Hippogryph Issue Two: the Wrestling Issue
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Samoan Submission Machines
Samoan Submission Machines: Grappling with Representations of Samoan Identity in Professional Wrestling Theo Plothe1 Savannah State University [email protected] Amongst the myriad of characters to step foot in the squared circle, perhaps no ethnic group has been as celebrated or marginalized as the Samoans who have made their names in professional wrestling. The discussion of Samoan identity in the context of sport has examined Maori identity and masculinity in New Zealand, among other topics, but there has yet to be work which considers Samoans within professional wrestling. This research investigates Samoan identity through a content analysis of televised wrestling matches. This research identifies six primary stereotypes under which Samoan identity is portrayed. These portrayals of Samoan characters, I argue, flatten the representation of this ethnic group within wrestling and culture at large. Keywords: Samoans, identity, representation, gimmicks Introduction Among the myriad of characters to step foot in the squared circle, perhaps no ethnic group has been as celebrated or marginalized as the Samoans who have made their names in professional wrestling. This research investigates the identity of Samoans within professional wrestling, and the different ways they are constructed and presented to audiences. “Gimmicks,” characters portrayed by a wrestler “resulting in the sum of fictional elements, attire and wrestling ability” (Oliva and Calleja 3) utilized by Samoans have run the gamut from the wild uncivilized savage, to the sumo (both in villainous Japanese and comically absurd iterations), to the ultra-cool mogul who wears silk shirts and fancy shoes. Their ability to cut promos, an important facet of the modern gimmick allowing wrestlers to address their opponents and storylines, varies widely as well, but all lie within their Samoan identity. -
Donald Trump Shoots the Match1 Sharon Mazer
Donald Trump Shoots the Match1 Sharon Mazer The day I realized it can be smart to be shallow was, for me, a deep experience. —Donald J. Trump (2004; in Remnick 2017:19) I don’t care if it’s real or not. Kill him! Kill him! 2 He’s currently President of the USA, but a scant 10 years ago, Donald Trump stepped into the squared circle, facing off against WWE owner and quintessential heel Mr. McMahon3 in the “Battle of the Billionaires” (WrestleMania XXIII). The stakes were high. The loser would have his head shaved by the winner. (Spoiler alert: Trump won.) Both Trump and McMahon kept their suits on—oversized, with exceptionally long ties—in a way that made their heads appear to hover, disproportionately small, over their bulky (Trump) and bulked up (McMahon) bodies. As avatars of capitalist, patriarchal power, they left the heavy lifting to the gleamingly exposed, hypermasculinist bodies of their pro-wrestler surrogates. McMahon performed an expert heel turn: a craven villain, egging the audience to taunt him as a clueless, elitist frontman as he did the job of casting Trump as an (unlikely) babyface, the crowd’s champion. For his part, Trump seemed more mark than smart. Where McMahon and the other wrestlers were working around him, like ham actors in an outsized play, Trump was shooting the match: that is, not so much acting naturally as neglecting to act at all. He soaked up the cheers, stalked the ring, took a fall, threw a sucker punch, and claimed victory as if he (and he alone) had fought the good fight (WWE 2013b). -
The Popular Culture Studies Journal
THE POPULAR CULTURE STUDIES JOURNAL VOLUME 6 NUMBER 1 2018 Editor NORMA JONES Liquid Flicks Media, Inc./IXMachine Managing Editor JULIA LARGENT McPherson College Assistant Editor GARRET L. CASTLEBERRY Mid-America Christian University Copy Editor Kevin Calcamp Queens University of Charlotte Reviews Editor MALYNNDA JOHNSON Indiana State University Assistant Reviews Editor JESSICA BENHAM University of Pittsburgh Please visit the PCSJ at: http://mpcaaca.org/the-popular-culture- studies-journal/ The Popular Culture Studies Journal is the official journal of the Midwest Popular and American Culture Association. Copyright © 2018 Midwest Popular and American Culture Association. All rights reserved. MPCA/ACA, 421 W. Huron St Unit 1304, Chicago, IL 60654 Cover credit: Cover Artwork: “Wrestling” by Brent Jones © 2018 Courtesy of https://openclipart.org EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD ANTHONY ADAH FALON DEIMLER Minnesota State University, Moorhead University of Wisconsin-Madison JESSICA AUSTIN HANNAH DODD Anglia Ruskin University The Ohio State University AARON BARLOW ASHLEY M. DONNELLY New York City College of Technology (CUNY) Ball State University Faculty Editor, Academe, the magazine of the AAUP JOSEF BENSON LEIGH H. EDWARDS University of Wisconsin Parkside Florida State University PAUL BOOTH VICTOR EVANS DePaul University Seattle University GARY BURNS JUSTIN GARCIA Northern Illinois University Millersville University KELLI S. BURNS ALEXANDRA GARNER University of South Florida Bowling Green State University ANNE M. CANAVAN MATTHEW HALE Salt Lake Community College Indiana University, Bloomington ERIN MAE CLARK NICOLE HAMMOND Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota University of California, Santa Cruz BRIAN COGAN ART HERBIG Molloy College Indiana University - Purdue University, Fort Wayne JARED JOHNSON ANDREW F. HERRMANN Thiel College East Tennessee State University JESSE KAVADLO MATTHEW NICOSIA Maryville University of St. -
Politics by Kayfabe: Professional Wrestling and the Creation of Public Opinion
POLITICS BY KAYFABE: PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING AND THE CREATION OF PUBLIC OPINION WILLIAM P STODDEN North Dakota State College of Science and Concordia College and JOHN S. HANSEN Hennepin County Library1 INTRODUCTION Professional wrestling offers an excellent analogy for understanding the way politicians socially construct reality to produce changes in public opinion. In most cases, politicians will frame specific events in a way designed to elicit public support for their preferred policies or candidates. They will also use these same techniques to frame those they perceive to be “enemies” in a way that generates fear and antipathy in the population. The creation of reality and incitement to action in a mass population is one function of political propaganda, which is nearly ubiquitous in the age of mass media, big data, and the 24 hour news cycle.2 In many ways, the process of the construction of reality employed by politicians is similar to the creation of angles and storylines in professional wrestling, which has grown into a world phenomenon alongside-- and largely as a result of-- mass media. In its current manifestation, professional wrestling, now called “sports entertainment,” requires the apparatus of mass media as well as the audiences mass media generates to succeed financially. For their part, policy makers and political leaders also use the mass media. In fact, the modern mass- based political Party, which appeals to huge swaths of the population using claims and narratives resonant with the average person rather than traditional political elites would not exist without the mass media. Without widespread dissemination of news, Parties would not be able to effectively disseminate political propaganda or generate public opinion. -
The Operational Aesthetic in the Performance of Professional Wrestling William P
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2005 The operational aesthetic in the performance of professional wrestling William P. Lipscomb III Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Lipscomb III, William P., "The operational aesthetic in the performance of professional wrestling" (2005). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3825. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3825 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. THE OPERATIONAL AESTHETIC IN THE PERFORMANCE OF PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Communication Studies by William P. Lipscomb III B.S., University of Southern Mississippi, 1990 B.S., University of Southern Mississippi, 1991 M.S., University of Southern Mississippi, 1993 May 2005 ©Copyright 2005 William P. Lipscomb III All rights reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am so thankful for the love and support of my entire family, especially my mom and dad. Both my parents were gifted educators, and without their wisdom, guidance, and encouragement none of this would have been possible. Special thanks to my brother John for all the positive vibes, and to Joy who was there for me during some very dark days. -
Relational Labor and Audience Engagement in the Wwe
Selected Papers of #AoIR2020: The 21st Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers Virtual Event / 27-31 October 2020 IN THE RING AND ONLINE: RELATIONAL LABOR AND AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT IN THE WWE Jessa Lingel University of Pennsylvania Introduction Professional wrestling has long been of interest to cultural and media theorists (Barthes, 2015; Canella, 2016; Olson, 2018). Long before reality TV, the performativity and scripted drama of professional wrestling allowed theorists to unpack questions of fictionality and narrative authenticity. In the context of internet studies, professional wrestling raises additional questions: How do performers use social media to maintain relationships with fans? How do gender norms manifest in on-stage versus online performances of professional identity? In this extended abstract, I present key concepts and guiding research questions for an investigation of fan culture and gender norms. I then provide a brief overview of related work and describe my mixed-methods approach. As this research project is ongoing, I present preliminary findings and implications as a concluding section. Key frameworks and concepts: Relational labor and kayfabe Following Baym’s (2018) work on how musicians maintain relationships with their fans, I use the concept of relational labor to describe the work that professional wrestlers do to connect with their audience through social media. Relational labor refers to the “ongoing, interactive, affective, material and cognitive work of communicating with people over time to create structures that can support continued work” (p. 19). I use the concept as a framework for analyzing the socio-technical labor conducted by WWE performers on Instagram. I am particularly interested in thinking about how gender shapes the work of relational labor: How do professional wrestlers manage relationships with fans online? What are the gendered constraints and affordances of a platform like Instagram for fan engagement? Suggested Citation (APA): Lingel, J. -
Professional Wrestling: Local Performance History, Global Performance Praxis Neal Anderson Hebert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2016 Professional Wrestling: Local Performance History, Global Performance Praxis Neal Anderson Hebert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Theatre and Performance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Hebert, Neal Anderson, "Professional Wrestling: Local Performance History, Global Performance Praxis" (2016). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2329. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2329 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING: LOCAL PERFORMANCE HISTORY, GLOBAL PERFORMANCE PRAXIS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The School of Theatre By Neal A. Hebert B.A., Louisiana State University, 2003 M.A., Louisiana State University, 2008 August 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................v -
Robschambergerartbook1.Pdf
the Champions Collection the first year by Rob Schamberger foreward by Adam Pearce Artwork and text is copyright Rob Schamberger. Foreward text is copyright Adam Pearce. Foreward photograph is copyrgiht Brian Kelley. All other likenesses and trademarks are copyright to their respective and rightful owners and Rob Schamberger makes no claim to them. Brother. Not many people know this, but I’ve always considered myself an artist of sorts. Ever since I was a young kid, I invariably find myself passing the time by doodling, drawing, and, on occasion, even painting. In the space between my paper and pencil, and in those moments when inspiration would strike, my imagination would run amok and these bigger-than-life personas - football players and comic book characters and, of course, professional wrestlers - would come to life. I wasn’t aware of this until much later, but for all those years my mother would quietly steal away my drawings, saving them for all prosperity, and perhaps giving her a way to relive all of those memories of me as a child. That’s exactly what happened to me when she showed me those old sketches of Iron Man and Walter Payton and Fred Flintstone and Hulk Hogan. I found myself instantly transported back to a time where things were simpler and characters were real and the art was pure. I get a lot of really similar feelings when I look at the incredible art that Rob Schamberger has shared with 2 foreward us all. Rob’s passion for art and for professional wrestling struck me immediately as someone that has equally grown to love and appreciate both, and by Adam Pearce truth be told I am extremely jealous of his talents. -
How Women Fans of World Wrestling Entertainment Perceive Women Wrestlers Melissa Jacobs Clemson University, [email protected]
Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2017 "They've Come to Draw Blood" - How Women Fans of World Wrestling Entertainment Perceive Women Wrestlers Melissa Jacobs Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Jacobs, Melissa, ""They've Come to Draw Blood" - How Women Fans of World Wrestling Entertainment Perceive Women Wrestlers" (2017). All Theses. 2638. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2638 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “THEY’VE COME TO DRAW BLOOD” – HOW WOMEN FANS OF WORLD WRESTLING ENTERTAINMENT PERCEIVE WOMEN WRESTLERS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Communication, Technology, and Society by Melissa Jacobs May 2017 Accepted by: Dr. D. Travers Scott, Committee Chair Dr. Erin Ash Dr. Darren Linvill ABSTRACT For a long time, professional wrestling has existed on the outskirts of society, with the idea that it was just for college-aged men. With the rise of the popularity of the World Wrestling Entertainment promotion, professional wrestling entered the mainstream. Celebrities often appear at wrestling shows, and the WWE often hires mainstream musical artists to perform at their biggest shows, WrestleMania and Summer Slam. Despite this still-growing popularity, there still exists a gap between men’s wrestling and women’s wrestling. Often the women aren’t allowed long match times, and for the longest time sometimes weren’t even on the main shows. -
The Encounter of Neoliberalism and Popular Feminism in WWE 24: Women’S Evolution
University of Huddersfield Repository Litherland, Benjamin and Wood, Rachel Critical Feminist Hope: The Encounter of Neoliberalism and Popular Feminism in WWE 24: Women’s Evolution Original Citation Litherland, Benjamin and Wood, Rachel (2017) Critical Feminist Hope: The Encounter of Neoliberalism and Popular Feminism in WWE 24: Women’s Evolution. Feminist Media Studies. ISSN 1468-0777 This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/32806/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Critical feminist hope: the encounter of neoliberalism and popular feminism in WWE 24: women’s evolution Rachel Wood a* and Benjamin Litherland b a Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK; b Centre for Participatory Culture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK * Contact Rachel Wood [email protected] @Racwood; ORCID: 0000-0002-0053-2969 @DrBenLitherland, ORCID: 0000-0003-3735-354X Biographical Notes Rachel Wood is a research associate in the Department of Psychology, Sociology & Politics at Sheffield Hallam University. -
A Case Study of the Chris Benoit Double Murder-Suicide
Rowan University Rowan Digital Works Theses and Dissertations 5-13-2008 The image of professional wrestling: a case study of the Chris Benoit double murder-suicide Neil Borenstein Rowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd Part of the Public Relations and Advertising Commons Recommended Citation Borenstein, Neil, "The image of professional wrestling: a case study of the Chris Benoit double murder- suicide" (2008). Theses and Dissertations. 687. https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/687 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Rowan Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Rowan Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IMAGE OF PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING: A CASE STUDY OF THE CHRIS BENOIT DOUBLE MURDER-SUICIDE by Neil Borenstein A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Masters of Arts Degree of The Graduate School of Rowan University May 13, 2008 Approved by ; 2, 26-ma Date approved /' V' © 2008 Neil Borenstein ABSTRACT Neil Borenstein THE IMAGE OF PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING: A CASE STUDY OF THE CHRIS BENOIT DOUBLE MURDER-SUICIDE 2008 Adviser: Dr. Suzanne Sparks FitzGerald Public Relations Graduate Program This study investigates the media's role in influencing public perception of the professional wrestling industry following the Chris Benoit double murder-suicide. The researcher sought to understand the manner in which newspapers portrayed the professional wrestling industry and whether media coverage in general played a role in forming the public's opinion of the industry. Through a content analysis of articles and headlines in The New York Times and The Miami Herald,the researcher evaluated the tone of the media coverage of the professional wrestling industry. -
Boundary Play in Professional Wrestling
Illinois State University ISU ReD: Research and eData Theses and Dissertations 6-26-2017 Over the Ropes: Boundary Play in Professional Wrestling Ethan Ingram Illinois State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/etd Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Theatre and Performance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Ingram, Ethan, "Over the Ropes: Boundary Play in Professional Wrestling" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 757. https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/etd/757 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ISU ReD: Research and eData. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ISU ReD: Research and eData. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OVER THE ROPES: BOUNDARY PLAY IN PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING Ethan Ingram 91 Pages Within the anthropology of performance, scholars have traditionally considered theater, spectacle, sport, and ritual performances in terms of the discrete boundaries of space and time that separate these events from daily life and in terms of the disparate roles that demarcate performers from audience members. Professional wrestling, a popular performance genre in the American Midwest, exhibits features that challenge these boundaries through the collaborative construction of the event by performers and audience members. Audience interaction is an essential part of wrestling performances, characterized by routine and contextually understood behaviors that performers can process as evaluative feedback. Moreover, during wrestling matches, performers interact directly with audience members in unexpected, unplanned, and sometimes dangerous ways. In doing so, wrestlers engage in what I define as "boundary play," the establishment and subsequent transgression of rules and boundaries that are assumed to characterize the performer-audience relationship.