47 Factor (C) 4.19.6 Evaluation of Support Practice Factor (P) 4.19.7 Soil Erosion 4.19.8 Soil Conservation Practices 4.19.9 Soil Conservation Practices for Catchment Area Treatment Soil and Water Conservation Measures for 4.20 Rameshwara Catchment Area 48-49 4.20.1 Gully plugging Soil Conservation Practices for the Ghataprabha 4.21 50-55 River at Rameshwara Catchment Area Department of Environmental Science, BUB 12 Soil Aspects LIST OF TABLES Table No. Content Page No. 4.1 Quality Problems Related to Agricultural Activities 16 4.2 Details of Soil Sampling Sites at Command Area 21-22 Analytical Methods Used for Physico Chemical 4.3 23 Analysis of Soil Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil at 4.4 24 Command Area Rate of Infiltration under different land use pattern 4.5 40 in the Ghataprabha River Basin 4.6 Estimation of Soil Loss in Watersheds of the RLIS 44 4.7 Erodibility Index 45 Suggested Erosion Reduction Percentages for 4.8 47 Various Mitigation Measures 4.9 Specifications for Gully Plugs 48 Soil conservation Measures and Practices 4.10 Recommended for the Ghataprabha River at 50 Rameshwara Catchment Area Micro-Watershed of Rameshwara Catchment 4.11 51-54 Area and Treatment Plan 4.12 Cost Estimates as per Soil Treatment Methods 55 Area and Cost Estimate for Catchment Area 4.13 55 Treatment LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Content 4.1 Soil sampling points of Sri Rameshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme 4.2 Seismic map of India as per IS 1893-2002 4.3 Seismic Zoning map of India 4.4 Seismic zones of India Department of Environmental Science, BUB 13 Soil Aspects Chapter V - Water quality Assessment Paragraph No. Content Page No. 5.0 Introduction 56-57 5.1 Water Requirement for Irrigation 57-59 5.2 Surface Irrigation 59 5.3 Ground Water Management 59-60 5.4 Management Measures for Irrigation Water 60 5.5 Pollutant Transport from Irrigated Lands 61 5.6 Fertilizer Contamination of Water 61-62 5.7 Irrigation Methods and System Designs 62 5.8 Changes in River Hydrology 63 5.9 Water Application and Drainage 63 5.10 Objectives 64 5.11 Scope of the Study 64-65 Study Area 5.12.1 Location and Accessibility 5.12.2 Physiography and Drainage 5.12 65-67 5.12.3 Climate, Rainfall and Hydrological Aspects 5.12.4 Geology Materials and Methods 5.13.1 pH 5.13.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 5.13.3 Turbidity 5.13.4 Alkalinity 5.13.5 Total Hardness 5.13.6 Calcium Hardness 5.13 67-73 5.13.7 Magnesium Hardness 5.13.8 Chloride 5.13.9 Sulphate 5.13.10 Phosphate 5.13.11 Nitrate 5.13.12 Fluoride 5.13.13 Sodium and Potassium 5.13.14 SAR, RSC and Percent Sodium 5.14 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 74-76 Ground Water 5.15.1 pH 5.15.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 5.15.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 5.15.4 Total Hardness 5.15 5.15.5 Calcium Hardness 77-88 5.15.6 Fluorides 5.15.7 Chlorides 5.15.8 Sodium 5.15.9 Potassium 5.15.10 Sulphates Department of Environmental Science, BUB 14 Soil Aspects 5.15.11 Phosphates 5.15.12 Nitrates 5.15.13 Turbidity 5.15.14 Colour 5.15.15 Alkalinity 5.15.16 Salinity 5.15.17 Percent Sodium 5.15.18 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) 5.15.19 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) Surface Water 5.16.1 pH 5.16.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 5.16.3 Total dissolved solids (TDS) 5.16.4 Hardness 5.16.5 Fluorides 5.16.6 Chlorides 5.16.7 Sodium 5.16.8 Potassium 5.16 88-95 5.16.9 Sulphates 5.16.10 Phosphates 5.16.11 Nitrates 5.16.12 Turbidity 5.16.13 Colour 5.16.14 Alkalinity 5.16.15 Dissolved oxygen (DO) 5.16.16 Percent Sodium SAR and RSC 5.16.17 Salinity 5.17 Conclusion 96-97 Hydrogeological Conditions 5.18.1 Granites, Gneisses and Schists 5.18 97-98 5.18.2 Deccan Traps 5.18.3 Laterites and Alluvium Ground Water Resource Status 5.19.1 Groundwater Condition 5.19.2 Ground Water Estimation 5.19 98-101 5.19.3 Ground Water Resource Estimation Methodology-1997 5.19.4 Assessment of Non-Command Area 5.20 Assessment of Command Area 101 5.21 Categorization of Watersheds 102 Assessment of Ground Water Potential 5.22.1 Ground Water Potential 5.22.2 Ground Water Recharge 5.22.3 Water Table Fluctuation Method (WTF) 5.22.4 Water Level Fluctuation 5.22 102-109 5.22.5 Specific Yield 5.22.6 Aquifer Area 5.22.7 Normalization of Monsoon Rainfall Recharge 5.22.8 Recharge Assessment based on Department of Environmental Science, BUB 15 Soil Aspects Rainfall Infiltration (RIF) Method 5.22.9 Rainfall Infiltration Factor 5.22.10 Recharge from other sources 5.22.11 Return flow from Ground Water Irrigation 5.22.12 Return Flow from Surface Water Irrigation 5.22.13 Seepage from Canal 5.22.14 Seepage from Tank/ Pond/ Reservoirs 5.22.15 Seepage from Water Conservations Structure 5.22.16 Allocation for Domestic & Industrial Purposes 5.22.17 Computation of Unaccounted Natural Discharge Ground Water Resource Categorization 5.23 109-115 5.23.1 Belgaum District Categorization of Areas based on the level of 5.24 Ground Water Development 116-117 5.24.1 Belgaum District Hydrological Characteristics 5.25.1 Transmissivity (T) 5.25.2 Specific Yield (Sy) 5.25 5.25.3 Specific capacity (C) 118-125 5.25.4 Infiltration Rate and Hydraulic Conductivity 5.25.5 Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity LIST OF TABLES Table No.