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Sns College of Engineering SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Kurumbapalayam(Po), Coimbatore – 641 107 (An Autonomous Institution) Accredited by NAAC-UGC with ‘A’ Grade Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai INTERNAL ASSESSMENT EXAMINATIONS – I (ANSWER KEY) COURSE: B.E – CIVIL CE8392 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Sem & Class: III Sem II CIVIL Date: 22 Aug 2019 Duration: 3 Hours Maximum: 100 Marks PART A 1. What is the thickness of the crust under the mountainous areas and in particular the Himalayas? a) 50-55 km b) 60-65 km c) 70-75 km d) 30-35 km Answer : c 2. The discontinuity which marks the lower boundary of the crust is a) Crust-Mantle discontinuity b) Oceanic discontinuity c) SIAL layer d) Mohorovicic discontinuity Answer: d 3.The granite layer in the crust is also referred to as a) SIAL b) SIMA c) SLAM d) SILA Answer: a 4.The density of the oceanic layer in the crust is said to be a) 3.00 g/cc b) 2.50 g/cc c) 1.90 g/cc d) 2.00 g/cc Answer: a 5. The depth at which the Mohorovicic discontinuity occurs is a) 90-100 km b) 50-60 km c) 70-80 km d) 30-40 km Answer: d 6. What is the speed attained by the P-waves in the C-layer under the Continental crust? a) 6 to 7.6 km/sec b) 3 to 4 km/sec c) 5 to 6.3 km/sec d) 1.8 to 2.5 km/sec Answer: a 7. The layer under the continental crust with the density of 2.4 to 2.6 g/cc a) A-layer b) B-layer c) C-layer d) D-layer Answer: b 8. Mineralogy deals with a) Individual properties of minerals b) Formation of minerals c) More of occurrence d) Properties, formation and occurrence Answer: d 9. A colour is produced due to a) Reflection b) Refraction c) Absorption d) Reflection and absorption Answer: d 10. Metallic minerals belong to which category with respect to colour? a) Idiochromatic b) Pseudochromatic c) Allochromatic d) Iridescence Answer: a PART –B 11. How are river terraces formed? River terraces are formed as a result of sediment deposition on floodplains or adjacent to channels by overbank sedimentation during flood events. 12. What is an aquifer? It is defined as a rock mats, a layer or formation which is saturated with ground water and yielding the stored water at economical costs when tapped. The quality is depending on the amount of water bearing capacity rate of yield gravels etc. 13. Write brief note on Soil settlement. Settlement is the downward movement of the ground caused by a load consolidating the soil below it or causing displacement of the soil. Settlement often refers to the downward movement of the ground around an excavated space, such as that for tunnels, shafts, or basements. 14. List the three types of plate boundaries. Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding. Subduction zones occur when one or both of the tectonic plates are composed of oceanic crust. Divergent boundaries – where two plates are moving apart. Transform boundaries – where plates slide passed each other. 15. Define Mohorovicic and Gutenberg discontinuity. Mohorovicic discontinuity marks the boundary between the upper mantle and the crust while the Gutenberg discontinuity marks the boundary between the lower mantle and outer core 16. State Mohs' Scale of Hardness. Mohs' scale of mineral hardness is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist who invented a scale of hardness based on the ability of one mineral to scratch another. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. 17. Explain types of cleavages in Amphiboles and Pyroxene minerals. The type of cleavage in pyroxene mineral is Prismatic cleavage. This type of cleavage is exhibited on some prismatic minerals in which the mineral cleaves by breaking off thin, vertical, prismatic crystals off of the original prism. The type of cleavage in Amphibole mineral is 2 sets perfect cleavage .in this type of Cleavage, the mineral has the tendency to break along smooth planes parallel to zones of weak bonding. 18. Enlist the symmetry elements of normal class of tetragonal system? Length a = b ≠ c Angle α = β = γ = 90º 19. Mention any two applications of gypsum. Used in manufacture of wallboard, cement, plaster of Paris, soil conditioning, a hardening retarder in portland cement primarily used to make drywall 20. List the properties and uses of garnet? Garnet possess an isometric system and also Garnet species are found in many colors including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, pink, brown, black and colorless, with reddish shades most common. Garnet gemstones were used extensively in jewelry for the pharaohs Helps to control energy flow for a better balance It is also used as Waterjet cutting granules, abrasive blasting granules, filtration granules, abrasive grits and powders, gemstones PART C Elaborate the erosional and depositional features of wind. Wind Erosion Wind performs work of erosion by at least three different methods: deflation, abrasion and attrition. (a) Deflation By itself, wind possesses not much erosive power over rocks or over the ground covered with vegetation. But when moving with sufficient velocity over dry and loose sands or bare ground over dust, it can remove or sweep away huge quantity of the loose material from the surface. This process of removal of particles of dust and sand by strong winds is called deflation. It is the main process of wind erosion in desert regions. In fact, in some deserts, deflation may cause the removal of sand from a particular location to such an extent that a big enough depression is created, sometimes with its base touching the water table at quite a depth. Such depressions are variously called blowouts when developed on a small scale and of shallower depth. Much deeper and extensive depression where the water table is intersected and it gets partially filled up with water is called an OASIS. Oases are the most sought after locations in deserts for more than one reason: it is only around them that some vegetation may grow and also they sustain temporary or 21. (a) semi permanent shelters. Slack is another term used for such depressions created by deflation. The Quattara depression of western Egypt is one of the biggest slacks. It is 300 km long and 150 km wide; its base is 130 m below sea level. Another feature produced due to deflation is called a Hamada. It is a bare rock surface in a desert from over which thin cover of sand has been blown away by strong winds. It is also called a desert pavement and may extend for considerable distance in a desert region. (b) Wind Abrasion Wind becomes a powerful agent for rubbing and abrading the rock surfaces when naturally loaded with sand and dust particles. This load is acquired by the strong winds quite easily when blowing over sand dunes in deserts and over the dry ploughed fields. This type of erosion involving rubbing, grinding, abrading and polishing the rock surfaces by any natural agent (wind, water or ice) with the help of its load while passing over the rocks is termed as abrasion. Yardangs. These are elongated, low-lying ridges forming overhangs above local depressions. Yardangs are formed in areas where rocks of alternate hard and soft character are laying one above another with a general gentle slope. Pedestal rocks These are pillar like rock masses with narrow base and wide rock caps Pinnacles are similar features with less prominent cap rock. These are produced by combined action of weathering, gravity and wind abrasion. However, it is the wind abrasion which is Pedestal rock mainly responsible for the formation of this pillar - like structures Ventifacts: These are small sized rock fragments showing one, two or three or even more typically win polished surfaces called faces. Polished and faceted rock fragments are called Ventifacts. Wind blowing in a particular direction, produce smooth and flat surfaces. Desert pavement: In deserts and semi-deserts, the dust and finer particles of the weathered rocks are blown out by the wind, and heavier pebbles and rock fragments are left out. After long exposure to wind, the fragments and pebbles become finely polished. This type of land surface is termed as desert pavement which is like a sea broken rocks. They are lag deposits. The areas with large sized rock fragments are termed as hammadas. Attrition by wind: The wind-borne particles, traveling in suspension do often have the chance of colliding with one another. Such mutual collision amongst themselves causes a further grinding of the particles and the process is described as attrition.The three processes of erosion, namely deflation, abrasion and attrition generally operate simultaneously under favorable conditions and causes appreciable degradation of the landmass on which they work. Wind Deposition: Whenever wind looses its velocity, the wind-borne particles are dropped back to The ground where they may accumulate to form wind deposits. Any obstacle in the path of the wind like boulders, hills, buildings etc. diverts the wind and causes the load to dropped resulting in the accumulation of the deposits. The two main types of depositional features formed by the wind are 1] sand dunes and 2] loess. 1. Sand Dunes Wind formed deposits of sand are commonly described as dunes. It is mound or a ridge of windblown sand that rises to a definite summit or crest. It shows a profile having a gentle windward slope and a steep leeward slope.
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