CEU eTD Collection Doctoral dissertation Doctoral dissertation submitted to the European Central inpartialUniversity Party andSystemDevelopment inEast The Influenceof European Integrationon fulfillment of the requirements for degreethe of Doctor of Philosophy Agnes Batory,Agnes Associate Professor, Central European University Zsolt Enyedi, Associate Professor, Central European University Peter Mair, Professor, European University Institute University European Professor, Mair, Peter Flemming Splidsboel Hansen, Research Director, Research Hansen, Splidsboel Flemming European Neighborhood Royal Danish Defense College Central European University European Central PhD Defense Committee PhD Defense By Natalia TimuBy Budapest, 2009 Supervisor ú CEU eTD Collection I hereby declarework thatthis accepted forany containsnomaterials other degrees in any other institutions. This thesis contains no materials previouslywritten and/or published byanother person, unless otherwise noted. 2 CEU eTD Collection NEN...... 72 IN EEN...... EU DIRECT INFLUENCEPARTY ON 4. CHAPTER AND PARTY DEVELOPMENTS SYSTEM CHAPTER 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, CONCEPTS 51 AND ...... METHODS CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE 24 REVIEW...... CHAPTER 13 1. INTRODUCTION...... 11ABBREVIATIONS...... 10 LIST OF FIGURES...... 10 LIST OF FIGURES...... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... 7 5 ...... SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS EPF T T I C T I C C T C P C T T S I R B S NTRODUCTION NTRODUCTION NTRODUCTION OST TATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM IGNIFICANCE AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE DISSERTATION THE OF ANDIGNIFICANCE CONTRIBUTION RANSNATIONAL HE PARTYOF ADJUSTMENT HEORETICAL OFANALYZING FRAMEWORK HE HEORETICAL TO APPROACHES HE PURPOSE OF THE DISSERTATIONHE PURPOSE OFTHE ESEARCH ONCEPTS ONCLUSION RITICAL ON THE ACCOUNTS RITICAL ON POST ACCOUNTS RITICAL ON ACCOUNTS ACKGROUND Internationals, Political foundations and 96 Europarties...... EPF affiliation requirements and 97 EEN members...... EEN 74 legislative adjustment ...... European democratic 72 standards...... Comparative assessment 88 of party-related legislative adjustment toEuropean requirements...... ocuin...... 70 ...... Conclusion 69 ...... Case selection 65 ...... Methodology Party and party system 61 institutionalization...... ‘Europeanization’ versus the influence of European 59 integration...... Indirect 55 EU influence...... 54 Direct EU influence...... The extent of the influence of European 42 integration...... The nature of EU influence: direct versus 39 indirect impact...... S ‘E - Moldova Georgia Ukraine COMMUNIST ...... 97 ...... UROPEANIZATION A ...... 59 ...... 84 ...... 81 ...... GENDA GENDA FINDINGS MAJOR AND THE ...... 76 ...... 49 ...... 13 ...... 72 ...... 51 ...... 24 ...... P P ARTY ARTY AND ARTY L ’ EU OF INKAGES - IMPACT POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS DOMESTIC ON RELATED LEGISLATION TO P ‘E - ...... 14 ...... OST COMMUNIST PARTY AND PARTY SYSTEM INSTITUTIONALIZATION IN P EU UROPEANIZATION ARTY SYSTEM INSTITUTIONALIZATION - IMPACT ON DOMESTIC POLITICAL POLITICAL IMPACT TRANSFORMATIONS ONDOMESTIC COMMUNIST ...... 92 ...... 18 ...... EU ...... 21 ...... INFLUENCE ON PARTIES AND PARTY SYSTEMS OF P ARTIES AND ARTIES ’ OFPARTIES ANDPARTY SYSTEMS E UROPEAN STANDARDSUROPEAN ...... 20 ...... P ARTY SYSTEMS ...... 30 ...... 35 ...... 72 ...... 28 ...... 46 ...... 24 ...... E ..51 .... EEN E .32 .. EEN 3 CEU eTD Collection ILORPY...... 199BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 177 ...... APPENDICES HPE :CNLSO...... 166 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION...... HPE .TEERPA SU N AT YTMISIUINLZTO...147 ISSUE 6. THEEUROPEAN CHAPTER AND PARTY SYSTEMINSTITUTIONALIZATION..... PARTY SYSTEMS ...... 112 IN EEN OF 5. THEINDIRECTINFLUENCE EUROPEANCHAPTER INTEGRATION PARTIESON AND L T E I C P P T E T I C I C NTRODUCTION NTRODUCTION NTRODUCTION ARTY SYSTEM INSTITUTIONALIZATION ARTY INSTITUTIONALIZATION IMITATIONSRESEARCH OF POTENTIAL ANDDEVELOPMENT HEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS LITERATUREEXISTING ANDTO THE CONTRIBUTION MPIRICAL RESULTS HEORETICAL DEBATEHEORETICAL MPIRICAL MODEL HEORETICAL ONCLUSION ONCLUSION ONCLUSION The influence of European integration on party system 162 institutionalization ...... Background post-communist party 160 system development...... Theoretical 158 framework...... The influence of European integration on 153party institutionalization ...... 149 Background of post-communist partydevelopment inEast European ...... Neighborhood Theoretical 147 framework...... Theoretical expectations ...... 117 ehnc faprysse ...... 132Mechanics of a party ...... system 129 Format of a ...... party system 121 Expert survey data...... 119 MRG dataset. Party interaction and coalition 138 formation...... Mechanisms 104 of EPP influence...... 103 Party ...... interaction Establishment as a national 102 force...... Federal 102 Europe...... Compliance to Christian 100democrat ideology...... Transnational links between EPP 100 and EEN sister-parties ...... Party ageand stable societal roots Party identity and organizational structure Party-government relationship and the European stance F INDINGS FROM PARTY FROM INDINGS LEVEL ...... 164 ...... 144 ...... 109 ...... 166 ...... 147 ...... 112 ...... 166 ...... 114 ...... 113 ...... 147 ...... 156 ...... 158 ...... 119 ...... 154 ...... 132 ...... 175 ...... 172 ...... 4 CEU eTD Collection the strength of liberal-democratic opposition forces. opposition liberal-democratic strength of the on vetoplayers, particularly internal thenumberof largely on depends transformations political Brussels’ of in domestic success the that involvement reveals factors level perspective.membership Also, of domestic particularly analysis the of EU absence the vaguely within defined EUrequirements the APsandthe incentives, reduced material evidenceatthe showsthat moment influence the of this type islimited because of the EPFs’ to inAPs) compliance the (asstated and stipulations Yet, requirements. affiliation politics via mechanisms:two the of adjustment party-related laws European to influence Brussels be its indirect involvedinparty borders. can directly outside EEN define degreeof the freedom political elite.of that factors level intervening bedomestic to the major relation areargued government leverage, number players, the internal party of andparty-veto strategic behavior, of EU extent and type the determine the that variables asintervening are considered incentives andthematerial While thedegreeof EUstipulations clarity of requirements. freedom of of domestic political elite in EU transforming according to standards and degree andthe indirect) versus (direct involvement typeEU of the literature: existing the in identified as levels, domestic the and European the from variables major two on based provide amoreinfluence careful Themodel outsideEU of its borders. consideration is that combines IRand framework in to advances atheoretical CPapproaches order European Neighborhood (Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia). andinvolvement the extentof EU in political domestic withintransformation East nature the exploring at aims and change system party and party on integration European andsystems.addresses party It on theoretical existing the debates influencethe of parties and party institutionalization post-communist of the EUdemocracy promotion, theoretical debate: systems, and the special case of the Europeanization of party politics The empirical findings show that European Union can exercise both both and direct canexercise Union that European findingsshow The empirical it politics, party of Europeanization on studies of majority the to contrast By of strands three to contribution scholarly animportant represents The dissertation Summary 5 CEU eTD Collection space. post-Soviet within the particularly EUoutsiders, other study the of to can beapplied framework theoretical advanced the neighborhood, European East of case the to limited is thework interviews. Although leader surveys, andparty expert content-analysis, causality,methodology) and providing based original empirical data manifesto on MRG (caseselection, literature Europeanization of existing limitations the majoraddressing the in andof patterns interaction. unpredictability the party institutionalized and by characterized a fluid political environment aswell instability the consolidationparty system institutionalization of EEN the dissertation showsparty that the EU fails to contribute to organizations andgovernment position and the strengthparty of opposition forces. systems, byparty- influence, constrained of final EU outcome for the arecalculations responsible which remain of crisisstrategic andparty areovercome thedecisivepoints political considerably weaklyonce EU leverage decreases However, elections). Moldovan 2005 presidential (e.g. deadlock acooperationcontributingfor between avoiding and to opposition government political of pro-EuropeanEU involvementin interaction thechange of bymeans party supporting of the coalition parties that establish theiridentity in their Europeaness, they also point to the existence of forcespro- and Whileanti-European parties. theempirical show the lackresults ofsuccessful of emergence the and formation coalition and of interaction in party change patterns the (e.g. influence hereby: the areexamined indirect mechanisms of outsiders.case Two EEN of ‘electoral revolutions’ in Georgian and Ukraine) and The thesis confirms that the indirect European level influence is stronger in the stronger is influence level European indirect the that confirms thesis The Overall, the dissertation represents an important academic contribution by contribution academic important an represents dissertation the Overall, influence integration Regarding of on party broader the process European and 6 CEU eTD Collection party party leadersfrom Moldova,Ukraine, and Georgia. benefited from Mair and also Trechsel.Alex of Peter The dissertation supervision underthe work CEU PhD Researchscholarship tovisit the European University Institute, Florence, whereGrant I had the chance to that allowed me to Institute of StudiesEuropean ULB, (IEE), Brussels. conduct interviewsresearch grant that allowed me to work withwith Jean-Michel de Waele duringprovided and mea myPhD support considerable particularly studies, Junior the Mario Telo at the in 2006. internship atMZESand helpedmein obtaining agrantconductmy to survey own expert offeredme aresearch who of excellence, network CONNEX manager of the Larat, theFabriceof support 3.Iappreciate surveyan expert withinCONNEX research group survey,Benoit/Laveraccess expert my to get of project well assupported conducting as from MZES, Mannheim, whomy to supervisors My outsidethanksBudapest. go Andreas andSchmitt Wüst Hermann helped me to get in contact with the MRG, Berlinformy work in progress. and to research topic, and Maarten Vink, who has been always ready helpto me and tofind time interview,selection Flemming mewho Hansen Spidsboel,in supported mysearchfor my suggestions duringseminars and Departmental Annual Doctoral Conferences. mind thathelpedme toassess subject the of from this thesis differentperspectives. his readiness toread and comment on my work in progress at any time and forhis critical number of people that offered theirhelp and my assistance during studies. PhD I would like to express my gratitude to all those country experts and party andleadersallexpresslikeI would country to experts party mygratitude to those Grant for Program ResearchI offering CEUDoctoral Support thank me a My active withinGARNETon governance network European participation pursueall supportIwasable peopleresearch I am whose with those to to grateful mentionI wouldlike to Tamas inmetrusted Meszeric during PhDthe who I also thank all CEU professorsFirst of all, I was lucky andto have Zsolt fellow Enyedi as my supervisor. Thestudents I am gratefulwriting for for of thistheir dissertation comments and was possible thanks to the contribution of a Acknowledgements CEU eTD Collection understanding during thesis writing. ofmybad moments journey,academic my Elene and patience for daughter and beingme near during thehardtimesmy first year of of and andsharing PhD the thegood mesupported in studies.my pursuing post-graduate I thank mybelovedhusband for manifesto data. andtoAndreaandinterviews Volkens party of forhelpin her collection the from MRG my contributesurvey to expert Georgiawere willing to from Moldova,Ukraine, andthat Finally,like Iwould tomention my whohaveparents and always encouraged 8 CEU eTD Collection T T T T T T T T ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE IN CONTENT 8 7. 6 5 3 4 2. 1. U List of Tables A A A A A KRAINE T P EU -8 -6 -5 -3 – ROXIMITY RANSNATIONAL C E D C 4 INFLUENCE ON PARTY AND PARTY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTS IN . D . . . U T L M . G EWIS HE IMPORTANCE OF THE KRAINIAN , OLDOVAN M EORGIAN OLDOVA ’ M I NDEX OF ATRIX BETWEEN THE MAJOR DIMENSION OF POLITICAL COMPETITION P P P P ARTY , ARLIAMENTARY ARLIAMENTARY ARLIAMENTARY AND P ARTY L G INKS EORGIA I E NSTUTIONALIZATION UROPEAN ISSUE FOR PARTY PROGRAMMATIC E E E LECTIONS LECTIONS LECTIONS R R R ESULTS ESULTS ESULTS (1994-2005) (1994-2002) (1992 - 2004) EEN 187 187 184 182 181 178 179 177 9 CEU eTD Collection F F F F F F F F F List of Figures IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE (G E E 2006 E (G (U ...... 193 UROPEAN ISSUE UROPEAN ISSUE UROPEAN ISSUE EORGIA EORGIA KRAINE AND 7 9. 8. 6. 5. 4. 3 2. 1 A A A (G -7 T T T T T T -3 -1 HE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTI HE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COUNTRY NATIONALISM AND HE RELATIONSHIP BETWEENINDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS ANDRIGHTS AND HE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MARKET ECONOMY AND HE RELATIONSHIP BETWEENNATIONALISM AND B EORGIA D C . . . , , T T T M M HE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IDEOLOGY AND HE RELATIONSHIP IDEOLOGY BROAD AND BETWEEN OLDOVA OLDOVA M , M 2006...... 197 2006 2006 OLDOVA OLDOVA , , AND AND (M (G EORGIA ...... 192 ) OLDOVA AND , U U AND KRAINE KRAINE U , M KRAINE R OLDOVA USSIA ...... 198 ) ...... 195 ) U R - COMMUNIST USSIAN KRAINE )...... 196 /CIS , AND ISSUE AND / ...... 196 ) PAN U KRAINE - -S COMMUNIST DIVIDE AND EU LAVICNATIONALISM AND EU JOINING E JOINING E ...... 195 ) UROPEAN ISSUE UROPEAN ISSUE E E UROPEAN ISSUE UROPEAN ISSUE 2003-2004 2003-2004.....191 2006 2006 2006 10 CEU eTD Collection PSDM – PSDM Party of Moldova Social-Democratic P.-R. – "Patria-Rodina" Bloc PR – Party of Regions PPCD – Christian-Democrat People’s Party PDM –Democratic Party of Moldova PCRM – Party of Communists of Republicthe of Moldova NV and NV-NO – Natalya Vitrenko’sNU – “Our Bloc “People’s Ukraine” Bloc NBL – NationalOpposition” Bloc Lytvin MGS – Industry will save Georgia KPU – Communist Party of Ukraine – Movement ENM National United DAK – Democratic Revival Union BYuT and JT – Yulia Timoshenko’sBMD – Bloc Democratic Moldova Bloc BD – Burjanadze – Democrats BAS – “ForBloc a NewGeorgia” ASLMN – Social-Liberal “OurAlliance Moldova” AMA – New Rights-Novas Party Abbreviations: VC - Venice Commission USSR – Union Socialistof Soviet Republics OSCE – Organization for Security and Cooperation ODIHR – Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation NATOand Development – Treaty North-Atlantic Organization MRG – Manifesto Research Group IPS – Index of Party Stabilization FSU – Former Soviet Union – EU European Union ENP – European Neighborhood Policy EEN – East European Neighborhood – ECPR Research forPolitical Consortium European CoE – Council of Europe – CGPEM Matters in Practices Code Electoral of Good CEE – Central and Eastern Europe Commission – Electoral CEC Central CDE – Council for Democratic Elections AP – Action Plan General: Abbreviations 11 CEU eTD Collection 2004 Benoit/Laverexpert survey, 2006 and Timu 1 ZYU – For a United Ukraine SPU – Socialist Party of Ukraine SMK – Citizen’s Union of Georgia – S-NM Saakashvili Movement National SLP – Labour Party – SDPU Party of Ukraine Social-Democratic RP – Republican Party Ravn. – "Ravnopravie" Movement PSL – Party Social Liberal The list contains only the abbreviations of the relevant parties that are included in the MRG dataset, 2003- dataset, MRG the in included are that parties relevant of the abbreviations only the contains list The 1 ú expert survey. 12 CEU eTD Collection broad freedom of national discretion in reacting to EU level requirements. One of One of these level in to EU requirements. reacting national freedom of discretion broad ‘goodness of fit’ is not sohelpful in explaining domestic transformation because of the of wherethe fields issome investigation domestic the research Europeanization from the was institutional analysisthe settings of and policy domains thatareprimarily regulated EU level, interest levels. focus of scholarly primary thetwo the between As aresult, fit/misfitthe such asdomestic level compliance toEU level institutions and practices, particularly measuring environmentaland countries within the frameworkpolicy. of European Neighborhood Policy ENP. fromdomestic neighboringits states countries -associated Western changes of Balkans in involvement EU Yet, examine to expanded have interests research scholarly policies, a more troublesome economy.market democracy and states towards of candidate domestic transformations area of been investigatingEU enlargementconditionality impact the on successful policy of from as countries andwell EasternEurope, Central andCyprus.Scholarshave as Malta includes candidate post-communist integration group Thesecond European process. of externalities negative avoid to inthe Europe order to came closer that countries ‘adaptiveso-called EU outsiders,’ Free Trade European specifically EFTAAssociation deals major of with categories The firstgroup several can bedistinguished outsiders. the of the outsiders of the European club. changes domestic on as EUinfluence) operationalized (usually influence level European degreeof and the character the byinvestigating research scope of Europeanization is the of thebroadening literature. contribution Theirmajoremerging Europeanization part of the animportant constitute nevertheless they of Europeanization, concept refer the usually the donotto outsiders Although most of dealing with studies the integration of impact of European domesticon non-memberprocess states. developments Background The Europeanization research has been dominated by the investigation of the of bytheinvestigation has beendominated research The Europeanization external EU of developments new the and enlargement 2004 recent the After Depending on the research questions that scholars address in their works, there in the examining interest hasbeen In thelast there scholarly a growing decades, Chapter 1. Introduction 13 CEU eTD Collection the study of the directtransformations. EU identify to order level theEuropean presenceand the strength influenceof on domestic influenceAs Haverland within (2006) requirements. of EU acceptance orthe to resistance the thatwould explain factors internal theargues, different one as aswell in transformations, domestic of EU involvement degree andthe character the has to include both EUnon-membernon-EU wouldthat examinestates provide approachtowards atheoretical legal members frameworks, fails to literature Europeanization the sophistication, as level theoretical of certain years a control cases in such as Statement of the problem hollowingthe competitionthe out between parties with governing ambition. links transnational/trans-European endingwith and party of resultpolicy asthe transfer indirectThe requirements. level EUEuropean to influencein accordance transformation level system party has and party national been pursuing for mechanism major examined asa conditionality EU of investigation differently, the on beenfocused influence has direct The study of candidates/members. CEE starting with the analysisdominated of partyby CEE has been The literature particularly andmember states. new candidates communist case studies and post- on intensive research the dueto especially politics, party of Europeanization the comparative analyses of oldinduced fundamental changes on the levelEU of national partiesmembers and party systems. and on West European democracies (Poguntke, Aylott EU absenceof al. tothe points 2007) et One volumes extensive integration (Mair of process. most the European 2000,162-170) imperviousnessabout the national of andparty influenceparties the systems to of Mair’s by has beendominated memberEU effects. states EU oldThe study of argument parties and party thesystems and methodological difficulty investigatingindirectof the EU effectson limited direct the about consensus widespread of mostly the resultwas the national hasparties been under-investigated until beginningof the thirdmillennium.the It areas is the study of party and party system changes. The analysis of EU influence on So far,large literature merely hasbeen onEUoutsiders concerned with a partof With of which exception lastthe onCEEcandidates, studies achieved during the the on literature the of mushrooming a been has there decade last the Yet,during 14 CEU eTD Collection for example Smilov and Toplak 2007) (see CEE. of case is the on focus theprimary again and attention agreater received has Within and electoral the politics. party conduct only funding existingliterature party the institutions, by primarily Venice regarding jointbody Commission andCoE), (a OSCE of EUmakesthe reference to normsthe and standards defined by European level other conditionality. democratic its Yet, within clauses circumstances substantive inthese even members.lastEU waves two Only theenlargement more introduced during of Union the for old the than European democracies emergingmore the for post-communist relevance politics, such as freepolitical pluralism, andfairelections, party financing, are of etc. party regarding TheEUlevel stipulations art. of the forstate this areresponsible reasons major Several regulations. level European to legislation party-related of adjustment (Batory 2007, 1) stretching the EUimpactparty on andpolitics of distinguishing “a barkfrom a whimper.” been anEUinfluence onnational andparties systems leads party tothe problem of has there that assumption The primary 2006a) (Lewis and processes. actors international influence andbetween influence as to the regional EU the of other opposed and and distinctionlevel between factors European the onehand,ones, on domestic the the is the research.Themajor concern of Europeanization acentral shortcoming represents party politicswill present, reviewsection thereliterature national politics. As the of domain all)this affects (if at process faces are several party isalotsystems there about in of integration thecontroversy way whichEuropean majorat theproblems moment. that the study ofand largely practices remain unexplored. First,the Europeanization domestic actors’ the rules EU to outsiders of adjustment more the voluntarily or preferences, of key transformations, internal such thechange theshaping opportunity as structure, of of difficulty domestic on influence EU indirect Yet, the neighbors. EU new to applies that is Association and Agreements SAA in thethe case of Stabilization Western Balkans, orEuropean Neighborhoodcountries, Policy CEE ENP with AA causality Agreements Association and it The absence of some clear European level “reference points” for national party Also, study the of Europeanizationthe party of largelypolitics ignores the Despite the significant number of studies on the Europeanization of parties and 15 CEU eTD Collection indirect EU indirect EU impact within members. EU the (Mair 2000) main markers of asthe considered are politics from traditional andthe aturn-away between parties themainstream competition dimension hollowing on of European the out 2002;Mair anddimension.competition (Ladrech 2000)The anti-European along pro- the emergence of new partiesground their thatidentity within their European stances and the influence: the EU direct discerning for the are advanced level somesystem strict criteria majorindicators atas the EU impactof level. a directparty 2002) (Ladrech party At are considered cooperation party asthetransnational well as relation, party-government mention organizationalpolicy/programmaticregardingof the Europe, content change, influence onparty and party systems inWestern Europe. The changein indicators of indirect advanced directand the (2000; works some clear 2006) seminal or non-members. in Ladrech’s states particularly caseof candidate the and (2002) Mair’s changes and,consequently,indicators the pointEUinducedthat to transformations, and versus extent influence the (directof indirect) onparty European system and party type the to regard is with divided opinion Scholarly party impacton politics. EU the inmethodological investigating problems determineimportant research, Europeanization of membersnon-EU andcandidates. case in the salient is particularly influence level European the and factors level domestic Pasquier 2006,40)Getting right dimension time the and between distinguishing the “moving” level “before domestic the at scheme.” into the entered Brussels and (Radaelli studythe to particularly analysis, sensitive time a applying of difficulty of the out point Scholars political arenas, extent levelof European influence outside its official (Lehmkuhl borders. 2006) whereconditionality is missing and this a keyproblem inrepresents investigating and nature the it is partyhard politics, to discern level and some on regarding requirements standards points European trace reference as setto possible inis still it states candidate EU CEE of case the in political While actors. political domestic whether conditionality, influence party andaggravates causalitythe politics Europeanization of of problem there in thewas caseandsystem party in changes interpretationsresults different how Europecan way of the of somethingnon-members a clear The general problems of causality and time dimension, which lie at the core of the The time dimension is another important limitation of Europeanization literature. of limitation Europeanization important is another The time dimension 16 CEU eTD Collection preparing to be involved) in the process of bein of involved) the process preparingEU policy-making. to Also, domesticthe level old EU members and of cases from the arederived and reasoning (CP) in Politics Comparative are grounded CEE candidates, whose nationalspace. post-communist parties are EUinducedchangeswithin the directly obstacle ininvestigated isanimportant and requirements involved to somefundamental (Enyedi 2006b)asopposed inlineparty changes EUnorms with (or 2002a) The high probability strategicparty of behavior and the ‘playing with Europe’ Sitter 2004; (Bielasiak systems. andparty CEE parties consolidating newly the case of suggestsgroup thatstrategy is responsible for party particularlyattitudes, European in the and and 2002;etal.Rohrschneider Whitefield Mudde Marks 2005; 2004)The second European position and the ideological issue.subsumes the dimension European (Kopecký the strategy. stance determines ideological studies party argues of firstthat group The key factors responsible for the different party reaction to the European issue: ideology or different outcomes.be As can relatedthe changes identified the literature of much how is concern major the politics, party on influence review to willEurope show, scholarly and debate whichLewis 2006) focuses onexpected the factorsof two because and Enyedi 2008; (Batory process. accession the during from Brussels negative reaction ambitions governing with parties with fromformation coalition their the domesticin areconstrained parties Euroskeptic hard that reveals countries candidate on research leveland transnational cooperation. (Enyedi and Lewis 2006) Atparty system level, the are Federations European Party to as party of affiliation a consequence ideological profiles responsible homogeneity of (Taggart asthe stances, party Euroskeptic 2004a)aswell andSzczerbiak for of hard as a result potential of coalition decrease level arethe indicators. party Atthese of other aseries advancing CEE, the within strongest influence isthe indirect the that of party systems. Scholars havepointed emerging newly the and post-communist parties in case the stronger been have influence EU indirect the and directthe both that revealed has CEEcandidates of study the politics, party of impactEU on limited direct the about While the literature from While from theliterature Western has Europe by been dominated Mair’s argument An important limitation of the existing theoretical approaches is the fact that they that fact isthe approaches theoretical existing the limitation of An important EU of indicators the identifying in achievements scholarly significant the Despite 17 CEU eTD Collection 2 EU of extent the and type the of analysis provide objective to an inorder interviews suchasMRG datasets, transformations. Also, the work combines differentmethodological approaches and political domestic influence on EU adirect can determine that requirements country Action Plansthe EPFs’ and from levelmajormembership European stipulations asthe criteria EU the identifies dissertation the factors global and regional domestic, andother between European make distinction aclearer to order In andstandards. norms and CP approaches. causality and methodological problems by Europeanization of combiningItresearch theIR looks at the EU as the major actor in and analyzingthe extentpromotingand the nature of influenceEuropean outside its official borders. European – existing research level gapin literature andatfillingcase selection, the Europeanization the addressingspecifically neighbors. Itaims European limitation at akey East of the in involvementand indirect EU the transformationsdomestic of EU outsiders, existing research on the Europeanization of parties and party systems in several ways. The purpose of the dissertation islikely most occur. indirect one and the to all if the weak, at present, – indirect tobe is influence expected direct wherethe in non-EU outsiders, caseof the indicators of EU impact identified so far point to the same type of influence – directimpact or EU of extent the and onnature the of partyinterpretations scholarly different politics. of disadvantages and advantages the on For light shed might example, differences above mentioned The systems. party it is important toEU policy-making institutionalized weakly andof EU accession have and parties and examine whether would that focus the andon non-EUcountries the part adaptive which arenot outsiders, of scholarly moment the at isresearch no there However, republics. Soviet formerthe to compared institutionalization as of system by ahigherisparty degree environment characterized Manifesto Research Group of European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR), Berlin. (ECPR), Research Political for Consortium of European Group Research Manifesto Second, as the literature review section will present, the thesis addresses the addresses thesis the present, will section review literature as the Second, First,makes it a furtherstep in researchfieldbyinvestigatingthis directthe both the to contributes dissertation the limitations above mentioned the of light In 2 manifesto content-analysis, expert analysis and party leaders’ party and analysis expert content-analysis, manifesto 18 CEU eTD Collection by the case of legislative adjustment to party in Action requirements legislative country party by to caseof related set adjustment the is exemplified which requirements, European elite’s to comply domestic to commitment influence though conditional andmembers even outside the degree it candidates, of on indirectand one. influence: types of the EU direct two to according is structured thesis of the part empirical the illustrate, will agenda research As the variables. mentioned-above two the of from interaction the derived systems less voluntary. or more possess: domestic actors the freedom that tothe according is operationalized latter inengagement EUnormspursuing domestic changesaccording to andrequirements. The elite’s leveldomestic degreeof the of and influence, indirect) European of (directnature type ofthe variables: major EU two on isbuilt involvement,framework research The changes. level domestic the operationalized relationship European and between the amore provides party accurate system changes and in party involvement EU of outcomes and accordingmechanisms different for responsible level to the extentfrom domesticand the major of European the variables Theidentification candidates. (high or low) and of approach of members largenumber of the from EU party Europeanization and politics the theoretical model influenceintegration onparty and party system change within the EUoutsiders. The combines the IR approach on EU declaration the independenceof until Georgianthe parliamentary from elections 2008. democracy promotion after elections parliamentary first the with starting countries selected of three analysis the with the longitudinal based onacomparative is systems. research andparty The party politics CP on of Europe impact the of mechanisms causal the of observation also the but integration, of process determineEuropean the influence of thefactors the that only discerning in Ukraine, Moldova, integration on process parties and the environments in partywhich they systems,operate, and Georgia. The analysis of a smallmembers candidates. and number of cases influenceallows onEENparty politics following the existing scholarly from debate EU not The major findings of the thesis showChapter 3presents fourmodes levelof influenceEuropean on andparties party that there can be traced a direct EU of nature European and extent the of analysis of the I advanceanewframework The purpose of the dissertation is the investigation of the effects of European 19 CEU eTD Collection cases of casesaddress members of CEEcandidateshelps and EU tothisidentify limitation and to shortcomingits byexamininginfluence borders. EU outside Thecomparison with the ‘adaptive aswell candidates, of outsiders’ aims this work atovercoming present the and to thestudy EU members islimitedof research Europeanization current the As integration on party politics. process of European empirical influence on research the research framework. to present the character interdisciplinary with the academic aswell literature, EUstudies with theoriesthe onpolitical andEuropeanization as parties works Also, combinationthe system of domesticchanges. inand party party determining ones on post-communist level and understanding factors causal the between relationship of the European the for abetter allows and tradition Politics transition Comparative with the approach Studies/IR combines theEuropean literature prismthe of Europeanization through development and democratization influenceparty on each European the of valueof analysis them. toThe its own scholarly andprovides theoretical debates important several touches upon work the First, research. offers an Significance andcontribution of the dissertation candidates. CEE caseof to the totheinstitutionalizationwould parties systems, bycontrast andEEN contribute of party that transformations induce domestic political failure of EU to the researchreveals the requirements. elite’s political of domestic degree the for responsible European into complying freedom is largely behavior strategic andparty afterward which political decreases crisis, historicalleverage moments, such ‘electoral decisive during some as revolutions’ or integration or the identification with Europe. EU is also proven to have forchange from available of political ofEuropean opportunities actors process the a greater indirect from the resulting interaction of in patterns the by change the isrepresented influence EU of type This countries. CEE of case the to similar EEN, within stronger is influence EPFs’ in to Plans the compliance and 4)Theindirect membership (chapter criteria. The second major contribution refers to the broadening of the theoretical and theoretical the of broadening the to refers contribution major second The academic existing the to ways inseveral contributes dissertation The present The analysis of the broader EU influence on party and party system development 20 CEU eTD Collection major terms used in this research, such as the controversial notion of Europeanization, the modes of EU influenceimplementation of EU level institutional templates andon practices. It advancesEEN four major influence,anddirectindirect aswell EU in freedom partiesthe national of domestic discretion the between distinction the on draws model The and thesis. the of background partymethodological systems. The work then politics. defines the deals with theirshows limitations, how the dissertation with presents author’ssystems.party It and standtheoreticalthe approaches withineachof a thoroughly addresses and politics of party Europeanization andthe specialcaseof debate the Europeanization analysis the existing of the work: EU impacttheoretical to approaches ondomestic political transformations, Europeanization scholarly debates usedmajor review with literature in presentthe onthe focus the academic debates this of partyand how the work Research major Agenda andthe findings systems. party and parties EEN on analysis empirical comprehensive a provides analysis, manifesto and interviews, survey, methods leaders’ collection, alternative of as expert such party analysis anddata of use The in EEN. developments political on influence EU the on gap empirical uses establishedoriginal datasets purpose forof explicitly the this research itfills in the research Becausethepresent Europe. in Eastern subject on the comparative information notisinclude systematic, region this thelackof integration does European on research and Amajor party integration why prior politics. reason structures European on domestic former Sovietrepublics representsan ‘blindempirical spot’ in investigating theimpact of determined by its empirical data. The case of East European neighboring states and of casefor researchalso. aninteresting being Russia countries, former USSR of members, particularly non-EU other on impact EU of study to the later be applied can proposed model 2006) The theoretical theoretical (Haverland and empirical perspective. influencefor existence domesticthe the abroader and powerof from change European The next chapter presents the theoretical model, as well as the conceptual and as well model, conceptual as the the theoretical presents chapter The next is The secondto devoted hasfollowing chapter theThe dissertation structure. Last, but not least, the originality and contribution of the dissertation is 21 CEU eTD Collection mechanics of EEN party systems. The work examines the change in the patterns of in party theof patterns thechange party systems. The examines mechanicsEEN work of outside EU. mainstream from in toincrease region parties the EPFs’ order strong influence prestige and affiliating of tendency the and criteria, compliance ideological the of loosening weaker membership conditionality EEN,highlighted primarilypolicy the within by the a apply EPFs research present the of expectations theoretical the to by contrast that legitimacy they could obtain from EPFsinternational membership. and domestic Also,the of the because casechiefly study but of EPP support, shows politico-material and join because politico-intellectual of the EPFs eagerto However, arestill parties EEN financial andmembershipsupport offer within the biggestEuroparties, EPP and PES. limited the becauseof CEE candidates in caseof the weakerthan hasbeen Federations EPFs’ with compliance Party influencevia European EU that shows criteria accession opposition forces. liberal-democratic of strength the players,specifically veto domestic of number the morefreedom however whichisin by constrained standards, complying with European obtain parties political adjustment. legislative As a consequence, domestic pressure on guidelines and the absence of membershipEU perspective loosen strength the of EU implementation clear of absence the with along in APs, reforms political to regard with requirements EU vague the that argument scholarly confirms finding key The EEN. the strongest mode of influenceEU direct ondomestic party andsystem party withinchanges the whichrepresent European templates, legislation to party-related of adjustment legislative of analysis the with starts It 3. chapter from model theoretical in the of cases. number small a of study the of disadvantages and advantages the and selection case the argues survey.research expert and manifesto major party also methods: two the chapter The presentation focus primary the of methodologicalthe with analysisthe of of background system institutionalization. Theconceptualization of majorfollowed is terms the by the issue aswell European European dimension, and the andas thedefinition of party party Thereafter I examine the two modes of indirect EU influence on the format and influence European mechanism The second – of direct of analysis the the The fourth chapter dealscases first with twothe of EU influence identified direct 22 CEU eTD Collection improvement. study finishes 3.The from model chapter theoretical advanced based onthe thesis with of contributions this explaining empirical and theoretical major the more once highlights It findings. empirical the limitations of the research by of degree a low ‘systemness.’ which systems, are still characterized and potential ways influence partiesexercise andparty of on institutionalization aremarkable the EEN of its not does integration CEE candidates process theEuropean to contrast consolidation. By integration. European against for or support ofgaining purpose the with were establish that parties successful no adoption of a pro- or anti-European position. The empirical findings show that there are the of identity as aresult inparty changes as aswell blocs political and European parties inMoldova. revolution the governing Communist Party and the opposition forces in order to avoid a potential international credibility. and Moreover, legitimacy internal EU couldthem offering play by a significantvictory their to role of negotiatorcontributed Georgia and between Ukraine Brussels’ backing duringof pro-reform Europhile forces the‘electoral revolutions’ from spectrum. of political segment Euroskeptic the represent parties nationalist while Slavic ones Europhile arethe most parties nationalist wing Right the that show Moldova and Ukraine of studies case The nationalism. interestingfindings is to related connection of the Europeanissuethe with the competition: anti-communist – communistissue and Russia/CIS issue. of dimensions non-economic two the and issue OneEuropean the of between relation the most toanegative points It system changes. party influenceandparty determinantof on EU party strategy, ideology, that than reveals rather is thedissertation major for parties the matters Europe how for responsible factors domestic on the debates existing theoretical in for the actors political of Following context integration European the the process. interaction formationand change the coalition from available of opportunities resulting Finally, the conclusion of the dissertation summarizes the theoretical and theoretical the summarizes dissertation the of conclusion the Finally, 6examines EUimpacton party and thebroader system Chapter The second mode ofindirect EU involvementis the emergence of pro/anti that interaction reveals impacton party indirect of EU the The investigation 23 CEU eTD Collection third one takes into account the developments from domestic level that affect success the level that from developments the domestic account into takes third one the factors, level international with merely deal headings two first the While consent. and control, contagion, and Americas: in Europe democratization of dimensions international main “linkage three advances transformations processes” the characterize that Whitehead’s influence (1996)of pioneeringanalyzing on approach domestic the external including coordinated interdependence.the both structures, and uncoordinated internal on influence of of outside channels classifications hasvarious advanced factors Theoretical approaches toEU impact ondomestic political transformations thesis. this of contribution academic the and literature existing the of shortcomings dissertation’s theoretical framework and explaining how the work addressesstates. The chapter concludes with of presentation the theoretical the behind reasoning the the major member or candidate non-EU the regarding specifically of politics, Europeanization party the on debate academic author’s existing the the shows within and stand area study illustrates findings majorthe Europeanization this and Itlimitations of of party politic. – research the present the for literature of strand relevant most the thoroughly institutionalization the on influence level of EU extent the and nature for the becan accountable that factors level domestic the highlight and to from EEN systems andparty of parties consolidation onthe theoretical the debates present is The aim to institutionalization. system and party Next, I move on ofto the of integration influencethe of European on domestic process political transformations. presentationparties of andthefinal extent, the and variables thatdeterminethe nature, level the domestic outcome theoretical anddebates majorstudy ofEUimpacton domesticidentify transformations. political European I the on post-communistpartytheoretical debates. Istart with the examination main of the broader three scholarlyparty of approaches analysis the to with the proceed I neighborhood systems.European in East developments In Introduction the end, the work discusses The analysis of different types of interaction between the external and domestic political influenceon tounderstand process integration In order of the European Chapter 2.Literature Review 24 CEU eTD Collection Schimmelfennig 2006; Smith 1998). Smith Schimmelfennig 2006; literature explores domestic the groupof Another Bretherton and Vogler 2006;Farrell Kubicek 2003; 2005; Lavenex 2004; Lavenex and external 2006); orEU governanceand EUexternal Risse2004; and (Börzel relations EFTA (Archerstates 2005; Eliassen 2003; and Sitter Gstöhl 2002; Vahl and Grolimund 2004; Kelley 2006; Smith 2005b; Tulmets 2005); ‘partial integration’ with agreements Demetropoulos 2002; Pippan 2004; Vachudová 2003); ENP (Emerson andNoutcheva with 2003, 2005a;2003);relations WesternSpendzharova 2006; Balkans (Bechev 2006; Smith and Sedelmeier2004, 2001, 2003,2005;Jacoby1999;Schimmelfennig non-member enlargementstates: conditionality towards specific (Grabbe EU policies ininvolvement post-communist developments. This analyzes ofliterature type the andEU degreeof the of character the investigation arethe objectives The mainresearch first includes one focus merely studies analysisthat levelon variables. of the European literature based examinedthe research on subfields of Europeanization questions. The three distinguished be can There subject. the on findings empirical and theoretical new andprovide internal transformations of external on dimension debate into the probability of successful and long-lasting implementation of liberal-democratic reforms. ‘minorityfor traditions’ support external of need the like-minded in and domestictoachievehigher actors order a emphasizes substitution, to alternative an approach, Coalition reformers. post-communist with specifically actors, domestic with strategy work animplicitin besthave to there cases existed acoalition partnership, proved where subsidies and foreign inspiration arguesthat scholar the military occupation), form of substitution (direct imposition foreignof services and templates, with the most aggressive (a flow of ideas inside), from to subsidy(material benefits),outside and and political inspiration transformations: onpost-communist influence modes three of international the “coalitional advanced the Jacoby (2006) approach” influence.external to After presenting andpractices. policies of external implementation successful toassurethe order in international democracy-promoters with grounds common thatshare political actors) and offer developments their toreform-oriented support internal (both forces societal and external envisagesactors that It consolidation. ondemocratic international influence of The works on European influence The onEuropean of domesticworks on EUoutsiders engage changes toWhitehead’sreasoning similar Following a “linkage third process” - consent, 25 CEU eTD Collection domestic arena andthe specificpolitical groups andthey societal (e.g. politicalrepresent 2005a; Jacoby andSedelmeierVachudová 2004, 2004; Schimmelfennig in the 2005) the Firstfollowing of all, states. innon-member changes domestic of impact on political EU approaches the theoretical dominate reasoning that of respect the or administration, local minority (Pridham rights. 1999, 1221) media, pluralist participation, political fostering for more to etc. expression, of of parties importance and the pluralism as political such clauses, democratic substantive freedom powers, institutional of separation elections, fair law, therule of as such freecriteria, and procedural from primarily the time evolved over has Union 19) Theof conditionality European democratic the consolidation. (1996, democratic to contribute that mutual adjustments of set complex the and incentives, for the establishment of democratic institutions” because of its irreversibleargues, thefullmembership “generatesEU nature, broad-based, powerful, its and long-term support full thegranting membership perspective. space, particularly of through As Whitehead democratic material principlesin through and rewards thepolitical post-communist non-member towards The states. Union has affirmedof asasuccessfulpromoter itself Schimmelfennig 2005a;Sverdrup2000; Sedelmeier and Vachudová 2005) Knill and Lehmkuhl 2007; 1999; Schimmelfennig Schimmelfennig etal. 2003; convergence,al.learning, (Diez approximation, et Jacoby 2004; Johnson 2006; etc. 2006; European level influence on and thepossible systems suchas domestic outcomes, Vachudová 2005).Finally,investigatingfewer studies at aim specificmechanisms of the historical cultural patterns, etc.(Brusis legacies, 2005b; 2002; Schimmelfennig and institutional values, and norms EU of resonance domestic and government of type the players, veto of number such levelas the influence, European to resistance or acceptance mediateUnion’sthat European factors determineor the conditions that the influence however on the number of veto players veto of number onthe however depend, would leadership political analysis of cost-benefit The process. integration benefits material (political changes occurringEuropean asaresultof during internal the or ones) their maximize to – tend actor would – internal key elites the political domestic Summarizing the theoretical debates there can be distinguished two major lines of major two distinguished becan there debates theoretical the Summarizing policy conditionality its of element central a been has promotion democracy EU (Börzel etal.Cowles 2001; and Risse2003; (Börzel instrumentalist approach 26 , CEU eTD Collection historical and cultural legacies, aswell historical norms with and cultural as thedomestic resonance European institutional of templates, the nature level regard to with European and domestic practices is practices by represented historical specific institutional legacies from and previous normsto European and commitment and the attraction the variables indetermining major the of one institutionalisms, historical the from Coming practices. and institutions influence elite’s degreeof the domestic that EUlevel to freedom to transform according point” point” for national level activity (Vachudovápolitical 2005,37). “reference a as EU the having level policies, EU to according totransform engagement in its be would leadership political the committed more the arguments, cultural identifysub-national actors themselves as ‘belonging toEurope,’ stressinghistorical and Schimmelfennig 2005a; Schimmelfennig and Sedelmeier 2004)Themore national and actors’ determines political (Epstein 2006; process. integration European reaction to ones European with definethe culture domestic the regimes (Vachudovágovernment. 81) 2005, strategic behavior, an illiberal, while istrue about the opposite authoritarian-type in its therefore, constrained, more is it and policies level EU implement to committed is more decision-making, democratic of to devoted principles liberal government, determining the level national commitment of of leadership. she a suggests that So, in illiberal or liberal government: of type the and path transitional the of importance inbehavior strategic the of determining political elites. Vachudova argues also the factor important another represent etc. state, of a structure federal-unitary the or spaces), political in EEN lines conflicting major the polarization, and fragmentation of degree system (the of a party structure the rule, electoral as the such etal. 2001) 2003; Cowles of decision-making templates institutional internal Concomitantly, etc.) electorate, groups, interest parties, Communist non-reformed parties, particularly Likewise, the ‘closenessexample. for ones, to Europe,’ Russian as such practices, other over understood as templates the resonance and norms of norms andEuropean values that of preference the explains that factor important an is this countries, post-socialist Thus, the Thus, Second of all, the . (Hanson 1995; Shugart 1997; Vachudová. (Hanson 1995; Shugart caseofthe in 2005)Especially the goodness of fit of goodness constructivist approach (Börzel between 2003;Cowles and2001) Risse et al.the advances several sociological factors several sociological advances is a major sociological factor that factor sociological major a is (Börzel and Risse 27 CEU eTD Collection direct EU involvement in party politics transformations. politics in party involvement EU direct in leveland stipulations aweak resultof by actors European interpretation the domestic of EPFs’and Plans the Action of requirements vague the that prove will politics party on influence affiliation,EU thedirect examines 4that chapter from the results Theempirical transformations. together with– direct the weak versus ‘sticks,’rewards indirect, most importantrepresent the variables in determining the nature influenceof EU leave requirements,as wellroom asfor the moreasthemselves.extent well freedomas ofthe EU extent engagement As levelEuropean norms and accordingwhich standards to partiesEEN can of transform it of willEU incentives be in argued domestic setby as Federations setof Party second the membership European requirements andin thepunishments, political nextsource of EU conditionalitychapter, within East Europeanor neighborhood. ‘carrots’ It also considers thethe of analysis focusesthe on Action Plan’sdissertation present degreemajor asthe requirements of clarityandmissing. Yet, are stipulationsEU requirements of the problem overcomethis in to order of the clear wheresome states, EU non-candidate and non-members of in thecase transformations political on impact EU the investigating of problems major the of one is This 2003) (Grabbe its requirements. democratic with tomeasure compliance the templates country,a particular to lacks institutional case, from policy area becauseEU to a specific from case depends EU regulations of implementation the of criteria asmeeting the counts (Tocci of EU demands. fulfill implementation the 2008) What in to undertaken order well specifiedtransformations in fields such like democracy,human and the rights lawrule of arenot leavingandforinterpretations. room different Brussels’ and concerningclauses do of all,not political conditionality criteria are broadlycontain defined, lacking a high degree of major clarity Firstencountered both European difficulties because and levelfactors. of domestic a clear descriptionCritical accounts on EUimpact on domestic political transformations ofreforms. theliberal-democratic out in carrying involvement EU steps the and transition democratic EEN of that and political influence values actors’ have and European in preferences strategies process the to be The promotion and the implementation of EU democratic conditionality have 28 CEU eTD Collection emerging democracies after the collapse of the communist regime the political political actors the regime communist of the collapse the after emerging democracies Inthe newly transformations. on domestic process integration influence of European in settings explaining the transitionalinstitutional path than of differentfactor post-communistimportant outsidersmore a is and elite’s the degree of behavior political transformations, particularly in the case of the post-communist EU outsiders. influence ondomestic of European determines thedegree factor that major the of domestic political in reforms elites out carrying according EUstandards represents to Haverland KnillHéritier 2000; 2001;Radaelli and 2000, 2003). The degree of discretion domesticimplementation level institutional templates of EU 2005; and practices. (Börzel outcome of freedom on depend the in nationalprocess Europeanization of discretion involvementin domestic changes,which in caserepresentthis dependentthe variable. preferences particularly European the in domestic factors, which the research Europeanization of political afield of represents arena political the transformations, internal on aninfluence exercise elites, are the decisivepolicies. onesEuropean resist accept or to elites domestic of discretion degreeof the or willingness in determiningininvolvement transformations of process the domestic largely on depends the the degreeimplementation of EU domestic political elites obtain a certain degree of freedom in their interpretation and of EU democratic provisions. Thus, the success or failure of EU party system transformations. system party and party on influence level European the of extent the determines that level domestic complying level with European policies and standards is majorthe variable from the in elite freedom political domestic degreeof the of that scholars agree with Ithe Also, transition. democratic inof process the EUinvolvement of degrees differentandthe making forsystems,importance understanding politics of the domestic isof particular political organizations – as well as of the environments in which they operate – party Another difficulty in studying the EU impact on political transformations is that is transformations political on impact EU the studying in difficulty Another As the empirical findings from the chapter 4 and particularly chapter 5 will show, 5 will chapter particularly 4 and chapter the from findings empirical the As In this context, I argue that the study of political actors Most Europeanization havepointed mechanism the studies out that finaland the – parties and other can integration European the which areason domestic other to As compared 29 CEU eTD Collection parties within the post-communist political spaces, as well as the high degree of party as highdegreeof asthe parties the post-communistspaces, well within political degree of party and party system institutionalization. The short period lifeof of political established democracies. (Mair 1997c,175) in than adversarial and conflictual more both prove to likely is competition Party “constantly andleave changeidentity.” or the scene enter their 250) (Kopstein 2003, to thehigh degree of fragmentationparty fluidity and spaces,political of when parties 2002; Kopstein Kreuzer2003; andPettai 1999, 2003; Mair 1997c)Scholars havepointed partiesliterature. thepost-communist and (Dawisha party systems dominated 1999; Innes identities of establishingthe political organizations. A inchoate fearwide-spread of political salient into conflicts social of transformation the impede societies civil weak and political of 1993; Kosteleckýactors behavior 2002;Mair1991,1998)The opportunistic Csanadi (Bunceand leaving thepolitical arenas. and with entering marketplaces, parties beemerging Party openpolitical systems aredescribed to post-communist states. Westnewly established the the and between democracies major differences European arehighlighted major as political characteristics forarenas. Several being responsible political conditions thatallowfor significant uncertainties and disturbances within including the haveliterature. beenshapedwithin The pessimisticinstitutionalization existing the view, Post-communist Party andParty system institutionalization and(Crawford Lijphart1995; Diamond and 1996). Plattner institutional design factors in explaining post-communist domestic transformations 2003; Vachudovástress 2005)anddisagrees that with researchers supremacy the of process the of institutional building inthenewly established democracies (Kitschelt direct elites argue political that that thescholars with study agrees present the Therefore, reforms). democratic promoting one the especially opposition, of strength political the and competition political degreeof the upon power,their howeverconditional increasing (usuallyinstitutionalof thatwould suitbetter specific aimedat them arrangements choice the made that ones the been have parties) opposition the and governing the (both Based on the mentioned-above factors, this theoretical approach low thisargues the approach theoretical factors, Based mentioned-above on the Two contrasting views system party on post-communist party and tabula rasa perspective, argues the chaotic nature of socio-economic and 30 CEU eTD Collection 1998, 204)in withCEE, becomingparties the major of players domestic politics and “crystallization degreeof certain of a reaching the out point forces”(Ágh political of Some Europe. studies in and Eastern caseof the Central specifically institutionalization, in emergingthe post-communist democracies.(Ágh1994; 1994; Lewis Olson 1998) game intown’ limitsand the powermaximizingopportunistic behavior of political actors ‘thedemocracy acceptas to actors political determines systems electoral democratic only (Evans andWhitefield Kitschelt 1993; 1992; etal.Miller 1996) 2000; Tóka The choice of differentelectorate positions on issues salientthe of competition mobilizeand the public. 1999, 402-403) The emergingfound beforcesoffer were ableto to political the to structure” “a Westernestablished from theexistenceof argue andthey democracies deal of great in the features similarargued in tothose systems party show post-communistvolume their that patternsindependence declarationthe Kitschelt of ex-communistthe have republics. of et al. of after competition political of axes political principal the into nature cultural or economic, social, representation1999) The ‘structure’ view argues therapid translation majorof the societal cleavages of patterns post-communist inof system party andstabilization party space.(Kitscheltet al. and governance.system. (Kitschelt of institutionalized ininteraction, of an patterns party the of features one basic the party et Mair Olson 1998;Rose1995; 1997c; 1997)which in Tóka result absencethe of stability al. and high degree of volatility,electoral 2005;Birch andSitter 1996; (Bakke Cotta 2003; the continuing refers fragmentation 2005;Innes Zielinski to (Bielasiak party 2002; 2002) missing. major areparty system party systems asthe consolidations conditionsof This sceptical studies stress lackthe of‘systemness’(Mair 1997a,213-214) of post-communist MostCEE. (Duch of republics 2002). inthese andcompared to and Palmer ex-Soviet Communist would experience in result party weaker and party system institutionalization 2000; Mainwaring expectationsScholarly thelonger suggestthat 1998) time of period political inorganizations, Soviet particularly republics. former (Ágh1996;Birch the success than achieve a greater entrepreneurs political individual these circumstances In cohesion. and their programmatic parties roleof the political decrease fragmentation Scholarly research has revealed positive changes towards party and party partyand system party towards changes positive has revealed Scholarly research ‘structure’ acertain of existence the claims scholars of group in the Another 31 CEU eTD Collection authoritarian/non-market versus libertarian/pro-market continuum. (Kitschelt 1992) continuum. (Kitschelt libertarian/pro-market versus authoritarian/non-market developments: post-communist of course the regarding attitudes representing party conflict, political of line dominant one least at had countries EEN the missing, were as scratch, ‘remarkably’ suggest. as optimisticstabilized approaches the is as region neither asweak of post-communist party haspointed studies out that inandsystem party developmentthe EEN partyCritical systeminstitutionalizationaccounts onpost-communistpartyand in communist regions. (Dawisha and Deets2006) development,by contrast to the view that there is a generalized gap between the two post- betweensimilarity system ofparty CEEand post-Soviet country party patterns and system party stability.” bemore 2005,243)There andSitter also seemsto (Bakke government-opposition dynamic,2002b, (Sitter 78)aswell as a“remarkable degreeof emergence the and a party-structured thestableinter-party of competition process, electoral during parties political of dominance the highlighting system, party developed offeringmeasure a of predictability to their voters.” (Millard153) 2004,143, 4 penetrationof new political parties. (Lewis 2006b,575) 3 and the Czech Republic (and Estonia toacertain degree Lewis’ finding also confirms anearlier work of Millard that describes Hungary, Slovenia, relatively basisstable multi-polar for government successive coalitions.” (idem, 574) overlargemedium-scalecontrol of small parties “a ones,whichprovideestablished and parliamentary the of result is the countries examined of number a in fragmentation inage andits rootedness the society. Heargues (2006b,574-575) thatparty party inCEE basedon stabilization of a certain degree havereceived political that parties 235) Inarecentwork Lewis 2006a,reveals (Enyedi achieving aprogrammaticcohesion. In theform they were defined andfound in Western democracies (Bartolini and Mair 1990) Despite the existence of stable parties overtime Estonian party system isdescribed as “susceptible” to the First of all, the post-communist societies and party systems were not built from built not were systems party and societies post-communist the all, of First ‘radical’ the with case the is often As it number large the expectation, theoretical a evenexistenceof the suggestpost-communiston Other Europe works tabula rasa approach suggest. suggest. cleavages Although some approach well-established tabula rasa andthe views pessimistic isargue nor it 3 ) ashaving“stable party systems 32 4 CEU eTD Collection parliamentary consecutive mandates, as majority of well as theinfluence parliamentary during two the electoralorganizational managerial andskills. (Enyedi2006a)This by is illustrated the well as well as success policy-making, in efficiency and professionalism to regard with class political of the emerging newly the over advantage had asignificant they because officials ruling party Communist Party Potichnyj 1994) from Moldovaseekingbehavior Ukrainian andGeorgian of MPs. (Aprasidze2007; Birch 2003; and them flourishingthe promoted ofindividual political entrepreneurs, clientalism and rent- its abilitysignificantnumber of SMD MPsand the influence unprecedented independents of among to securepartisan logicmajor the behavior limited programmatic and political of parties. The a of weak the of causes one major the mixedsystem represented fora their preference communist role of personalities and clientalism.1996) (KitscheltThe maintenance in of power over PR)and(presidential by parlamentarian) type of government over strengthening the (majoritarian rules electoral of choice the negatively affected transition early the during maintenance in power of of former the inpower maintenance active organizationalduring skills, or from the opposition movements, most of which were politically formerthe parties, regime benefiting from managerialpoliticalprevious experience, and the lastfrom scratch years during the firstemerge not did parties However,argue thatpost-communist I actors. political successful years of oftransition Communist of EEN; wouldparties thatbe re-emerge some pre-Soviet able to and as affirm themselves they were emerging either fromand experience lacked previous democratic Union, were partof Sovietthe those that rule. As the clients of state socialism.”elite (Offe et al. 1998, 25) prove tobe“atomized didnot democracies theoriesestablished EEN mass of ex- anddecapitated newly the predictions scholarly to contrast by 1998) Therefore, communization. (Mikkel de- and building suggest, nation/state on attitudes as such transition, of years first the during the systems party shaped the and political conflicts into issues that translated communist Moreover, theemergingsocieties weredivided post-Soviet bysome other post- However, there has been also a positive effect of the maintenance of of maintenance Communist of the effect hasbeenalsoapositive However, there It is true that after the collapse of manyafter particularly thecollapse formerIt is USSR that the republics, of true nomenklatura until until ‘electoralthe revolutions’ in andGeorgiaUkraine and nomenklatura and significantbargainingits power 33 CEU eTD Collection by PCRM inMoldova form4% to 6% in anticipation of 2009 elections. alterationof electoral barrier from 3% to 4% before 2002 legislative elections, orcurrent raise of threshold 5 Plans. Action of country theframework within set EU policies weakness of the which determined EU democracy – promotion full membership perspective – is missingin caseof EEN, the CEE the from 2006a; Vachudovácandidates. (Lewis2005a, stick 2008)Theof major 161-180; 2005, conditionality democratic EU with line in transformation political post-communist for stimulus material and political major a represented which process, opposition comingparties, political upagainst pluralism. ruling parties, of favor in most of cases the months elections, before within of acouple out carried laws were most inelectoral of changes the it reveals that representation. Also, political maximize their forces) to opposition and elites ex-communist (both actors political for existing the opportunities reflects modification threshold Rather, that shows it his post-communist comparative study of system institutionalization.party (2001,12) electoral notfollow threshold did pattern,by aclear increasing as suggested Bielasciak in of changes the representation, amore proportional is formula towards electoral the beindescribed to space. wholethe post-communist Although tendency the of adjusting as countries examined three of the in case as fewthe minor and be not to prove changes consolidation of electoral democracies in the region. (Bielasiak 2001, 38) However, these regulations,” of electoral stability widespread the significantly to the contributed which space. Evenin cases when placesome revisions took they not“undermine did post-communist thewhole across competition political and conduct election the structure that laws in the made been have changes systemic few that study a cross-national Bielasiak,forin inexample, CEE. argues particularly period, during early the transition of game the rules of democratic the institutionalization experience the to and competition government. Communist the of policy-making efficient the on professionalism and discipline party Shevardnadze’s increase of threshold form 5% to 7% before 1999parliamentary elections, Kuchma’s Overall, I argue that Mair’s concern that party systems beenFinally,accession European the of neighbors havenot part post-Soviet might never become The adoption of post-communist electoral systems helped to structure political 5 which determine uncertainty of electoral results and hits first of all small all of first hits and results electoral of uncertainty determine which 34 CEU eTD Collection andnational and institutions.policies The existingfew dealing studies with of ‘goodness focused were primarily on investigation the the fit’ of between European interests asscholarly literature, phaseof Europeanization first the within attention less The ‘Europeanization’ of Post-communist andParty Parties systems level requirements. elite’s political depend degreeof domestic on the freedom with inEuropean complying will changes system party and in party involvement EU of level the Thus, stipulations. of opposition and parties civic society vetoplayersas during the implementation of EU therole anddecrease political actors favor governing the to tend settings institutional the benefits on short-term oranti-European Finally, offeredby adoption positions. pro- of the focus a primary with level requirements, EU to parties of EEN reaction oriented strategic flourishing of political entrepreneurs and rent-seeking behavior determine amore followwell-definedideological profile donot aprogrammatic behavior. and the Second, in lack of a counterparts stances,changing most definingthem and their European as of all, the First severalfactors. would andparty ofdepend parties systems on transformations EEN weaklyin domestic involvement EU of extent the and nature the that institutionalizedstate I developments, parties and characterized by parties party institutionalized systems. weakly would are still neighbors EastEuropean Europe, and Eastern Central within stabilization not be asWhile findingsa significant point scholarly progress to party towards and party system constrainedparties and blocs political from one electionanother andto afluid political environment. as their (Birch 2003, 3;Powell and Tucker 2008,3)determines a levelhigh fluctuationsof among CEE birth andfusions death, and is fissions merely an elite decision in space post-Soviet CEEDeets 2006;Lane countries. andErsson2007),ascompared to party fact that The volatility 2005; high and fragmentation,Dawisha and party (Bielasiak degree of electoral party forrepublics EEN experiencea systems still Central Europe. the and than Eastern forsocio-political(1997b, 197)isrelevant the context, morecase of post-Soviet thepost-communist within encountered obstacles significant because of the consolidated The study The study integration of influence the European hadachievedon party of politics political EEN of characteristics above mentioned the all from Deriving 35 CEU eTD Collection which is still available for non-EU members from the continent. 6 research. focus major present of the the it represents Therefore, borders. EU outside integration European of influence the of inquiry of field primary isthe dimension the examining one other the the with dealing one the framework: TwoEuropeanization. research be within different this identified can of strands research bottom-up-down politics. or approach bottom-up of studies type a applies This of integration influence lenses of the through national on European of parties domestic party in whichpolitics, andwas rooted Comparativethe looked at track Politics the factors. specific of context result be argued the to was andmuch variation states unexplained of the candidate members or transformation, when there was no uniform domestic study of the to a top-down approach applied that research Europeanization pattern of adaptation within the differentand EU Goetz 2000) However,political andparties its aiming atfinding effectwithin domesticthe political scene.(Hix these studiestheories, starting with level assumption the therethat existed aEuropean influence on encountered integration national werebasedof within and IR Europeanization parties European the same difficulty as the rest of in the process of in institutionalization the level of process party system,a European of 2002; Marks and Wilson 1999) Moreover, since thenon-EU membersparticipate donot norms parties andpractices andparty domestic systems. (MarksandSteenbergen on investigation political of thatemergeconflicts asthe resultof influencethe of European isthe central focus Its systems. party and national parties of within Europeanization the Bardi 1989, 1996;Marks and Steenbergen 2004) Europarties and the European party system the European within Parliament. (Attinà 1990; investigation of of 2005) and the dynamic 1980; and Schmitt shape the the Schmitt 1975; level Pridham and Pridham European (Marsh 1981), elections 2005; Reif and Hix 1995; Pridham (Bardi 1994, 2002; linkagesEuroparties, and party transnational Theof one dealswith domestic study the (Mair2004,340-343) spheres. first political With the exception of transnational party linkages and the affiliation to European Party Federations, Party European to affiliation the and linkages party of transnational exception the With The end of The broughta new impact millennium end on of literature second the EU of on The penetration dimension, however, emerged as the major strand ofliterature strand however, major the as emerged dimension, penetration institutionalization of European level norms and practices into the into practices and norms level European of of a European party system and 6 the penetration 36 CEU eTD Collection the opposition to European integration structure domestic political competition in competition political domestic structure integration European to opposition the how and level determinehave on that party factors of study Euroskepticism the focused represented by Since studies. Euroskepticism Taggart’s seminal (1998), scholars work existing political existing political conflicts. Left-Right ideological the issueis cross-cuts subsumed dimension or the European explorewill andit whether the of and EEN in competition political of axes major the of identification with the Thestudy start thesis. with presentof the point important another issue interaction of lines European represents the existing of other with political conflict the of study the democracies, established Western the from different is competition lack neighbors some and well-defined political ideological the cleavages axis of 2000; Garrett Vachudová 2008;Vachudová 2006) Hooghe and Although thepost-Soviet Marks al.Wilson Markset and2001; 2005; etal. 2002; Hooghe 2000;Tsebelis and ideological issue. dimension and the European (Aspinwall and2002; Hooghe Marks studies examine the relationship between the economic andnon-economic, orcultural of majority The conflict. political of lines existing the to is subsumed it or competition dimension aseparate integration, represents of toEUandEuropean stances related as policy party of sum the understood issue, is European the whether research question The key systems. party shape national that cleavages pre-existing the stances with it comparingwith survey expertthe and data party leaders’ interviews. stances, European party of analysis majorof will empirical as one work it source the use MRG database in ofincluded the party are policies. countries indicator EEN As the three positions of EU national by focusingparties on electoral the programs as mainthe policy on approach content-analytic acomparative provides 2001) Thiskindof research particularly Research, the for Political Consortium by European the decades last the carried over Manifesto Research hasbeen andEuro-parties on research of parties Europeanization national the political Group and of party competition. patterns existing issuesA the through European Partyconsiderable Manifestos andEuropean (pro- attitudes explain anti-European) and try to position party on project. (Budge et al. Yet, field dominantthe inquiry of Europeanization of as party European of interaction the has examined literature of strain Another Within the penetration approach scholars focus on the analysis ofnational parties’ penetration is 37 CEU eTD Collection party elites andmasses, and between parties, merely the potential coalition formation and between distance thepolitical increasing by voters, and parties between relations the both partiesother from same level.familythe party attheEuropean program official party of following the and basis party the with relation the influence forums in EU existingthe parties parties by basedlargely oranti-EU position, thestrategic and Europe on useof their pro- which belongs a party to federations European the organizations. European with potential co-operation transnational the on emphasis the and prominent more is integration European of influence the where party politics following five dimensions of analysis: frameworks within theoretical field,which unpacks thenotion the of of Europeanization from one of represents influential aspects of life. His work most extensive the party 2002 EUimpacton the of has other positions integration political parties overshadowed Euroskepticism within EENparty the systems. of explore exist nature the ifto does it and membership haveperspective, aclear do not exists neighbors, who within its Europe Eastern an to examine whether opposition itincreaseis was argued EUaccession the date, approachingto to of the with interesting the Euroskepticism of CEE candidates Whilein 2002,2004a) case and the Szczerbiak and Markowski andTuckerMudde 2002; and Szczerbiak Taggart 2006; 2008; Taggart Western and Eastern European Euroskepticism. 2006;Kaniok (Bielasiak 2005;Kopecký and comparing inCEEthe particularly states, within thecandidate Europe opposition to exploring the increasedstarted scholarly studies hassincethe Euroskeptic research Western (Heffernan 2001;Taggart Europe. number of and The Szczerbiak2004b) The changes in these areas as a result of the process of European integration affect integration European of process the of result a as areas in these The changes 5. relations beyond the party system: transnational activities and co-operation with 4. party-governmentrelations:of representatives participation executive howthe new issue; emergence European the the 3. party politicization of of competition: 2. organisational change: changeof andparty andstatutes rules relations the with areas and policy domestic mention increasedEurope of an 1. policy change: However,argues, asLadrech focusand on the(2002) pro- anti-European the 38 CEU eTD Collection in Centralin and Eastern Europe ,” 7 May 2008, UCL School ofSlavonic and East European Studies. presented during the workshop “Beyond Europeanization? The (Non-) Impact of EU onParty the Politics intra-party over (Taggartsplits Europe. 1998) In thenon-EU members, caseof thenature of existence is the level party on impact EU direct the to points that indicator Another cooperation. and relations party transnational organizational change, party/government influence integration of European on party politics: policy/programmatic change, Ladrech’sfrom above mentioned dimensions Europeanization direct the refer to work five of out Four level. party at impact EU the detect that indicators of series types of EU influence on party politics: direct and indirect one. different two between distinguish inquiry scholars research, fields of of Europeanization 7 impact should bemost prominent. EU in which the thedomain argued inthenextchapter, party represents competition influence is strongerindirect Because EENcountries. of case the with CEEcandidates in case of the impact than the fourdirect Ladrech’s other the ofEU anddifferences the similarities andexamines dimensions one in the party systemcase and European forums. The present thesis draws its theoreticalof framework on non-EU members, four, dimension the national within tothe the European participation related of parties as it willallfive for notrelevant one of at isdimensions, study the them EU outsiders.is of This be party as andsystem changes party of integration.a resultEuropean Outof mentioned the would apply Ladrech’s that forhowever, the analysis framework members’ of non-EU contribution, scholarly no is candidates’ or There parties.7 political on EU of non-impact members Central startingand expectationthe aboutthe EastEuropean point hasasa and (Poguntkeetal.parties six memberstates. 2007)The within second drawson the one examines the EU influence on the internal organizational dynamics of national political national focuses one of The firston WesternEuropeanization parties. and Europe for case study or comparative(ibidem) formation. government research, two major volume contributions examine the The forthcoming publicationin Ladrech’s theoretical (2002)represents framework themajor that presents a work The nature of EU influence: direct versus indirect impact directversus EU influence: indirect The natureof Withinlarge Ladrech’s the thattake numberofstudies typology astartingpointas JournalCommunist of Studies andTransition Politics . As in the case of . other case of Asin the of the papers 39 CEU eTD Collection and it contains some provisions related to party activity and electionconduct. 8 data. comparative systematic lack of of relevant it the because investigate not thesis does this cooperation, drawingideological resulting in homogeneity the resulting from transnational party integration. European signedparties where a political relevantthe majority of partnership for achieving the Western/European aswellthe lackof a ‘colorcoalitions, revolution’ inMoldova, revolutions’ from Georgiain and the role of the and Ukraine emergenceEU of pro- coalitions. pro-European beof would ‘electoralresearch the An interestingpoint successful of establishment tothe itcan contribute forces and whether liberal-democratic influence interactionsignificant by on to party support political and material providing a have still can EU whether examine to – interesting is it perspective missing, is – carrot themajor mostly because candidates, of CEE inthan case the membership EU 2006) Lewis and levelEnyedi (Enyedi of indirect2007; effectparty on influence EU politics. ideological profilesto its conditionality policy.(Pridham 2002; Vachudová 2005) The homogeneity of party as a resultinfluence stronger countries building coalition on constraining the inits thanks candidate of transnational join Lewis the governingparties. (Batory 2006a)The2008; likelyhave EUis a to cooperation level in ones)would European the being caseif anti-democratic parties (usually these with Europarties from negative reaction of the because parties hard Euroskeptic of potential coalition the is another requirements. accession EPFs to compliance andthe country stipulations8 Action Plan to adjustment legislative from the can result level changes party major the that direct chapter not full members,of EU influence is different with regardLadrech’s to nor dimensions. Because EEN states are are they part of the EU accession process, I argue in the next Country ActionPlans represent the official legal framework of EU relations with its Eastern Neighbors On party system level the influence of European integration process has been has process integration European of influence the level system party On With level indirectinfluence the second onparty of – EU type regard to lesson is weaker conditionality EU the neighbors European East of case in the Although influenceThe indirect of European the party Union levelon isbelievedchange to 40 CEU eTD Collection EU level decision-making asemergence as existingfeelings among the new parties well the thatoppose of parties via European the Parliamentor intergovernmental channels. riseThus, the of Euroskeptic at domestic within Euro-parties making, through either in involvedEU policy process of the directly or European are states ofmembers national parties respect, inthis on parties a directpressure exert not levels iftheEUdoes EU influence. of Even direct indicator is an considered EU andthus this (penetration) the directly to refer anti-European parties parties, or in of emergence pro- involved the represents level European influence. behind is The reason this directly although isthat not EU foremergence influence (Poguntke, Aylotthim, for for Landrech,the et al. of as all, 2007)Second of pro- degree of system institutionalization EU level party present astrongerresistanceand to higher a have which andmembers, EU old on built was it all of First systems. party non-EU anti-European(idem, politics. party the in 28-29) cleavages social the partiesreflects that politics traditional the from at national“separation society,” wider the from of politics of world the aturn-away indicates which andthe the European dimension competition between partiesambition governing on with level of the is out thehollowing as system, such on party effects ofEuropeanization indirect a directHowever, theexistenceof shows Mair 33) (idem, impact of directthe Europeanization. effectprocess of European integration, of which points to a resistance of nationalis party thatsystems to there is of Hisconclusion parties. andof attitudes relevantthe anti-European examininga pro- the lack of a significant the necessity scholar suggests system, the of mechanics party the Concerning objectives. opposition single-issuenot parties are in combine butorganizations, ofbroad a programs their series of West Europeaninfluence on the format of a party partiessystem. Yet, he points out that most of Westtowards European mobilizing the voters of purpose primary and theexplicit with of parties emergence The interaction). for or against the fragmentation) theof system and a party of andthedegreeof (party mechanics parties EU is regarded number (the format the on impact EU between as distinguishes He systems. the party on impact major indicator from forindirect discerning EU members direct 29-37) heappliesstrict criteria of (2000, direct EU thoroughly examined byMair. on Inhisold (2000;2004; 2006) seminalwork EU Yet, Mair’s influence on forEuropean study of the limitations framework presents 41 CEU eTD Collection support of the large segment of voters that are in favor of European integration. the attract valuesto and helpthem norms and liberal-democratic toEuropean association the from legitimacy political them give can Europeaness intheir identity political their European integration. example,For for newly the established parties groundingthe of of andthe process Europe of criticism with or identification of a result as available calculations of elitespolitical in contextof the changethe of domestic opportunities of strategic is parties result the andanti-European emergence the of pro- that will show analysis presented The theoretical integration perspective. European against the for or support mobilizing in the next chapter new of of political a of organization actors purpose withthe political establishing as well format as of a party system, they shouldbe as investigated resultthe of a voluntary decision the empirical findings from chapter2002) 5 and changein expectations. the resulting beliefsand (Knill domestic and Lehmkuhl argued tobe the of ideasoutcome flowthe of and betweentheEuropean levels domestic EP level Consequently,Europarties European within the or elections). are instances these (e.g. systems level andparty parties European and between domestic connection the foradirectpolicies, that allows canit nor an environment or presentregulations directlyvia its identity affect not party the EUdoes the In this party case politics. their identities based on their ‘Europeaness’ as an indicator change establish or to decide when parties instances of the an indirectregards dissertation present the EU influence on show, will chapter next the from model theoretical Asthe comply. should actors political domestic withrequirements which EUpoliciesthe and specificabsence party-related of mechanisms and of outcomes influence onparty EU ispolitics basedon existence the or and the literature andindirect direct definition of reasoning Europeanization of making, by contrast to old EU members of CEE candidates. Also, I follow the IR line of The argument is that domestic parties from forimpact. against mobilizing represents with anindirector EU support of purpose the EEN are not involved at all in the EU policy Mair indicator of an EU impact.direct (Mair 2006) The extent of the influence of European integration of the influence The extentof the on impact EU of instances the to points EEN from evidence empirical the If parties of emergence members the non-EU of in case However,argue that the I . There has been a broad has. Therea been 42 CEU eTD Collection fairly accurately if knowing not only its stand on the economic Left-Right axis, but alsobutaxis, its economic Left-Right the stand only not on if knowing fairly accurately in of limits the bounded rationality. (Marksand Wilson 2000,434) issues“historically through existing the orientations,”rooted behave force which them to new make of the use and assimilate and that Wilson areorganizations parties argue that of political cleavages. Building onLipset and Rokkan’s theory of social cleavages, Marks developed asaresultideological integration,commitments their to according European their to according it the such as issues, newemerging the respondto with Parties ideological orientation. historical deal parties and spectrum political the of dimension Right Left- the to has beensubsumed argues issue European the Thethat first explanations. main matters interpretation for domestic ofthe way spaceraised Europe political two subsumed existing tothe lines of Thepolitical conflict. debate between scholars on the is it or axis competition of aseparate issuerepresents European whether of examination isthe interaction party on impact EU indirect the in examining interest scholarly of areas influence on domestic transformations of parties and party systems. One of the major systems. Western political emergingmore tochanges has been political systems open than well-established the as newly inline the EU standards with reforms domestic the facilitated candidates (Vachudová 2005,2008) liberal-democratic the Also, of transition post-communist incentives for national political material parties and to transformpolitical offered that according policy to European conditionality its to requirements. thanks members aspiring of post-communist candidates. The Union had more leverage on domestic changes of Europeanization. face of been wellthechallenges to have national prepared parties al. revealsthat 2007) et Aylott (Poguntke, Europe Western from parties of transformation internal on pressure change.”impervious most to 28) Thestudied extensive(Mair 2000,EU volumethe that “thebe to prove which systems, party national on impact direct EU limited the about on Westernsystems. The literature parties andparty confirms Mair’s Europe argument integration impact hasthat process agreementthe hadaminimalof on European direct Marks et al. (2005) argue that party stances on European issuesbe predicted can stances on European party Marks etal. argue that (2005) direct than indirect astronger had has integration of European process Overall, the The direct EU influence on parties and party systems has been stronger in the case 43 CEU eTD Collection members or the CEE candidates. I argue is in major differencerelationship I candidates. the the that CEE the members or EU old the to ascompared issue European the with TANrelationship a different also has The GAL- non-economic with attitudes. (Tucker al.are associated Euroskeptic et 2002) promotingshow, the restorationLeft issueEuropean subsumed isnot by axis. Left-Right the However, asthe 5willchapter wing parties, and andquestion relationship between European the ideological dimension the the of the looser even an determine process of EU accession absence aswell as the profiles, Sovietparticularly system, theasTaggart and Szczerbiak 2004a) wellnon-reformed as communist space.(Kopecký and Mudde2002;Rohrschneider and Whitefield 2005; the ‘losers’ inideology question post- European between the connection andthe party the regarding Communist findings scholarly share found to confirms earlier aRight-GAL are ones which stance, ofparties transition in arelocated Left-TANthe Euroskepticresult, parties while the pro-European quadrant, and thoseal.Whitefield 1993;Markset 2005;Vachudová 2008; Vachudová 2006) andHooghe Asa GAL-TANthe members. tothe old and 90 degreesascompared (Evans EU at dimension a shiftlead liberal-democratic to stance of (GAL) a pro-market economy adopt (Right), to required parties which EU joiningcriteria, to compliance the andpast communistthe the economic and cultural Left-Right axes in the CEE candidates. The opposition towards issue and European between the relationship adifferent determined accession European as one more confrontational line onwhich they may governingthe oppose parties. Taggart1998) most As of aresult, remainingthe dimension perceivetheEuropean parties national levels. and European al. 2002;Markset (Aspinwall Marks 2005; et al. 2002; both which in theinstitutionsat the majority represented the governing Democrats, andChristian- Liberals, Conservatives, asSocial-Democrats, such parties, mainstream this factis thethat European Union represents a“centrist project,” of beingfound explanation by the main The TANand extremes. Left at both located integration, European dimensionsmajor the represent together which ofdimension, a politicalTraditional/Authority/Nationalism) and space.(Green/Alternative/Libertarian GAL-TAN politics new In non-economic, the the on old EU states it is found a bipolar opposition to In the case of East European neighbors, the weakly institutionalized ideological weakly the institutionalized European neighbors, caseof In the East The specific historical developments of post-communist states and the process of 44 CEU eTD Collection the most Euroskeptic parties can be expected to be those that are permanently be excluded that bethose to most parties can Euroskeptic expected the a party’simpact on have asignificant isconsideredto opposition So, stance. Eurosceptic and government between competition the Hence, parties. political for opportunities and of challenges situation contextual the they dynamic on because depend EU are drawingfrom patternsthe of political competition. Heargues that attitudes the towards 2002a, (Sitter government. 12) in in partiesthatfound themselves and for andnot characteristic particularly opposition, tobe they ‘soft’are estimated feelings, Eurosceptic candevelop mainstream parties ones, protestor parties, likely aremore adopta to strong Euroscepticism. if Even the more in andmoderate pragmatic whiletowards Europe, their attitudes extreme parties the be to expected Taggartmainstream According are parties to the (1998)andMair (2000), of a goodpredictor theideological therefore, of isattitudes European a party.position not Euroskeptic stances both on Rightthe and on theof Left politicalthe spectrum and, Europe. Thetowards evidence thisis argument thatsupports theexistence with of parties argue that is there notalinear ideological between and attitudes relationship orientation major dimensions of a party system. (Maore and Smith 1993) The Euroskepticism studies The values and interests that constitutebecannot assimilated bytheexisting ofparty competition them. but dimensions cross-cut such an issue, raised by the society, structure of party system.issues the Thisterm refers to do thatarise inabottom-up way and not fit the and the competition party of configuration effect existing the on have adisruptive to maverick 2002a) In order issue.(Sitter beto considered as a maverick issue one,an needs issueperceive has by position the who European asa been contradicted scholars issue European bethoroughly 5of chapter will inexamined the presentthe thesis. Russianthe in region. domination the The relationship between nationalism the and the against statehood identity and evenof national of preservation the of EU asa guarantee one. These integrationseethe parties Rightwing apositive of process the as European identity, determine statehood and culture, most ofthe forcesnationalistpro-reform see under the Sovietbetween rule andnationalism the stronger and the negative European impactstance. Becauseof Communism of the longer on the time national period spent Sitter pointsSitter toanother explanatory factor of attitudes party on Europeanissue,the ideological their to issue according European the to parties respond The ideathat 45 CEU eTD Collection particularly important in investigating the EU influence outside its official borders. official its outside influence EU the in investigating important particularly is and This concern processes. level policies with European before contact the the major difficulty is in discerning clearly what was ‘moving’suitable onein investigating the Europeanization of national and party parties systems, within the domestic arena is Evenapproach themost factors. if they a bottom-up-down other resultof are the whether or driven EU are level system party and party at occur that changes the whether distinguish It ishard to literature. of Europeanization rest the similar to 2006a) (Lewis systems, party and parties study impact on of dilemmaforEU the core the represents and level processes factors European between the domestic and problem causality of Theimpact. investigation EU of the and recognition the problems regarding serious ‘Europeanization’ facessome study still systemsarea of this and party national parties of Critical accounts on the ‘Europeanization’ of parties andparty systems ofthedissertation. chapter in pre-last the investigated integration be systems influence EENparty and process party European will of on indirect The states. candidate member from or EU counterparts as their sameway the allows political more actors flexibility in definingand shifting their inattitudes European process part accession the of not are countries EEN that fact the Also, requirements. institutionalizeda cost-benefit and can adopt approach to EUlevel norms and areweakly insystems European earlier chapter,party parties and East stated this As EEN. the within conflict political of lines other with interacts issue European the way andof factorthe of attitudes party European is themajorexplanatory (center-extremes) attacking center.competition, aimedat the (Sartori1990) party strategy of acentrifugal promote astronger andto one, though position, European 12-15) This would allow these parties to find allies at the extremes that also share an anti- 2002a, one.(Sitter has apro-European party if ruling the attitude an adopt anti-European which usually Center-Right, or Center-Left contests from the party An arena. opposition governmental the from the politics of the governing party (parties), can afford itself to With scholarslevel factors domestichave argued need regard to examining theof the of analysis the to contributions scholarly of number vast the Despite I argue thatparty strategic behavior, constrained by its inposition a space political 46 CEU eTD Collection interaction politicalwith other or publicon actors, opinion. (Batory paper, p.2-3) its examining without party discourse, influenceon the change of programmatic intensity of EU impact. party point to programmatic changesbut numberthe itself nottellmuch does about the It is hard level of as might indicator European numberinfluence references of an EU programmatic to understand politicshow significant is also the EUdetermined impact canin case. change this be by the measurement identity on party is influence level of andtheextent European discern thenature what problem. common party internationalsfor both clause adheringis to it and hardto Euro-parties For Because is tonational a compliance membershipideological the actors. perspective example, thewithin is Council the Europe of usually a requirementset by beforeEuro-parties granting use of the party internationals andparty groups Forexample, affiliation the factors. to international or regional other orof integration European result of the are domestic change of factors decideis determinant itwhether the hardto and processes international support. electoral and legitimacy political example, voluntarily their portfolios toEuropean liberal-democratic norms andvalues toobtain,for to complysalientin the case of non-EU members or candidates, when there is no direct EU pressure withchanges tocomply in aspirations. withorder their is European This especially problem accessionstances instead of focusing onlong-term benefits and pursuing some fundamental identity oranti-European opportunitiesby adoption from pro- of short-term the offeredthe requirementsbenefit behaviorand changes. canengageinstrategic moreactors open to The political are and party systems institutionalized parties countries, the newlyemerging weakly and EU inducedbut 2004) and the‘playingpolitical with Europe’ fundamental(Bielasiak behavior tothe strategic existence(Enyedi some2006b) asopposed of party between differentiating of problem is the concerns major the of One impact. EU potential a of analysis the to turn to changes. afterwards only parties befirstly how by internal and canexplained much of domestic changes factors political As it wascan mentioned decide earlier, to adjust in the case of EEN Another important methodological problem deals with the time dimension. The The difficulty of discerning the nature and the extent of EU influence on party regional other with together place takes integration of European process As the 47 CEU eTD Collection in Centralin and Eastern Europe ,” 7 May 2008, UCL School ofSlavonic and East European Studies. presented during the workshop “Beyond Europeanization? The (Non-) Impact of EU onParty the Politics 12 downturn to party and party system instability. (Petrovic 2006) 11 10 European Cooperative Initiative SECI, etc.). 9 suggests alimited EUlevel influence onparty politics in post-communistthe Europe. 12 and EU of non-impact the about assumption non-traditional the with starts change system and party inCEE party influence EU the study the of to contributions recent The actors. political domestic of transformation in the role EU the stretching of risk the and states candidate inthecaseof post-communist especially politics, party on influence communist CEE countries. post- the in caseof particularly the consolidation, and democratic institutionalization system party on influence EU the of effect negative potential the of analysis focus2006a) Thus, amore and in-depth itsprovide future the researchshould expand CEE candidates andlater new memberstates.11 (Bielasiak 2006; Enyedi 2007; Lewis and the fewcaseswhenscholars have paidto this attention typeinfluence of include the European integration national on andsystemsparties has beenseldom party examined of effect negative However, the in general. consolidation democratic on consequence, a and, as stability system party influenceon suggestsapositive literature the level. European aweakdirect influence from the despite or conditionality themselves according to European standards even before the launching of an official EU casenon-EU members, of when political can parties inengage voluntarily reforming in the prominent particularly is problem This influence. indirect an particularly and direct exercisingstudy ofthe hard determine itis parties started political to a when EU the the of case in the EU, the of joining official the or agreement Association the of signing levels. as While of Europeanizationpreferthe the scholars most totake a starting point political analysisin order to draw a clear causal chain between the European and national it apply well makeshardones andinternational10 as with to regional9 a time sensitive (‘triple level processes domestic with EUaccession the of interconnection transition’) as For example the cooperation within the Visegrad Group, Central European Initiative CEI, Southeast CEI, Initiative European Central Group, Visegrad the within cooperation the example For The forthcoming publicationin potential the regarding concern raising start scholars countries of CEE accession recent the After Organization. Treaty North-Atlantic the joining as Such Finally, existencethe limitationassumption of primary is about EU serious the a most impact of integration process of European broader the While the analyzing JournalCommunist of Studies and Transition Politics of the of papers the 48 CEU eTD Collection and Cooperationand OSCE. 13 identification of party instances restof the of EEN, inthe case domestic transformations typein of other be involved directly cannot EU Becausethe Federations. European Party its neighbors – Action Plans, as well as the compliance to accession requirementsdefines Brussel’s that legal framework the setwithin requirements with the of with relations compliance legislative the are transformations political level domestic induce can EU the which in ways two The requirements. and norms European to reaction system party and party EEN the on focus its limits research present the levelfactors, international from integrationdomestic, European impact of aswell process as regional and EUiswhich the on based. all level otherthe European institutions similar thatpromote norms and those standards to EEN party and party systems and practices. Yet, focuses on the work section,in the next asitthe will be conceptualized norms liberal-democratic European with line in transformations level system party and player Europeanlevel institutionsin among theother stimulating andsupporting party major be the to is EUconsidered is the that true It changes. system party party and EEN transformation of EEN parties and party systems. in domestic involvement EU of extent and nature different the for responsible by processes from level themajorvariables distinguishing each that are of analysis and level factors and domestic European the between analysis of relationship the accurate dimension beproblem completelycannot work aimsovercome, the atproviding amore time the and causality the Although chapter. next in the discussed be will which andCPapproaches, IR the of intersection the at framework its theoretical lays down in order not to stretchinfluence EU on party major thataddressespolitics theirFirstEEN of shortcomings. all, the EU role in of for analysis the framework party atheoretical providing at aims thesis present the debates, and party system transformations theConclusion study Specifically Council of Europe CoE, European Free Trade Association EFTA, Organization for Security for Organization EFTA, Association Trade Free European CoE, of Europe Council Specifically For thesakeFor of methodological avoiding the of problem operationalizing the on impact EU thesole examining isolating and aim at not does The dissertation mentioned theoretical above of three the arguments from theoretical the Departing 13 reaction to European integration process, with reference to reference with process, integration European to reaction 49 CEU eTD Collection they positive, negative, or not present atall. politics. Itsgoal is to examine the different scenarios of EU induced domestic changes,be borders. It does not startthe with existence the regarding insights assumption empirical and theoretical new offers it and members and non-EU of cases of thethe existence power ofof a EUEuropean impactimpact on onparty issuedomestic for transformations domestic change – sources. outsidethe case selection. its assecondary well as interviews, leaders party and surveys, officialexpert content-analysis, It expandsmanifesto MRG such as datasets, empirical the alternative and analyses methodological research to the different of anddisadvantages advantages the andcompares integrates dissertation the level of indicators pictureIn order toprovide influenceEU party the on broader politics. party and party system transformations. in involvement modes of EU beindirect to considered are interaction, party issue within with or adaptation to European norms and standards, as well as the role of the European Finally, this thesis addresses one of the core limitations of literaturethe on the EU different of problem measurement the overcoming at aims The dissertation 50 CEU eTD Collection specific pathways according to which the political system of a country system transform should whichthepolitical of a country to according specific pathways andsome of determinacy significantlacking degree a arebroadly promotion defined, EEN Theoretical framework of analyzing EUinfluenceonparties andparty systems of cases. of number small a of analysis the of limitations and benefits the highlights and cases of selection the argues chapter the of part final The surveys. expert and analysis content main and party methods two of program the anddisadvantages advantages databases: the of analysis the on focus the with framework, methodological the of explanation clarification of party and party system institutionalization. This section is followed by the issue as dimension, aswell the European andEuropean the the Europeanization, notion of asthe such research, of the terms themajor of conceptualization primary analysis of the role of opposition parties as amajor veto player. a with andstandards, norms level toEuropean according in transforming commitment elite’s political degree of onthe constraints domestic of therole examine I perspective, CP the from Concomitantly, transformations. domestic on pressure level European and in of strength thenature as thedegreeof of determining clarity EU requirements rolethe of EU’s Iexamine From IRperspective, the indirect). ‘carrots andsticks’ elite’sas well political level: freedomdomestic the from variables main the of interaction the from (more or less constrained)on party and party system transformations within EEN based on IR and CP approaches. impact EU of study for the model atheoretical Iadvance approaches, theoretical different and of disadvantages and advantages above from discussed the Departing dissertation. the the type of EU involvementIntroduction (direct versus As it was already mentioned in the previous chapter, EU policies of democracy the to turns thesis the framework, theoretical the presenting After advancesThe work four majormodes of influence onparty EU resulting politics The following section lays down the theoretical and methodological framework of Chapter 3. Theoretical Framework, Concepts and Methods 51 CEU eTD Collection operationalized in the present analysis as direct and indirect. direct analysis as in present the operationalized non-EU countries. levelThe variableEuropean – degree the of EU involvement– is in one caseof the direct isthe than influential more EU pressure indirect but outsiders, Vachudová in be of memberandstates 2001, 2005,2006)Both casescan the present et al. 2006;Knill Lehmkuhl and andSedelmeier1999; Schimmelfennig 2004,2005b; (Diez of process. mechanismswhich outcomes Europeanization different and determine from Brussels, pressure emanated indirect and direct EU pressure: different of types between two of distinguishing theimportance have stressed Scholars domestic changes. influencing in possesses European Union thepowerthat or degree of EU pressure, during presidential elections in 2005. case in Moldovan deadlock ‘electoral political revolutions’ a potential to bringing in or followingthe liberal-democratic by chapters rolethe of incarrying opposition out in inducingradical changes in political domestic which processes, bewill in exemplified strength of their playersbecause veto major as the parties opposition liberal-democratic Iconsider factors. domestic mentioned-above the on inparticular, conditional actors in practices, different for general, EUpolicies designed and national and sub-national and institutional of templates EU support or societal resistance domesticand political merely degreeof on the depends less more constrained) and or freedom (operationalized elite’s political of extent the Firstly, analysis. of framework in the included are levels ininternal transformations. political Two majorfrom variables and domestic European of nature elite’s political domestic involvement degreeandand freedom the of nature EU than one. a direct rather transformations influence on political anindirect merely has Union the and coercion than rather persuasion on based mostly is EEN of arena political ininvolvement promoting andimplementing liberal democratic transformations in the in region. democratic contributingthe consolidation to EU the As aconsequence, politicalwould exercise influence allow Brussels astrong directto building process onthe of which in for example, form sanctions of Neighbors, its EastEuropean relations with pluralistitself. Concomitantly, European Union not the possesdoes some powerful ‘sticks’ in societies and assuring the stability of party systems and thus Secondly, and involvement nature the highly dependson the of EU degree the Table understandingproviding between of 1aimsat relationship abetter the the 52 CEU eTD Collection merely on the literature of Europeanization of political parties. The major intervening political (Toccidistortion 2008, 890) a potential avoiding for and implementation their of effectiveness the determining for importance is of significant a clearEU requirements formulation of that stressed the ‘density’ of the rules orthe extent of EU demands (Jacoby 2004, 9-10). Scholarshave 1997, 34; itSchimmelfennig and Schwellnus 2006,5)Some scholars haveas to referred is unambiguously anddesigned holding power. abinding (Franck 1990,52-83;Legro that be determinate, EUpolicies should non-member states, EU pressureon a high direct to observe order In impact transformations. domestic on European direct the determining outsiders. post-Soviet its Eastern of arenas political the within transformations democratic successful in determining diminished from – perspective missing theis membership full - changes domestic in promoting frameworkinstrument EU neighbors, suchof as Ukraine, Moldova, andENP. Georgia. Most importantly, the most powerful its eastern in caseof the muchweaker are transformation liberal democratic successful As a consequence, ‘carrots’ the Europe, Eastern for asareward political actors to offered bytheEU 2005b; Vachudováthe EU candidates from Central 2005) However,and to ascompared EU direct followdomestic2005; itsto (Grabbe and Sedelmeier rules. Schimmelfennig 2003, actors forcestimulate the to in order carrots EU canoffer as that incentives material political and the is significantly Federations. Party European to process accession andthe legislation party-related of adjustment the to with reference influence, EU direct the case of in the only important variables Itshouldtwo areconsidered these that bestressed requirements. politico-materialintervening variables highlighted by scholars working on EU conditionality: size the of incentives offered by the EU and the degree of clarity of EU While analyzing the direct EU influenceWhile direct analyzingEU major Iexamine the the of role two With regard to the analysis of indirect EU influence, the theoretical model builds model theoretical the influence, EU indirect of analysis the to regard With The degree of clarity of EU requirements represents another important factor in factorAn important determines that EUpressure theextentof is by represented TABLE 1NEAR HERE 53 CEU eTD Collection initiative to transform according to European standards comes from the domestic level. domestic the from comes European standards to according totransform initiative yet the Brussels, from emanated pressure direct of is a degree there when cases the stipulations. its present and imposes an obligation on the countries that signed the AP compliance its with 2003) requirements.(Grabbe to Yet,act according theEUdirectpressure is still to measure the to templates a particular country,lacksto institutional EU because area policy specific from a case, to case from depends EU regulations of implementation the of criteria the meeting as counts EU what with general, in case the is conditionality it As political transformations. domestic during actions their in freedom of AP prioritiesimplementation fulfill the to inorder be undertaken have to that steps the of description at clear a lack domestic and specified well not are policies EU above mentioned The standards. level, thus European to issuesaccording wouldthese address that someadoptoffering legislation specific to the political elites country.forces of the a certain degreereligious and and the effectiveethnic views), between dialogue differentthe political of gender, minority non discrimination of on respect of rights, grounds political, on and freedom speech andmedia, as of European standardspluralism, (such accordance to local,of in democraticensure the conduct and presidential parliamentary elections by of leadership becountry.each undertaken political for stateshave So, example,the to and the rule lawof as the first priority. They alsoindicate some specific steps that have to strengthening of and stability the effectiveness ofinstitutions guaranteeing democracy the stipulate EU the and countries examined thethree eachof between signed The (APs) Plans agreements. Action signed mutually of the asaresult requirements act according Brussels obligation andto haveato elites domestic degree of the certain European requirements to reform according pressure to EU is a direct there casewhen the by European ThefirstNeighborhood. mode (1)isrepresented intheparty East systems Direct EUinfluence strategic behavior and party/governmentrelation. for areparty matters party politics in which Europe determine way the variables that The second mode (2) of EU influence on internal political changes characterizes changes political internal influence on EU (2) of The second mode have would elites political domestic the requirements EU with comply to order In . Table 1 presents four different modes of EU influence on parties and 54 CEU eTD Collection when the European when the European influencehigh ofindirectUnion exercises on a degree and parties cases 1describes table of the (3) missing. box is third The EU pressure direct when the in domestic Indirectpolitical EUinfluence transformations, integration of of andnature European European the the Union. process the oppose and are Euroskeptic EPFs applythat not to influence does European we now turn values. Consequently, integration norms and andof modeEU-based European of this our attention Parliamentthey involvedare actively inEUpolicymaking andin promotion the of to the ELDR. (Smith 1989) Asmajority study theseEPFshold within the seats European the of casesParty of European Socialists PES and the European Liberal,Democrat, and Reform Party European party network from the continent. the from network party European parties that oppose the capitalist nature of the EU and its liberal-democratic values and are the most anti- 15 14 “core”calledstable system of – Euro-party the People’s European the EPP, Party past. communistover the get andcouldthey reformed domestic themselves andEUthat public example, obtaining theof status isof majorimportancePES observer for proving the 2002,(Delsoldato 278;Pridham184) For Left1999, 1225;2001, wing for parties, commitmentparties’ post-communist regarding credibility international and legitimacy political of to the promotionoffer for domestic transformationEPFs that support of EEN parties,politico-material they and also provide an important politico-intellectual the sourcefrom Apart requirements. of EPF’s to democraticcompliance the of exam final the pass to have they as level European reforms the from influence underadirect EPFobserver,they come of an status the towards and path the on step parties Oncethe groupings. party theEU-based of one affiliation to their their of result a as levels European/international and domestic at Europeanboth obtain can they aspirations. benefits voluntarily,a compliance by legitimacy mostly perceived political driven the in such engage parties Post-communist (EP). Parliament European of Federations (EPFs) neighborhoodAn illustration of such an adjustment is the initiative of some parties from East European to comply with affiliation requirements of different European Party Particularly the case of the European Left, which gathers most ofPeople’s the anti-establishment European of the Group Marxist-Leninist Parliamentary – the Party Currently Democrats. European The present mechanism refers to the mainstream EU-based parties, or the so- the or parties, EU-based mainstream the to refers mechanism present The . After clarifying the possible modes of Brussels’ direct involvement 15 14 the 55 CEU eTD Collection democratic reforms.(see Vachudová 2005) 16 actors domestic the and representatives European between Theinteraction 1997, 62). (Legro EUmembershipperspective. ideal of society the with newdemocratic for the prospects the linked elites political andthepro-European values economy andmarket liberal-democratic with its identification through forces for political moral of hassupport beenavaluablesource It democratization. for successful reference Union transition European the years of post-communist first the Since andpractices. norms toEuropean importance attach that parties political domestic by actors materialencouraging (through and political incentives) internal of potential thecoalition increase can hand, Brussels one Onthe position. anti-European or a pro- adoption of of the asaresult parties domestic potential of coalition decrease of Knill and Lehmkuhl 2003; 2002; LiebertRadaelli 1997) changes in political actor’s domestic preferences.(Börzel 2003;Checkel 1999; and Risse through and,thus, changes indomestic andexpectations through beliefs transformations domestic indirectly influence can EU environment, EU the within levels national and European the between ideas of flow the of asaresult and its existence of nature domestic of structure opportunities availableand constraints for political By actors. the of Europeanization, which is also to be found merely outside EU borders, is the change of actors’ behavior. political As Knilland mention (1999)one Lehmkuhl of mechanisms domestic indirectthe on constraints certain determines which developments, system party potential is expected to lower the chances of domestic actor for obtaining governing the actor lower chances of the domestic to isexpected potential in integration coalition economy general. decreased market The and of European mostmainstream of the areparties, liberal-democratic infavorof European norms and do not define who clearly of those or parties Eurosceptic extreme of particularly potential, coalition constrain their European TaggartSzczerbiak and 2008;Taggart can 1998;Taggart EU 2004b) and Szczerbiak stance in the case when orientation. pro-European the the under collaboration electorate, ascloser andtheir parties pro-European of results electoral the and wellcampaign electoral the as Specifically oppositionleaders in case of governments that were not strong supporters of liberal- At party level, the indicator of is influencethisAtparty level, mode increase of indicator the EU or the On the other hand,basedOn and on Mudde2002; other Euroscepticism(Kopecký the studies has become a symbolic point of point symbolic a become has 16 contributes to the increase of increase the to contributes 56 CEU eTD Collection represents just another dimension on which parties can compete in order to gain to inorder compete can parties on which dimension justanother represents be changed with aimof the short-term achieving benefits. issue Inthis case the European which can European stances, differentdetermines is that itandstrategy party interaction party of patterns the on minor,influence has a if atall, Europe is that scenario second European question will have apositive influence on formatthe of a party system. The parties with aim the achieving themajorof goal integration.of European Inthis case the competition, force (Kostelecký 2002)representing mainstream for the aunifying political can determine avalenceissueandpolitical thus ales confrontational represent in different institutionalization ways.degree ofparty two system question The European position. a oreven from moderate to pro-European position determine ashiftclear a Euroskeptic governmentmightconstrain party stanceEuropean andits strategic behavior and can to I arguefrom shift 2002a) the that opposition Sitter (Ladrech2002; candidates following Also,Westernof from case the scholarly reasoning andCEE democracies party ideology,is themajor determinantof European of politicalattitudes EEN actors. atsupport or obtainingmoreparty is offices,strategy, then that expectation the not and shows thatparties can engage inastrategic behavior aimed atmaximizing their electoral ifevidence empirical relation. So, the behavior party/government and are party strategic intervening variables thatdetermine theway mattersinwhich forEurope party politics ‘mavericklike a acting newdivide, political issue.’(Sitter major 2002a)The two Rohrschneider Whitefield and 2005;Taggart itandcan createa Szczerbiak 2004a))or 2002; ideologicalaxisand Mudde Left-Right the (Kopecký (particularly to attitudes. issueThe be the existingEuropean either can to subsumed political divides of the European issue and the existence of a competition based on pro- and anti-European is salience influence the degree of of Theindicator the EU formation. of coalition patterns of electorate. aspirations domestic European follow need tothe the becauseof evenbecome aEurophile EUor the position towards moderate a in adopting be constrained itcan also power to come would party Eurosceptic ahard or asoft influence, once indirect EU in Moreover, caseof a stronger the mandate. In a broader perspective the process of European integration can influence the influence can integration of European process the perspective In abroader At party system level, the EU can influence indirectly party interaction and the 57 CEU eTD Collection allow a comparative analysis. 17 research. 2003, 103)This modeinfluence, of however,EU willbe not examined in presentthe (Dolowitz competition. during political policies domestic existing the simply repackage can also be a simple with a certainuse issue or with the programmatic contentof of a party’sinformation platform). The outcome states’ of member knowledge from experience negative the gathered forces dealing while political within the (gathering negative learning or level andprocesses) policies European successful European club of Western ideologiestheir with (following learning statesin Itcan positive result counterparts. to party of standardization andthe member states of EU actors political of experience parties. of of this emergence type the asaresult of fragmentation of the degree byincreasing formata party of system influence can the Europe therefore andif thatthis they perceive help action can them increasingin electoral their support. parties other differentiate themselves from to in order stance in European identity their may The partiesestablish their EEN (Mair2006) 2000, membersand CEEcandidates. and anti-Europeanmy theoretical approach differs from partiesthe common understanding of the emergence of pro- as an ‘Europeaness’indicator their on based identities their influence change of EU indicator party In an indirect respect politics. this as an on or establish to of decide parties when direct instances EU influencechangeis of inregard beliefsand It expectations. domestic this context I that the in the case of levelsflowargue, domestic tothe ideascontribute can European and the the of between old EU been(2002) KnillandLehmkuhl any has offered as not countries, examined the of to against integration.forEuropean theEUmembership or perspective support Although type of influence is EU emergencethe of with parties explicitthe goal mobilizing of of such a indicator The integration process. European in to reacting actors of political by is degree low characterized freedom pressure degreeof a EU indirectof agreater and maximum advantages. The major reason for not examining this mode of EU influence is the lack of systematic data that would that data of systematic lack the is influence EU of mode this examining not for reason major The Also, an example of this mode of EU influence is party lesson-drawing from the from lesson-drawing party is influence EU of mode this of an example Also, Finally, mode influence (4)of fourth the EU ondomestic political transformations 17 58 CEU eTD Collection areas identified by areas identified is forexaminingwhat Olsen asaspects changingcanbeunderstood of rather than the supply of a clear definition of Europeanization. However, some of the five European polity,his concern is merely study the of how,what, and whyis changing from evolving the changesresulted as domestic Understanding Europeanization process. integration European to adjust structures level national which by phenomena domesticeveryday affect structures” policy-making foritaccounts and claims that and integration European how asks and around “turns arrows that term causal the more (2006, 27)elaborates ontheconceptof itCaporaso definingEuropeanization, as a it induced work, later - Europeanization. In by a process to the asopposed integration, Yet, synonymous notion the of seems almostwith European conceptualization this structures of level governance.” European the distinct of at developmentthe 3) (2001, the creation and and Europeanization foras example,described Risse, Cowles, Caporaso differently mechanismsandtheeffects of interpreted process. Europeanization the and understood have scholars concepts, above mentioned two the between distinction the of representation the on Depending integration. European to its relation of clarification EU-ization. or Unionization, suchasdomestication, structures, domestic on integration influenceEuropean of describethe usedto previously terms other above it rises and research of Europeanization approaches thedifferent with together hasevolved This conceptualization basic chapters). linked EUby to commontheir rules (tobediscussedand objectives in following the Association EFTA, Organization for Security and Cooperation OSCE) that are closely also level to CoE, European Freeother (Council of Europe institutions European Trade but European Union, only not integrationto refers European where integration process, European thedomestic isto reaction as its common understanding Europeanization of definition A simple operationalization. and conceptualization of problem the is term term ‘Europeanization’ isused in not forthis research. excludingthis The maincause party is on literature the andsystem Europeanization work development the partof party ‘Europeanization’ versus ofEuropean theinfluence integration Concepts Olsen (2002), in his turn, does not terms. drawaclearin difference between two does his the Olsen (2002), turn, moment inAn important is conceptualizing term Europeanization the the . Although present the 59 CEU eTD Collection patterns and the nucleus of European integration. integration. Yet,European influence of nucleus of the and the patterns to I refer also impact, as majorinvolvement isEU or norms Union the thepromoter of European and alsoastheEU influence, understood EU isthe on of focus research The primary systems. andparty integration of instead Europeanization the politics party of process both factors, from domesticthe and internationalthe levels. (Lehmkuhl 2006) from levelother impact of European the is out in filtering case the this major constraint one, with a lower levelinfluencemembers, integrationis indirect whenthe European of dominant process the (if at all) of non-EU in thecaseof direct problematic evenmore becomes term the of The influence. use EU impact on political level in been the of problem investigating European mechanisms akey andoutcomes transformations.“referenceclear points” has systems party and national parties of for the transformation The levelparty changes. some domestic party system Thelackand and European processes of the between the relationship inavoid investigating of Europeanization the concept political activity (idem, 37). “referencebe a to have point” level national for processes level EU changes, domestic on integration of of effects existence European the speak about be ableto to in that order ondomesticintegration polity, and policy” politics, (idem,36). scholarsspecify the Also, “effects the of study the to refers Europeanization term the that state of European ‘encyclopedic’ of definition Europeanization as “Europe of Brussels” fact the that the to drawattention The authors (2006). Pasquier ofRadaelliand isstudy and confusing make political actors it” of (ibid.). 35) is“what 2006, Europeanization (Radaelli andPasquier As aresult, structures. discourses and narratives” integrationon influencethe ofEuropean ondomestic an“objectiverepresent not itdoes factthat the entity” “contesteda sumof but se, per enlargement). 8) (Howell project, European 2004, or of nature European institutions, the adoption and promotion of European legislation, as well as the political supranational of integration development the European (e.g. of evolvingthe process In these circumstances, I refer in my dissertation to the influence of of European influence to the in my Irefer dissertation circumstances, In these to trying been have scholars the why reasons major the of is one point last This is therecent of A Europeanization conceptualization for the major contribution is Europeanization definition of a clear in presenting One difficulties major the of 60 CEU eTD Collection from 1995 are the first one to introduce the concept of party system institutionalization, system of party concept the introduce first to one 1995 arethe from systemsconsolidated andnon-systems (1976). Yet, Mainwaring and Scully,in their study classicstructured wherehe party work, and talksnon-structured about systems, or specific patterns of institutionalization or de-institutionalization of a party system. investigate the to dichotomy inas acontinuum than a rather order institutionalization absence.” presence or absolute system perceive party needs to one 20) Therefore, (1951, “institutionalization noted, correctly because, asParson of not of degree matter is a who divergeadvanced by Sartori in his typology. In the present study I agree with most of the scholars degree of institutionalizationfrom of a party system in addition to the two major dimensions 2002; 2006b;Markowski 1997)stress Lewis importancethe 2000; of Tóka studying the Sartori’s post-communist2001; Lindberg 2007),or space(Bielasiak1997,2001;Grzymala-Busse Mainwaringand Torcal 2006; Molina andPérez2004), Africa (Kuenze Lambright and dichotomous from Latin America 1998; 1999;Mainwaring (Coppedge Mainwaring and Scully 1995; democracies emerging of Studies classification. his between in fall that systems party perception major lessraisedinteraction inthecasesof forconsolidated problem examining aparty system. His dichotomous view on party systems as consolidated or non-consolidatedof party various of institutionalization in level of the differences the or consolidation, party anddimensionalsystems mostly ignored defined the degreeof of poorly party typology system two the of consolidation definition the mentioned above. concepts clarifying worth is it Therefore, institutionalization. system on party process andintegration is influenceof the European party of theinvestigation Partysystem institutionalization andparty integration. political dimension integration The of perspective. European EUandthe European the over debate competition represents promotion. of democracy and objectives Council of Europe and thethe OSCE, which are closely linkedsum to EU by their common rules of party stances towards EU and European The history The history canbe of institutionalization system to Sartori’sparty alsotraced Despite its valuable contribution to the study of party systems, Sartori’s two The concept of European issue or the European political the issue European The question the refersconcept or of to European . The broader objective of the present research present the of objective broader The 61 CEU eTD Collection 1995; Morlino 1995; 1995; WelflingMorlino1995; 1973)or of importance broad diversity. So, with regard to internal aspects of party systems, scholars highlight the dimensions in highlighted on institutionalization literature party system the revealsa A major the of institutionalization. of classification level the characterize to considered Scully’sare that dimensions of adiversity emergence of the led to (1995) work Mainwaringand with starting democracies, establishing the inthecaseof particularly this process. describe to mentioned-above concepts scholarly other to sometimes I still refer institutionalization, ofsystem concept to the party structuring (Morlino1995; Sartori 1976). work IgiveAlthough in present the preference consolidationLane andand2007), Ersson 1997) (Horowitz 2005; Browne Tóka or 2005; Krupavicius 1999; such as system andSitter Birch stabilization 2003; party (Bakke todescribeuse sameprocess, the concepts to other Scully scholars4) Some prefer 1995, well established and universallyifwidely not known, acceptable.” (Mainwaring and “the mean they institutionalization by becomes apracticeororganization which process initiating a new era of the study of this area of political science. By party system system, particularly ofthe particularly system, of party aspects external of importance the also emphasize Some 1997). researchers Tóka as level party such variables, as acceptance 1997b; Meleshevich 2007; Morlino1995; Randall parties’and 2002), Svåsand party competition 2001;Krupavicius(Bielasiak 1999; Mainwaring andScully Mair 1995; and (Meleshevichsystem itswith environmentandstate 2007; andRandall 2002), Svåsand interesting and fruitful concepts in political science” science” in political be “multi-dimensional riddled and to concepts fruitful and interesting because it asRandall political noted, isscience, and Svåsand well thefaith “theof most in cases exceptional of one represent not does this hand, one the On measurement. and operationalization their institutionalization, of system party characteristics mechanisms aslegitimate (Mainwaring andScully1995; Randall and Svåsand 2002). external legitimacy external The growing scholarly interest in the study of party system institutionalization, system party of study in the interest scholarly growing The Overall, there is a lot of of isalotdisagreement Overall, there of competitors aslegitimate 2002),aswell (Randall each other of and Svåsand continuity andstability , when voters and interest groups perceive electoral parties andand interest voters groups , when degreeautonomy of stable party roots in party alternatives and in the patterns of inter- of patterns andinthe in alternatives party party organization that refers to the interaction of party the of interaction the refers to that in the society (Mainwaring and Scully in the literature concerning the concerning literature in the (Mainwaring and1995; Scully mutual 62 CEU eTD Collection appreciation by the electorate roots (2007) call Meleshevich recently and (2002) Svåsand and Randall that system of aparty dimension external same 18 is of importance because 2007) Itexactly major the of beforinstitutionalized. (Lindberg aparty considered as to necessary component system subscribe, that to whichIalso appearstobe institutionalization, there ageneral consensus, party system study of Welflinginvestigate the to (1973) In alteration a reverse(Mair mode,voting 1997b)). geographic of patterns areusedby formation and ofgovernment aqualitative one(patterns 1995; Meleshevich 2007)) or 1997) orvolatility indexes and proportionality (Birch 2003; Mainwaring andScully 2001;Morlino 1995; (Bielasiak Tóka fractionalization approach (party more quantitative (Casal 2007) Bértoa For example, analyzing the institutionalization. system party of dimensions different explain to indicator same the apply scholars is to tend reverse the alsopresent: situation study but dimension, same the systems. party of dimensions same the basically tocharacterize names usedifferent scholars Some analysis. across-national applying while particularly institutionalization, of level the of research empirical in the problems with ambiguities andtensions.” 12) On (2002, it otherthe hand,presents serious level the of institutionalization.measuring in development party of aspects two of significance the highlight scholars In the agreement of Most concept. the of elements core the withrepresent that thedimensions vast important several majority reveals of institutionalization scholars, level party on research of analysis The the conceptinstitutionalization. system party of notion the with literature the in confusion its being reasons of a party system. institutionalization beachieved the game cannot the there continuity and predictability over time of patterns of party competition and of the rules of work focuses on the examination of this particular dimension. Without acertain degree of present the forthat levelinstitutionalization investigatingthe interaction party of system Forexample, as Casal Bértoa (2007)observed, Welfling (1973) uses the term , while , while Randall and Svåsand’s (2002) internal dimension on partisan trust and commitment – However, despite the broad scholarly disagreement on different dimensions of The concept of party institutionalization lacks a clear definition, one of of the one lacksaclear definition, institutionalization of party The concept autonomy autonomy stability , Welfling’s dimension. in the type and rules of inter-party competition represents the inter-party represents in of competition and type rules the – expresses same the what Mainwaring and Scully (1995) call scope refers to what Mainwaring and Scully (1995) call scope dimension, while Meleshevich applies it for the for it applies Meleshevich while dimension, 18 Also, different indicators are applied to applied are indicators different Also, degree ofstability stability and continuity in party boundary researchers apply a researchersapply to describe the stable party legitimacy . 63 CEU eTD Collection system system organization is nottobe regarded as a guarantee of stability in patterns the of party level of the at stability Thus, competition. of political patterns stable comparatively the case of East Central Europe, where he finds a high degree of instability of parties with refersas is inter-party interaction.Sitter (2002b) to predictable It ‘paradox’what the and stable relatively witness inmight we yet institutionalization, of level a considerable haveachieved political may not parties individual independence since of declaration their newlythe emerging post-communist where democracies, period short the of within time particularly important institutionalizationof I argue andparties of systems withinit party EEN. the isthat to differentiate party level objective with impactsystem broader degree the examining on the of EU between investigation integration European the of units of on process leveltwo party analysis: and the two units of analysis whilelinear one.(Mainwaring and Torcal 2006; Randall andSvåsand 2002; Wallis 2003) studying be a described as variables cannot two the between relationship the societies, democratic positive correlationand significant between and institutionalizationparty in system party situation isalsopossible. a literature although on subject suggests this Therefore, the their patterns ofcan be cases may havewhen although level parties asignificantinstitutionalization, of interaction institutionalization.system levelwithin noted, Asthere correctly (2002, 6) Randall Svasand and a specificof analysis, because it is notpossible party totrace a clear relationshipbetween party and party system mayfor units acleardifferentiationsystem. between (Meleshevich 2007, 16)Istand two the not be, and the individual that parties,” of reverse of a party primary the components represent because parties on depends directly system party the of “the that being institutionalization implication the systems, party and parties of institutionalization of level the of study the between institutionalization is the unitanalysis.of Therehasbeen a large confusion and overlap Mainwaring and Scully Randall 1995; and 2002) Svåsand interactionsof the thatconstitute party the as an organization. (Jin Levitsky1995; 1998; party systemness existence of existence the characteristics: two following dissertation in this isdefined consolidation party of Based on the mentioned above reasoning, the present research focuses on on the focuses research present the reasoning, above mentioned the Based on One of the greatest problems of the research on party and party system stable roots , understood as the growing scope, density and regularity (routinization) regularity and density scope, asthe growing , understood at societal level and the and level societal at stability inorganizational structure or 64 CEU eTD Collection Cambridge UP), p.18. Spatial Analysis of Post-War Election Programs in19 Democracies 20 relevant. (Sartori 1976,122-123) of party competition, particularly the direction of competition of governing-oriented tactics parties,the majority” affect that are considered coalition “neverparties the feasible any 2.all for use and to put or needed 19 yearthe 2008.The studyincludes all parties,relevant defined by Sartori’s criteria. independence declaration in after the all elections of includes 1990’sparliamentary until and Theexamined Georgia. Ukraine, period countries: Moldova, time the selected three Methodology Mainwaring and Scully Morlino1995; 1995; 1997) Tóka (Bielasiak 2001; Birch and2003; Horowitz Browne 2005;Krupavicius 1999; scholars whouse party level variables explain to party system institutionalization. from deviates and institutionalization level system party and level party of analysis the separates my research 246)context, In this 2005, andSitter (Bakke political competition. its electoral Theits basedmanifestos. philosophy the salience electoral behindMRG, of theory on levels.andat intra- inter-state both analysis longitudinal comparative parties’ a of possibility the and offers profile, ideological their content, programmatic forone) European the issues (including (salience) of importance to different regard the parties’ manifestopositions over time.datasetprovides Hence, valuable information with before every parliamentarywhole within party, party. of statements the group one not theyappear and Because election, positions.” party of statements central key the for statements arerepresentative They they offerpolitical positions and issues and, accordinga Budge to possibilityet.al., of under supervision the Andrea Volkens. rangeof programs Election cover abroad of studying theuntil the last ones) and my changesown dataset on Moldovan parties, developed for the MRG and of elections first parliamentary (from Ukrainethe onGeorgia and dataset Group) Research of MRG(Manifesto consists one first surveys. The and expert dataset programs electoral Ian Budge, Ian DavidRobertson, Derek Hearl and (eds.) (1987), Two party counting rules are advanced by Sartori: 1. a minor party should be discarded only if it is The research constitutes a comparative longitudinal analysis of political parties in parties political of analysis longitudinal acomparative constitutes The research The two major data sources of by major sourcesof projectare represented presentthe party The two data The MRG data is based on the textual approach of extracting party positions from (Cambridge: Ideology, Strategy andParty Change: 20 can be regarded as a“set canbe as regarded of 19 65 CEU eTD Collection real Having scoresdataset. MRG the in found variation the of much complements for that information each of the major parties calculations. by strategic onparty their European a fortemporaryor good for exampleby one, determined government/opposition or shift stance andis change this whether appearsand discourse European inparty achange circumstances on other majorinteraction with other political forces. Also, itis not possible to explore under which its and discourse onparty stances political of these impact a discernable of existence mentionsparty regarding integration EUand not European does tell us anything about the competition. political of dimensions major other as issueideologicalparties theLeft-Rightin and theEuropean connecting axis, aswell with and alsoa limitation inpresents of anti-European morestances pro- clearly drawing aspecific for thereal allow discerning towards a party issue.Thedataset position adopts itnot does However, issueforfor competition. domestic party and European programs coding. of limitations textual the of because the result, both the number of positive and negative references to the EU can be reduced EU normsto and values,suchas,for example,minority (Enyedi Asrights. a 2007, 66) include references fails to EU also to references party direct of categorization The strict ‘Western of context orientation,’ policy foreign etc. cooperation, and integration regional integration tomake EUand inclined European to general references within broader the Relations, or Internationalism), particularly in the case of EEN, where parties are more Europeanlevelthe moreseems toapply category Foreign than policies (e.g. one Special Community and toEuropean of reference the category 56 existingSometimes, out ones. examine thenegativeattitudes. both of categoriespositive thatthe and party theEuropean ‘theme’ Yet, (Ray 2007) negative references. andpositive between is one lacking adifferentiation areunidirectional, manycategories MRG policy of theory, salience the Following manifestos. in party found themes different of emphasis relative party competition, (Budgeandis Farlie 1983) theinvestigation of the saliencethe or In this respect, the analysis of expert survey data represents a valuable set of set valuable a represents data survey expert of analysis the respect, this In of observation sole the fact that is research the manifesto of shortcoming Another In conclusion, the MRG dataset provides information on the salience of the MRG toplace eachin codingasks thecoder procedures sentence only one 66 CEU eTD Collection dimension with country hand, Russian/pan-Slavic nationalism,dimension the one with and with country on Concomitantly, it between for of European the evaluation relationship the the allows tocountry nationalism. political discourses alternative in Moldovan caserepresent country nationalism both nationalist category Moldovan Romanian and discourses, which nationalism usedby andBenoit Laver. Thisoffers thepossibility includingof into to reference a of instead general categories, as separate nationalism Russian/pan-Slavic nationalism issue. the and European Timu between relationship the of investigation the is example An issue. specific country stances on Laver survey,country’s expert this survey more in-depthprovides information regarding party Benoitand As to compared Russia/CIS). divide, (anti-communist spaces political three the major of dimensions major other and integration European and EU politicalnationalism, economy, divides such as ideological its party position on andfreedoms profile, and rights market and more from survey10= favors. 1= strongly to opposed Theexpert covers avariety questions, of accurate fromGeorgia uses includes it and It each country. 20 experts scale a 10points ranging measurement and Moldova, Ukraine, covers research. It present for the data empirical collecting of some representing party position and the importance of a certain issue for party politics. opposed to 20= favors. nationalism,environment, etc. scale,on Left-Right, rangingfrom a 20points 1= strongly There are stands on twothe major dimensions of a political space,different such as economic, social, EUjoining, codes for each of positions between thetime periods covered by the twothe expertsurveys. examined issues,elections) andpresent Moldova (2001elections),in to evolution the order party of Ukraine (2002parliamentary expert2003-2004, whichcoverssurvey from only study in alsoBenoit/Laver present byHowever,analyzes the 2006. conducted author the countries, examined three the covers that survey expert one is only there Unfortunately policy stances. party issueother with European of interaction the aclearer to trace surveysdimensions expert opportunity of the post-communist offer political spaces, the Timu In Benoitandin Laver experts 2003-2004 the determinewere asked to party ú 2006 expert survey has 2006expert been the outwith purpose primary of carried ú 2006 survey refers to country 2006survey nationalism to refers and 67 CEU eTD Collection particularly with Euro-parties. with particularly survey, itincludes valuableabouttransnational information party alsocooperation, specify in as examined asked to issues same on position the Timuparty by insightsfrom providing the ‘firstthe survey source,’ expert and analysis content is that leaders. party Party manifesto officials were from obtained information the compliment in2007. They of spring-summer the bytheauthor conducted interviews, leaders European norms andvalues, European standards, ‘return toEurope,’ European future). in used (e.g. theirnorms) specific and and(metaphors) the programs words expressions visamembers, regimes liberal-democratic and freepeople,of movement European issues most commonly are majorposition,whatthe their what use argumentsparties European inexpressing discussed (e.g. trans-border of this research. forpurpose the beinginvestigated whichareworth of countries, the each economicprogrammatic documents for examining the major politicalcooperation issues discussed by parties in party other programs and theelectoral analysis of a discourse provide First I with the EU several several advantages. limitsAlthough it thepossibility generalizingof findings the of the salience, timing, orintra-party dissent for the election manifestos). ordeclared data, expert of in case the temporal constraints or asymmetry, informational judgment, subjective sources(e.g. data the each errors of of suffer which measurement integration,makesissues. aswellonotherpossible It theavoidance ofindividual validation of most twothe commonlymeasures of used party positioning on European in Euroskepticism three examined countries. the downloadable from Data,” downloadable Expert and Mimeo, Manifesto of Comparison A Integration: European on Positioning Party 22 CIS. the and Russia with relations forclose argue and people Slavic Ukraine Moldova,and well parties pan-Slavic as as fromUkraine, which stress Ukraine’s belonging to 21 nationalism, Gary Gary Marks, LiesbetHooghe, Marco Steenbergen andRyan(2005) Bakker “Cross-validating Data on This type of nationalism refers to parties promoting the national interests of the Russian minority in The study The study of a smallnumber of by countries, toalarge-contrast from mainApart party research uses also listed two abovethe methods the present Following Iexamine programmatic aqualitative of analysis documents, parties The methodology is a used combination qualitativeof and quantitative analysis. The use of both electoral manifestos and expert surveys allows for a cross- 21 on the other hand, and gives more insights in explaining the nature of nature the in explaining insights more gives and hand, other the on http://www.unc.edu/~hooghe , pp.8-10. 22 n analysis, offers ú 2006expert 68 CEU eTD Collection elections. parliamentary fair of and competition party of possibility the limit regimes authoritarian as their framework, presenttheoretical the for countries as irrelevant considered Belarusand Therefore, are ingovernment. Azerbaijan alteration party potential and outcome electoral inthe uncertainty some also implies which space, political in a competition party of is existence criterion the important an parties, of political integration Balkans. or the states European East and such as Central block,the Soviet the processof impact the on influence a particular has It space. of post-communist in the European development integration,ideological legacy, etc.) being an important factor in the transitionwhich period and the political is different national question identity,heritage (the of Sovietthe Communist the economicstructure, from I consider former USSR. the the to belonging is their major criteria oneof the First, criteria. other countries of the Case selection positions towardsintegration.European arguetheir parties how inand issueparadigm policy party plays role the European what investigate also thetime. I across hasevolved debate the how and arena, political political spaces of of each examinedthe countries, which this broughtparties issuein the I observe integration when European issueof the appeared forin first the the time for exploringhow the European integration is perceived andrepresented in politics. party in issue space. a political follownot the dynamics of parties’ stances andof European of working the European the becauseThis the understandingof onedoes possibility restricts the causalmechanisms, analysis). surveys, manifesto expert party (e.g. from data a static causal the relationships integration on party politics and party systems inEU members and candidate states, draw large- Usually the systems. party and politics integration and party of process the European it research, offersforbetween closer mechanisms causal the opportunity examining the n Second, choosing the relevant countries for the study of the impact of European The definition of the universe of countries to be examined is based on several The small number of examined cases offers the possibility to use process tracing process use to possibility the offers cases examined of number small The studies, in studies, of general,analyzing particularly and those European the impact 69 CEU eTD Collection more appropriate to talk about the influence of European integration with European integration theinfluenceprocess, morethe to talk of appropriate about of ‘Europeanization politics’ party of itisin members ofnon-EU that case the and argues European and domestic levels. Itshowed that the present thesis avoids the use of the term voluntary lesson-drawingparty from European their counterparts. and parties of pro/anti-European and emergence the hand, one on the actors, for political interaction formationand change the coalition from available of opportunities resulting of party in change are the patterns Thesethe outsiders. in of EEN case the to bestronger EPFs’ are expected involvement EU indirect mechanisms of The two criteria. accession country according to legislation, to Plan,to party-related Action and compliance the legislative adjustment EU influence arethe modes two of direct Thefirst transformation. system party and in party involvement EU of modes elite’sfour in results engagement, European and domestictransformations outside its borders. levels,The interaction of the two major variables from thethe model combines IR and CP approaches in investigating EUimpact on domestic type of EU involvement theoretical advanced the andprocesses factors level and domestic European between the and the design Following dissertation.the of providing the aimof a more accuraterelationship degree of political Conclusion CEECs), and non-EU states. from (specifically countries members, candidate EU of states: the categories three in is integration different European of impactthe the research) that present aimsthe of both during their accession period and EU membership. I consider (and this is one of the direct borders with the EU, nor do its direct neighbors. neighbor of the EU after Romania’s accession in 2007, and Georgia, which does notshare was sharing thedirectborders with EUmembers,the Moldova, which was directa future which Ukraine, I chose of research the beginning at the Therefore, conditions. economic institutions, countries’ or borders, sharing corebeliefs, and of the EU political position Finally, Ifocus only on non-EU members, excluding the case of the Baltic States Third, another criterion of country selection is the closeness to the European The chapter also clarified the conceptualization of the major terms from the research the and model theoretical present the wasto of chapter this The purpose 70 CEU eTD Collection on party and party system transformation outside EU borders. influenceintegration can typeprocess European of determine andextent of that different of cases is the possibility of using process-tracing and discerning context-specific factors Ukraine,to Moldova, andAmongGeorgia. the advantages examiningof asmall number selection, the thesis expands the research to East European non-EU members, specifically analysis and overcoming the shortcomings of each of individualthe methods. leaders’surveys, party and interviews aims offering amore objectiveat empirical content-analysis,expert manifesto Theuseof politics. of party of Europeanization problem totackle measurementinsystem analysismethods the order of party and party changes. influence provide EU politicalmoreto potential domestic on of precise a analysis in focusesunitslevels of on system two party and party presentresearch analysis: order andthe processes asseparate areconsidered institutionalization system party and party focus on the EU as the major actor in promoting European norms and practices. Also, Finally, addressing the limitation of case the research regarding thelimitation Europeanization of Finally, addressing major usedin combines framework presentthesis the the The methodological 71 CEU eTD Collection candidates, (idem, 8) the AP provisions regarding the democratic reforms within within the reforms democratic regarding the APthe (idem, provisions candidates, 8) The adjustment ofparty-related legislation toEuropean standards results with those from Central and East European candidates. research present the between differences andthe similarities the countries andtraces EEN expectations of the model exposedinfluence from the core Europartiesin to comply to EU-based normsthe and values. previous direct under they come process in theaffiliation engage parties EEN the once countries, chapter to the pressure from empiricalthe EU side (i.e. from EP party groups) is less than in the case of candidate analysis parties non-EU makethe voluntary a of decision andtheaffiliation to Europarties of level. Although domestic from the standards comes European to according to transform initiative yet level, the from European the emanated ispressure case when adirect there for post-communisttransformationis in via EEN EU-based party federations. setThe byEPFs requirements parties that wish to obtain observer 3. chapter or full membership law, of and therule democracy in effectiveness guaranteeing institutions specified of represent a some (largely general) theprovisions with strengthening and of regard to stability the contain still they EC, and CEE between Agreements Association example, for as, specific as not are Plans Action Although Plans. Action country of stipulations the following elites have Domestic in countries. its neighboring changes political on EU influence domestic direct a certain type of mode the strongest represents European standards. Thisparticular legislation to party-related of adjustment degreelegislative is the involvement EU direct of mode first of obligation The requirements. European to reform according to EU pressure is adirect when there to act accordingIntroduction to Brussels requirements Chapter 4. EUdirect influence on party and party system developments European democratic standards thetheoretical of relevance of the a discussion with concludes The chapter The second way in which EU can directly influence party and party system 3 in thechapter cases identified two exploring the at aims of thesis the This part . in EEN As in the case of political conditionality of CEE 72 CEU eTD Collection 23 for fundamental respect are the society democratic a basis of the set that conditions Some importantheritage. of principles underlying of mostelectoral the European elections, the status of a parliamentary party, etc.) (idem, 18) “proportional” “strict” of equality opportunity of into consideration(taking votes principle received the inthelast on based or contestants political to money public of distribution refers funding It to campaignsandpolitical needthe parties. election of of public periodically.Furthermore, the (idem,13) Articlerefers partyfunding 2.3 to andstipulates be held must and that elections direct free, secretand besuffrage equal, universal, must the that states It rules. international of merely society consists and democratic genuinely standards is European the heritageconstitutional which represents foundationthe of any Matters” in Electoral (Venice ‘hard The 2002). Commission core’ electoral of these Commission (VC) of CoE and (CoE) Venice the Parliamentary of group Europe the Council of Assembly of the (CDE)– Elections Democratic by Councilfor been compiled the have jointworking the heritage electoral ofEuropean principles underlying systems. The electoral European of standards common the represent which heritage, electoral European of principles extent of EU level influence on party-related legislative changes. European andrequirements empirical findings presentthe regarding and nature the the adjustmentof laws EEN on parties,lawspolitical electoral and party financing to the of analysis the on research my of focus the limit then I documents. related major institutions incharge of promoting the European democratic standards aswell the clarification with start the democracy I promotion. standards on of European the theoretical overview of the concept, is present the step of to firstthis the chapter followed Therefore, Europe. of and Council by the by OSCE/ODIHR set particularly those institutions, democratic of identification and strengthening the elections of conduct on democratic the standards European to reference makes The Union of the major Europeanvague be description specific of undertaken forto steps fulfillment the of EU demands. level a with statements some general represented requirements, party-related particularly EEN, The European Commission for Democracy through Law through Democracy for Commission European The The CGPEM highlights also the general conditions for the implementation of the of implementation the for conditions general the also highlights CGPEM The tothe primarily field refers democratic inthe standards European The conceptof 23 – in“Codethrough the 2002 and adopted Practices Good of 73 CEU eTD Collection discrimination on grounds of gender, and onpolitical, religious and ethnic views. 25 Parties parties 24 party financing. inpromoting dealingspecificallystandards the field with parties, of political European however, several other major documents represent European level instruments in in system.” ademocratic political parties relevance of (Venicefar, 2007) So Commission “conceptspromoting and status role, the strengthens whichenhanceand andstrategies is at document aimed Furthermore, the corruption. against and fight transparency of basicwouldactivity, principles party setthe such asequality, co-operation, dialogue, “Code aseparate elaborate to Commission Parties” PracticesPolitical on of Good that standards. synchronizing andharmonizing the national legislation with European the electoral by ACEEEO,(2002)boththe in autumnof the 2002, with primarythe aim of drafted one(2006) andthe second was space. bytheCISstates wasdrafted one Thefirst withinwere adopted Venicethe thatapply framework Commission post-communist the to (idem,elected representatives. 31-32) party funding, during both the electoral campaigns and monitoring the financial status of field in of the transparency of stipulates party funding, condition the Code regard to the within year beforeone elections andnot shouldundergo often changes in general. With benot changed should system, electoral the dealing with that particularly legislation, manipulation. political 25) (idem, electoral suggests the documentAs the aconsequence itagainst would stability protect that lawmusthaveacertain electoral the requires that Code the Also, association. and assembly expression, of freedom aboveall rights, human offers the most complex information on party mostoffers in and complex information party system the structure activity on and party that one the is legislation Electoral financing. party and laws electoral parties, political laws on focuses on present the analysis actors political between dialoguedomestic standards European to inaccordance of elections democratic conduct The APs refer in this respect to pluralism, freedom of speech and media, respect of minority rights, non rights, minority of respect media, and of speech freedom pluralism, to respect this in APs refer The Parliamentary Assembly Councilof the of Europe, Recommendation1516 (2001), , Adopted onMay 22 2001; PACE Political Affairs Committee, Report ” ”, Doc. 9077, 4 May 2001. EEN legislative adjustment EEN invitedParliamentary theCoE the VeniceIn March 2007the Assembly of Based on the electoral principles described in the CGPEM two major Conventions 24 . Departing from APs general provisions on the on provisions general APs from Departing 25 Financing ofPolitical Financing of political and the effective the and 74 CEU eTD Collection with regard to political changes are not well topolitical arenotwith andlack aclearregard description specified of changes domestic changes in legislative and Moldova,Ukraine, Georgia. Because EU stipulations systems from EEN. impact directparty on and party toEU aredrawnwith regard final conclusions and the (Georgia). In the end a comparative overview of the major empirical findings is presented AP of period legalfewest thesigningof with since time changeswith a shorter the transformations laws onelection finance (Moldova) andthe andendingwith one party beginning legislativespecific with experienced country the circumstances, that most of context- the within standards European to adjustment legislative the on focus the with an obligation on the countries that signed the AP to act according toits stipulations. imposes and present isstill pressure Yet, EUdirect the requirements. its with compliance measure the to templates a particular country,lacksto institutional EU because area policy specific from a case, to case from depends EU regulations of implementation actions intheir freedom of degree a certain elites political the offering thus level, domestic during domestic of implementation have the in tofulfill beundertaken steps order that to AP at priorities mentionedwell EUpolicies above arenot specified lacka and clear ofthe description transformations. European standards. The to issues according address these would that legislation EU requirements domesticthe political would elites some havetoadopt specific What countsguaranteeing democracy and the ruleas of law EUstipulatethe institutions the strengtheningof and effectiveness stability the of as themeeting first priority. In order to comply with the criteria Walecki 2007) of Europeanization of politicalin parties, the (Smilovparticular. 2007; and Toplak Szarek 2006; the for and corruption), against (fight in general transformations, domestic European of attention thatachieved a special aspects of the by scholars asone isissue considered institutionsinformation on basicthe principles formation.party of As regardingparty financing, this itexist, also not valuable does offers lawparties political cases when on a separate (such as EU, CoE, or OSCE) in setting the requirements for Several primary expectations guide the present analysis of EU influence on EU of analysis thepresent guide expectations primary Several The starting point of empirical research is the study of the three country cases The Action Plans (APs) signed between each of the three examined countries and 75 CEU eTD Collection the Venice CommissionMPs adoptedtwoamendments toElectoral which by Code, were analyzed experts the of of Council of Europe and OSCE/ODIHR in a competition. reportpolitical adopted in and thatinfluenceparty laws changes politics electoral and important of some approved standards norms legislative(OSCE and CoE and Moldovan standards),the haspromoted stipulation on the insurance of the democratic conduct of elections according to European codeandparty activity. both electoral Withthe addressing initiatives to regard AP legislative of number significant a reveals 2005 February in Plan of Action signing policies. level European with line in adjustment legislative of outcome final the and elites political governing the of opportunities strategic largely the will determine democratic reforms, 3), the strength of existingthe opposition particularlyparties, promoting those liberal-of was argued freedom degreeof the inthedescription of domesticelite (chapter of political parties. of Yet,the therest weaken as it andthat better them suit that recommendations increasingtheirstandards and European the powerbypromoting political will have more opportunities instrumentalistof following an behavior, aiming at Iargue,the ruling forces circumstances, Inthese political normsEuropean andstandards. in EU’s weight have a greater to considered to adjustment legislative of balance institutions of and desired or the experts implementing European ones the ones has the freedomdomestic that norms leadership Europe Council Ianticipate principles, political and of and OSCE/ODIHR in with accordance particularly standards, European with compliance of ‘choosing’in reference APConcomitantly, general the the of regarding because requirements). as political andeffectivepluralism and dialogue between government (AP opposition from ensuringreforms towards free fair optimal and elections, political aswell representation, the multiple of pattern a similar yet factors, presenting contextual consideration into specific, taking recommendations merely becountry- will adjustments legislative of standards. outcome the As aresult, European to compliance in legislative freedom of degree a certain obtain countries EEN of elites political the level, domestic at of AP priorities instructions implementation provided by the On 22 July and 17 November 2005, right before localthe On 22 elections, Moldovan 2005,right 17November July and Moldova . The examination of electoral activity of Moldovan parliament since the 76 CEU eTD Collection nature, aimed at simplifying voting procedures and at clarifying some terms votingsimplifyingat clarifyingnature, aimed some could that and terms procedures at parliamentary and included local However,itmerely elections. of changes technical institutions 2005 the after address the recommendation of European argued to and regional (idem,parties. 8-10) minority ethnic on formation of the effect had anunfavourable country whole the across mandatory study for existing the review,the argued that party requirement on support every lists hadtobesubmitted year partymembership that abolition of requirement the the made through the progress Despite Parties. on Political Moldova Republicof Lawof the to the regard with recommendations significant consideration into take and OSCE/ODIHR expressed itscomposition of CEC. dissatisfactionthe regardto impartiality with and inclusiveness inpractice necessity the ensuring of with the amendmentsthe stipulatedthat a inclusive politically composition yetitof CEC, stressed failure welcomed study The forces. political any from ofindependent (CEC) Commission MoldovanElectoral MPs to Central of a existence the would assure that mechanism electoral an needadopting of single address. national failed constituency to Finally,Opinion Joint the pointed to the Moldova, and allowing them a reasonableparticipation in whichpolitics, currentthe in of Republic the concentrated regionally minorities, national of representation electoral OSCE/ODIHR 2006a,6-7) and Commission (Venice barrier). electoral (3% candidates independent and lists party also argued the both system unfairness of PR distribution combined with threshold the to blocsThe experts electoral at3-4%. for and parties a singleadopt threshold advised to to a single thresholdand from 9% and 12% in case of coalitionsof of two and, respectively,8%), three or more parties the report individualforinstitutions lowering barrier on 4% (from theparliamentary parties 6% to stressed the fact andconstituencies. European followed of Although that of advises some changes electoral the Moldovan legislative thresholds the representation, particularly regards Code amended Electoral of issues the controversial most the of one was that fact the highlights Opinion Joint The 2006. March A new amendment of Electoral Code followed on 21 July 2006, which wasApart from remarks on the changes in electoral laws, the Joint Opinion of CoE ensuring of need the was experts European the of comment important Another 77 CEU eTD Collection requirementsthe fundamental affected that activity for on party restrictions democratic though too law contained new the factthat the party principles to pointed 2007) He (Vogel it shortcomings. hadalso serious argued that H.Vogel expert registrationand the VC standards, forof theestablishmenta “modern forward financing,” system of party such European the as, forstep important an represented document legislative the that example, acknowledging after Also, and thethe act. this of implementation the of consequences the on periodical investigation as of a scientific lack of public debate and transparency in the adoption of newthe Law onParties, as well actualization recommendations of European experts of Council of Europe on matter.this of dataDecember 2006wasperceived asanovelty Moldovan of MPs aimedfollowing at the from initiative on legislative new the of financing party campaign and party to reference adoptSeptemberit Parliamentdid not periodwithin 2005,the of theset Thus,time. the in subject that on project legislative aspecial Justice prepared Ministry of 2007) and the considered also apriority action for the prevention and fighting against corruption (Grosu year 2006the examination a lawinitiativeof onparty and campaignfinancing, party financing.Although Moldovanthe legislative body declared asa forpriority the 2006 parliamentary session. of One noveltiesthe of lawwasitsthis stipulations regarding public debateand very was adopted inquickly meeting firstreading during the last the of governing PCRM and the opposition PPCD. Thisinitiative didnot undergoa preliminary 22 December 2006 European Communities 2006a,3) at the the of implementation.” initiative (Commission proper to paid be must “positive,attention but Codewas Electoral to amendment of 2006 the assessment overall the that stated and of MPs representing parliamentary and local ‘reasonably’ from 2005 wereconducted elections the that acknowledged free AP and fair Moldovan of implementation the on Report Progress the Commission The from March and OSCE/ODIHR European 2006. Commission ENP ‘political in on stipulated Opinionof party andactivity lastVenice registration Joint the partners’:the majortackle not did amendment the recommendations general, In interpretations. different to subject been have on theelectoral system and minority representation, as well as The analysis of this legislative act by Venice Commission criticized first of all the all of first criticized Commission Venice by act legislative this of analysis The on Parliament Moldovan entered parties political on act legislative important An 78 CEU eTD Collection minimal minimal membership for condition registering anewpolitical party and the lowering of (Volnitchi 2008) four thousand the five from to envisages reduction legal the act The institutionsEuropean and “introduce to advanced European standards in Moldova.” of recommendations the follow will to their MPs stressed Communist ruling The parties. 2008, right beforeadvertisement viaandmobile internet (Info-Prim phones. 2007) Neo the electoral of some regulations and double citizenship, holding the winteras wellof those cases, criminal with open of holidays,persons campaigns inelectoral participation of interdiction exclusion of notions of “electoraldespite bloc” and the regulationfunctioning importanta viable stipulations Other of coalition government. the concerned of electoral blocs, the the strongin the numberofparliamentary an and wouldparties constitute forobstacle the criticismCommunistargues thatthelow barrier MPswho would tothe suddenincrease contribute followingfrom electoral initiative 6percent forpolitical parties the4 to threshold of from of increase the opposition Codestated Electoral of theamendment concerning lawprojects the of major provisions the of One ones. 2009parliamentary approaching andthe elections entered Moldovan inParliament the influenced autumn by of 2007, local lastthe financing. budgetallocation party for and campaign state on mechanism the clearstatement of financial on the interdictionthe of onbehalf aswell contributions as persons, third of this limits the rights of Moldovan citizens who reside abroad, the revision interdiction aboutthe foreign stipulation the of financing, of introductionparty stressing that of a clause Electoral, of Civic,legislation and Fiscal Codes of Republicthe Heparticularly of Moldova. recommended the existing the with them comply and clauses broad its of most OSCE/ODIHR. and andimportant of recommendationsopinions CoE madein other reports previous the or regional parties,mentioned that the Law on Partieson does not containthe clauses on the functioning of minorityestablishment also author members. The become party foreign to citizens of therestriction members, or and rights of political alliances and blocs, and The new law on political by was adopted parties the parliamentDecember on 21, legal andelections political regardingparties Finally, most recent changes the clarify need to aboutthe financing,argued Vogel campaign Regardingand party 79 CEU eTD Collection fighting their political opponents. Even if the Communists were following the following were Communists the if Even opponents. political their fighting during 2007local and and elections helpones) would in 2009 parliamentary them would for promoting (both electoral laws theirlegislativeoutcomes increase power that and criticism the using the of leadership ruling accusedthe which opposition parties, recommendations of omitted mostly it Parliament, Moldovan in majority the holds PCRM by whichnational wascriticized experts and both As European and opposition parties. public discussion and ascientific investigation on consequences of theirimplementation, of CoE and OSCE. Yet, most of the adopted legislative acts didendorse not a preliminary European standards, particularly in to institutions accordance democratic strengthening of EUrequirements in conduct of andthe broad elections ademocratic ensuring Union insignificant implementation the towards 2005 shows progress February of the European the Action inwith Plan country signing of the the after Moldova occurred January July2008 to 2009, rightafter parliamentary the elections. (ibidem) MPs changed Communist the However, results. local election on their based parties extra-parliamentary the originalparliamentary moneythe to going and the otheronebeingparties between distributed of half parties, political for itsrevenues 0,2% annual of will allocate state the that states clause that stipulated party activities any more. 2008) (Infotag thesuspend competentnot Justice to was ideasandtheclauseof thatMinistry constitutional initiationstandards is theabolition of prohibition the of political anti- topropagate organizations of association. of statefreedom the on restriction major a maintaining funding parties, fromEuropean recommendationsorshould region shouldTransnistrian the not or on whether theparticularly units, subjectterritorial administrative ofnot allowing be the OSCE/ODIHR, andpresents further ambiguity definition with regard tothe of countedexistence of racial and Commission Venice of recommendations the to minor ascompared a one orin ethnic this Moldova's administrative-territorialrespect. units of the second level., Yet, the final change is still in from125 of two-thirds eachof the memberto minimum 150 party requirement Also, the document did not comply with In conclusion, the analysis of changes in laws on parties Regardingfinancing, party new the draftLaw onPolitical Partiesfrom 2008 and electoral rules European with inaccordance legislation party to changes positive Among other 80 CEU eTD Collection consideration. Among the existing limitations of the new law is the requirement of party of requirement is the law thenew of limitations existing the consideration. Among attention draws it yet into taken werenot experts European of recommendations important factthat to the commissions, electoral of composition the or box, ballot mobile of use the onelection campaign, asthose such national deputies, of election new on law the Document. Copenhagen OSCE concerning runfor the office independent according of candidates, Paragraph 7.5 to of the PR system, as in the case of the numbernew of electoral the to districts or the absenceadaptation of a further provision needs legislation new the that fact the highlighted also They outcomes. its formula and electoral of new the implementation practical on the evaluation country provided both positive andnegative applicabilityas the opinions about a of to a PRrule big as constituency,Ukraine the authors of the VC report remind about the fact that their fellow experts and application. their that and provisions legislative the simplify to in order Code Electoral the national combine wasEuropean laws to experts allexistingseparate a unique into on elections authorities Commission and OSCE/ODIHR.(2006b) The following from recommendation the detailed provisions on forparliamentary elections, which itwas also criticized by Venice have toinstitutionsit the during and experience 2002elections, the contained exceedingly give a personal from existingthe March law 2004. Buildingonprevious recommendation ofEuropean of People’s amended partially which 2005), actually since 1October force (in Deputies from 3percent.4 to On 7 July 2005, Ukrainian Rada adopted a new Law on the Election constituency,lower national threshold a all and single formula, a PRelectoral introduced 2004 force into on December entered XV)that Amendments (Article3, Chapter aimedadjusting at laws Ukrainian toEuropean Thestandards. Constitutional multiple andcomplex since thechanges signingof the Action inFebruary Plan 2005, July 2009, abolition of electoral blocs, the increase of threshold, etc.) disfavoring party financingrequirements, (e.g.party from opposition registration parties ‘harmful’were not favoringand by were them or of success PCRM contrast electoral to areasthat some merely concerning they experts, were European of recommendations The mentioned Joint Opinion acknowledges the improvements introduced by the by introduced improvements the acknowledges Opinion Joint mentioned The national single and system PR the of introduction recent the Regarding Ukraine . As comparedMoldovan to case, legislation Ukrainian undergodidnot 81 CEU eTD Collection number of number tothegoverning of ledMPs coalition by Yanukovych onedetermined of most the creation of their own of business clans seeking powerthrough political existingpartiesthe through the or ones. Political fragmentedthe andnon-institutionalized party system offer opportunity the corruptionemergenceof that determined poverty and the concentration of inwealth hands of the business oligarchs, together with of level country high The system. the political Ukrainian of defection problems severe most the of one of a large public and political debate and the analysesrole of the President in an election campaign. (OSCE/ODIHR 2007) of European the clarifying media aswell campaign, as of electoral coverage minority representation, experts. It is considered adoption individual the of regarding candidates, securing Election Code, a unified to be Election People’s from deputies 2005 andof 2006post-election OSCE/ODIHR of study Law the on Opinion Joint of recommendations previous the following of necessity Voter centralized the stress ofaunified system. adoption Register report Also the OSCE/ODIHR welcomed the adoption of this law, but emphasized the comingIn its last report elections, recentSeptember the 2007parliamentary after need to secure the parliamentary elections. following 2006 OSCE recommendations on from 2006 andalso built on the recommendations of Venice Commission and OSCE/ODIHR Joint Opinion – of Voters 2007) Register State since October Law onthe force (in Ukraine of was that meritsa legal – through in tobementioned Onelegislativeproject this respect act. the implemented and followed been not have legislations electoral regarding institutions campaigns. electoral media during coverage regarding stipulations listof clearer and adoption voter the national in anelectronic lists voter new the territorial together bringing of rules. Finally, the importance itstresses campaign of violation on the endorsements the or coverage campaign electoral media for mass- on restrictions the expression: of freedom the regarding asthose standards, such stipulations of legalactfullythe national on arenot deputies complying with European some factthat the to out points also fiveyears. Thestudy leastfor at country the interdiction the for for aparliamentary whomandate running haveof those residedin not race or in parliamentary to participate if want they yearelections before one registration The subject of party financing receives a special attention both within domestic both special attention a financing receives of The subject party Unfortunately, so far the large majority of these recommendations from European 82 CEU eTD Collection achieved in democratic progress 2006parliamentary Ukrainian leadershipelections, had stated the despite (OECD) that Organization for and Economic Development Cooperation stipulations financing. regarding campaign Also, anti-corruption reportof the the oflegal leadership Ukrainian had still to overcome2005), the the shortcomings People’s of Lawon the Election the to reference (with recommendations from Deputies elections OSCE post-2004 according to framework legislative revising the way in Ukraine’sof the obstacle in progress despite that also stated It development. “endemicthe that corruption” major the mentioned was Commission European the financial contributions and campaign costs. of andtotals sources race of electoral the after before and full of disclosure requirement legal a of introduction the study recommended funds. the Therefore, campaign partiesor formingblocs for and parties totransferthen and for usethis donation law anythingthat party not theprohibition tothe stipulate the of does about contributions furtherneedimprovementof legislation.pointed financing of party out and campaign It persons areprohibited. Yet,highlighted the (December the 2005) No.338 VC Opinion anonymous donors,foreign citizens, and persons stateless and, byimplication,juridical monthly salary. Article 53of mentionedthe law states prohibitionthe donations from of financial budget from compensations state notexceeding 100,000times minimum the would receive cent per of three threshold electoral passed the parties that envisagedIt that from July 2005included several with toelectoral provisions regard campaign financing. People’s of on law Election financing.the The party andregulating corruption Deputies Council the UkraineEurope of adopt isurged legislative to fighting provisions political party contributions et to al.electoral 53) (Spector campaigns. 2006, Asmember a state of financial generous bribery of or list asaresult in buy a place party to businessmen party list of the current PR formula forfighting party corruption as it allows influential defections. of corrupt prevention of Yanukovych’s from team obtaining aconstitutional majority with meansthe Rada in President 2007bythe April Yushchenko the asteptowards represented of dissolution The history. political post-communist in Ukrainian crises political serious In its ENP Progress Report on Ukraine’s implementation of Action Plan (2006b), Plan Ukraine’s on Action of Report implementation Progress ENP its In closed of disadvantage the stress analyses expert international as well as National, 83 CEU eTD Collection the recent January the elections. 2008 presidential been withhave adopted electoral of introducing purpose the to system to changes prior AP electionsactivity. andparty on Yet,amendments sincesome important 2006 October country of provisions the regarding adjustments legislative of analysis the for span time two counterparts, on October 2, 2006, the shortperiod of time does not provide sufficient 2004) (OSCE/ODIHR “genuine levelof political pluralism” and adialogue between andgovernment opposition. fact to with pointed ensurethe needmore a of political competitive toa environment the for democratic elections.” European standards However, European also the observers assurethe ina“closer conduct of elections to national authorities with alignment wasachievedby progress thefact substantial that stressed Parliament European the of representatives and Mission OSCE elections, parliamentary 2004 the on Commenting laws European and standards.activity electoral on legislativeto adaptation party MPs by abolishing parliamentary immunity. Government’s of for self-accountability also calling beginningthe 2008 of plan at action of OrangeRevolution, BYuT’sthe issues successors the of as adopted program, electoral instability.long period of political of majorthe corruption Thefight against was one electoral financing, a lawsEuropean and party according after with standards regard to to adjustment legislative for hopes new brings a prime-minister as Yuliaof and Tymoshenko from Ukraine 2007). (takingapproval The recent effect October of newthe government Deputies applicablefrom 2005and Law October the on Statethe Registerof Voters of to European standards. This Law adoption includesthe of Election the on People’sof closer legislation bring to Ukrainian in the steps weretaken order important Plan, several EU of Action ratification sincethe activity party and elections on adjustments legislative 2006) administrative resources. (Anti-Corruption Network forEastern Europe and Central Asia useof andthe financing campaign control of electoral to the special the attention launchto some more specific measures infighting party and campaign corruption, with Georgia So, despite the factUkrainian that a not promote Rada did large numberof As Georgia officially signed the EU Action Plan later than the mentioned-above the than later Plan Action EU the signed officially Georgia As . Finally, the analysis of Georgian case presents its specificity regarding specificity its Finally, case presents analysis Georgian of the 84 CEU eTD Collection emphasize that the existing threshold of seven percent is too high and that the European the that and high is too percent seven of threshold existing the that emphasize The candidates. independentVenice barrier and experts OSCE/ODIHR and Commission Joint Opinion reminds that it should notexceed 1% of country voters. and of a party that has no parliamentary representation run to forlegislative elections, the in for toparticipate elections acandidate presidential required numberthe signatures of Regarding state. of the President to the role acentral giving commission, electoral of this notstipulate apoliticallyprocedure membersof do inclusive andappointing transparent Commission and OSCE/ODIHR2007) boundaries. (Venice drawing the should of guide establisheddistrict principles with be consistent hasto CoE district) single-member previous to the (by contrast member district andmulti- per allocated mandates legislativeof thattheamount study suggests Also, the OSCE electionstandards followingsome MP’sto with regard text modify the not do they seats, of parliamentary number the the PR ruleforobserves although Constitutional that the Articles of from changes lower 49and 58 2004 (100 universalseats) provisions of electoral the new tothe rules sincefor amendments example, 2004.So, it and others by and government.” stability of a Second,failure out itadaptpoints to the old the to majority and representation genuine between “an assuring relationship for optimum system system existing equal (50 the of components the seats). of “carefully to consider” leadership appropriateness the Georgian suffrage advise experts European system, the electoral any particular to making reference without all, of First standards. European to compliance inacloser legislations Georgian and someCode of Georgia, and provides importantseveral recommendations for bringing the well- February in 2005 on changes of amendmentselectoral system and latest the toElection December from 2006containsConstitutional an evaluation enacted amendments of examination of existingthe and Electoral code its recentamendments through July 2006. institutions,followingEuropean of the requestGeorgian elite,the political with regard to from leadership received thatnational recommendations European standardsthe with It is worth starting the investigation of Georgian legislative adjustment to Finally, important remarks are made in the analysis with regard to the legislative the to regard with analysis in the made are remarks important Finally, CEC regarding 2005amendments the analysis arguesthat expertthe Furthermore, VC – OSCE/ODIHR Joint Opinion on the Election Code of Georgia adopted on 85 CEU eTD Collection be made inshould orderimprovement further to that out bring point experts European the Yet, the financing. legislation campaign closer to European and on party legislation of Georgian newregulations the welcomes OSCE/ODIHR standards. So, for example, Thestate budget. JointOpinion from December 2006of Venice Commission and legislativesupport during the be latest electionswould offeredfinancial supportfrom the electoral 4% of least at received that theparties all 2006 January from that stipulates amendments from Constitutional the 2005. through Organic Law Article the 30of RoseRevolution the legislativefinancing after on party important modification adopted political signing the space since of EU – Georgia Action leadership Plan. Georgian faction). parliamentary a with or election national last in the votes of least 4percent at with (from parties members Commission consistsix independent will of seven representatives and party Electoral Central that stipulate Code Electoral to new amendments the parties, members.inclusiveness inthe of appointing CEC process At requestof the opposition formula. representation of Georgia(Government 2007) proportional a with substituted is system electoral majoritarian be reduced.Theexisting is to registration for candidate necessary signatures number of 5percentandlegislative bereducedfrom isfor the 7 to achieving representation to threshold electoral the Georgia, of Government the by initiated amendment constitutional institutions Electoral the Code. regarding by European made a According to recommendations several important amendments from latest December 2007address modification provisions.the The of electoral on compromise reaching aconstructive 2007, as a result of negotiationsthe held rulingthe between party and the for opposition following experts’ December2006 European the in were adopted examination autumn the (ibidem) representation. local Tbilisi and legislative seek to candidates independent for a possibility offer not does system newly thatthe electoral mentions amended itcandidates, independent the Concerning is appropriate. most percent five and three between barrier thata shows practice The subject of The of subject party financing received considerable attention Georgianwithin Significant inensure werechanges order to made more and transparency political Georgian period changeslaws the during to important electoral The most 86 CEU eTD Collection Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development (CIPDD). Development and Democracy Peace, for Institute Caucasus Tiblisi, 2007, March 27 organized by from Funding Party Political on Conference the during Rights New the of 26 financing. share of state budget, GDP, etc. in order toensure a better security flexibilityand of party funding state the such istobefixedsome of parties as a to indicators, according specific limitfurtherannual representatives30 thousandof GEL). The demanded that opposition anonymous donations, with exceptionthe funds resulting of from (withpublic events an institutionalization party system.of Thenew bill also provided theprohibition of and consolidation the to contribute to in order representation parliamentary funding based formechanism parties should and onparty bestate of itsvotes introduced financing. party asystematized itson stipulations, According act to legislative new discussion was inStrasbourg February Councilthis the 2007. Theon outcomethe26-27 Europe of of adoption the funding, Georgian political parties were invited todiscuss“Strasbourg thisissue underthe auspice of International Georgia 2007)Becauseof parliamentary the party deadlock debateon the of Memorandum” as leavingaiming at their themwithout majorsources financing.of (Transparency that formed the funding, a lawinitiated by onparty howeverdraft criticized parties which was opposition basis of a list. inhis party for party in aplace supposedly money As a ruling return the result, opposition Koba legislators, Davitashvili, accepting wasrecorded alarge amountof local of one when the case priorto2006 elections, acorruption after political arenas not allowingfor afair reviewing (Venice process. Commission and OSCE/ODIHR2007) andbeing as disproportionate evaluated which fundingwere rules, violation campaign of isthe need for attention to the existingonsanctions drawn of the provisions reviewing Finally, inDecember2005legalamendments. audit,asstipulated than rather a private beorganization byastate audited is to funding campaign They elections. that advise also finance,including theand amount offinancial the both types support, andbefore after the assuremoreto intransparency this field,such disclosureas the ofsources of campaign they lawsrecommend the of further adoption amendmentson party financingon inorder This proposal was made by the two MPs, Zviad Dzidziguri of the Conservative Party and Irakli Iashvili After the Strasbourg discussion, the issues of party financing were the topic of Afteran financing Strasbourg the were the topic of party discussion, issuesof the The issuefinancing of especially salientwithinparty became Georgian public and 26 OSCE/ODIHR, Netherlands Institute the forMultiparty Democracy the (NIMD), and 87 CEU eTD Collection implementation guidelines Brussels does not hold a very very directimplementation notholdpressure Brusselsstrong does on a guidelines European andpriority firstof EU its of East the between the are part activity Action Plans signed Neighbors,requirements toEuropean legislative adjustment party-related of Comparative assessment standards. European with line in implementation optimal their because and parliamentary elections one ofthemajor(May 2008)represents in obstacles ensuring of of time between their and adoption (17December 2007) thepresidential (5 January 2008) the broadperiod short the Code, of Electoral amendments by recent the addressed changes positive stipulations its ENP before official of even the signing 2006. October Yet, in Plan Action despite the European set standards, by and primarily those Council the OSCE/ODIHR, Europe of to according financing party and legislation electoral the in adapting interest considerable and the bankabsence transfer and sets a clearlimit on private donations. (Government of Georgia 2007) via be conducted haveto transactions financial party all that declares amendmentalso of parliamentary clearelections and those that gained at least 3% during latest local elections. The eligiblefinancing that for TV achieved state also and airtime that 4%during areparties includes an additional provision to theexistinglegislation on fundingparty by specifying eligibleare less support electoral with which financial through supportfor politicalparties parties for a greater advances of state afixedregressiveformula Itof distribution for political organizations. funding funding and private state of degreeof transparency agreater ensuring aimslegislation at from matter. The recommendationsthis on new experts European financing and party state brought tolifemost of key the of points Georgian frompolitical debate 2006-2007 on budget than those party funding and its relevance for Georgian draftbill on party financing. (CIPDD2007) gathering of experience andDutch discussion of A the practices. to wasgiven attention particular more party financing andfundraising of political organizations based on regulationsEuropean votes. modelsstate of different Koole, presented Ruud (PvdA), Party Dutch Social-Democratic It DuringGeorgianmeeting, former andEuropean experts. parties the chairman the of the heldin conference international on 27 March participation the of with Tbilisi 2007, In conclusion, the Georgian case reveals that the political leadership has shown Georgia toElectoral of from 2007 amendments Code December The recent . Despite the fact that provisions with regard to election conduct and party election conduct to regard provisions with factthat the Despite 88 CEU eTD Collection European European standards. other Opinionsof Although andOSCE/ODIHR theJoint VC certain freedom in indegree of transformations with compliance domestic pursuing a from EEN elites political provides adjustment legislative on party-related requirements First of all, it confirms the theoretical expectation that the broadly specified requirements. to European adjustment EU legislative of party-related assessment comparative rhetorical incentivesmaterial within and existing ENP the framework. institutions as well as the recommendations ofEuropean experts by both providing a major role inencouragingits EEN to follow European the standards set bythese ithas its neighborhood, from elites of political performance of democratic watchdogs the EU itself institutions, European declares other suchas theCouncil or OSCEas Europe of the although So, EEN. with relations its in power bargaining substantial has still Brussels granting of economic preferences for trading with EU countries (by Moldova only so far), the or regimes, facilitation visa achieved as thealready such incentives, intermediary politicalEEN leadershipcooperation with a moreagreementand enhanced more the‘rewarding’ regarding made multiple declarations EUhas the because and years of three of countries. during aperiod Yet,implemented be because areto the Plans Action candidate CEE of post-communist case the with compared membership perspective, EU of incentive asthat lack of a strong is by the European determined also to requirements of the Council of Europe and OSCE/ODIHR. democratic primarily conduct advises of byfollowing the experts, elections of European in order to overcome the shortcomings of electoral legislation and to ensure a more largely inline with standards,European stressing but that more progressshould be done fair and freeand as be regarded can elections latest the of conduct the stressing that countries, examined in three the democraticconsolidation towards political developments assessmentof They anoverallpositive opposition merely andgovernment. provide freeof fair and orencouragingand aviable political elections between pluralism dialogue conduct the ensuring parties, political including institutions, democratic of strengthening on reports AP’s progress the the to regard with general very are implementation Also, policies. level European with line in adjustment legislative domestic determining The analysis of the three case studies reveals several important findings for the according changes political in domestic involvement direct EU of weakness The 89 CEU eTD Collection legal acts isin cases. legal acts different two the influence of andadoption between andits and promotion governmentthe on opposition in Moldova and Saakashvili National Movementin Georgia. Yet, the nature of interaction cases the parliamentary majoritystrength and thebargaining power of isopposition the on parties.in Both in Moldovanconditional theis and Georgian elites hands ruling the of gains the ofmaximize would a that singleinitiatives legal party: the Communists Party behavior. forwindow of aninstrumentalist adopting opportunity Yet, promotion the of European standards a opens pursuelegislative to changesaccording forces to political political crises from springthe of 2007. severe most of one majorthe causeof being the corruption case,political in Ukrainian salient is itparticularly factors because of country-specific states, three inall the changes legislative of issue an is financing party Although pluralism. political genuine and representation political optimal the ensuring to regard with legislation electoral existing inmember multi-member“careful district to Georgia)and the consideration” the of legal in newlyfrom adopted PR system single- the changes (e.g. and shiftUkraine legislative adjustment of all the laws on elections and party registration and activity to the providing wasmerelyneedto the centered on political and debate recommendations foreign body. incases, legislative Georgian the and In representation Ukrainian minority constituency, theimportance securing highlighted of experts European the Ukrainian cases, wherea isPR system used andisit basedon a single national representation,AP democratic political optimal with conduct of elections, regardto requirements politicizedissues and within salient aparty system,yet aiming atensuring the common most the reflecting factors, country-specific to related areclosely changes legislative as well asmodified in line with European requirements. be political to issues the of choice of degree certain a have they Rather, them. of all adopt to EU, from donot endureEEN significantfrompressure direct institutions, including European pluralism. elites financing, political changesand party electoral three cases each ofthe regarding European experts’ large haveadvancesa in examinations number of recommendations So, for example, in Moldovan and Finally, the empirical analysis proves that the freedom of choice of the ruling the of choice of freedom the that proves analysis empirical the Finally, and of outcomes the from experts European both recommendations the Second, 90 CEU eTD Collection adopting a memorandum that included adoptingmemorandum considerable a remarksof opposition that parties. Also, Strasbourg forby meeting at reachingand framework acompromise using European the among opposition and government on financingparty legislation, parties both agreed on bargainingMoldovan When emerged political deadlock power,case. a to ascompared its havinga in and demands moregreater opposition expressing one active and a more hand,transformations.induceditis On unified of a by existence other the the listen European Saakashvili to better the requiredlegislativeadvises with to regard to of as well readiness as the Movement National of the profile democratic-oriented behavior of the ruling party. Iargue that on the one hand this was determined by the more adjustment to European requirements does not follow the same pattern of instrumentalist activity. opposition badly hitting all blocs, state funding of parties only after the next 2009 elections, or the interdiction of electoral on provision the of application 6%, the 4% to from threshold electoral party of increase as the such changes, legislative regressive adopted even and political representation better party ignored some recommendationsimportant of ensuring political on pluralism and to promote “advanced” European standards desire the in practice prove changes these that stressed leadership Law. in Communist The Moldova. But, at the same time, the ruling propagate ideas Organic the contradicting to abolition of clauseprohibitingthe parties Moldova's administrative-territorial units of the second level, party state funding or the modifications in party registration and requirements thenumber of party in members some introduced PCRM example, for So, rest. the ignoring and analysis benefit experts’ from choose European is to PCRM its cost- areincreasing that ones the advises institutions. recommendations Oneof from important of strategies visible European the Yet, assome well as the opposition demands, has largely neglected rulingthe party elections. parliamentary next the of eve in the opponents political and pluralism political arguing particularlylegal acts, recent2007 the thaton thisfightingof is an instrument activity, party and elections on laws of modification the to criticism their express have parties opposition extra-parliamentary and from 2009 elections. results The parliamentary electoral future and power theirincrease political would that legislativechanges promote In Moldovan case, PCRM has extensively used its parliamentary majority to In Georgian case, as compared to the Republic of legislative the Moldova, Republicof the In Georgian to ascompared case, 91 CEU eTD Collection least 5% of votes) or in a number of EU members (at least five). least (at members of EU number in a or of votes) 5% least “reasonably”is aparty that being ofthem one (at EP the in financing, party either European representative of procedure the stipulated Treaty) of Amsterdam 191 Article to (amendment Nice of Treaty the while 27 federationswereperceived party members, European EU old case of the of In countries. political actors and party systems influence national as well Thus, on states, theiras outside and EUborders. candidate is estimated to be also different across various groups2002; (DelsoldatoHanley Öhlén2002; 2008) maximize theirinfluence within EP institutional financialand gain and benefits. in in have to newmembers based recruiting order been intheregion competing parties once the post-soviet CEE countries would become EU members. In this respect, the EU- legislatureinfluence by motivated increasing opportunity of European within the their was linkages transnational EPFs of enlargement eastward the hand, other the On Europe. determined by their desirepromote ideologicaltheir to doctrines within broader the space. On inthe this was like-minded onehand, parties the post-soviet establishing Transnational Party Linkages andpolitical party regulate would financing.representation of democratic consolidation legal and the adoption of would acts that assureanoptimal majorforApril-May Ukraine’s representeda obstacle 2007, which progress on road the from crisis political in a severe resulted values. It and norms toEuropean commitment over their prevailed behaviorcorruption political and strategic because governing their together towards the achievement of standardsEuropean during their post-revolution local elections. latest during least 3% at gained that andthose elections achieved parliamentary 4%during that to 5% or the adoption of a systematized mechanism of state funding for parties for parties form 7% threshold electoral of lowering such asthe pluralism, higher degreeof political ensuring a andaimat parties opposition the favor significantly forces.them Someof opposition and the party ruling the between thenegotiations of asa result were adopted provisions electoral modifications of important elections, presidential before recent the Article 138a of Maastricht Treaty (1992) provided constitutional recognition forEuropean level parties, The European party federations have been perceived differently member across differently beenperceived have federations The party European for strove have federations party European the Curtain, Iron of the Since fall the In Ukraine, the pro-Orange political forces, Our Ukraine and BYuT failed towork 92 27 CEU eTD Collection and electoral know-how via joint activities (elite socialization, trainings, conferences, trainings, socialization, (elite activities joint via know-how electoral and offeredpolitico-material significant by support organizational,transferring managerial, EPFsfrom Moreover,ideologicalperformance. their apart increase electoral support, EPFs membership helped requirements CEEparties toconsolidate identitiestheir and to The 2001, 184-185) to compliance 1999,1225; political spaces.(Pridham post-Soviet in tendencies authoritarian overcoming and principles democratic with them familiarizing cooperation helped tomould party identitiesinitial in the stage of their development by established partiesthe from Westerntowards democracies.The transnational party ideological inspiration theirdoctrine werelookingfor regarding that political actors emerging the on impact socialization a positive had it First, candidates. in CEE systems based party hasbenefited inseveral groupings of andways the parties development party 1226) Central European countries. 1999, andThe cooperation East(Pridham EU- with have the role of “stimulant order’ character.2005, (Schmitt 650) have levelnot do EU members post-communist a‘second-the European elections and the supportparties and success apoor of small parties from CEEC. This finding suggests that within factor” studies of EP elections from relatively2004 showthe performancegood of government in the processcomparative The recent development. system party and party national on influence of democratizationEuropean havehadparty alargergroupings prestigein region astronger and, thus, the of influence onpolitical withindevelopments the oldEU members. 2005) havenot significant (Schmitt do ofnational As EPFs parties. interests aresult, the advancing in Parliament European the of weakness relative the of because groupings level,insteadEuropean promotingparty European usingdirectly of policies at their (Marsh 2005) intergovernmental prefer usingfor actors Also,national political channels low. is participation electoral and elections level inEuropean run legislatives national nature (Reif and1980) for Schmitt national whenpoliticiansparties, thatfailed in a second-order havehadelections The (Bardi Parliamentsettings. 1994, 2002) European and weightas “nothing morehouses,”(Hix than clearing aswith 535) relatively 1995, weak resources compared to national parties, mostly because of the EU institutional Transnational links between EPFs and post-communist parties were believed to believed were parties post-communist and EPFs between links Transnational In the case of post-communist candidate states, however, the situation is different. 93 CEU eTD Collection September1995. 28 which are also“in values of a set to belonging valuesterms their real and past authoritarian the of of overcome the EU.” Hough 2005; Sloam 2005; Stoyanovwas imperative2006) It an in step proving the Western(Buras 2005; to social-democracy). reform according (mostly doctrines political importance for proving at domestic and international levels their devotion to ideological a significant wasof forparties Leftwing member status or of EPF achievement observer reforms integration and European objective. (Vachudová 2005,139)Concomitantly, the by politics liberal-democratic offering topromote animageof committed them parties associationthe helped toEPFs political themgain more legitimacy domestic within 2002, 278;PridhamFor(Delsoldato thenewly 184) emerging1999, 1225;2001, parties legitimacy. political internal and credibility international offering as perceived were etc). and political benefits, in the form of financial-material, ideological, or organizational or ideological, financial-material, of form the in benefits, political and CEE national parties country joinwould Union.the Apartfrom incentive, long-term this adjustmentof the to EPFs requirementsachieve be in membership ableto full andparticipate their EU decision-making once was also encouraged they will that knowing principles ideological to their adapt and with EPFs early contacts establish to byparties CEE motivated short-term perspective membership EU clear The cooperation. material both European party groupings and national hadinterest moreparties in transnational countries, based Inthe following case the on Neighborhood, of reasoning. EU candidate European from in East case this states, non-candidate from onparties influence (Pridham 2001, 192-193) leadersEuropean and asnon-official channelsnetworking for infavorof EU adherence. with contacts establishing a meanof viewed as and were members EPFs aspiring EU institutions, particularly European the Union, and togaininternational credibility. international for partners reliable as themselves portray to parties post-communist Interview of G.Pridham with E.Poptodorova, National Deputy of the Bulgarian Socialist Party, Sofia, Second, the cooperation with EU-based parties and their potential membership andtheir parties with potential EU-based the cooperation Second, I expect, however, that the European party federations would have a different have would federations party European however, the I expect, that Finally, transnational the cooperation betweenpost-communist from parties 28 The close contacts with EU party groupings helped groupings party EU with contacts close The 94 CEU eTD Collection EEN party selection. As a consequence I anticipate that EPFs have a narrower impact on impact have anarrower EPFs that anticipate I party selection. As aconsequence EEN in role asecondary plays potential) its governing strength aparty of (particularly political the find that Iexpectto Parliament, European the EPFs within moreto votes offer cannot parties EEN Because principles. ideological of their implementation the particularly applicants, monitoring closely the fulfillment of association requirements by EEN parties, of EEN selection in bethe would stricter Europarties speculate that I neighborhood. more principal-oriented rather than a strategic behavior of EPFs inEU’s post-communist to shape a stakesareexpected material and high political of andtheabsence perspective 2002,(Delsoldato 281) cohesion. ideological than rather PES) EPP between and (particularly competition party inter- andmembership), EPF granted wereeasier parties (largerreasoning andsuccessful ideological than rather by political determined were sister-parties CEE of affiliation and recognition of decisions Europarties membershipperspective. of granting the regarding some EPFs to relax fixed of by EU joining, determined date with the countries, pressureexerted together the their ideological parties. Yet,from associate foraspiring all sister-parties accepting of stakes thehigh requirements and adopt a moreminded political organizations within newly the opening post-communist political arena. strategic behaviorbuildlike- their to recruit and EPP contest in and spread EUcountries the outside PES, 274)major The 2002, (Delsoldato rivalry between states. EP two the party groupings, enlargementfund aimed atsupporting their sisterparties from post-communist candidate and aspecial even Europe Central on and Eastern group aspecialworking has created well Peoplesfunding.as newparty Party, European thelargest European federation, party andmore obtaining representation and political in power enlargedthe European Union, as based by parties were motivated opportunity the spreading theirideological of principles political actorshand, countries.it one Onthe lobbying by determined was from strong domestic the from CEE that inclinedparty supportthedevelopmentgroupings weremore to from of parties associate aspired for EPFs membership.support. On the other hand, EU- By contrast to CEE candidate countries, the lack of a clear membership lack of a clear the countries, CEE candidate to By contrast be arearguedfederations ofjoiningparty same the to European The requirements theEU-based states, non-candidate from parties post-communist to Compared 95 CEU eTD Collection democratic principles and the overcoming of democratic andthe overcoming principles authoritarianthe past. of Also, politicalthe to commitment their regarding parties post-communist emerging the for exam first to Western wasa families. party membership of party Internationals The achievement adaptation the preceded theinvolvementEPFs, influencingof post-communistof parties EU membership perspective. potential asthe well as support, financial-material and legitimacy aspolitical such EPFs, to association benefitsthe from of join expected EUbecause to the aspiring countries from of onreformation parties power moreEPFs have persuasive actors, international closer toWesternideology and party types. European andAs compared toother come parties to in thepost-communist majordetermining actor the Europarties represent inEuropean promotingcontinent liberal-democratic European norms and values,sothe members. from However, withinisEU particular parties asthe themajor EU actor the transnational partynetworks, political foundations andbilateral with cooperation other of influence the from isolation in be done cannot requirements membership EPFs of fulfillment the of analysis the values, and norms European to adjustment legislative from different foundations political with primarily levels, international and from European the actors member states with other Europarties of andactions between principles the interconnection again the and Internationalanalysis of the adjustment to Internationals, PoliticalfoundationsandEuropartiesEPFsparty association networks. requirementsEuroparties. with it needs to Similarbe stressed onceprimarily to the oncase the influence depends willingness of their direct Thedegree requirements. their accession with comply of and the readinessconditionality EPFs can persuade policy that apply like-minded the to to EENactors of domesticEPF’s biggest the that political a weaker existence of determine the to EENactors, cangrant actorscooperation. with membership Thelimited together restricted support, financial rights the to cooperate political foundations playing amajor rolefinancially insupporting transnational the party with limited, more harder andEPFs and parties between EEN thecooperation makes ‘natural’the merelytowards parties, directed EEN sister-parties. In the first years of transition, the activity of party Internationals in the region the in Internationals party of activity the transition, of years first the In Concomitantly, members for and non-EU budgetcandidates lack the a special of . Before proceeding with the with proceeding Before . 96 CEU eTD Collection and Konradand Adenauer Stiftung, linked to Christian democrat Union. 29 requirements andEENmembers EPF affiliation EPFs European Union and process the of integration.European collapse of USSR,aswellthe in as informationalproviding support regarding the the since space post-communist in the developments political the in following EPFs important 2002,287-289) partners of foundationEuropean political (Dakowska represent hadEPFs, asfor they budget alarge promoting in political projects theregion. Germanfoundations Europe, political of Europartiesimplementation and transfer the inmonitoring intermediary major a became foundations membershippromotion the through or rights, of ideological principles of someminority specific parties from requirements.oldmembers. EU tolerance, activity, political of rules democratic Similar of the astheacceptance such principles, generalliberal-democratic of encouragement to thenorms withincase the post-communist ofpolitical foundations represented informal channels of spreading European political Central affiliations, EPF for space. applied officially parties EEN when Themoment the Until norm principles. andtransfer Eastern was done European either socialize level,political European helpingto innetworking them atthe to and through construction identity in their parties EEN the post-communist in assisting role important an had played (France) Schuman Robert Jauresand Jean Netherlands), (The Mozer Alfred also but Germany, primarily states, member different from parties of foundations Party Party European the ELDR Left aremoreflexible makingor EL, on the finaljudgment and Reform Liberal such federations, Democrat as the influential less European party Europarties. can the tonon-EUmembersvaries between The that be granted membership administration. local or party, parliament the within acandidate either of representation electoral The adjustmentsometimes of candidatewhich requirement, important Another manifestos. political and statutes in their partiesexpressed is to notEPFs principles ideological principles, fundamental acceptancetheir the of to refer parties of EU-based stipulated and the type of in a written form in EPF statutes or manifestos, is the The major foundations are Friedrich Erbert Stiftung, closely linked to German Social Democratic Party, Democratic Social German to linked closely Stiftung, Erbert Friedrich are foundations major The Once the EEN parties stepped on the path of EPF accession political process, accession EPF of path the on stepped parties EEN Oncethe 29 have the major been organizations partner of . The common membership requirements membership common The 97 CEU eTD Collection party party grouping. of full membership their a ELDR andELfrom to obtain region the candidates the allow EPP parties,non-EU parties varies. andoffer while membership' PES to 'observer only regional. or parliamentarian either is enough, representation electoral of form EL some and ELDR is for forceas a importance, of a majornational party and establishment representation parliamentary People's European Whilefor Party the requirement. representativeness parties by PES. of like-minded EEN rate recruitment a weaker in partiesresulted successor communist social-democrat and ideologicalsocialist to principles and the compliance conditions relating Astricter to the handlingparties. of partyEEN history with by relations its in careful more been has contrast, by Socialists, European of Party The Ukraine). from Batkivshchyna (e.g. social-democracy being to closer spectrum, ideological of the ideology. As it will be discussed later, some of them democrat canChristian share not aclear do EEN evenfrom EPP parties observer current So, the be placed on the other side parties, causing someideological further dilution resulting from eastwardthe expansion. flexibleideological principlesits theacceptance of by post-communist regarding the behavioral adjustment membership toEPF stipulations. “gomuchdetails” intotoo measure and because of difficulty the programmatic the to traditions. Consequently,focus hison to basicthe and Europarty tries not requirements and culture inpolitical European big diversity the of awareness ELDR's is resultof the requirements his EPF to compliance parties' post-communist regarding flexibility the that interview with Daniel Tanahoe politicalthe he (February of 2008), advisor ELDR, argued 2008. 30 parties to suggest comments and amendments to its fundamental principles. regarding the acceptance of Europarty principles. EL,for example, even allows candidate Interview with Giorgos Karatsioubanis, Neolaia Synaspismou (Greece), European Left, Brussels, March The most popular and mostthe successful EPF in recruiting newmembers from Finally, membership regarding the to be EEN status approaches granted to EPFs different regarding electoral the strategies alsopresent Europarties However, even EPP, the most influential Europarty within EP, proves to be 30 In an 98 CEU eTD Collection 32 andvalues liberal-democratic party commitmentcredibility toEuropean to regarding affiliationthe EPP,to PES,or as ELDR isinterpreted givinginternal and external by represented Communistthe Party joinedof init who Moldova, 2005. However, while from Georgia joined in 2007. October 31 Alian recently: relatively ELDR joined members full EEN two The parties. liberal well-established devotion promotionto the of integrationEuropean objective. 2008) (PDM as PDM’sof a proof interpreted is andit type party ofEuropean modern social-democrat 2006. strategic partner of inPES Republicthe of during Moldova from PEScongress December from Moldova, as well as SPU from inwith federation, Party PDM and PSDM this party cooperation particularly Democratic Ukraine. PDM, for example,interested are that parties several are there membership, lack of PES the Despite region. was nominated as the beingis Leftwing wasanother wrong causeof parties in the weak social-democrat the amongemergingprinciples the parties belief that andthewide-spread post-communist creation of strong social-democrat parties. Second of all, the antipathy to socialist a spectrum in Moldovafor the likeUkraine obstacle represented serious and countries wing theLeftdominated that parties successor communist of strong all, existence the inFirstof havebeenfewwell-establishedparties 2005, 74)there social-democrat EEN. (Delwit successful typeactors, European of political and represent social democracy adaptRepublic, toWestto Hungary, managedLeft wing parties where Poland) and Czech (particularly Europe and Eastern Central hand, to compared other the parties. On communistsuccessor towards criteria selection stricter particularly membership, granting not representedobservermembership. the PES, enough, Surprisingly secondlargest EP party is grouping, in the region. holdmostof parties, aEPP center-right alsowhom parties,communist governing are On the one hand,European East has People’sNeighborhood been European Party. The majority post- of this is determined by PES strategy of AMN was the majorpolitical force within Democratic Moldova Bloc during 2005 elections Interview with Oleg 31 PDM considers this to be a great achievement for its European recognition for be its European as a recognition agreatachievement PDMconsiders this to Finally, the European Left has one full member in Eastern Neighborhood, Eastern in member full one has Left European the Finally, The poor ELDR representation in the region is explained largely by the lack of lack by the largely is explained in region the ELDR representation The poor Ġ a Moldova Noastra AMN Noastra Moldova a ğ ulea, International Secretary, PDM, Chisinau, May 2007. 32 joinedin April Republican Party RP 2007 and 99 CEU eTD Collection the the IX 33 inbringing EENparties closer toWestern type ideology. The membership in International Internationals Center-Right by played role the mentioning is worth it principles, democrat Christian to adjustment behavioral and programmatic regarding the parties applicant Compliance to Christian democrat ideology roleimportant in recruiting like-minded parties from CEEC. (Dakowska 2002, 284) another unwritten requirement that EPP seeks from the applicant parties, which played an is a party of representation parliamentary force and as anational The establishment model. federal of a integration European tothe by theEPP clause commitment the on examined as the major conditionis for a potentialmanifesto) and member. statutes in EPP (listed Also, I examine principles ideological the role democrat playedChristian to according behavior programmatic the and of acceptance straightforward of all, the First federation. party tothis adherence on decision in the maintaking points the represent EPP important I focus onseveral provisions that andmeasured, easily operationalized developments. region nature of and the typeEPP influence and party EEN on and party system Therefore, the next part of the present work will focus on the analysis itsof activity in the political organization. for EEN party grouping EU-based been most popular the Transnational linksbetween sister-parties EPP EEN and country, asPCRMis thesole governing party since 2001.(Serebrian 2005) whole the for image bad a brings and stance, anti-EU and thinking Marxist-Leninist opposition forces consider that the affiliation to the EL reconfirms PCRM’s of damaged. Some hasbeenseverely from onwards build2003 to PCRM has started that devotion to includingcapitalism, and feelings, Euroskeptic image pro-European anti-American the anti- Marxism, radical on based are parties member by shared principles ideological EL about membership.is true opposite As the the perspective, integration European The commitment to a federal Europe represents a key clause of EPP’s akey clause represents Europe a federal to “Basic commitment The Programme” by adopted th Congress, Athenes, in November 1992. Because of the lack of some specific membership requirements thatcould be requirements Because of membership some specific lackof the TABLE 2NER HERE . Before examining. Before EPP’s policies towards . European People’s. European has Party 100 33 CEU eTD Collection to EPP observer status, stresses its belonging to the neo-conservative doctrine, neo-conservative to the belonging its stresses to EPP status, observer withinpartner BYuT is Ukrainian Party.Social-democrat NewRights Party, acandidate political (Yekhanurovway merge a potential forces. of of two the 2007) itsAlso, major in alsoby itsex-Orange partner,highlighted obstacle the coalition OurUkraine, asan with individual freedoms and rights.” (Batkivshchyna 1999) 35 34 democracy social more resemble principles Christian democracy. Moreover, in case the mostBatkivshchina,of its of programmatic EPP observers, suchideological principles of the International Democraticas Union. ENM, the around party atalready ingathered the establishedthat it 2001the timewas NU, or their officialBatkivshchyna founding. For example, the New Rights Party AMA from Georgia argues inspiration intopolicy-learning and from engage Western sincecounterparts European look for ideological parties to which allowed establishment, recent theretheir relatively is by noChristianis democracy. this determined that to adjustment hand, Iargue one On the clear party referenceInternationals and EPP did notexerciseinfluence a significant on theirideological to its before accession EPP to in 2005. undergo changes other programmatic not considerable PPCDdid of adjustments, these with inGreat, frameda cross his into hand, the flag of Council the Europe. of As a result image comprised Middle thenew symbol of party that Ages Moldovan ruler, the Stefan Christian democrat ideology. In order to stress its belonging to the CDI, PPCD adopted a People’s Democrat Christian to commitment its declared organization the and Party statute and manifesto. Its name changedfrom Christian Democrat People’s Front to International) in wasfollowed(currently 1999 Centrist Democrat in the bychanges party International PPCD’s Democrat example, Christian For to accession Internationals. party sometimes even to changeEPP aspiring of Westerntheir to CDU and stage earlier ideology an at familiarize to parties EEN helped members programmaticInternational Democratic Centrist principlesor IDU Union asDemocratic a result of their accession to Batkivshchina argues the promotionof a “new type of social ideology Interview that combineswith George Mosidze, International social Secretary, solidarity AMA, Tbilisi, August 2007. On the other hand, itis important to stress that in the political programs of current Compared to PPCD, the adherence of other EEN Center-Right organizations to 35 than Christian democracy, fact that is that fact democracy, Christian than 34 101 CEU eTD Collection of a federal model.(Dakowska 2002,282) integration European of the endorsement the including criteria, normative EPP to however complied which 38 pursued by EPP tojoin the Europarty.(Dakowska 2002, 284) 37 36 national arena.(Öhlén political 2008, 14)Thus, EPP strategy of recruiting powerful post- their within force national a as themselves affirmed if they organizations political obtained EU associate that countries the aspiring from parties of speed upthe adherence needto because of the status. Theintegration process Europartyof CEE countries EPP had to lower its accession requirements wasEstablishment asanationalforce granting the ofEPP.status theobserver granted were parties Center-Right candidate associatethe that, Despite membership integration. a model to federal European of noneof makes reference them programs, to party in EEN foreign policy objective isas amajor integration declared European While region. from the for parties EPP of requirement this importance lowered the to EPP group at Parliamentary the Assembly Council Europe. of of or regarding prior affiliation toafullthe requirement memberthe observer status, status of granting as the such formal criteria, other of meeting the than selection candidate federalism. The compliance to these ideational commitments was more important and integration European for to commitment their expressed that parties candidate CEE by listed EPP in inJuly Luxemburg. Moreover,Political Bureau 1996 EPP had ‘pursued’ model. ( integration federal the parties European endorse the EPP through them expected to another important provision of EPP statutesFederal Europe and manifesto. During the accession(Hanley 2002, 472-473) of CEE key criteriain EPP candidate selection,similar tothe case Centralof and Eastern Europe. the represent not did ‘natural’ few ideology that shows parties EEN democrat Christian membership. ELDR for initially apply to it determined that ENM, the governingGeorgian party, foundedfact on aliberal-democratic was doctrine, positioning market issuebetween itself economy EPP on and British Conservatives. These two formal requirements were bypassed during the accession of the Polish Freedom Union UW, Union Freedom Polish of the accession the during bypassed were requirements formal two These Asimilar case can be found in Hungary, when Fidesz was firstly a Member of InterviewELDR and withlater George it wasMosidze. Yet, the lack of a clear EU membership perspective in the case of EENcountries of in case the Yet, perspective membership EU clear thelackof a EPP Yearbook '99 . The commitment to a federal model of European integration integration represents a federal model European to of . Thecommitment 2000) status of themajorThis wasone criteria forassociate . As it was presented earlier, during the European the earlier,during . waspresented itAs 37 Therefore, the acceptance of acceptance the Therefore, 38 102 36 CEU eTD Collection 39 of the democratic thathis“has stressed Martens party coalition and consolidated steps will support alwayssupported for herassistin this process.”(EPPrealization 2007b)Later, during EPP’sfrom March2008, summit of would “newthe give Ukraine’simpetus to European drive” European EPP and that “will vocation be ready to “orange” democratic unity of the forces.” of Tymoshenko that heConcomitantly, believed Ukraine.” theendrepresents of “painstakingthe of process coalition-building,” “theproving (The strong Tymoshenkowithin her election 2007 andas a this declaredthat prime-minister EPP Wilfriedof the President congratulated example,Martens the For 2007a, 2008c) the 2004 elections and during the recent political crises that followed the revolution. (EPP NU and forces, BYuT revolution forof thecoalition Orange support after immediately creation of a ‘national equipe’ of Center-Rightforces in Ukrainian case bydeclaring its Yet, parties. aspiring of choices coalition mentioning isitEPP’s worth onthe influence parties and theirParty interaction accession to EPPfulfilling EPP membership requirements. it is hard to examine itintoalthough newlegislature,after wouldaccession the largely get party 2008 the was the role RightsplayedNew the to set Partyconditions the byof one was This EPPoccasion. one on than from more in parliaments theGeorgia. EPP woulddeclaredfrom its require parties applicant they that in would berepresented national their that EPP it cases some In members. its aspiring from of asks Europarty the that criteria the will take the final decision on applied for EPF’sAMA’s membership. when moment they atthe actors national powerful represented and parties governing been have ENM) Batkivshchyna, (NU, region the from observers EPP of Most affinity. favors the inclusion of strong partiesstill EPP overparties, a rigorous like-minded selection of accession basedthe from on ideological stakes material and political high of of CEEC. EUaccession the after its EP increase representation EPP to itallowed because principles EPP to compliance ideological important than more hadbeen parties communist Interview with George Mosidze. The establishment as a national force and parliamentary representation is one of is one representation parliamentary force and asanational The establishment absence in the Neighborhood, European East of case in the enough, Surprisingly . Because of the short time span between the establishment of EEN 39 103 CEU eTD Collection 40 postponing of ENM’s accession. influence autumn hada considerable of opposition onthe opinion parties 2007, the of from inGeorgia countries. the candidate crisis the on After thepolitical their opinion collecting were and forces political other meeting were officials EPP missions finding the liability of political actors from the region jointo the Europarty. Also, during the fact- Adenauer Stiftung KAS,which offeredinformationvaluable the readiness regarding and activity. partner An importantof EPP’s itsparties was Konrad of candidate monitoring party compliance toEPP requirements not only on paper butalso duringits political insights intothe political culture theof aspiringmembers and allowed the examination of leaders valuable partycongresses,which provided attend and members meetparty could methodimportant informationof gaining about party activity. these trips During EPP comply with its membership requirements. Fact-finding missions anrepresented series of mechanisms of influencing the aspiring EEN parties in EPP influence Mechanisms of order to come closer and for BYuT’s policies.(Kuzio2008b) NSNU have out of EPP stayed meetings asasign since 2007 protest toEPP’sof support deterioration determinedof a Yushchenko’s and EPP relations with andpresident the backing of Tymoshenko’s governingpolicies andleader the of democratic coalition Tymoshenko’s of course reforms. (EPP 2008b; Kuzio2008c) At sametime, the EPP’s its her criticism policies and of support of governmental Yushchenkofor blockingof the EPP’s achieve to managed prime-minister Ukrainian result, Asa coalition. democratic promoter andthe defender of Orangethe revolution’s ideals andtheleader of the Tymoshenko hasbeen intensively using EPP’s framework tobuild herself image the of force. Thisdemocratic and visible in isparticularly pro-European BYuT’s case. for the‘true’ in contest their levels international and domestic on been competing liberal- (KMUelections. PressService2008) parliamentary new of idea the criticizing 2008, of fall the from crisis political latest forces in Ukraine” of pro-European coalition strengtheningthe of democratic the during Government's Portal 2008) The EPP continued to expressits for support “the revival and Interview with Urszula Gacek, Civic Platform, Poland, EPP MEP, Brussels, March 2007. However, it is also owing to EPP membership that the two Orange forces have . During the application process EPP has been using a using been has EPP process application the During . 40 Meeting local NGOs and think tanks, as well as 104 CEU eTD Collection domesticstrengthen partiesprovided theopportunity the applicantEEN to within their role politics andgranting membership. Europeanin EPP’s weight on decision a considerable final have which performance, electoral arena.providingnational analyses expert andin-depth on aspiringreports parties’ activities and Similar to the case of CEE countries, EPP 1989, is an entity of Groupthe of the European People‘s Party (Christian Democrats 41 inin Kiev 1999( forum pan-European its being events largest the of one states, EEN in the meetings joint fulfillmentEU of the Togetherby EENcountries. Action Plans EPP KAS, with organizes partnership local with NGOs andindividual KASexperts is involvedalso inmonitoring In policies. level EU of implementation the facilitating in as well as parties, EEN plays important inprovidingits on an andeducation for information institutionsEU and EP the and young its KAS trainings from EENpartyleaderswhich canbenefit. turn, In in internships monthly offers example, for foundation, Shuman actors. political EEN and Schuman, Robert and KAS case of CEEC, the organizational financial and support of political foundations, primarily forwhen cooperation budget parties the a special with EEN wasmissing, ascompared to conditions officials. party In EEN involving activities education and other seminars, level. European andthe political at dialogue its EPP promotes policiesvia trainings, socializing channels for post-communist parties that are exposed to informational flows support. The transnational with relations European the People’s important party represent EPP’s to thanks organization party and ideology politico-material and politico-intellectual its influence onEENparties. Firstof partiesall, are aspiring toWest socialized European analyze nowmembership to how work turns granting, the exactly exercises Europarty the behavior and success ofits potential members.party theelectoral eyewitness to Europarty the whichallowed elections, parliamentary the during observers its sending been has EPP missions, fact-finding the from Apart importantelement of EPP’s another represented individual experts, monitoring. party The Robert Schuman Foundation for Cooperation among Christian Democrats in Europe, founded in founded Europe, in Democrats Christian among Cooperation for Foundation Schuman Robert The The ideational material offeredand support by EPP andits partner organizations After listing mechanisms that are used by EPP in the adoption of its decision decision on by its usedEPP adoption of in are the that listing mechanisms After EPP Yearbook '99 41 has been crucial for building close contacts between EPP 2000,327).Finally,KASis EPP avaluable in partner ). 105 CEU eTD Collection 43 42 Ro organizedin PCRM. PPCD’s party the winter-spring 2002against bythe leader, Iurie governing policies of Communistthe party, particularly the massduring protests example, has been using EPP’sbacking numerous occasions for criticizing the with European aspirations andfor obtaining the backing of officials.European for PPCD, intensivelyby used forcespro-European forlobbyingEEN atthelevel European for their lower than because largest the itrepresented andmost influential Europarty.those for EPP membership and applied from ELDR its application of withdrew ENM Estonia), of theirminister (ex-prime Laar Saakashvili’s Maart of counselor, recommendation economic the CEEliberal-democrat ENM initially applied for ELDR membership. Later, however,counterparts, following evenor PES, ELDR Democrats, such asEuropean EU-based parties, of other view point to ideological politicians. Evenif some of well-established,the parties governing EEN are closer from the EPP, although limitedjoining framework means observerrights, with aprestigiousclub of European European and levels international asamodern, pro-European political organization. provideddemocratic bycommunist parties use it as a proof of theirEPP commitmentreforms to the promotion of liberal- legitimacy. internal source external and of Thepost- animportant affiliation represents is and European integration, as well as of their recognition at the achieve hasbeen verbal of the support EPP leadersparty haveand thesestatements had could they most The countries. their towards approach EU enhanced more a demanding their regarding liberal-democratic stress and reforms party achievements promotion of the to meetings informal and formal other and congresses EPP in using active particularly political force. (PPCD 2007) PCRM’sdespite arrest the escaped leaders its and legal a PPCDas annihilate to actions Washingtonof that with PPCD remained colleagues, together that authorities, democrat Correspondence with George Mosidze, International Secretary, AMA. Secretary, International Mosidze, George with Correspondence Here I referto Batkivshchyna’s affinity to social democracy. ú ca, even argued that it was thanks to the strong support of its European Christian Although EENapplicants’the andstatus theirmembership are rights significantly for EENparties. Joining EPP to The affiliation has importance symbolic as a well The Westward-leaning Yushchenko, Tymoshenko,been have andSaakashvili 42 they still choose to affiliate to European People’s European affiliate to to still choose they Party. the example, For 43 106 CEU eTD Collection opposition in the fall of 2007. 44 Code. (ODIHR2008b)Election field” in favor of from ENM resulting lastthe moment changes of Constitution and blurredthe and distinctionbetween the state the ruling“the party and unequal playing stressing particularly 2008a) 2008; ODIHR Mission Observation (International Election conductof the Georgian presidential parliamentary from elections 2008, and and had preparation 2007) the criticized observers and international Also, OSCE other the policies, undemocratic describing“disappointment.”as andrepresenting them a experts from the CoE, rightsthe of mass-media autumnof2007.EUofficialsthe and duringopposition and OSCE, as well as from the USA, criticizeddesirable EPP members. openly Saakashvili’s tothosewhoare perceivedasnot democratic or ofpolitical game isquestioned rules to commitment general whose parties to mostly applies policy This list. waiting People’s has used Party in its EENcandidatesto is relation putting parties the onalong implementation itsof requirements. membership The ‘stick’only European the that voting,play during with its EENapplicants notor hard EUparty thecouldgrouping the initiative of right no with but opinion, its expressing and meetings EPP attending of right candidatenon-EU Europarty parties,offered to membership with only a restricted the Because the Europe. in and Eastern much than Central from is weaker parties EEN andgovernments businesses alike.” (Kuzio2008a) Europartyargues, the alignment of Batkivshchyna andits eponymous bloc, BYuT tothelargest 2007; Ukrainian Government's Portal 2008a, 2008b) As Ukrainian analysist Taras Kuzio “was policies. (Lobjakas oftheir pro-European domestic persuadethe electorate been to used a ithas leaders and their success of by asasignificant parties interpreted EEN has been statementalso high-ranked officialsin their home the achievement countries, of theirverbal support of because mostEPP member are andtheir aregoverningparties representatives parties ofno significant weight on EU decisions on bringing EENcountries closer toEU entry.direction Yet, for her political force which assured This was the expressionused by the US State Department to describe Saakashvili’s actions against EPP EPP used postponingthe of Saakashvili’s because ENMrestricted accession party sister- applicant its directly influencing for applies EPP that policy Conditionality 44 (Collin 107 CEU eTD Collection 46 45 inrepresentation new the 2008 parliament. it anEPPmemberwould againparliamentary become ifit that obtains promise the opposing forcesin by Georgia two from of theirclub postponing AMA’s with accession accept not AMA’scould inclusion avoid they the to and tried party thegoverning of criticism result, a As ENM. party, his about had politicians European the that impression the as Saakashvili “apotheosisthe of democracy” region post-communistindominated the in of stereotype 2007 the of fall the opposition forceargues before useof against the that AMA’s applicant. EPP another ENM, of policy Mosidze, Secretary,George International believe thatthis is resultof the their party’s criticism of authoritarianthe governing AMA’srequirements. membership EPP of officials fulfillment general its despite process, has been applied EPP membership, for Europarty postponing the AMA’s accession from it by Party isofficiallyGeorgia. NewRights represented the Since 2003,when increasing EPP’s representation withinneighborhood. European becauseincludingmeant it powerful, another governing party from region the and freefair, be and completely EPP tohavestill mostly wanted ENMasoneofits members, legislative considered not 2008 by European to elections were and international observers in (EPP werevery statements. official 2008a) observers their positive Although theMay EPP EPP’s elections, “severe to legislative the Vice-President shortcomings” during institutions. (EPP 2008d) Similarly,mentions general the the of despite about reference state and judiciary, “will media, improve” of Georgia to independence continue the “very as that hope elections his positive” expressed presidential and the described Martens from 2008. ThePresident andelections parliamentary conductof presidential the ‘mild’ were ENM’s of and page criticism web their on policies regarding remarks in their and the asan forwere regarded democraticitsexam for ENM proving commitment principles to respectaffiliation EPP to was halted. The temporarily from May 2008 parliamentary elections of opposition’s from presidential procedureof conducted January the elections ENM’s2008 were rights. Correspondence with George Mosidze. Gacek. Urszula with Interview Because of the political crisis from the fall of 2007 and the way in the which and the way fallfrom 2007 the of crisis Because of political the Another example of the use of long waiting list during the EPP accession process 45 46 However, EPP leaders avoided an official 108 CEU eTD Collection readiness to ‘reward’ to readiness by post-Soviet ofits requirements implementation successful the current its APyears repeatedly has threeand expressed forof aperiod EU only are signed The actors. political domestic for framework ENP existing the within incentives material and rhetorical both showthat empiricaltheUnion provides findings the and candidates, meansmembership afailure members perspectiveconditionality itspolicy of EU outside of lack the that belief scholarly dominant the to contrast By institutions. European influencechanges in legislative ascompareddirect on significant domestic EEN, other to a has still Brussels that mention to important is it incentives, political and material – politics beof ondomestic European influence responsible extent model the for to issues within a party system. prominent most and by politicized induced arerepresented the factors EU changes. These in in pursuing sociological factors engagement political definingdomestic degreeof the variables, which supports constructivistthe arguments about importance the of experts’ European to according country-specific to related closely are recommendations changes The legislative standards. resulting European with incompliance transformations of freedom in domestic EU bordering pursuing a certain degree attain countries from elites political consequence, a As policies. level European with line in adjustment legislative domestic determining in strength its loose to influence direct EU makes strongest EU tool – membership – perspective vaguelythe defined EUrequirements Legro 1997;Schimmelfennig and Schwellnus 2006) degree the involvementof EU in domestic levelchanges. (Franck 1990;Jacoby 2004; factor indegree ofclarity isamajorof European requirements the determining and type transformations. the finding scholarlyThis empirical supports argument broader the that system and party influenceparty on EU direct the of strength decreasethe stipulations vaguelythe defined country dissertationexpectation of that present political APs the of analysis first The Neighborhood. European East from transformations mechanismpolitical domestic of EU impact – Conclusion legislative adjustment – confirms the theoretical With regard to the second keyvariable that is considered in the present theoretical lackAlong guidelinesclear absence implementation and of with the of the This chapter brings into analysis the two modes of EU direct influence on 109 CEU eTD Collection ideological dilution.2002) (Delsoldato influence the Europarty’s despite its toincrease in pan-European order parties, governing largest EPF – People’sEuropean Party – thefavors inclusion well-established,of usually the of strategy recruiting the Europe, Eastern and Central of case the to Similar arenas. political EEN the on actors major the as themselves affirmed that parties of case in compliance regardinglowersit ideological the accession down the research, requirement ofthepresent expectation theoretical tothe By contrast requirements. their accession complyundergo changes in to significant with order from region the to parties candidate PES. As a consequence, EPFs couldlimited financial andmembershipofferlargestassistance within the Europarties, EPP and use a weaker conditionalityhypothesized in the dissertation’spolicy to determine theoretical model. This is merely the outcome of a morethe asit was in has candidates, of from been case weaker than CEE EEN the members study of EPP, reveals standards.European that inlinewith domestic changes supports that ones pro-democratic particularly the the directconditional on the strength andis the bargainingbehavior power instrumentalist of oppositiontheir influence politicallegislation, parties,party-related to regard with policies EU exercisedplayers. So,although the ruling elites have a certain degree freedomof in complying with internal veto on largely European number of the depends requirements according to by EPFs engagementshow domestic of inpursuingreforms elites thatpolitical the degreeof on aspiring2005a; Schimmelfennig andSedelmeier 2004, Vachudová 2005)Theresearch results party (Börzel et2001; Jacoby al.2004; member 2003;Cowles states. and Risse non- impact in study domestic on changes to the EU political of approach instrumentalist politicalinencourage EEN forces standards. according reforms toEuropean pursuing to bargainingmore power has Brussels and, asaconsequence, etc.) agreements, integration (visa facilitation,rewards of to European coming preferential trade closer intermediary Concomitantly, provides Union membership perspective). European the ruling full the political agreement cooperation (not elitesamore out with advanced EU EEN parties have been motivated to affiliate to differentaffiliate because of to parties motivated Europarties to EEN havebeen EPFs’ to compliance the of The investigation case the with criteria, accession of argument the theoretical the confirm Lastly, studies case three the 110 CEU eTD Collection democratic principles and European integration. anddemocratic principles European liberal- to commitment their recognize that politicians European of club prestigious joining particularly network, aEuropean party the largest - one EPP, means a joining European than inNeighborhood, members. oldthe EU 2005) ForEEN (Schmitt parties havefederations had a larger in including prestige space, post-communist East the 2002; Pridham 1999,2001) (Delsoldatoparty European the study the Also, that discloses countries. CEE of case in the as return, in achieve could they legitimacy international and politico-intellectualthe butmostly and support, politico-material because of domesticthe 111 CEU eTD Collection by European integration process. The empirical analysis is based on primary such is integration The empirical based on primary by process. analysis as data European and party systems byinvestigatingchallenges their reaction to and opportunities offered to ‘come less or constrained) (more Europe.’ to closer format the dependingandfreedom mechanics of party on their systems, EEN degreeof limitedimpact on Europeanintegration can have candidate states, member case the of or to dimension.contrast By theEuropean along as aswell on party attitudes, competition change impactbased onits of European on identity or party an indirect establishment the haveintergovernmental only eithervia orvia to channels Euro-parties theEU determine making involvedin parties not EUpolicy EEN are that fact the that 3Iconsider chapter forrequirements joining EPFs). As it in argued was review literature the andinthe and to 3(legislativeincompliance mentionedone adjustment party direct chapter integration on party and party system levels is tobemoreanticipated probable thanthe because of the fragility of party systems in the region. (Henderson 2005; Lewis 2005b) impact integration of European the is believed tobe instronger post-communistthe space 2007; Henderson 2005;Lewis 2005b;Schimmelfennig and Sedelmeier 2005b) The integrationwithin theof process since earlyEuropean (Bielasiak 2006; the 1990s. Enyedi and (Lewis andtransformations party 2006a, 1) political actors have systems developed was “a Europeanization candidates caseof CEE the light” guiding for post-communist party tobe“the that hadproved systems change”impervious to most In 28). 2000, (Mair and national politics on impactparty of minimal direct Europe a hadbeen was that there Central and Easterndomestic Europe. transformation In the case of the oldof partiesEUIntroduction members and the party major systemsassumption both in the case of Western and Chapter 5.The Indirect Influence ofEuropean Integration on Parties The aim of the present chapter is to analyze the indirect EUinfluence on parties In the case of East European Neighborhood, the indirect influence of European for matters in Europe how interest studying been scholarly There has a growing and Party Systems in EEN CEU eTD Collection Ukraine, Moldova,and Georgia economics with cultural traditionalism, and of the “EU of and traditionalism, cultural with economics magnet” pole, other at the “communistthe latter of case existence the the magnet,” wing Left the which combines However,in states. andin in CEE members the EU old the both stance party European political parties. of concerns of short-term asaresult change to lessbe exposed to areexpected Europe towards attitudes party stanceand its European of major determinant the to considered bounded rationality.(Marks andWilson identity 434)Therefore,is party 2000, “historically existing the orientations,” rooted of behave limits inthe force them to which partiesis areorganizations andmakeassimilate that useof thatissues new through the explains that factor parties’ integration. Themajor European argument towards attitudes Benoitand and (2006), Laver Rohrschneider and Whitefield (2004) ideology is themajor Marks and(2002), Wilsonal.Marks et(2002), Tsebelis (2000), (2000), Garrett and behavior:ideology and strategy. some such According authors, andMudde to asKopecky guide party key that factors ontwo it primarily depends that conclusion the brings to Europe towards stance of party discussion the case, first the In arguments. scholarly the case of Western and Central andTheoretical debate East European democraciesempirical findings. has raised twomechanics of majorthe party system. The conclusion summarizes the major theoretical and formatand the on integration the process European of influence the of investigation the examines the location of Euroskepticism and stances policy with other attitudes European party of interaction of analysis the within EEN politicalEuropean systems. party of development the and It emergence movesthe stances following by systems thenparty and parties toon and of European integration of impact European investigates dynamic the also summer research 2007.The issue within in spring- the interviews leaders andconducted party manifestos EEN EENparty analysis of political spaces. It starts with the 47 Manifesto Research (MRG)dataset Group and expertsurveys, 2003-2004 Benoit/Laverexpert survey onUkraine and Moldova 2006 and Timu Vachudova and (2006)argue ideology Hooghe that is of thestrongestpredictor in systems party and parties for matters integration European how of analysis The 47 as well aswell author as the ú expert survey on 113 CEU eTD Collection a more careful investigation of the potential indirect influence of European integration influence of indirect European potential the of investigation a more careful 2002; Wallisunits of between thetwo 2003)Therefore, distinction allowsfor the analysis and Torcallinear one.(Mainwaring andSvåsand beas a 2006; Randall described cannot systems party andof parties of consolidation the between argue relationship the that that of the evolutiondistinguishbetween units two the of analysis:system party forand party investigation the of post-communist politicalTheoretical model transformations. Europhile strong stances. moderate or I agree with Europe, adopting the towards in areconstrained attitudes their forces political governing scholars the while parties, mainstream the from themselves distinguishing of aim primary parties tobeare expected more inclinedin aEuroskepticadopting position, often with the 2002a) play importantrolean its for strategic behavior. extreme So, and opposition 1998; Taggart its government/opposition andas (Sitter as well relation Szczerbiak2004a) party this in (Mair spectrum position (margin-center), context, apolitical 2000; Taggart In support. electoral thatwouldbring a greater of them competitions issues/dimensions from newly emerging opportunities in a party forsystem, example, byfocusing on new moreflexible strategic policy positioning and behavior, can when benefit actors political Westernconsolidated offers its in turn, parties European democracies. This, political not constrain party behavior and reaction to newthe emergingissues as in the Zielinski 2002). Asideologicalwell-formed party aresult, arenot andthey profiles do political behavior(Bielasiak 2001,2004;Mainwaring1998; Mair1997c; areabsent social cleavages in which parties becould and deeply which rooted could determine their rapid changesinallspheres inthe the societies,of somepost-communist well-defined transformations in the post-communistneighborhood. Because of the fundamental and integrationsystem influence party and party determining of on European the parties Euroskeptic beingwithin concentrated with Left-TAN the quadrant. Right-GAL, to Left-TAN from competition political of axis a single on alignment party determined liberalism, cultural and by market characterized As discussed in the conceptualization section from the chapter 3 it is important to is important 3it from chapter section the in conceptualization the As discussed Yet, importance anothergroupof of in the party studies highlight strategy 114 CEU eTD Collection Scholtbach136) 2006, political life and determines and the preservationpublic in role of active cultural an plays conservatismChurch Orthodox andwhere traditionalism. case, Georgian in (Nodia true and particularly is This played by definingOrthodoxin the and Church preserving traditional family values moral and principles. role special the on consensus political and public broad the of because partly view, liberal a too in engage not do they parties), Left of extreme exception the (with rights and freedoms ofindividual principles liberal challenge openly not do countries three the in parties relevant of the most Although issues. support, whichalso proves the low salience at public and political levels of post-modern and new politics 48 competition othersame dimensions shapedthe have non-economic two Left-Right time 2006). 2006;Szczerbiak (Ramonaite andEastern Europe Central democracies or established Western the to compared Union, as Soviet former in politicization of degree asignificant experience didnot divide libertarian versus authoritarian one. in later the andrights freedoms Yet,individual itswith regarding position the and case former economy in the market the with stance European party of relationship the economic(Kitschelt1992, 1995) Left-Right political inmost of competition majorpost-communist countries. structure axisthat be the is to economy considered reforms, andmarket democratic regarding party stances and 1996; (Cotta communiststates. Whitehead by 2001)Thedimension, systemic represented non-economic,factorsshape political the of that influence) post- (external the arenas exogenous and 1996;Rivera1996),and democracy endogenous transition typethe towards (Cotta of orpolitical based onlegaciesdivides of (Comisso pastthe 1997; Geddes 1997; 1992), Jowitt cultural political advances literature several organizations. The post-communistimportant the major dimensionsdimension of political competition,in shaping the European stance of the EEN stances. determineEuropean that party I examinefactors important most the examining at myself limit I relation. party-public power, party the issue in life,party intra-party such andtheshifts on European disputes intra-the the as examined narrowly,looking without at party organizational aspects of changes and other of For thepurpose this study, integration party level impactof is at the European party Europe attitudes towards and the role played bytheEuropean issue inparty politics. transformations. domestic political on process While in all three EEN countries there are Green parties, they do not manage to gain significant electoral significant gain to manage not do they parties, Green are there countries EEN three all in While First, I examine the role of party ideological profile, particularly party position on position party particularly profile, ideological of examineparty role I the First, At Following scholarly approach ideologicalof disentangling party based on profile party level the impact of European integration is operationalized by looking at by is operationalized integration impact of European the 48 Atthe 115 CEU eTD Collection Moldova.(C 49 andCommunist before rule. present Russiandomination the territories republics,most post-Sovietthe ofexperience lackedwhich previous nation/state in the to Central and East European countries, the former conflict line was particularly salientin 2006) 1997a, 1997b; Jungerstam-Mulders As compared Parrott and andFSU. (Dawisha in both yearsCEE inof transition first democratic the competition political dominated andbuilding anticommunist divides within space.Nation/state the post-communist several several major dimensions shapethat party identity within politicalEEN spaces: issuefocus on European the with the ideological and profile party relationship between within the EEN politicaldomination. as anarenas, alternative to close relations integration to European perceive forces, Russia liberal-democratic the from particularly region, the the and CISparties the andof Most a wayin Georgia). dissertationof conflicts gettingSouth-Osetian and ridAbkhaz Moldova, in of Russianconflict space (e.g.Transnistrian post-Soviet conflicts in the separatist of Russiansupport the focuses of minoritiesRussian and Russian-speaking Ukraine population (e.g. andMoldova) and on the presence the through specifically process, transition rule significantly the hasinfluenced investigationin the region that influence Russian of parties. The strong EEN post-Soviet started stance of European influences the the from the Tsarist Empire and competition. continued Right during theparties Communist in Ukraine non-reformedand Moldova make thiscompetition, issue of axis Communistideological one the in defining divide of anti-communist the the by both played role major central in the dimensions partiesFSU and CEE, of Left- isacross conditional the on region.the presence So,and strength the existence of of this type of In the case of the three examined countries this is particularly relevant for Ukraine (Prizel 1997) and 1997) (Prizel Ukraine for relevant isparticularly this countries examined three ofthe case Inthe · · nationalism, and communist issue communist and nationalism, non-economic or cultural dimensions, such as individual issue freedomseconomy market as and rights, operationalized dimension, Left-Right economic conflicts political major the of analysis presented-above the summarizing So, that factor key the Finally,exogenous Russia/CISrepresent towards attitudes ăUăXú 2002; Timu ú 2004) 49 I argue that the 116 CEU eTD Collection present work. 51 present work. 50 parties, Communist non-reformed particularly center, political of Leftthe on the Parties parties. of profiles European the and hand, one the on economy, market and principles of democratic between find promotion expectthe to I issue. acorrelation Yet, European the subsume not does dimension Left-Right the consequently, and, stance European party of major not represent the predictor identities ideology does establishedparty lackwell of the of because that is expectation theoretical first the level, party At times. Communist of the parties in the region do notpossess a political experience during the pre-Soviet and divisions that could be rendered by parties intopolitical identities. At the same time, most socio-historical lackedwell-defined states post-Soviet emerged The newly research. Theoretical expectations survey on Ukraine andMoldova with 2006 Timu followedexamined bythecountries, examination of Benoit/Laver expert 2003-2004 prevailing modes of party competition and brought new formulas of formation.coalition impacts. those of andthenature formation coalition issueinteraction and influences European the party the and parties, following two major features of a party system: the 2002a) (Sitter integration. European towards attitudes of party major predictors as the relation 2000; Taggart1998; Taggart its government/opposition andand 2004a) Szczerbiak explanation of considering party position within a party system (center-extreme) (Mair their European stance. their European establish change decideto identities based on examine theinstanceswhen theiror parties Mode 3 of EU influence on party and party system transformation from the table 1, chapter 2 ofthe chapter 1, table the from transformation system party and party on influence of EU 3 Mode 2 ofthe chapter 1, table the from transformation system party and party on influence of EU 4 Mode · Concomitantly, the thesis examines the relevance of the alternative scholarly alternative the of relevance the examines thesis the Concomitantly, process. Europeanintegration to alternatives might Russia/CIS, which represent towards exogenous issues,suchasattitudes The empirical research will start with the analysis of MRG dataset on the three At party level system 51 Above all, I examine whether the European question has changed the changed has question European the whether examine I all, Above mechanics 50 With regard to the to regard With . Several major theoretical expectations guide the present , or the interaction between the parties. In the former case I former case In the parties. between the theinteraction , or , the operationalization of the impact of Europe is made of impactthe Europe of operationalization , the mechanics ú survey dataset. of a party system, I explore how explore I system, aparty of format , the number of relevant of number , the 117 CEU eTD Collection influence the degree of fragmentation fragmentation the thus and of degree the influence findings then the conclusion is that theempirical process the by of Europeanis confirmed integrationhypothesis above does mentioned not the If parties. European they will not be able to mobilize a significant number of voters belonging to other pro- as inidentity their their Europeaness would ground new parties a lowthat occurrence of agreement of partiesfind relevant majority Europeanintegration the of on the I expect to if for Moreover, abroad intention oragainstmobilizing exists EU. support the of there not likely is issue European the competition on political polarization of the that states hypothesis to occur andrestoration EEN parties of the Soviet issueson intoother (e.g.promotingCIS spacealternative integration oreven the Union) will competing by without themselves differentiate can beintegration opposing European the support less not do that directly inclined the EU. As fora result, EENto does theemerge firstnot constrain membership the perspective lacka clearEU candidates, of topost-communistBy contrast with parties the in explicitparty adoptingsystem level, with the focus on the format and the mechanics of EEN party systems. a clear pro- or anti-EU position. identity changes. Parties party and politics in changes stanceEuropean party donotinduceparty significant on influence aweaker has issue European is that case in this finding empirical expected opportunities they integrationperceive the European mightprocess bring them. The emerging the to issue according European to the andreact behavior a strategic adopt newreacting including to issues,one. European the Asaconsequence, parties tendto in a morebehavior adopt flexible to parties EEN allow ademocraticsociety towards integration.European Weakideological profiles and period the short of time of transition of aresult as and transformation of reaction party ismajor predictor the strategy Agrarian, ethnic or extreme nationalist parties) will tend tohave a Euroskeptic position. Soviet system, as industrial and(Curry society and restoration the Urban 2003, 254) of promoting the well as the ‘losers’‘retrofitting’ the orthodox Soviet analysisof of capitalismtransitional to accommodate Western post- reforms (Tucker et al. 2002) (e.g. Two major theoretical expectations are examined with regard to EU influence at regardto with areexamined expectations majorTwo theoretical Building on reasoning, abovetheoretical hypothesisisthe second the that format of EEN party systems. 118 CEU eTD Collection blocs (e.g. Shevardnadze’s (e.g. blocs party belongs governing tothe toEC+ dedicated references of programmatic percentage highest the is that observation important Another pro-European. are parties relevant 6 and SSAK(All-Georgian Revival positivelyUnion) score on EC+, andin 2004 -4outof Shevardnadze’s (Citizen’s SMK parliament: in the votes of Union) majority the gained parties that in two of 6parties, 1999-the inin1995 -2out EC their electoral programs, elections of in1992,1/3(4out parties13) of relevant makespecific positive to reference first case,duringparliamentary of competition country. In Georgian a certain the in domestic discourse the European the of salience the programs and, consequently, issue party electoral for European the importance shows the of European Community), countries. inthe systems politicstwo influenceon party the for evidence andEurope party of Georgia since firstparliamentary the inelections 1990’sfollowing provides the empirical dataset.MRG Empirical Findings from party level executive. the chancesof increase the entering which would parties, by mainstream the partner coalition asapotential regarded being possibility of a pro-European andby be position moderate position. adopt determined This would the bemore tend to governmentthe form and/or power ruling the toobtain parties aiming political influencesparties attitudes the towardsEurope.The majoris argument that for available and is contextual situation expectation opportunities the challenges of that adopt Euroskepticism.– Concerning party inclined to second relation the government orstronglymoderate stance, andpro-European extreme andopposition – parties more position apoliticalwithin system, mainstream with and governing adopting parties is is first the hypothesis strategicSzczerbiak byits behavior constrained party 2004a) that from cases the membersof EU old andCEE(Mair Taggart 1998; and 2000; arguments thescholarly Following building. coalition and interaction party determine asintervening relation spacethat variables political andits government/opposition With regard to the to regard With Firstly, the analysis of party scores on category 108, EC+ (positive references to The preliminary analysis of MRG dataset on Ukraine, Moldova, and Citizen’s Union mechanics of a party system I consider party position in a in 1999, or National Movement-Democrats 119 in CEU eTD Collection 52 within the two political spaces. EUborders, proximity which to determineperception different the issueof European the asthegeographic aswell issues, national and cultural suchasthe factors, contextual electoral competition.programs, the salience of is European the indiscourse higher Georgia, in than Ukrainian The clarificationparty according in thatUkraine(maximum Therefore, to of 1,04). toEC+) dedicated of in of 8,89 references case(maximum Georgian inprograms electoral this theirparties empirical for morebe important to issueappears European the that is evidence to observe Georgia, one is to be Comparing theissue saliency European the of party for programsfound inUkraine and in the EC, while in2002,1/2of in areparties pro-European their electoral programs. to makeof reference positive out10) (4 inparties 2/5 of positively 1998 8) score EC, on rhetoric. haveSoviet which Bloc, anostalgic "Patria-Rodina" and "Ravnopravie" Movement Social-Political wing Republican parties: Left two the are EC to reference no made that parties only The dimension. Community European on (15.25%) highest score the to Europe, appeared to all at explicitreference surprisingly parliamentary its since first enough, which PCRM, madeno elections wing margin merelythoseapproaching parties, theof Leftsystem.2005, party In andEU, four thatmake remainingreference nothe toEuropean Left Community are all In 2001elections sixoutof ten relevantparties positively score towardson their attitudes Moldova (PCRM) Socialists positivelyEuropean and refer Community. Party to (PSM), Community,in 1998 – all the relevant parties, with the exception of Communists Party of only – one European makes to references explicit and Bloc, Peasants Intellectuals position of a party its Europeanstanceand analysis a deeper isneeded. between investigatein aclearer to party/government relationship However, order 2004). theory that argues that argues that parties do not compete by adopting opposite positions compete byadopting opposite partiesargues argues donot theory that that that for salience beregardedasan evidence countries. inboth This can electoral programs negativenosurprisingly European makes Union intheir party references to enough, that The category represents the sum of the negative references to EU and European integration. European and toEU references negative of the sum the represents category The Secondly,110 examining (EC-), MRG dataset of category of parties (4out 1/2of elections, first parliamentary 1994 in late the In Ukraine, In in Moldova, 1994elections, of four out relevantpartiesblocs, and electoral 52 the conclusion is, conclusion the 120 CEU eTD Collection Euroskepticism in the two examined post-Soviet party Euroskepticism party appears examinedsystems. inthe the that post-Soviet It two orientation of a party in the two countries. It also provides information on the location of The shows interestingjoining an ideologicalgraph EU between relationship position and party on EU joiningattitudes andtheirideological orientation in Ukraine andMoldova. integration European of influence the regarding on MRGdataset of the overcome drawbacks the EEN parties and party systems. Figure 1 reflects the interconnection of parties. nationalist Expert survey data Expert survey to party other ideological identities. understanding lackof the EUin reference to programsitsparty anddrawingrelationship beseems to confirmed.orientation European andits ideological profile between party connection tothe with regard expectation theoretical the circumstances, these In economy. aplaned on based system socialist an alternative promotion of and liberalization market and democratization for lacksupport of to their canberelated Europe to lackof the references So, changes. “losersthem are of transition,”(Tuckeral. liberal-democratic which et 2002) oppose peasants’ are agrarian or inlack mention of programs any EU electoral their parties restoration of theMoldova), which promote socialistan alternative to democracy form of government - the system, SSP or Socialist Party in Georgia; Patria-Rodina, PCRM (until 2005), and Ravnopraviein and even ofparteis (e.g.KPU,SPU(until in 2002 elections) Ukraine; SMSP Socialist Workers'the Party USSR. Other Left and radical Leftist are parties of these most that ECshows the to any reference groups of parties that Novas in Georgia. in Novas and SEDP National Independence Party, SRKET Reformers' Union - National Accord, AMA New Rights- 55 Moldova. of Party Democratic-Agrarian Union; Farmers' All-Georgian SSFK 54 53 ‘themes.’ different highlighting by but KUN Congress of Nationalists, UKRP Conservative Republican Party, NF National Front in Ukraine, and Ukraine in Party Party-Peasant Socialist BSP-SP Party, Peasant SelPU and Party APUAgrarian remark. this for Enyedi Zsolt Ithank However, a deeper analysis of adeeperanalysisHowever, of parties’ forstances isneeded European 55 . The analysis of Benoit/Laver and Timu A closer look at these political organizations reveals that most of TABLE 3a-3c NEAR HERE 53 A qualitative analysis of parties thatmake donot ú expert surveys helps to 54 and 121 CEU eTD Collection on itson attitudes towards EU and Europeanintegration. The analysis of country graphs issue, figure 3 confirms the statementlinearWhile isno there betweenideological relationship and dimension the theEuropean that the more Leftist profile andideological orientation. itspattern of between party European connection a party is the lower it scores Ukraine leaded revolution’s theOrange parties that coalition: Yushchenko’s pro-European two Europhile arethe most are the that Parties wing parties. Right areall these that shows a pro-European stance adopt that parties of analysis stance.The party European their closenessVitrenko's bloc party that NV.Thisshows inpositioning apolitical space, specifically to the LeftEurope are the two Left extremist parties: Communist Party ideological of Ukraine KPU, and Natalia to their support on lowest are the that Parties International. in Socialist party consultative pole, represents being being with close European a party,Socialists and contacts its this of the aproof an whichimportant evolved sincefactorpromoting, its politicalin definingsurvey more activities is placed or inless, the in exception Center ZMWomenthe of for the union,Future which according presentthe to expert the ofthe earlythe Left-Right Soviet-times1990’s the with wing parties, are Left integration onEuropean negatively score that parties the ideological to a reformeddivide. socialist2003-2004, which means they can bedefined asEuroskeptic .Acloselookshows all that All these Left parties wing are ideas, with unification of Moldova with Russia-Belarus Union. the exceptionproposed the in2001on a platform that running party, reformedCommunist doctrinarian of SPU, 10 points even ifat moment survey was it(10.17), the stillanon- the conducted was morea bitscores party than Communist in EUjoining Eventhe negatively Moldova. on scores that party political relevant is no there survey results, expert to According vice versa following statement is true: the more Leftist a party is, the more Euroskeptic it is, and 2006 Timu In Ukrainian case there arefour parties score under that 10on EU joiningin bloc andJulia Timoshenko’s bloc BYuT. , the more Right wing a party is, the stronger its pro-European itsstance. pro-European is, stronger the wing aparty Right more , the ú expert survey on andsurvey Moldova, confirms Georgia, Ukraine, this expert on FIGURE 1,1a, and 1b NEAR HERE Our 122 CEU eTD Collection traditional/authoritarian – modern/libertarian divide (non-economic Left-Right position on market economy (economic Left-Right dimension) and its and stance between European party with relationship the examining proceeds research conflict thatis worth examining the relationship of the European issue with the majorlines of havepolitical defined EENEurophile ones. (Kopecký and Mudde2002; Marks etal. 2005) political(Marks etal. 2005;TaggartandSzczerbiak 2004a)andliberal be theparties mosttend to spaces context socio-politic duethe specific Leftist parties with after correlates Euroskepticism that argue that CEE on integration the European of impact the on working scholars of collapsethose ofRussian minority.the In this respect, theUSSR. empirical findings of presentsystem researchThe are similar to parties by anti- at ideological represented extreme, Leftthe situated unipolar phenomenon, withEuroskeptic its political is.discourse surveysreveal expert The is Euroskepticismthat a a nostalgicstates) does not absorb the European issue. However, the more Leftist aparty is, the more Soviet rhetoricEuroskepticism. indicator of andparty orientation,determiningEuropean a good party representing thosein variable important extreme)is an Left the to proximity their (particularly spectrum that base their support on interests of Russian minorities. of Russian interests the represent and values socialist promote that space political Moldovan of forces system which were defined by country experts as Center-Left,found their political death after theRose Revolution. 56 elections. parliamentary afterideological 2004 segment theLeftparty only the represents relevant that is SLP case, in InGeorgian Ukraine. KPUNV-NO and in Moldova, andPatria-Rodina shows thatthemost Euroskeptic parties areLabour Party inSLP RavnopravieGeorgia, Shevardnadze’s bloc For aNew Georgia BAS and Abashidze’s Union of Democratic Revival DAK, The cross-country comparison also reveals that party placement in a political Because broad ideological profiles of itwell-defined political not of are EEN ideological Because broad parties profiles Wrapping broad up,the Left-Right dimension the form (in itexistsin that these 56 Ravnopravie and Patria-Rodina are the two extremist anti- FIGURE 3,3a, 3b, and 3c NEAR HERE 123 CEU eTD Collection 57 nationalism extremes: two between consciousness Benoit andLaver examine tohistory, party approaches and culture national results. different present surveys expert two The integration. European and nationalism to investigate also otherpolicy andpositions political the activity of parties.these relationship between the two examined lines of conflict and the European issue one needs cases a different understand present two why these to Regions inUkraine. In order of Party and Moldova in PCRM the are trend general the from significantly diverge that cases the that shows graphs country the of each of examination The is. it European of modern/libertarian and policieseconomy regardingmarket favoring individual is party a freedomsmore the that and rights,shows It the more divide. pro- modern/libertarian 1999; al.Marks et 2005;Tsebelis and Garrett2000) issue.andMarks (Hooghe with the European axis Left-Right between economic the isitHooghe 2006)but contradicting scholarly the argumentabout relationship the Vachudováand (Marks etal. countries 2005; CEE candidate from post-Sovietthe position market anditson economy European stance. Thisfindingis that analogous to between party a significant correlation existence integrationshowsthe of and European stance. party European more accurate explain they should integration,isEuropean as which that implies basedonliberal-democraticprinciples, EU ideologicalposition issueson these as toother compared policy domains thatshape broad their profiles.transformation in post-communist systemic of dimensions space core the and represent parties divides arepolitical two expected These Concomitantly, to dimension). have a better defined these lines of conflict are the closest related to correlation between such a nationalist dimension and the European issue, and the general European the between correlation dimension such anationalist answers from and Ukraine inMoldova arepresented figure2.Although linearis no there With reference to the majority nationalism. One of the most interesting discoveries is the relationship between country between relationship is the discoveries interesting most the of One A similar relationship exists between traditional/authoritarian versus EU and economy market between relationship the of analysis cross-country The FIGURE 4AND 5NEAR HERE 57 andThe expert cosmopolitanism. 124 CEU eTD Collection 59 author’s expert survey 2006.in 58 different shows cases three eachof the of analysis The integration. EU andEuropean question.European provides information regarding thelink between Russian/pan-Slavic nationalism and the from Moldova in and Ukraine thatparticipated Timu2006 the other extreme ofparties) iscountry not cosmopolitanism. nationalism. Left (particularly most of parties the for nationalism majority the endof other the argue, This point wasBenoit/Laversurvey. expert Firstof all, local from experts as Moldova and Ukraine raised by most of the experts 2006; Lewis andMansfeldová 2006) 2004, Bielasiak Laver 2006,168-169; and .(Benoit nationalist areEuroskeptic ones Western and where Central Europe, cosmopolitan aremoreparties Europhile andthe ‘cosmopolitan.’ from findings the opposes that we havearelationship appears that It as located than parties the more pro-EU are parties isnationalist that trend examining the connection between country nationalism between country examining the connection between dimensionand issue.relationship nationalistic the European from the Apart country nationalism. to political discourses alternative case represent in Moldovan include into both this Romaniandimension nationalist andMoldovan which discourses, to is itpossible survey, expert inthe nationalism country to reference the of because all, cosmopolitanism and Russian/pan-Slavic nationalism versus cosmopolitanism. Second versus of nationalism on country stances party between differentiate to author As defined in previous chapter. previous in defined As I thank MykolaRyabchuk (Ukraine) and Alex Oprunenco (Moldova) forraising this point during Figure 6 depicts the cross-country connection between country and nationalism country between connection cross-country the Figure 6depicts of shortcomings several of result is the finding empirical this However, In this respect, the 2006Timuthe In thisrespect, 58 Usually we find the Russian/pan-Slavic nationalism at nationalism Russian/pan-Slavic the find we Usually FIGURE 6NEAR HERE FIGURE 2NEAR HERE ú survey allows us to examine morethe usto survey allows accurately 59 and the European issue, and European the it also ú survey, which survey,which the determined 125 CEU eTD Collection nationalism innationalism Timu usually handcomes inhand with a pro-European stance. and parties wing Left pro-Russian and anti-system, non-reformed, the from themselves Consequently,isnationalist discourse used byRightwing parties as a way todifferentiate approaching the interests Leftextreme) representing of the minority.Russian anti-establishment, (often parties political relevant of existence the by exemplified politicization issues dealingof historical national with past, identity,and state 2006b),Czech Republic (LinekandMansfeldová2006) orPoland (Markowski 2006)). integration. nationalist European the (seefor example Hungary(Enyedi oppose parties of majority the to similarities CEEshows countries,space where cosmopolitanpolitical parties are alsoGeorgian the most EurophileThus, ones and stances. policy their wing and parties pro-democracy bepro-market to cosmopolitantend and Europhile in on nation and state issues, as well as a lack of relevantminority parties. As a result, Right of parties agreement and broad the politicization of is alow degree casethere Georgian in found In inquestion degreeof nationalistthe the of politicization examined states. the be can The of explanation is in dissimilarity this is,it thereverse true. case Georgian more Europhile the nationalism divide on country higherscores the aparty that itappears patterns of interaction between theissues. two While in the case of Ukraine and Moldova which however does not refer to the country nationalism, but to another type of another typeethnic to of but nationalism, country the refer not to does which however rhetoric, nationalist embrace do They suggest. would survey expert Benoit/Laver as atall, nationalistlacks discourse of parties this group is casethatit not the Thus, 2007)) (seeEstonia (Sikk states. from some Baltic pro-Russian to parties by issue,contrast negatively with European correlate which stances, pro-Russia/CIS andshare nationalism Russian type promote forces that political the arealso these that show Graphs 7aand7b dimension. nationalist country on lowest the score that parties pro-Russian anti-systems is caseittwo Ukrainian (Patria-Rodina NV-NOandKPU,the also Ravnopravie). In and question dimension European on and nationalist lowestcountry on the score parties these that shows results ofMoldovan illustration graphic the minority Russian represent that parties anti-establishment the analysis in the including by First, issues. two the between Because of differentiation between country nationalism and Russian/pan-Slavic and nationalism country between differentiation of Because By contrast, in Ukrainian and Moldovan cases, there is a high degree of ú survey dataset, it is possible to draw a more accurate relationship isitdraw amore accurate to possible survey dataset, 126 CEU eTD Collection 60 discourses. nationalist Romanian consecutively, PPCD, these two parties representing the major promoters of Moldovan and, after party nationalistic most second as the emerges PCRM As aresult, nationalism. tocountry discourses alternative political represent whichinMoldovan case discourses, includepossible to both into thisRomanian dimension and nationalistMoldovan in Ukrainian case, where party position on nationalism issue predicts European the its Europeanwith best stance. correlate nationalism) Russian/pan-Slavic and nationalism nationalism, specifically Russian. Italso appears that the nationalist divides (both country the Left wing Slavicshows that parties that score lowest on nationalism, classifiedparties, as cosmopolitan parties, are which dataset and theEUusing Benoit/Laver dimension nationalist between the connection are also the mostSlavic andRightistparties asLatvian ones. (Ikstens2006,2)The analysis of the Euroskeptic since country’sparty competition ones as being Leftist categorized with parties independence, (PCTVL profoundly issue has divide the structured isfoundEuropean nation/state inLatvia.The minority. Russian dominant the of that particularly nationalisms, of types alternative the of promotion their but survey, Benoit/Laver in dimension the not is it So, nationalist politics. (majority) the of pole other atthe parties places these that stance cosmopolitan nationalist Soviet the of invention an nationalism, Moldovan bya nationalism,PCRM nationalistic of while the PSDM aredominated discourses and Russian/Slavic on based but discourse nationalistic very a have and system socialist Moldova. Natalya VytrenkoIn blocfrom Ukraine and Social-Democratic Party (PSDM)from Ukrainian countries, both from the parties Communists arethe these itappears that on Figure 2, case these parties promote the idea of the restoration of the ForHuman Rights in a United Latvia Second, because of the reference to country nationalism in the expert survey, it is it survey, expert in the nationalism country to reference the of because Second, A similar trend in the nature of the nationalist dimension and its relationship with relationship its and dimension nationalist the of nature in the trend A similar When one is tolook at the Benoit/Laver cases that score the lowest on EU joining FIGURE 7a AND 7b NEAR HERE 60 and 127 CEU eTD Collection good predictor of party European attitudes, there isdegree of correlation alsoa significant there ofparty predictor attitudes, good European alternative foreign policy orientations by EEN political parties. as areperceived membership asCIS aswell Russia, with relations close and integration European fact that the This reflects subjects. two the between correlation negative – spaces political EEN – issue post-Soviet issue of Russia/CIS exogenous a to points chapter. survey.Further explanations of PCRM’s stances policy willbe later inprovided this integration highonEUand considerably 2006 communistduring valuesscores European to commitment ideological its despite which Moldova, of Party Communist the is case supporters the of valuescommunist and ofEuropeanintegration. those An exceptional between a correlation illustrates negative Graph 8 nationalistic divide. in caseof than the themes political two the between ofinteraction pattern amore similar show graphs study by empirical areprovided Timu results following the divide, communist - anti-communist dimension, Left-Right economic LKD and Homeland Union TS score 15.6 and respectively 18.7 on European integration. onEuropean 18.7 respectively and 15.6 score TS Union Homeland and LKD respectively 14 out of 20 on EuropeanIntegration. The most nationalistic Lithuanian Christian Democrats 63 enslavement.”(Ikstens 2006, 5) 62 61 Europhile ones. most the among arealso parties nationalist Rightwing Baltic States, two in theother integration andEuropean nationalism between correlation lack the a positive Despite of TSP The most nationalistic parties Pro Patria “Isam” Patria Pro parties nationalistic most The People’sand and 17 score Estonia RLin Union “aas Union European views the of capitalist that Party structure Communist of the successor The People’s Harmony Party 61 ),(Benoit and Laver 2006, 269) as well as the Socialist Party as wellthe SocialistParty Latvia SPL of andLaver 2006,269) ),(Benoit Summing up,whileposition on systemic a dimension transformation represents another with question European the of interaction the of analysis the Finally, non- other the issuewith European the between relationship the Regarding 63 (Benoitand Laver 2006,258,270) FIGURE 9NEAR HERE FIGURE 8NEAR HERE ú expert survey. Both survey.case country Both cross the and expert 128 62 . CEU eTD Collection which represents “the aspirations of the intellectuals and young generation from Western from generation young and intellectuals “the the of represents aspirations which a“modernits party advanced that declared Serebrian, Oleg leader, aim” programmatic it for bringsthat politicalopted together PSL’s andafederal NGOs, Europe. parties desideratum.” anorganization Federal Movement, with closely European Cooperating “pivot” the Unity represented “whole its the of actions, tothis being subordinated activity which adapted toMoldovan PSL’swas context. European stipulated official thatprogram doctrine in advanced byBlair Western and Schroeder democracies – liberalism,social of small states that find their place within Western civilization.” ina politicalmessage 2001.European perceived as“aUnion was for solution problems Klipii, argued that PSL was the first party to make out of the idea of European integration intelligentsiamostly andyouth,in educated Occident.the Itsgeneral secretary, Igor communist parliamentarythe victory of inPCRM 2001, PSLdeclaringitself a fighteragainst the doctrine vocation.”party of European 2001)Its appearancefollowed (PSL political on the scene and PCRM’s3b. EstablishedMay on 9, 2001,on Europe’s Day, declareditself PSL a “social-liberal is stance placedhighestonits inthefigure Liberal also pro-European PSL, which Party rule andis Social- the first The Europeaness. their on identity based their case) that Moldovan a true liberal-democratic party, based on process on the on process 64 a partysystemFormat of Party system level otherthe end of country the nationalist one finds dimension nationalist Slavic parties. iscombination missing inUkraine Moldova, and resembling becauseat the Latvian case, Euro-enthusiastin Georgia, similar mostto of countries,CEE the cosmopolitan – pro-EU nationalist dimension the between interaction of patterns different issues determine nation/state of politicization and the European and degreeof the nature in the difference the particularly specific factors, context the question.Yet, countries. three the of each within interaction of Whilepatterns different following nationalist partiesdimensions of competition,issues, anticommunist-communist and Russia/CIS although are non-economic the the of two on stance leastparty and orientation European the between Interview with Igor Klipii, general secretary of PSL, Chisinau, May 2007. According to Klipii PSL’s ideological platform was inspired by the new political new the by inspired PSL’s was Klipii to platform According ideological format of a party system reveals the emergence of two parties (both in . The investigation of the impact of European integration The investigation impactof of European the 64 129 CEU eTD Collection http://www.unimedia.md/index.php?mod=home&hmod=newsbyid&id=3748 65 make people“feel withalso but to geographically, notonly regard Europeans themselves party “want thatof those see in Europe to of Moldova,” Republic the words,in to other existing politicalforces in the victory after of declaresPCRM It 2005 elections. itself the from of by youngmost them the defected September intelligentsia, people and 2005 for of mobilizing European integration support is European the was foundedParty. It on Moldova’sPDM would represent “vector Europe.” towards thatnew the hope hisunited expressed leaderSerebrian fusioncongress, ex-PSL the purpose of defeating the communistsin upcoming2009legislativethe elections. During described as the first step towards a potential unification of the ideological center with the merge totheDemocratic it,PDM andto determined whichwas turn Party with PSLto Moldova unite Moldovan Bloc.liberal failureto into The asingle political force parties whenit a partof mandates of was out Democratic elections, three during101 2005 removal of the border between the two Romanian states.” (SLP 2006) platform and whosepolitical for “fullprinciples would call integration European and the orientation stipulated the formation of a party that would follow a liberal socio-economic inactor thisaim.achieving The calladdressedbyPSLtoall following liberal the parties see a united force liberal within Moldovan political spectrum and PSLas perceived a key in liberals,party whom werewilling with European Moldova. PSL closely to cooperated, strong enough ineven backingthe of initiativethe of establishmentthe of a single Liberal The level influence was issue. European party Yet, soleimportant the than aim European been PCRMhavemore to a alternative viable political of a party establishment and the of creation a ‘true’ the that appears It its live. political of been quintessence the liberal received support from liberal German Friedrich the foundation Neumann. (2001) Animportant role in PSL’s hasplayed activity thefinancial and informational Europe” – of regions. Europe principle of the following federalization Europe of the Serebrean’s speech during the fusion congress, available at Serebrean’savailable congress, fusion the during speech The second Moldovan party that emerged with the explicit and primary intention primary and explicit the with emerged that party Moldovan second The However, PSL did not manage to gather a significant electoral support, getting The history PSL activityof thatEuropeanintegrationproved hadquestion not 65 , accessedJuly on 17, 2008. 130 CEU eTD Collection organization. political foreign or Moldovan any from backing or inspiration its have not did 68 67 November20, 2005. 66 ofthe two failure astothe as well andGeorgia, integration inUkraine European foremerged intention oragainst with explicitthe and primary gaining support of stance. European political actors find it difficult case,such asinMoldovan integration objective, parties European relevant agreeon the to emerge and gain electoral success on the basis of message. integration basis its on the European of from parties established the voters their European the question Moldovan managewithin spectrum,didnotattract political PE to appealingfor the voters. This, Iargue, is a proof of the fact that because of the valence of Thus, PE’s strategy groundingof party identity in ‘Europeanism’ not prove did to be from relevantother parties anditsshows insignificantsupport among public. Moldovan elections was around 0.2 percent, which proves that PEhas notbeen able attract to voters starts at our home.” European localstandards. Duringwith elections PEcompeted 2007 the “Europeslogan conditions” for have Moldovan people to“decent” a way ofliving, tallying with the major aim achieve this the desideratum PE’sof of “adequate is establishment activity the to andintegration. In fororder EU opting NATO thus countries, developed European the for PCRM’svoted leaderVoronin as theheadof statein the 2005. ititself when PSL discredited that considering while governing, communist the opposes elite,” new political former inthe have origins notits does which itself a social-liberal party of ‘European vocation.’ Yet, it argues that its aim is buildto “a share.” they values and living of way their Ibidem. Interview with Viorel Ghimpu, leader of European Party PE, Chisinau, May 2007. at available 2005, 6, October Ghimpu’s Garda de Ziarul for So, the empirical evidence points to the lack of relevant political parties that parties political lack ofrelevant tothe points evidence empirical So, the the of most when issue, valence a represents question European when Thus, far, PE managedSo electoral achieve the support that to duringlocal 2007 near of Moldova sees thefuture that PEasaparty presents program The official PSL’s repeats viewof PEsomehow ideological point From declaring by project 67 66 The party Theparty leader, V.Ghimpu, stated PE that http://garda.com.md/55/interviu/ 68 nomenklatura ,accessed and 131 CEU eTD Collection Mechanics of a partysystem Mechanics of number of parties and, thus, in the degree of party system fragmentation. increase inthe determinenot an does asitsystems, format influenceof not the party of their ‘Europeanism.’ As a result, Iconclude that the European integrationbasis on the contestants processpolitical successful become does to parties Moldovan examined-above dimension of political competition. political of dimension issue notrepresentinpolitical does a politicized forces Georgia the and European relevant the among exists orientation pro-European on consensus broad a that factors isitspeculate thatbecauseof these to this areason isalso inbeing Yet, opposition. governing partiespositionednear the two ideological– extremes and SMGbecause of the discontinuity and of the S-NMare that parties lack the of isbecause hand. of other relevant the This on stance, – before andpolitical spaceandgovernment/opposition ontheonehand,relation, andparty European after Rose revolution, inbetween allow a investigation positioning not party does relationship an the for of none of them determine alsoachangeattitudes in party’sother identities. influences aparty’sparty’s in change the whether stanceand European European examiningpaid to if howfrom the shiftand to opposition government vice-versa and is attention Aparticular actors. political among interaction and behavior party strategic governmentrelationship importantintervening constitute variables in the of analysis in spacesection)in party the and previous party- (discussed apolitical positioning adoptnew and astrategicbehavior. themto opportunities In this determines respect, existing issue ideological identities or European the is perceived by as parties offering by integration European their towards in attitudes their are constrained whether parties issueEuropean onEENparty systems the proceedswith work investigation the of influence of regarding the theoretical the expectations Following research. present issue incoalition formation and in competition represents party a major point of the dimensions of competition. Also,theinvestigation of played role the by European the existing the itto articulate andhowthey parties by different competition political the issueemerged a for firstintois the the how European time, message as brought political issue European see when the to necessary is it in EEN interaction on party process Party-government relationshipParty-government the European and stance . In order to investigate the influence of European integration the influence toinvestigate European of In order . Georgian party system 132 CEU eTD Collection 70 2002. 69 for facilitation visa EUon the dealwith negotiated it who was Yanukovich fact that Timu integration 2006 on during EU andEuropean score deflectnot didfrom course of European isthe his This alsoconfirmedby country. PR’s integration European major hismoretowards rivals, Yanukovich political reluctant than Although level. international at also but scene, politics internal the on only not people leader as in Yanukovich, hisminister, primethe posture hadrepresent to Ukrainian 2005 andmadeits PR 2006towardsEuropeanintegration, revise its discourse political as of the country. The change of party position from opposition to governmentin autumn orientation European the against stance, pro-Russian onaclear legislative elections 2006 Regions, of Party Kuchma-backed campaign pro-European on orientation a strong strong anti-Russian and attitudes, CIS. However, since in2004theOrange revolution coalition presidential the run hand the pro-Russian orientation andthestrengthening with of cooperation thewithin Kuchma’s of So, the European attitudes voters. of European in hand went power of party and attractingsupport electorate, of the support Russian-oriented keeping established the (Kuzioit an adopted 2003)Therefore, electoral behavior couldit that benefit best:the expressed in for the slogan 2004presidential “Toused elections: with Europe Russia.” Kuchma’s party was a simultaneouspointing atRussian orientation,and European best of andpro-Westernpro-Russian orientation.As by a result, behavior the adopted from is of point strongly however,view, between supporters the a geographical divided, governingcharacterizedbeing itselfafford as pro-Russian, a could not feeling.As a Euroskeptic party,Europe.’ to itThe so-called ‘party had power’ of underKuchma though administration, tomajor goal hisof in politics 1998, when he alsomentioned his country’srepresent need to‘return also the interests of the whole country, which, minorities and regional governments, the creation of of minorities creation Euro-regions. the andregional governments, regarding most particularly ofEUobjectives, party areinlinewith argued that policies NATO position,a clearanti-While adopting issue. on European of the 10 amarkof 4,15 out was given PR did not declare itself against European integration. By contrast, it Interview with Ivan Popescu, MP,Party of Regions, Kiev, July 2007. PR was one of the major parties that formed pro-Kuchma electoral bloc Fora United Ukraine ZYU in In Ukraine, the former president Kuchma declared European integration a integration as European Kuchma declared president former In the Ukraine, 69 whichfound itselffor in campaigned opposition, ú expert survey, when survey, party the when expert 70 It also stressed the stressed also It 133 CEU eTD Collection 71 campcoalition Orange pro-European the into it inbrought that leader its of 2004,particularly and SPU as a of behaviour itstrategic was the can that one argue clearly By contrast, forces. political result of has played roleidentity its animportant interaction defining party for with or other which Moroz integration issue say European (Rakhmanin and Mostovaya2002)Neitherthat canone became can voters. say wing Left European-type itsbe to the cannot one supporters related that the However, dimension (5,20). of European centerthe inthe is it situated dimension, while speaker Socialist of International.2006 Timu In Ukrainian in party of a consultative its status and Socialists European with the contacts close is its Rada.move from the Left pole towards the centremanaged re-gain to post the of speaker of Ukrainian Anotherparliament. proof ofof SPU’s political spectrum through its reformationleader its elections 2006 After the partners. coalition revolution European Orange policy SPU2005) dimension. Update. (Ukraine SPU becameMoreover, oneof pro- the foreign in a pro-European brought forelections SPU embraced 1998parliamentary that “re-capitalizationit the is yearthat against same of Ukraine.” strategy newpolitical The fallthe of its 1994, despite declaration presidential during the incampaign earlier the market Kuchma faction economy in package of SPU reforms parliament. supported also Ukrainian of becameleader speaker Moroz, the of Congress,SPU, Oleksandr the after ‘Sovietcard’ 1994Party October during the modernarrangement a socialist to strategy orthodox communist electorate in favor of KPU was also determined by the shiftfrom the lost1993, SPU its monopoly of Left-sidethe political spectrum. Theloss of a partitsof in Party Socialist Progressive the of creation the and inUkraine Party Communist the of after socialism thereturn announced through theconstruction popular democracy.of Yet, “heir ititself from political 1992 declared the program Lenin’s of Communist Party” and Establisheditself in of 1991 asasuccessor rulingthe Communistin Party itsof Ukraine, inchange of position a political relationship. change the space and in party-government Ukraine’s interests we are looking for what interests us in our foreign cooperation.” “neitherpro-European, pro-Ukrainian on nor weare pro-Russian, and depending legislature, PRis stated, As MP in2006-2007 a Ukrainian party citizens. Popescu, Ibidem. SPU represents another case of the shift of European attitudes resulting from from the resulting attitudes European shift caseof of the another SPU represents ú survey on 2,90 ideological on SPU scores survey on 71 134 CEU eTD Collection 72 highestthe onEC+of MRG dataset– 15.25%, in 2005 elections). from radical shift toastrong Euroskeptic a strong position pro-European (PCRM scores As a result,left without no choice but ‘turning totheWest,’ the Communist party made a leda lost15, 2003 toofCommunistleadership’s from support Russia. (Budeanu2003) on Kozak memorandum,proposed of solvingNovember conflict, the Transnistrian the sign project Russian the to Vladimir Voronin state head of leaderthe andthe Communist massiveresult of opposition At same the and protests. refusal public time,the of the its major implement as Yet, attempts in the failed objectives a 2001. to once government, its until opposition periods, during politics majorthe Moldavian the of Euroskeptic party been had 2002)It international (Munteanu arena. on the affirmation and modernization language, wasseenRussian Sovietthe period, asan duringofficial of asatool myth of Soviet times and speaking of a re-making of the Soviet Union. The declaration of in using PCRMhaswonaspecific “Golden1993, the establishment the electorate Age” its ideology. Since Communist the of continuation andthe political experience its ideological party, dueto in also oriented establishment 1993,PCRMwasthe strongest European in illustrated stance isalso caseby itsMoldovan Party. Communists the Since priorities and it still preserves the slogan “Let us build Europe in Ukraine.” integration its as and European of democratic standards European implementation of since inEurope political extra-parliamentary Its still opposition. program declares the parliamentary inspeaker summerthe of 2006. SPU has changed not its attitudes towards of mandate much-wanted the result a obtain as to and parties Orange coalition determined form theparty ‘anti-crisis’to an coalition with PR andKPUthe against duringdiscourse its campaign. elections SPU was still closeits to Orange revolution partners and used the pro-European itsanti-Kuchmashiftedcriticizing ‘undemocratic’ camp, to In2006 government. style of presidential itsupported of amendments,whilein secondpartconstitutional 2004 the Ukrainian during pro-Kuchma SPUwentparliament, to the firsthalf of 2004 and camp Between 1998 and 2004SPUand KPU wereamong the major opposition forces in SPU stressed its devotion to European socialism and called for ‘building Europe in Ukraine.’ The pressure exercised by the position of by The being the governing position pressure exercisedthe of party on the 72 Yet, the strategic calculations of of SPU’s calculations strategic Yet,the leader 135 CEU eTD Collection the Objectives of the European Integration European the of Objectives the integration.European The signingof Declaration The on Political PartnershiptoAchieve of and reforms) economy market and consolidation democratic all, of first (including, norms standards and of achievement European the his objectives as considered primary March 23, 2005 Republic of Moldova on Political Partnership to Achieve the Objectives of the European Integration, community”. European the to accession early Moldova of [the] to Republic the of contribute will of which resolution [the] of problems, spectrum full] [the on efforts initiatives, aimed [at the implementation of the] Republic of Moldova – Europeanthe opposition] UnionAction shall Plan, be as jointfollows: Theconcerted diplomatic, legal and political efforts, as well as civic 74 2005. 1 March on Moldova and Ukraine between signed declaration the or Voronin, Principles,” and and Values by Saakashvili Democratic signed of Supremacy onthe Declaration 73 joining andRussia-Belarusan of Union.eventual of Yet,a pro-European by to changing its implement making2001 electoral of promises Russian second the languageofficial failure its to the after voters of a pro-Russian segment PCRMlost headthe of state. calculations and,consequently, toobtain of mandate andthepost governingthe maintain identity party change. Rather, theshiftin strategic its European stance reflected party on Communists power had asignificant nothas issue European TheEuropean question. significant, long-term changes inidentity party and activity under the influence of the stance. European Communists party’s activity and the pressure byits exercised governing position on party issue for of European importance proof the of cameasanother factions opposition three objective. integration of European achievement the and economy reforms market and democratic leaders electoralof campaign Voronin throughout hasSo, Romania, signed stages. a range of agreementsinternational and with domestic on the pro-Europeanbehavior its in reflected discourse, Ukraine,prove PCRMintensively in a pro-European changes to used its commitment. practice and presented toEuropeanideals itself readyfor as organizational and devoted and identity Georgia Duringits party orientation.the pro-European 2005elections, the political activity to on the cooperation for the promotion of “ We [believe] that the main elements of the political partnership [between govern-ment supporters and supporters govern-ment [between partnership “We political ofthe elements main the that [believe] See, for example, “The Joint Declaration” of Voronin and Basescu from 21 January 2005, or “Chisinau During its second term, the PCRM declared itself a party aparty ‘Europeanof itself declared PCRM itsterm, the During second type’ and The shift in its European stance required also the adaptation of party identity adaptation in the party and also stanceof required The shiftEuropean its However, the change from anti- to pro-European position did not lead to 73 . 74 on on between23 March 2005 PCRM and the The Declaration of theParliament of the 136 CEU eTD Collection and settlingwith its accounts rivals.(Timupolitical blackmailing of means KGB-like through maintenance its and hands own its in power integration. followingThe Communists party has beenrigorously the of centralization standardsandEuropean inline with European thanthereformation importance a greater of is party governing the as self-preservation that proved has elections local for campaign materialized. identity party have not PCRM’s 2007 since 2005,particularly the activity opposition’sget to managed and support majority for the re-electiona parliamentary obtained it Yet, once of its leaderintegration. as the head of state, these changes in European and reforms liberal-democratic of promotion the on declarations its line with parties opposition judging on party programmatic principles. existing tendency to cast theirexplained developed by identitiesweakly party among post-Soviet citizens andthe votes on the basis of leader’s sympathy and trust, but not 76 75 ‘liberal the combine to tries communism’ that program the with political new a adopting congress’ from astart of March 2008represented PCRM’s 2009electoral by campaign modernization following norms European values.and The so-called ‘reformation legislative elections PCRM referred again to the issue of itsPCRM was abletokeepand evenraise its publicsupport. reformation integration of favor European and the achievingof European the standards living,of in potential victory legislative elections. and the after reforms liberal-democratic in promoting partner domestic best party the to modernize and to be devoted to pro-European inincluding PCRM’s European Believingthe Union, of during 2005elections. reforms, readiness the EU saw in the Communist West,the of backing of the achievement the was result The perspective. integration its ‘devotion’ the promotion liberal-democraticof to reforms the European and regarding forces political other the goodas itselfpicture as managedto PCRM elections, itsparty of ‘European becomeposition and intentions a to declaring type’ before 2005 The agreement was reached between the opposition parties PPCD, PDM and PSL (the later ) later (the PSL PDM and PPCD, parties opposition the between reached was agreement The 2004. fall Moldova, Foundation Soros IPP, Barometer, Opinion Public At beginningthe secondmandate, PCRMsigned its of agreementwith an the In the circumstances when 77percentaround of Moldovan population had beenin 76 on the reformation of its political doctrine (and even of its name) in ú 2006) Only in the eve of 2006)Onlyin of eve the newthe 75 This, however, is largely 137 CEU eTD Collection 78 discontent with Voronin’stheir showed members party divergencesome from after the building of Chisinau communism visit to inMoldovan invited was society. Zemin, (Bo Jiang of state, head Chinese 77 His primary aim was to have “a strong Georgia in Caucasus,” through cooperationthe West,with the including both EU and NATO. (Komissina 2001) was toobtain Caucasusinpresidentpeace andstability Georgia Southern and within integration of hisEuropean perspective country. The majorformer goal Georgian of ofhispro-European stance party, SMG,give andhe not didto amajor consideration Saakashvili’sprocess. integration As compared to stressthe not Shevardnadzedid ENM, European of asaresult influence the of interaction bychangesinparty least affected Partycoalition formation interactionand 1998; Taggart andSzczerbiak 2004a) ‘Europeanism.’ theiradapt otherstancesto policy to 2002a; TaggartSitter (Mair 2000; stance eventually and aclearadopt pro-European amoderate or to areconstrained parties differentiate themselves form governingforces,whilethe mainstream and the ruling morecriticize opposition inclinedare to theEuropeanintegration objective as a stepto when Europe, Central-Eastern and Western from arguments scholarly confirm findings conditional uponconduct regarding behavior the dimensionsof is contestation,political strategic their the position theysystem party flexible foramoreallow institutionalized EENparty Although weakly the held with regard indetermining for change party the andstance. the constraints European opportunities to the ruling power. The empiricalpropagandistic talks building about ‘liberal communism’ in a post-industrial society. continuation oldits of doctrine political byinviting scientistsgive Moscow to PCRM’sthat voters and members communist orthodox a presents course new achievements of its on subject. predecessors this Concomitantly,it its reassure tried to integration madethat European oneforgetting ofits ruling objectives, thepolitical about Lisbon Strategy. (Bo a ‘post-industrialtransition to society’ in adapted toEUobjectives stipulated EU’sthe with Russian Federations, Shevardnadze perceived cooperation with the EU as asecurity EUas the with cooperation perceived Federations, Shevardnadze Russian with of Westthe regional partner relations While good Caucasus. Southern maintaining within Interview with Malkhaz Matsaberidze, TSU, Tbilisi, August 2006. The invitationof Moscow guests was a similarstep with the one taken by PCRM in 2001, when the In conclusion, party-government relation represents an important variable in variable important an represents relation party-government conclusion, In Ġ an 2008) PCRM tried to picture itselfan governing thefirst 2008) PCRMtriedparty to as . Georgian domestic politics proves to be the 78 to make Georgia the main make the to Georgia Ġ an 2008) 77 138 CEU eTD Collection 79 asthe declaredpartners themselves coalition Orange wing Second, the andRight parties. major objectives of largethe opposition bloc – Our Ukraine, which gathered together Left ideologically together issuebrought animportant integration that represented European frauds, the diverse politicaldomestic electorate. reforms future, with contributing thea European to increase of their popularity among forces. promotion identifiedliberal-democratic the of forces that opposition like-minded for First, of firstthe round of elections. Inthis way,the European Union has offeredmoral pro-Europeansupport from EU’s side, which criticized the electoralorientation frauds backing from opposition forces pro-Western time, countries receivedsignificant both the and hesitated to recognize the result nomenklatura was oneorientation of Shevardnadze’s of governingthe party, its relationship to the former emergence of such a political bloc wasinfluencedSoviet by lack the of a clear pro-European the coalition, revolution Orange Ukrainian to Similar force. political pro-European parties fromboth Left Rightwings, and butwhichdefined themselves beingas the‘truly’ together – brought Movement – Democrats National Movement Democrats. National bloc major of role playeda inthecreation forces revolution largeopposition political the standards. European to transforming according policies aimed atshowingbeing that means pro-European becoming pro-European by external and internal initiated has coalition governing whose ones the were they stated, Zvania. Saakashvili or Nodia As Ghia revolution,such as Rose the after rulingthe power got leaders who by same defined the was power of within party the European discourse adoptto any would that any positions policy upset camps.of rival party Yet, pro- the not and wings two the between balance to tried had president former the NATO.Rather, Shevardnadze’sreformist wings, joining EUand a clearof adopt strategy didnot SMG same time, would representanalternative tothe cooperation with its bigneighbor. the and,at internal long-term transformations wouldlead to that project and economic Interview with Ghia Nodia, CIPDD Tbilisi, August 2006. Despite the fact that Orange revolution emerged as a result of of 2004 electoral asaresult emerged Orange revolution factthat the Despite toShevarnadze’s By contrast Rose the of aspirations European the period, the and conservative the between rivalries internal the of because level, party At , and its failure to promote viable liberal-democratic reforms. At the same the At reforms. liberal-democratic viable promote to failure its and , 79 139 CEU eTD Collection coalitionforeign policy.government Even in forother implementing standards European athome andpromoting apro-European the case when NU was needed each forcedbecause they coalition asagovernment again come forced together to were within the autumn ofits 2006Since 2004,despite the frequent‘divorces’ to make political a two ‘Orangeof the spouses,’ integration. and Euro-Atlantic reforms liberal-democratic of objectives Orange revolution NU andYT rival,Orange coalition PR,partners in as theheadof Yushchenko state formed newby of 2004,the was government the as– NU,a YT,resultUkrainian party andinteraction and the formation of SPUcoalition governments. After the election– with theof purposeNU’s of implementingin standards short-term. the achieve andto European reforms democratic divorce the Itdetermined voters. the questioninghis of government’s liberal-promote ability to withthe and contestants political the among Yushchenko’sboth of legitimacy government weakenedthe political CEE candidates, in caseof the was membership perspective democratic society. Yet, the overfailure Ukrainian politics and on theto move of offerthe country towards long-termthe consolidation of the incentivespresidential elections influence hadasignificant defeatthe on of Russia’s dominance to Ukraine, such EU’sasfuture. the support of forces Orange coalition victory inand their the secondroundof nearest inthe integration perspective offeringan of European aboutthe speculations forleaving Ukraine, room agreement with advance cooperation to an enhanced itsuggest EU wentas farforcesis during Orangerevolution democraticthat asto ready encouraging the promotion of liberal democratic reforms. As a ‘reward’ for the victory of its for support opposition political andlater forforces Yushchenko’sand government of‘welcoming’rhetorical declarations Ukraines’s Europeanaspirationsandexpressing backing from EU’s side than Georgia did during Rose revolution. The Union merely used morebalance between Thirdly, pro-Russian and pro-European stances. received Ukraine to tried which forces, governing the and coalition opposition the between distinction priority of their foreign policy. These were the major features that‘true’ were used to make the integration the and of liberal-democraticwas values European promoters European The European issue The have has European a dividing both to proved andaunifying on capacity 140 CEU eTD Collection government. (Popescu 2005) So, the European Union had a considerable influence in Union influence had aconsiderable (Popescu European 2005) So,the government. forreturn his make integration promise to European majorthe his objective of parliament’s of election Voronin and PCRM’s support head state of as the in candidature from Moldovan spectrum political – PPCD andPSL – avoid blockingthe of to electoral most and even two campaign and pro-reform persuaded the Europhile parties expressfor and its support It region. the across Voronin’s choice European the during itsinside country values norms and spreadthe European of to force, devoted European pro- in acredible PCRM saw European the itsUnion issues. turn, In identity national of because terms diplomatic bad on was Voronin whom with Basescu, even or Yushchenko, neighbors, suchSaakashvili, itsas pro-European one hand,itof support obtained the the On legitimacy. external and internal gain to PCRM helped face pro-European new the divide had been the most salient confrontational dimension of Moldovan Westversus East political Because values. liberal-democratic promote forces, to its readiness as as well integration European objective criticizing and Russia’sinfluence onMoldovan politics, its governmentbyadopting apreemptive anddeclaring devotion behavior its the to positionin clear changes determined pro-European interaction. significant party however,major party,elections, radicalshiftof Euroskeptic a the the PCRM, towards legislative stance. 2005 Before parties thatexpressedapro-European post-communist of representingand Euroskepticmost and the blocs, forces, relevant the Ravnopravie camps: PCRM and other Left wing parties,such as PDAM, PSM, andlater Patria-Rodina a line political issues between dividingrepresented major oneof the two traced that integration 2005 Before the process. European elections, European question the from of influence the resulting system mechanicsMoldovan changes in party of the February 2007 andformed a‘united opposition.’ in YT, partner, coalition Orange its former onceagainto turn Ukraine hadto Our result, disagreements between NU and PR on European integration, NATO, and WTO. As a strong opposition faced he from within his political organization. coalition government, a demand that could notbe satisfied by NU’s leader, Yushchenko,because of the 80 Tymoshenko’s bloc, Tymoshenko has always demanded the post of prime-ministerfor herself in case of the creation of a The Communist Partybasically managed avoid to an‘electoral revolution’ against of existence the interaction reveals of party patterns the of The investigation 80 Our Ukraine was forced to go into opposition because of the major 141 CEU eTD Collection http://www.urm.lt/popup2.php?nr=1&item_id=255&_m_e_id=4&_menu_i_id=162;163&no_cache=1 and Objectives of Lithuania for 2004-2008 accessedApril on 05, 2006. 81 the promotion and theachieve for andto apolitical compromise pass rivalries and strategic ideological the over achievement of to issue,parties political integration which democraticdetermined force of unifying European the and market the demonstrates hand, one the on fact, this of interpretation The criteria. Copenhagen economy reforms to very similar are objectives these that proves Partnership Political on The Declaration and of to the EU standardssigning an Association of treaty, thereaccession. is no direct pressure on the political elite to conform which However, has no thestatus Moldova, of Republic the of case the In EUadherence. analysis the and criteria Copenhagen of a candidate of the prioritiessigning ofsuch an was agreement determined by necessity the implementingof state, nor mentioned has CEEstates. of choice integration it a clear in promise candidacy as a proof of existenceof the a largepolitical European on the consensus from EU’s political European spread in partnership countries duringand East theirCentral was EU side of Theidea of a such legislature. 2005 of election the the weeksafter several country of course the pro-European the consensuson a political of in establishment the reflected orientation. pro-European the on agree parties relevant the all practically when issue, valence a becoming competition, political from away themselves more issue any is European basicallyquestion on and theEuropean the taken ‘European of thebasis the winning on integration card.’ differentiate not do Parties which tried to present itself objective.integration As aresult, the 2005electoral Democraticbloc, Moldova BMD, as the central regarding European contestants pro-European of major nopolitical were differences there elections force, had no major chances of its borders. interaction outside influence ofhow example party Union the can – beforesuccessor of Communist rulingParty the 1990s isPCRM. This, aclear I argue Rightwing party, of successor the independence national movement,the and the bringing together the two major ideological enemies: PPCD, a Romanian-nationalist, Forexample The valence of European integration issue isThe valence space European Moldovan of within political 2005 the stance, during apro-European towards PCRM of shift radical After the The Agreement between Political Parties of the Republic of Lithuania on the Main goals 81 , Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, internet, available at Of course, in the case of CEE candidate states the states candidate CEE of in case the Of course, , last , 142 CEU eTD Collection to the opposition as well as the European Union. While other parliamentarian parties have reveals party 2005-2008 that overprevailed strategy political elite’s made commitments requirements. level EU excluded from EUintegration,the domestic elites havefreedom morein complying to the failure implementingof the promises made to Brussels, in the case of EEN, which are for processof the political theEU accession couldand whose keep accountable elites stipulations of EU their‘European Action transformation’ Plan. implementation European standards within the and the of By contrast promisesthe theymade infront of opposition and international community regarding to CEE candidates,implement intendnot to do Communists the it that became clear mandate its new started which were Once PCRM parliament. by Moldovan president the on election the after significantly engaged in 2005parliamentary However, the elections. immediately after EU’s leveragedecreased opposition and the informal ally governing Communists.the of ‘constructive’ so-called the PPCD, and between PCRM cooperation the reduced to was basically consensus political The perspective. integration European the to closer country bringing EU of the the aimed requirements at Plan, tothe Action accordance achieve in in domainsto reformation some thatrequired specific apolitical compromise impossible it made which calculations, strategic or interests policy their follow to tended rather, have parties, Therelevant parties. parliamentary of interaction of patterns the in determine change not asignificant integration of did purpose achieving the European held it seats. most and of sametime executive atthe projects legislative desiredthe votingfor Voronin. Having the parliamentary majority, Communist the party could pass before put factions opposition the that conditions the about forgot basically it parties, of opposition some support with the its headof state leaderasthe of re-election the obtained PCRM Moldova. Once inof Republic the consensus political evolution the of the theessence and 2005 changeswhenoneperceives from PartnershipMarch 23, integration. European The analysis party interactionof Moldovanwithin parliamentary arena during PPCD and PCRM of cooperation the to contributed has EU that istrue It for policies external and internal on objectives common the of sharing the Thus, Political on Declaration The by portrayed image the though, hand, other the On 143 CEU eTD Collection European whileexists with non-economicEuropean attitudes, two axis anegativethe relationship and its dimension transformation onsystemic stance between party correlation of positive members. (Marksetal. 2005; Vachudová and Hooghe 2006) There is a significant degree near the Left pole of a partyneighboringEuroskepticism inpost-soviet phenomenon isaunipolar situated countries, system, by contrast to Central and East Europematters for party and party orsystem developmentoldin EEN. EU domestic several the ways findings politics, pointto important empirical inwhich Europe in changes on influence EU sole the examine and isolate to impossible is it Although (Enyedi 2007, 71)influencingindirectly national political spaces in its neighborhood. actor, than an more an is environment process integration European the that shows Conclusion extent of EU influence on political transformations. and such factors, behavior,as party afterwards strategic level domestic determine the significantly decreases requirements level European to compliance the influencing in EUpower the candidates, and members its outside conditionality of EU weakness to the cooperation between and opposition forcesbegoverning should achieved. However, due of agreement an when or campaign electoral the during interaction party on influence with itbehavior.based on cooperate a rent-seeking (Minzari 2008), PPCD did not modify its relationship with PCRM, continuing to ‘European-type’ the implementsuccessfully stipulations Plan Action and to party for failure tobecomea the hasparty PCRMandregarding the governing criticized cooperation both within theit. country and outside changedAlthough behaviorEurope its European and forces has anti-communist suffered considerably as a resultof this parliamentary and governmental pal’ best offices.‘deadly former its of foe,’ important of in return The Party, Communists imagethe of PPCD beginningits of term,second followed PPCD an office-seekingas behavior and ‘the became of one of the most pro- criticized the ruling failure PCRMfor the fulfilling of its promises opposition to at the The ideological axis of competition does not absorbThe analysis the ofEuropean EU involvement inissue EEN party andand party system transformation indirect stronger a exercise can EU that shows case Moldovan the conclusion, In 144 CEU eTD Collection internal political legitimacy and contributed to their victory. Also, EU’s Also, victory. their to the in belief contributed and legitimacy political internal forces during‘electoral revolutions’ in Ukraine andGeorgiaand gave moral them support opposition bypro-European capital European from the backingreceived the shows that even alter short-term party identity changes. position, which determines ashift towards a moderate or aclear European stance and can instrumentalist behavior of organizationspolitical is byitsconstrained governing party behavior within the weakly institutionalized post-Soviet party systems, the variablewithinattitudes indetermining EEN.While is European the strategy dominating integration,European butcompete for being perceived as ‘true’the forces.European for politicalquestion competition, when parties relevantthe donot of course the USSR. Also, the Moldovan case shows that the European issue representsvalence a issue particularly promoting closer ties with Russia and CIS or even the re-establishment of the differentiate themselves from parties bycompeting pro-European the onissues, other and parties that do not favor European integration (e.g. approaching the Left extreme) can absence of EU membership does not constrain parties in adopting a clear European stance issue. The European of the a low degree of politicization about expectation theoretical degree of fragmentation and the format of EEN party system. influence integration. the European I argue, doesnot question European the As aresult, emerged for intention oragainstand with primary explicitthe gaining support of that parties political successful no are there that hypothesis the confirms research spectrum. political segmentof Euroskeptic the parties represent nationalist nationalist parties aremost alsoamong the Europhile ones whileRussian/pan-Slavic Georgia,isitin Inthelater cases andMoldova. Ukraine wing missing two Right significantminority.Russian Whilethecosmopolitan – combinationisin pro-EU present a presenceof the asto as well issues, nation/state of of politicization and degree the nature the to according varies dimension nationalist and issue the European the between – of competition: anti-communist issue.issue communist Theconnection andRussia/CIS The investigation of interaction issueby in The investigation party European played role the the of Party-governmentrelation 2002a) isbe(Sitter proved amajorintervening to The analysis of EU impact on the mechanics of a partyWith system regard confirms to EU influence the on the format of EEN party systems the present 145 CEU eTD Collection crisis that would result in a potential “democratic revolution’ revolution’ “democratic Moldova. in potential a in result would that crisis from pro-reform politicalMoldovan avoid and apolitical Europhile spectrum to parties radical pro-European shift of PCRM contributed to Brussels’ persuasion of the two most 146 CEU eTD Collection examine the role played by European integration process in setting of party instatute, of party setting integration process playedbyEuropean role examine the and Scully 1995; Randall and 2002)Regarding Svåsand party organization will study the (Jinorganization Levitsky 1998; Mainwaring age/stableand societal roots. party 1995; consolidationmain based on twohighlightedthe dimensions in party literature: the dissertation, this part of the work will focus on investigationthe of EU influence on party Theoretical framework Party institutionalization hand. other the on EEN, and hand, one the on in CEE, institutionalization levelsystem influence onparty and party of differencesthe similarities European and consolidation. system party of dimension key be the to considered is which formation, coalition and interaction party of patterns in the influences thestability Union European whether of examination the is focus The mechanics. primary format the and system: the a party of majoraspects two the examines It consolidation. system party on process integration European of influence usingfragmentation roots, as themain party for indicator this research. on party theorganization,identity, focus inparty on change with stable age and party examined countries. followedThis is by analysis the of influenceEU direct andindirect starts with a short description of the post-communist party level in system described dissertation.part of the conceptual consolidation the development within the three majorthe party and dimensions 4and party in of to examined5 according the chapter within EEN.Itstructures theempiricalthe of findings directandindirectEU influence influence institutionalization integration and of broader system on party party European on domestic political transformationsIntroduction the major goal of this chapter is to analyze the Chapter 6. The European issue and party systeminstitutionalization The and party Chapter European issue 6. Finally, concludes chapter the with summarizingfindings the major and stressing indirect and directof investigation the to the is devoted The second party It institutionalization. party impact on dealsEU with of chapter the part The first level After different the types discussing andmechanisms of leverage European . Going back to the conceptualization section of present the of section conceptualization the back to Going 147 CEU eTD Collection and short-term party and identity short-term party particularly changes, from resulting the transformations organizational party fundamental of absence the show would influence EU indirect of evidence empirical EPFs’ the and case, this legislation In affiliation. party-related of adjustment legislative of result asa changes organizational and identity EU influence a weakdirect regarding determineparty on politics requirements party with EU vaguely incentives, weakpolitical together the defined material that and argue I influenceconsolidation. party on and indirect direct has alimited EU integration, European of process the to party reaction of major the predictor represent calculations, party identity changes. is fundamental andone, toother government anirreversible, whetherthis change leads to from opposition thealteration of because position European of change party argumentsinvestigationforin akey thediscussed previous is chapter the point whether competition resulting from the change of political partyof Europeandimensions stance.major the on Following positions scholarlyin party change is the scenario this of outcome possible influence the indirectEU in of skills. case the organizational Also, managerial, and atdeveloping aimed professionalism, andconferences trainings level in EU elites political domestic of involvement the EPFs, to affiliation of process and duringinternal the regulations statute ideological changethe of doctrine, party EU influence thisscenariobewould confirmedempiricalthe if evidence would point to identities, following EU level norms and practices. In the case termof the two modes of directchanges in matters forparty EU and partiestheir structure long- EEN fundamental undergo organizational internal regulations and transformation. routines, as well is determinesidentities extentof what and this the a Europe inparty established change as in the existing thechangetowards inattitudes or position party adoption the of a pro/anti-European party is question whether thecore words, other stance. In andthe European political conflicts between differentparty elites. Also, aparticular attentionaspectsof will be paid skills to the investigationorganizational of the and relationship managerial the in developing as ofwell as party regulations, internal identity, based on party position on the most salient The second scenario is that because party isThe level thatbecausesecond scenario party variables, such as strategic is that one Thefirst case. in this areexamined Twoscenarios possible theoretical 148 CEU eTD Collection independence movements. movements. their consolidate party independence helped them to As this aresult, Soviet times or as successors of the opposition umbrella organizations during the national parties during the Communist from emerging they wereeither ruling the because scratch USSR. Yet, the the of collapse the after players political as successful emerge majority and consolidate them to of the newlywould help political that previous experience formerthe republics lackedsome Soviet establishing most of from parties the of presentthesis, reviewthe in section literature the discussed political actorsimportant toillustrate shortly the evolution of post-communist parties did within the EEN. As not appearis it level consolidation party on impact EU of analysis the to proceeding Before from Background ofpost-communistpartydevelopment inEastEuropeanNeighborhood CEE candidates. to than compared assistance actor in supporting the pro-reform opposition and offering them political andmaterial make EUaweakerindirect included the inprocess countries arenotaccession the EEN fact that the influenceargue that I indirectEU With to political representation. reference increase and pluralism political assure would that legislation party-related of adjustments legislative lackof the considerable to out point should Theevidence fragmentation. party institutionalization. party of dimension influence onthesecond indirect EU example of isanother stance inEuropean identity theirestablish their that parties emergencesuccessful the Also, of of electorate. pro-reform the support stable obtain helpthe wouldto them legitimacy that political internal andthem offering life expectancy their increasing forces, thus by pro-reform the political roots supporting EU caninfluence indirectly age/stable party legislation offers that high degreeof promotion party-related political representation. of a fragmentation by encouragingin political its pluralism AP stipulations, resultingin the party of degree the influence directly EU can is that first The dissertation. present the indicator majorthe induced of changes. EU Two theoreticalin situationsareexamined as fragmentation within society, party of on theanalysis concentrate roots age andstable I with governing ambitionsand electoral the support. aparty of potential coalition the increasing at aimed alteration, opposition/government The other theoretical expectation is that the EU has limited or no influence no on EUhas or is limited the that expectation theoretical The other With secondregard tothe ingredient majorinstitutionalization of party – party 149 . CEU eTD Collection Communist position, combined with anti-Russian/anti-CIS attitudes that were joined later transition of years first the from with a clearanti-together stance, economy apro-market liberal-democratic and adopted counter-elites nationalist the So, competition. political of identity when looking economic atthe separate andnon-economic,cultural or dimensions identifiedare in Western EEN parties democracies, have definedEuropean a better they that form in the region, in the missing are profiles ideological well-established some regardingattitudes of the course post-communist So,despitethe developments. fact that shaped by lines existenceof party major the ofpolitical represented that several conflict ideological profile. (Way Wheatley2005; 2003) and help thepreservation organizationa political of the absence of despite a welldefined how the maintenance in power of former elections. parliamentary upcoming in the mandates legislative of number during 2001-2009.Moreover, itstill has chances highest the on securing the largest mandates consecutive two majority within manageda parliamentary toobtain camp that few of non-reformed successors rulingthe Communist parties thewithin former Socialist of be forces majorthe oneof opposition duringthelastdecadeof to 1990sandthe the was able is exemplifiedbyPCRM. representelectoral one It well success particularly to timesparty on Soviet during the acquired skills managerial and organizational the withinmajorperiod. actors post-communist the (see Tables 4-6)The positive effectof the of one represent andto votes electoral of percentage gain aconsiderable to managed transition, newly the Communistestablished forces political in Ukraineand Moldova successors of rulingthe Communist partieslegally forbiddenwere inyears thefirst of organizational (Enyediskillsperiod. gainedduringSoviet although the 2006a) So, the and managerial the and hand, one the on experience, political the it with and former the incorporated that of parties inthecase particularly organization, As it was presented in the theoretical part of the chapter 5, party identity was identity 5,party chapter of in the part theoretical the was presented As it AlsoKuchma’s andShevarnadze’s exampleof another represent power of parties TABLE 4-6 NEAR HERE nomenklatura can benefit party organization canbenefitparty nomenklatura 150 CEU eTD Collection 83 Georgia. from 82 dimensions of competition based on Timu CIS.Table the Russia and mainpolitical between the relationshipthe 7illustrates directly opposing the course of European integration and arguing for closer relations with foreign vectoralismsimultaneous promotion or pro-Western/Europeanof policy and pro-Russian/CIS ofmulti- supporters the orientationwere either and stance aclearpro-Russian/CIS or moderate restoration Thesea system of USSR. the groupof Communistthe and of adopted parties – system the democratic the (e.g.to alternative an promoted even or reforms democratic Kuchma’s hesitatedparties of infavoring parties and most liberal- Leftthe wing and pro-market sloganby a pro-Western/European stance. “In Europe with Russia”), or were Dawisha includein Ukraine Georgiaand and Deets the category countries with of the regional while isaverage, Moldova below average the DSU (4.4and2.6). (2005, 336) consequently with andand (7.8 Ukraine 3.9, 4.3) Georgiaandscoring (7.4 4.5) the above number ofelectoral and parliamentary in theformerparties SovietUnion effective average the that finds for example, Bielasiak, results. different present countries party fragmentation,within space. post-Sovietthe (Aprasidze 2007;Birch Potichnyj 2003; 1994) the actors of behavior political a programmatic over calculations strategic parties andof fewpolitical over entrepreneurs political large individual of predominance is the this for reason cross-national major the Oneof institutionalized. be weakly to party continued have organizations EEN achievement institutionalizationdegree of of level a significant (Lewis2006b),the party studies “crystallization outthe have pointed forces”(Ágh political of and the 1998, 204) that thaninclude of their counterparts developments,the the consolidation of post-Sovietfrom politicalthree parties hasCentral been much weaker andEEN Eastern Europe. If within the CEE scholars Including Mongolia. Including With the exceptionof radical nationalist organizations from Western Ukraine or Gamsakhurdia’s party With regard to the second major ingredient of party level institutionalization, level party of ingredient major second the to regard With However, despite thementioned abovepositive aspectsof party organizational TABLE 7NEAR HERE 82 By contrast, the successors of the Communist ruling ú 2006expertsurvey. 83 is 6.2 and 151 CEU eTD Collection elections (see notes of of table 8a). (seenotes elections of oneround even after anddisappear or parties alliances new cohesive parliamentary the time of electoral blocs that in most of the cases do not manage to transform intostable over preponderance 8a displays table Overall, blocs. andparliamentary joining electoral wingpartiesindependent and parties, independent with Right smaller degreeof a higher phenomenon being partof a general of trend stronger andmore stable Leftwing (SMK in Georgia, ideological from of center be Left parties the successful most appear to the alliances. PCRM in Moldova, beinglargerof blocs or part by without own, their representation parliamentary than once KPU, SPU, parties achieve thatless tableEEN ahalf 8ashows managedto more than analyzed of SDPU(u) and PR in Ukraine), this fourth, 80% for fifth,the and so forth. (Lewis 2006b, 574-575) election over time - - by 20% for aparty’s second appearance in parliament, 40% 84 for the third, 60% for the party of elements institutionalization. major two - systemness organizational and level societal at rootedness party both measuring age, andparty inpreferences stability electoral voter account into index the takes that argues The scholar 571) 2006b, occasions. (Lewis into leastby includingin theparliamenton twoat thatgot theanalysisparties “the adopts in CEEcountries consolidation approach” demanding least party stability to number of parties. results questions the reliability of the official electoral of election falsification datato the regard with allegations volatility, frequent electoral for the the coding of the effective between subsequent elections in the number of effective parties.fluctuation great This the explains neighbors. EastEuropean caseof the Finally, to fragmentation as in the case of of limitation infactions presentaserious party the traditional indicator applying of parliamentary aswell change incongruence coalitions, the frequentelectoral the of and parties of turnover high the Also, periods. election different the between fluctuations the present to fail which categorization, bivariate of a or scores average of presentation 711) (2006, However,parties. parliamentary isthe limitation themajor studies of these effective of number in the 5 than lower scores Moldova while 5, than higher ENPP IPS involves a progressive enhancement of the proportion of the total vote for political parties in a given in parties political for vote total the of proportion the of enhancement progressive a involves IPS The analysis of Lewis’ index of party stabilization from table 8b and 8c reflects 8c and 8b table Lewis’ from of analysis stabilization The party of index Lewis’ Lewis’ party of calculation for the used (IPS) Stabilization Party of Index 84 With number the ofpartiesregard to andtheirstrength electoral 152 CEU eTD Collection The influenceofEuropean integration onparty institutionalization issue. European the includingdefiningaxes the major andaltering positions on competition, of political their in counterparts their CEE as as constrained not are parties political circumstances In these environment. political of fluidity system party of level high in a results and phenomenon politicalmakes be fissions andan party fusionsentrepreneurs primarily to elite-driven individual The parties EEN of predominance institutionalized. the arestill weakly identity age inand party party level of consolidation a certain of despite the achievement 1999),(Moser which cannot becaptured by presentindex.the formulas or electoral of the thresholds of electoral the such constrains as the factors, institutional of result bethe can systemness. Yet, (oldparties) time over party persistence dimensions of institutionalization:party thesocietal rootedness and organizational 575) and(53%) Slovakialast (57%)during their four parliamentary elections. (Lewis 2006b, more stabilizedin Ukraine andMoldova thaninLatvia,Poland (52%each),Lithuania becountries,70%). CEE to Moldova (almost and appear Ukraine Asto parties compared levelsignificant party towards stabilization,of progress by scoresin proven latestIPS the is a Mair1997c)there space in 2003; institutionalized(Kopstein parties post-Soviet weakly the about expectation theoretical the to contrast by that shows IPS The 8b). post-communist in one representedmore occasion than (table parties the parliamenton by votes taken of increase proportion in asignificant the with be traced, can stabilization of party however, pattern Then, elections. first aclear the after representation parliamentary sustain managedtheir to by that fewparties the which isillustrated fluidity fragmentation beginning wasahighdegreeof there andof systems, party party the course of development of post-Soviet EEN parties and party systems. At the of of EUimpactthe on identity party and organizational andstructure later turn to the based on the empirical findings presented Europeanlevelthe influence onparty inconsolidation in Moldova,Ukraine, and Georgia the chapter 4 and 5. I start with theof the post-communistanalysis development of EEN parties the thesis turns now to the analysis of Summing analysis party up,the of post-communist EEN showsdevelopment that Lewis’ IPS has its own limitations, however. It claims to capture the two major . After the explanation 153 CEU eTD Collection ones. (Dakowska 2002,ones. (Dakowska 287-289) instruments of political foundations of different EU members, particularly the German professionalism,managerial, and organizational skills, relying mostly on financial the involved in training EENpolitical of elites their like-minded parties inand developing less been haveEPFs Neighborhood. Asa consequence, European caseof in the East 2002, is 274)thissister-partiesbudget type from CEE candidates,(Delsoldato of missing cooperationborders. While the EU outside EPP forhad aspecial cooperation budget with organization is limited the financial of federationsresources party EU-based for available significantEPP induced transformations regarding party ideology and organization. inInternational 1999. Yet, itendure oncestarted it the EEP did any not process accession Democrat Christian the joining before principles Christian-democratic with line in changes andorganizational party significant ideological illustrates the that undergo PPCD of Thecasestudy criteria. accession major of their asone compliance ideological have also which Internationals, in Party parties EEN of membership primary the is reasons determinerequirement did not long-term fundamental,identity party One changes. of the compliance ideological the that shows evidence empirical the However, parties. from material political and inclusion the resulting stakes candidate membernon-EU of or because and of membership of EPFs’ EU absence status the of membership their high in granting behavior strategic a than rather principal-oriented more a adopt to expected were EPFs federations, party EU-based linkages with party transnational the presented that section in thedissertation argued members. As itwas aspiring of case inthe changes identity induce party isconsideredto the strongest principles Christian-democratic influenceinfluentialmost insideEPF both and outside EU,points to a limited Europeanlevel EPP, of criteria accession and largest to the on compliance The level institutionalization. partyfor party ashaving following the implications beinterpreted party can developments identity findings from 4 chapter the influenceon directthe integration of European on process and fragmentation. party on organizationalinfluence EU of investigation changes. The compliance to EPP’s Finally, reason of EU impacton party important a limited direct organization an party impact on level direct European restricted for the The secondreason Party identityandorganizational structure . The interpretation of the empirical the of interpretation The 154 CEU eTD Collection transforming their party identity in line with their European aspirations. So, for example, for So, aspirations. European their with line in identity party their transforming in flexible more are parties EEN and missing is incentive membership EU long-term the because CEE candidates post-communist ascomparedto consolidation leverageon party norms and to the European integrationEuropean to objective.devotion their Thewith line EU proved in reform to have to a weaker commitment their to and requirements degreeof the political elite’s European the in according freedom to transforming implementation of standardsEuropean and toEuropean integration its priorities.as the to referring is still manifesto party and opposition extra-parliamentary into it went after change position European not its did thatthis party shows casethe SPU of might in again identity ifalter European stance andparty into case itopposition. But goes its whether examine to possible not is it party, agoverning still is currently PCRM As principles. and democratic economy reforms market capitalism, towards attitude also determined some changesin substantial identities, party other particularly their which pro-European position, anti- to from change undergo aconsiderable stance and in constrained from government definingtheirwentthey European to were opposition OnceSPUandPCRM Europe. towards party attitudes change of the for andconstraints opposition/governmentstatute represents acentral infactor determining opportunities the a pro-Europeanparty Euroskepticism (PCRM)to show that position evenhard or (SPU) moderate from change significant a of instances The two dissertation. of present the scenario supports secondtheoretical the evidencethat more empirical inBatkivshchyna andNUfrom increaseUkraine) order to its prestigein region. the large case the partiesSaakashvili’sof (e.g. andsuccessful post-communist ENM, in compliance, ideological the particularly requirements, its affiliation relaxing continued contrary, Onthe candidates. it CEE to ascompared stakes, political and material apply selection not parties a more principled-oriented EEN of of because lackof the high People’s European dissertation. this of expectation theoretical the to contrast did Party of EPP recruiting strategy, aspresentedin 4, shows chapter the thatitwas conducted by EPFs inselecting from the potential candidates European the neighborhood. The analysis transformation in line with the European norms and values is the strategic calculations of Yet, the indirect influencingEU power of identity is party changes dependent on shows organization and identity party on influence EU indirect the of analysis The 155 CEU eTD Collection lack of clear guidelines on the implementation of party-related legislation that would that legislation party-related of implementation the on guidelines clear of lack the with together EU requirement, politicaldefined promotion vaguely pluralism,the of support. electoral itsAlthough stable the reference to AP direct provisions makea age and party in bemuchweakerinfluencing proves Europe to organizational structure, on with focus party fragmentation. the research in is this conducted stable electorate age) and time (party an organization over of as party – persistence the institutionalization level party of dimension key second the on influence government relation. government by party- constrained parties, of domestic the calculations from strategic the resulting changes short-term merely but changes, irreversible fundamental, represent not do they that shows research the stance, European its of altering the from resulting identity party ofchangein While are some instances there structure. identity andparty organizational on levelinfluence European of alimited existence the particularly secondsituation, the supporting evidence is more there fully confirmed, is scenarios theoretical advanced the levelEuropean influence identity onparty and organizational changes. Although none of changes in line with its promises to become a ‘European type’ Left wingweak in its party.capability constraining reform PCRM of to andfundamental undergo identity more EUappeared pressure during couldwhich the exert Brussels process, accession the on parties, governing CEE of tothecase contrast By discourse. with pro-European the nothingits politicalcombined doctrine of Communist morecontinuation old the than strategic calculationsregarding ofits the maintenance electoral determinedsupport reformation. Yet,‘reformation theso-called congress’ party that 2008 showed from parties. Onlybefore the PCRMcameidea 2009elections the of back to pro-European integration declared of the that objective Agreement European parliamentary primary Partnership Political of signing the after candidate opposition’s presidential its of backing get andmanaged to mandates of majority it its the obtained promises once materialize became‘European aparty of type’ not it did elections, parliamentary before 2005 the despite the fact that the Communist Party from Moldova committed itself to reform and As compared to the case As comparedinduced tothe of identity in EU changes and party Party age and stable societal rootsParty ageandstablesocietal Wrapping findings empirical ofboth direct up,the existence show the andindirect . As it was stated earlier, the analysis of EU 156 CEU eTD Collection EU level impact on the degree of party fragmentation. Yet,fragmentation. evidence of party degree empirical the the on level impact EU to thanks backing from the European 2007) the officials.(PPCD rule only Communist underthe legal itsexistence even arguedPPCDcontinued that support during its protestrallies against ruling the Communistin party 2002 and its leader Government's2008a, 2008b) Portal PPCD hasusingAlso, beenextensively EPP’s EU’s backing of their party’s European aspirations. (Lobjakas 2007; Ukrainian of infrontelectorate used asa proof domestic of laterthe hasbeen which aspirations, formeetings achieving verbalsupportthe of politicalEuropean for their elite European Saakashvili’s ENM,havebeen using actively EPP congresses andotherEuropean level example, NUand from Center-Right parties governing Ukraine, the BYuT, aswell as policies and using itfor achieving internal legitimacypolitical Forand electoral support. Brussels’ obtaining beenhave of capable parties ofgoverning course of backing their blocs, as well publicfundingas party only after 2009elections.the electoral from of and 4% to6% interdiction the of threshold increase electoral party democratic European were opposing legislative changesthat introduce to 2009 and in of eve the standardsallowed ‘pro-European’ governing the andlegislation party-relatedPCRM tomanipulate the were detrimentalfive barrier to percent. electoral lowered the tostrong internal pressure and therecommendationslevel of institutions,European he politicalShevardnadze’s Only period. very histhe end of at party’spluralism. undera mandate, governing wasthelegacy of which change7% threshold, to and the legislation electoral the change The leader, liberal-democratic andapro-European of promoter principles to hehesitated result was the being constrained however by the veto pluralism, power of political theviable a opposition for forces.detrimental was that legislation in promoting engage first section chapter 4shows, of EENgoverningpartiesthe maintain could even or evidence asthe the would from By contrast, alargethat ensure political representation. legislation party-related of promotion in the result not did pluralism political encourage The emergence of successful pro- or anti-European parties is another indicator of anti-European isanother or parties successful pro- The emergence of The examination of EU support of liberal-democratic forces shows that EEN Furthermore, theweaker bargaining of forces power opposition inMoldovan case Although defender and a emerged Roserevolution the as Saakashvili true after 157 CEU eTD Collection 2005b), some scholars argue about the positive EU effect on party and party effectsystem and party on party positiveEU the argueabout scholars 2005b), some andSedelmeier interactiveSchimmelfennig 2005; 2003;Pridham (Kubicek processes first dayslives, of asdemocratic havetheir consolidation been and Europeanization the from integration European of process the of part been have systems party communist post- Because in CEEC. particularly institutionalization, party on system process systems,have scholars been influence broader debating the integration of European interaction. patterns on of party integration process European influence of the examining part aims at the present arguments, theoretical scholarly formation,for a certain degreewhich, of predictability2001; Mainwaring and Scully Mair 1997b;Randall1995; and Svåsand 2002)This allows inof political turn, competition (Bielasiak institutionalization. system party of dimension core the represents interaction and defineof patterns of coalitionmost the of‘systemness’ theTheoretical framework scholarsParty system institutionalization agree of thata party stances. anti-European or the system.stabilityemerge basis that on the their pro- of parties of absence the successful shows analysis the Finally, support. electoral Following and legitimacy political internal andobtain to actors political the continuity the ofliberal-democratic from forces threeexamined helps which the aspirations countries, in thefavor. A more positive influence is from level European the EU’s patterns backing of European partiesfollow that abenefit-maximizing behaviorand manipulatethe legislation in their ruling the benefits but requirements, oflevel European the party contradicts which pluralism, a political of guaranteeing tothe regard with legislation party-related of of regression instances to points evidence empirical The institutionalization. level party of dimension their Europeaness. based on forces political become successful to notmanage did and parties single-issue represent which did PSL partiesinMoldova, and PE, of pro-European establishment provided in the chapter 5 of the present dissertation point to only two instances of the Based on the investigation of Basedinvestigation level onthe impact EU of post-communist on party and party Summing up, EU appears to have a weaker influence on the second key second the on influence weaker a have appears to EU up, Summing . With the reference to the conceptual part of the present thesis, present of the part conceptual the With to reference the 158 CEU eTD Collection interaction based on the European issue. In this case I expect party to behavior party issue.strategic caseIexpect In based European this the on interaction party of is apolarization and there stances differentEuropean adopt actors political partiesminded pro-European in political domestic their competition. offered to parties, the support (financial or political legitimacy) the Yet, power influenceof European isconditional level upon EU the thatopportunities EU can offer to like- be. system will a party of fragmentation of lower degree the the and European stances their of basis on the coalesce will parties more issue,the on European consensus find higher the In these that political degreeof the 2002, 177)circumstances,Iexpectto ‘European standards’, similar to the scholarly argumentin the case of CEEC. (Kostelecký “centrifugal and unifying power” for EENparty systems by getting them closer to integration a represent would of process Thus,the European systems. European party East andthe consolidation stability of to confrontational and adversarial, contributing less become to likely is rivalry party issue European the of nature valence the to party Due EEN on systems. has aconsolidating power integration process European that is first The institutionalization. system party EEN of degree the on integration European European stances. (Bielasiak 2006; Enyedi 2007) and of growing variance party the dimension European decreased salienceof the opposite, dividing issue effect of European onparty competition the as resultof the yearsfirst systems the of during EU candidacy, expected 2006a,2)orthe (Lewis destabilizingeffects integration of theEuropean structuring on of domestic political 2007; Szczerbiakhave even and 2008)Others thenegative, Bil stressed often 2007;Hloušek 2007;Enyedi2006b, communistsystems. (seeBatory party Pšeja and post- of institutionalization and the factors linkbetween EU adirect difficulty tracing of the to pointing systems, CEEparty of consolidation the on integration process European of influence on the Yet, view less enthusiastic shareda alarger of scholars number power” contributing stabilization. 177) party system (2002, actors, CEE political on to integration a“centrifugal European European standards, represent would the and unifying because the Kostelecký forargued that example, countries. So, incandidate consolidation CEE EU demanded post-communist CEE political systems to come closer to The second hypothesis stipulates that Europe matters for party competition and of impact broader tothe regard areexamined with contrastinghypothesis Two 159 CEU eTD Collection strategy of encouraging the multiple pro-presidential existence the of determined a parties multiplestrategy encouraging pro-presidential the of Kuchma’scountries. So, in diverging the two led to outcomes strategies presidential However, different the contestants. major political the some of as parties of center and within parliamentary and executive branches. (Wheatley 2003, 162-170) ‘balance’ politicalthe representation of influentialdifferent both networks on party lists to managing with Shevardnadze character, its leader-based of firstall, success was, ‘Rose the until competition political of anchor the represented revolution.’ former the of formula Its still was it but Left, ideological the of weakness the determined levels political and public the at both idea Communist patternsinstitutionalization, both with parties showing ahigh degree of stability in organizational andstrategies and interaction with politicalother is players partydefinitely linked to level their in party thestability parties these of case joining In the of alliance. an instead elections societal stance apro-Russian adopted Moldova. rootedness. in and, respectively, Ukraine anchorscompetition of political the Leftand represent isKPU stability found andwhich former regime the parties, the among PCRM, dominate Ininter-party competition since their declaration independence.of The highest level of of patterns Georgianthe in continuity and stability some show Georgia and Moldova, Ukraine, form findings empirical the then acontinuum, as be perceived to is institutionalization case, the unpopularity of the Russia-Belarus Union during its 2005 electoral campaign. 86 of KPU’s most stole which PR Center-Left strong the of emergence electorate. 85 system development Background post-communistparty party systems. EEN within competition lines of political issue European and other between the relationship alsothe determine political parties order to gain maximum (short- or long-term) benefits. The strategic calculations of competition withinissue of another inthisscenario issue represents European political confrontation. EEN party systems issuefor European the of and importance the polarization of determine thedegree on which parties can differentiate themselves in PCRM abstained from making references to the restoration of the Socialist system and the joining of joining the and system Socialist the of restoration the to references making from abstained PCRM KPU, inthis respect, lost its role of anchor of political competition after 2002, as the result of the The presidential strong in powers Georgia and Ukraine the encouraged emergence 85 Both parties used largely the same strategy: they played the ‘Soviet the played they strategy: largely thesame used parties Both card’ and 86 during elections and preferred to run alone during to preferred during and elections nomenklatura party – Center-Left SMK – that . If the level of party system 160 CEU eTD Collection events that followed the revolutions still point to the significant degree of uncertainty in degree of uncertainty significant tothe still followed point revolutions thatevents the the and systems post-communist these of mechanics the and format in the changes radical ‘electoralconsolidation. so-called The revolutions’ in Georgia and brought Ukraine (Bakke and 2005),EEN party Sitter still systems are characterized byalow degreeof found a significant progress towards achievement of stability in party and bloc interaction institutions. Atlantic common cause of the promotion of pro-Western internal reforms and integration in Euro- former the against in Georgia andUkraine ‘electoralthe madeunite was biggest during independence. to of effortThe revolutions’ communistcamp (PCRM)and anti-communist the opposition camp. of the between representatives the polarization increased of degree even distinguished an PCRM and anchorssystem: party of the of two antagonism bythe represented above countries, PPCD.be in more toideologicallypolitical than competition appeared polarized mentioned the Since however,Moldova, in changetowards evenbefore aparliamentary the republic 2000 PCRMpresidential instead of divide, ideologicalthe domination the of axis of competition. In became andanti- tobelargely based on pro- competition parliamentary the and electoral the both the ruling destabilization the 2003,202-205) of (Wheatley party competition. party and SMK of in dissolution the resulting anymore, together party keep the manage to not did Shevardnadze even branches, executive and legislative within and in party the within 2001, Yet, ‘reformers,’the influential, particularly when becamemore factions some thereboth play successfullycan getmanaged to together within SMK differentpolitical andeconomic and networks to be the role of mediator(“opposition co-optation”).through president the (Way against In Georgian2005, 198) case,Shevardnadze turn then by and government distributingthe into co-opted be to themselves them officesorganizational and financial forfuture oppositionresources by activity allowing the obtained and Yushchenko), and Tymoshenko (e.g. politicalKuchma to close previously leaders, power. fragmented center, not able to form a strong ‘party of power.’ Moreover, many political In conclusion, by contrast to Central and Eastern Europe, where scholars have scholars where Europe, Eastern and Central to contrast by conclusion, In declaration in the since fragmented mostbeEEN the Finally, to appears Right the in of executiveThe strong powers heads ofstate Ukraine andGeorgia determined nomenklatura regimes andfollowing the 161 CEU eTD Collection represent question European the would that as an evidence can beexamined objective integration a “centrifugal sake forces the for achieving of cooperation of aimed at Partnership rival European and unifying examinedthe political spaces, conducinginstitutionalization the to party of EEN systems. issuepower”European appeartoinfluence would theof decrease level fragmentation the of of the partners, coalition potential as themselves regarded not have that rivals former and for EEN partyand elections bringing presidential in together Moldova.ideologically By parties diverse systems,during the ‘electoral revolutions’ in Georgia andUkraine, and during 2005legislative similar formulasmodes changeand of newcoalition bringing of party competition prevailingthe to European issue hadanimportant unifying roleincoalition formation, contributing tothe the anti-European. rivalbroad and camps:pro-European in the At sametime, the forces two degree of of polarization political haddetermined asignificantperspective integration European the of politicization the that show 2005elections) (before andMoldova dividing and capacity unifying party within systems.EEN The case of studies Ukraine a have to proved has issue European the that shown has research empirical the So, work. present the of scenario expected first the confirms that influence level EU indirect findsome can definitely interaction, one party of andthepatterns European question the between links the deeply searches if one hand, one the On consolidation. system integration influencetwo examined hypothesis of on European the onparty process interaction. on party influence indirectis an merely Union sobecausetheEuropean It interaction. andof party stability isitlevel, tolink more complicated question patterns of European the the with continuity party integration at influence of European the linkages andtrace or transnational party stances toexamineparty is easy European Whileit relatively research. Europeanization the throughout present is that problem causality the with again confronted systems in European Neighborhood? East While addressing question, this weare we tellintegration influence the about of European onthe process consolidation party of The influenceofEuropeanintegration onparty system institutionalization interaction. patterns of the party Furthermore, the adoption by Moldovan legislature of the Declaration of Political of Declaration the of legislature Moldovan by adoption the Furthermore, to the with regard mixedresults present studies from case three the The findings . So what can what . So 162 CEU eTD Collection behavior is responsible for most of the (re-)alignment of political forces according to according forces political of (re-)alignment the of most for is responsible behavior ‘electoralthe revolution’ in coalitions andGeorgia Ukraine from governing forces. the of government’sfor between theexisting differences was responsible that competence, stance lines on with majorthe withcompetition,party theposition together of evaluation (Haughton and Rybarforit example, 2007)So, was a combination of European party ‘an additional tool’ in politicalEEN actors’ ‘toolbox’ domestic the into becoming has European debate, the beenmostly question assimilated inter-party of competition. Rather, domestic competition. lines of the existing cross-cut would that issuemaverick tobea prove not issue did TheEuropean cases. above mentioned in the forces political EEN among unification and division the determined issue that European the sole power the not was It in EEN. interaction party on power indirect asignificant demonstrate not issue does European the First of all, be can drawn. conclusions the following perspective unexplained one hastolook at Europeanlevel. the firstly investigated through domestic in lensesandonly caseif something remains be have to of one that subjects the systems represent Bil partiesparty and 2008) Political transformations. (Bathory Lehmkuhl Haverland2007; Szczerbiak 2005; and 2006, 341; inapproach studying the influence of integration European process on domestic bottom-up-down a adopting of necessity the about argue that scholars the with agree between thedomestic levels? and In European (Bathory 2007, 3) these circumstances, I ‘non-existent’is what it causes whether what or trace to possible hardly is it when impact its states indirect EU neighboring on is asignificant there can wejudgewhether How integration institutionalization. party on system process indirect of one, European the particularly influence, the one cantrace ishowaccurate findings above empirical party European systems. East of stability and consolidation tothe and contributes and adversarial confrontational leadingrivalry, decrease the political of competition, to less becomes which salience of makesquestion it European the a valence issue andpushesitoutside party scholarly argumentinalsothe the caseof suggeststhat CEEC. (Kostelecký 2002, 177)It Second of all, the analysis of domestic level variables proves that party strategic If EUinfluenceone approaches onparty system from consolidation this On otherhand,the major a question arisesthat whileanalyzing the mentioned- 163 CEU eTD Collection and transferring ideological, managerial, as well as organizational assistance. the Also, assistance. asorganizational as well managerial, ideological, and transferring limitedfinancial the inresources of EPFs promotingcloser sister-partiesties with EEN in EEN party and party system consolidation. involvement of EU extent and type the the for areresponsible factors Several candidates. CEE post-communist of case the from is different and limited is rather influence this institutionalization, system party and party on process integration European of influence Conclusion of EEN party systems. the consolidation towards progress behavior significant disproves any forces political of institutionalization in Ukraine andGeorgia duringthe ‘electoral revolution,’ nowadays of on system continuum the party seemingadvancement issuethe towards European the of contribution the Despite issues. political of contestation the towards behavior be institutionalized, weakly allowing pursueamoreflexible parties to strategic and consolidation party systems. party post-sovietEEN of The systems continue to examined European integration failsquestion exercise to asignificantindirect influence on the the that shows It institutionalization. system party research regarding present the interaction. party of stability and continuity on issue European superiority of explanatory power of party strategic calculations over the influence of ‘divorces’ the ‘re-marriages’ and illustrates clearly partners coalition Orange of Orangerevolution often the and the The since aspirations. inUkraine political crisis umbrella the pro-European their of in PCRMand Moldova) under (e.g. PPCD were bringing orformer ideologically diverseparties countries that ‘deadly together foes’ or‘politicallarge creation blocs, coalitions, governing of electoral partners’ in three the of maximum benefitsgaining or long-term). (short- As aresult, wecould witness the thesake for stances change their quickly beingable to European question, the party/government forces political relation,have EEN aflexiblebehavior shown towards in by space apolitical stances. position and Partly theirconstrained European The major factors from the European level that affect party institutionalization are institutionalization party affect level that from European the factors The major toboth directandindirectpoints evidence that theexistenceDespite of empirical of scenario confirmssecond theoretical reasoning the mentioned-above So, the 164 CEU eTD Collection of of EU requirements. integration andtheimplementation objective European the dominates strategic behaviour shows that these developments do not induce stable patterns of party interaction and party forinteraction party matters way in which the Europe investigation of However, acloser objectiveintegration issue valence and thedomestic of the competition. within European signingbetween major of Partnership Political the forces the regarding the European seems evidence toempirical the case pointMoldovan in Concomitantly, interaction. party of to patterns the a stronger positiveshows a significant degreeof political instability and ahigh degree of in unpredictability influence reforms.on party However, interaction, the analysiscould overcome ofthe old regimesthe and initiatepolitical the implementationrepresented of liberal-democratic competitionin Georgia and Ukraine byhelpingtoestablishlarge pro-European opposition blocs that that byfollowed the the revolutionsinits engagement politicalpromoting during domestic changes the ‘electoral revolutions’ in momentum a EU achieved the can that be said It interaction. on party level influence electoral support. their increase and legitimacy political domestic obtain to in order aspirations European forces use liberal-democratic the Brussels’ Concomitantly, of backing and party policies their governing position. party-government their by constrained being yet representation, parliamentary or electoral their maximizing of aim the with changes identity in short-term in in transformingidentity line their party aspirations European with andtheir engage can ‘natural’ 2002) thecase (Dakowska of CEE. similar to sister-parties, the over region the from parties governing and successful to given preference the and candidates EEN the inselecting of EPFs calculations strategic of is predominance the compliance, whichcan induce fundamental party identity changes. The reason behind this ideological requirement, accession loosen key the to tend federations party based EU- thesis ofthis expectation theoretical tothe by contrast of EPP that shows case study With regard to party system consolidation, the research revealsaweakEuropean With research party the system to consolidation, regard The analysis of domestic level variables shows that EEN parties are more flexible 165 CEU eTD Collection the four modes of impact fourthe modes of party EU on politics. developments inEastEuropean Idiscuss Neighborhood. keyfindings the derived from integrationsystem influences what European party and extent party process how and to of evidence main empirical the presents section following the dissertation, results Empirical research. of the development potential and limitations the of explanation the with concludes it Finally, literature. existing the to contribution the and research this of implications theoretical the of elucidation the to turns Thenwith following findings, major structure. thesis itthe empirical a presentation the of Introduction PCRM’s “advanced” promote to aspiration standards. samethe time, AtEuropean experts’ European inpractice confirm actions these that stressing recommendation, low somemedium resonance inintroduced party for changesof with line or the activity PCRM in before Moldova the 2009 parliamentary elections. The Communist party and least. harm Thisthem by isillustrated legislative recent changes introduced the by can choose to implement those that benefittheir policies,increase their elites eelectoral success political EEN experts European the from coming recommendations multiple the of level European other institutions, suchas orOSCE. Councilof the Europe, Yet, because by andstandards European norms democratic referenceBrussels makes promoted to demands. freedom EU that to Theanalysisshows degreeof compliance acertain elites implementationthe for guidelines and requirements EU clear contain not do APs that fact The of Europeancandidates. CEE of case in the than transformations political standardsin domestic involvement EU of party aweakerdirect determine perspective membership of EU with lack the Plans, together legislation offerslevel requirements the domestic political First, the analysis of the of analysis the First, 3 chapter of the present the advancedin model Based theoretical on the starts It dissertation. the of findings major the reviewing at aims chapter final This shows that the vague political stipulations of EU-country Action EU-country of stipulations political vague the that shows Chapter 7:Conclusion adjustment ofparty-related legislation to European 166 CEU eTD Collection candidates, argued to be the result of the weaker conditionality policy because of the becauseof policy conditionality weaker of the be result the arguedto candidates, transformations.in party-related involvement EU direct the regarding insights empirical new It points to a more limited EU reforms in line directwith European standards. impact domestic of promotion the thanfor encouraging agreements, trade preferential or facilitation in visa as thesuch rewards, intermediary case use can Brussels framework. ENP of existing Policy CEE rhetorical of incentivesand financial withintheframework European Neighborhood actors political domestic by providing politics party influences directly Union the that shows research the – perspective, incentive EU membership strongest the lack neighbors recommendations. level inlinewith European were inthat changes legislative ENMandresulted governing behaviorthe of the strategic limited more opposition active morethe unified and ruling ENM and its readiness to listen better to European recommendations, together with before the 2009 elections. In blocs electoral of forbidding andthe threshold of electoral the increasingsuch asthe Georgian case, the more democratic-oriented European democratic standards, legislative to thatcontravened changes party-related over profile of the majority PCRM ignoreof allowed to the parties governing opposition’sthe objections with parliamentary the forces, together opposition of divided bargainingthe power weak the case, inMoldovan So, adjustment. legislative the regarding elites ruling the of behavior strategic the differently affected opposition and government between interaction and bargaining power of differentthe EU Plans, Action implementation Georgia there hasbeen one governing party, and respectively PCRM duringENM, the promoting liberal-democraticreforms. example, in For both although Moldova in and forces opposition the of particularly players, veto internal of by strength the constrained are requirements EU to adjustment legislative the of outcome final the and elites blocs. of electoral prohibition of the threshold of electoral the increase politicaldetrimental to Europeanstandards,the andopposed pluralism suchas the was that legislation of a series adopted majority parliamentary Communist the however, Second, the examination of examination the Second, Finally, CEE candidates examined post-Soviet asthe to compared although governing behaviorthe of Yet, benefit-maximizing the as researchshows, the the compliance to EPFs’ EPFs’ compliance to the criteria accession presents 167 CEU eTD Collection European Neighborhood. case of Central andPatria-Rodina, Eastern Europe, spaces.KPU, Euroskepticism Vitrenko Yet, parties Bloc)dimension that isare approacha unipolarthe most ideological the showsthat the European the attitudes ideological inshaping party profile of Euroskeptic phenomenonLeftcompetition extreme of by played Theanalysis role in of the states. neighbor ones. of in post-Soviet case factor the thelatter East ideological By doescontrast axisnot the of importance the study proves the stance, of European party major the predictor to (e.g.thesubsume PCRM, the European well as issue withinformationresulting from thechangeof opportunities available for actorspolitical EEN politicaltransformations examines the ENMand(e.g. Batkivshchyna). EPFs other to are closer them view of some of point ideological iffrom even Federation, largestjoin European Party to from the region the parties Center-Rightgoverning membershipin European political aprestigious club. This thedesire of explains as well as credibility, international and legitimacy political internal actors political case of CEE states, joining an EPF, exemplifiedthe to by the caseSimilar study of EPFs. EPP,join to offers motivated domestic still are actors political EEN Euro-parties, largest and the membership isoffer usually limited tothe inobserverstatus case the of the aremet. requirements major accession ‘stick’ indefinitelypostponingof affiliation undesiredthe if evenof parties, political the of Georgian New Rights Party’s accession to EPP showsEuroparty. largest of that case the the Also, dilution ideological the of an cost the Euro-party at comes if this can use its region. By soEPP doing follows aim the increasing its influence, pan-European of even Christian-democracy – includein to order thesuccessful and from governingparties the – affiliation requirements major it the decreased reveals that to ideological compliance of EPP casestudy the ofthis dissertation, expectation theoretical tothe By contrast PES. EPP Euro-parties, andmembership within and biggest offer the limited material support theemergence ofpro/antiEuropean political blocs parties/ At party level, following the scholarly debate of whether ideology or strategy strategy is ofwhether or ideology debate the Atfollowing scholarly level, party Third, the study of the indirect European influence on party and party influenceindirectsystem Third,and European party on study party of the the Although joining of isavoluntary Party Federation aEuropean decision the one change in the patterns of party interaction and coalition patternsofpartyinteraction and change inthe . , as 168 CEU eTD Collection party systems. The dissertation shows that the further party identity some changes. process of European also renders pro-European which position, astrong or a moderate shiftto integration determined to does not engagein theyare they once criticism to ruling power Europe, achieve the a stronger of government.from allows Whileonce theyshift to status opposition parties theopposition is constrained behavior rent-seeking their conflict, political of lines major the to reaction flexibility and in more provide weakly institutionalized party systems EENparties party for the change of party European profile and of other aspects of party identity. Even if the andconstraints in factor shaping opportunities the important it an that represents Europe Central and Western from argument scholarly the confirms thesis the stance European promoting closer ties with Russia and the CIS. Euroskepticnationalistthe while forces, represent Russian/pan-Slavic parties political be Euro-enthusiasts to parties nationalist wing Right determines Latvia, to similar cases, Russian/pan-Slavic the parties. So, presence of a Russianminority in two the examined nationalist dimension nationalist country the of end other the at because absent, studies of andUkraine a Moldova reveal cosmopolitan–that combinationpro-EU is case the WesternCEE, caseof the and to democracies contrast By issue. European the issues. ofnation/state politicization andthedegreeof factors thenature such as contextual on the depending countries, three the across varies Yet, issues. relationship the Russia/CIS and anticommunist-communist its theEuropean non-economic such as dimensions, position profileon and between party issue correlation degree of aconsiderable between European the divulges relationship the of analysis The Europe. the opposing are USSR the of restoration the even or system economic and political of type a Communist/Socialist promoting those while Europhiles, are parties Thepro-reform position. of European predictor party good is a economy reforms, market and bydemocratic represented dimension, transformation systemic cultural on thatparty stances shows divides or axis non-economic, the and The disentanglement of the ideological dimension into the economic Left-Right The empirical evidence reveals several ways in which Europe matters for EEN for matters Europe which in ways several reveals evidence empirical The The investigation of rolethe played byparty-governmentrelation in thedefining and nationalism between relationship the is research the of finding interesting An 169 CEU eTD Collection major determinant of the way in which Europe matters for party for party interaction. matters in way of the Europe majorwhich determinant being the behavior party strategic decreaseafterwards, its significantly powers deadlock, some decisive such moments, as the ‘electoral revolutions’ the avoidanceor of a political influencedomestic on during transformations Union European asignificant can exercise the commitment of domesticand actorsplayer, veto to complya as with opposition European of requirements. strength the on Althoughconditioned elites, the political of freedom devoted to European integration objective. itself itself which ideology Left reform inlinewith European and declared promised to pro-reform forces,opposition such PSL as in and PPCD, supporting the Communist Party competition leverage Unionshows thatcould the exerciseanimportant inpersuading the normsEuropean to commitment their regarding credibility international as andwell as legitimacy, valuesNU and BYuT inby Ukraine,moral andproviding them internal support political of liberal in ENM Georgia and parties, pro-reform the indirectly influence forces. TheEUcould regime old the over success their in determining source important an represented Ukraine and ‘electoral revolutions’ democracy.the Georgian in during forces opposition liberal-democratic partyAlso, interaction the study increased issuethe valence European of the Moldovan within political arena. and of coalitiontheof be result the arguedto contestants, political become successful to failed organizations Moldovan formation,parties thatdefine identity their within their Europeaness (PSL and PE)these political political newly established two reveals Moldovan case the stance. While European their on based the thesispolitical would of organizations emerge purpose gaining that electoral support with the revealssuccessful no thereare region as the within systems party of the format the influence that Brussels’ support of exercise a strong direct influence on party influence identity directand via organization on exerciseparty astrong AP stipulations of the major dimensions of party institutionalization. Although theoretically the EUcould consolidation of party identity and organizational structure, which is considered tobe one findings.partyparty and system institutionalization The research demonstrates a restricted EU level involvement in the The examination of the of examination The Yet, the extent of EU level influence depends primarily on the domestic degree of influence, mode changeindirect of Concerning the theother inEU patterns the of broader influence ofEuropean integration process on reveals several important empirical 170 CEU eTD Collection oppositionbeing forces pro-European includingand the regime former supporters, the issue hasbeen highlyin contested Orange duringthe Ukraine revolution, pro-reform with attitudes. European andanti-European the sametime, the At basedon pro- confrontation political absence of the led to issue European Thevalencethe legislature. of current the of majorobjective the integration declared European that Partnership signed Political the inparties Moldovan case, parliamentary where power andaunifying a consolidating thesis are confirmed by the practical findings. Similar to CEE candidates, the EU acted as ingredient of party systemmain be the institutionalization.to agreed interaction, Both party of theoreticalcontinuity and scenarios stability the of on the presentinfluence aspirations. European representation avoidingwhile identity fundamental party inchanges line with their can use their European stance with the aim of maximizing their electoral or parliamentary limited in the case of Left wing parties, proven by the example of SPU and PCRM, which increasesupport. Yet, electoral their andto legitimacy EU’s ismore persuasivepower toobtainpolitical domestic forces inorder byliberal-democratic support verbal Brussels’ of use is the dimension party this on influence EU A positive consolidation. party instrumentalist behavior,final determine the ininvolvementoutcome of party EU particularly variables, level domestic that shows dissertation the roots, societal stable organizations. influence party European on consolidation EEN of failure of asignificant exercising including overthe of ‘natural’parties successful politically lead tothe sister-parties, asEPP’s well as Internationals, Party to compliance ideological previous the that strategy ideological compliance.EPFs could directly induce party level in linechanges with norms isEuropean Yet, within the APthe framework. Concomitantly, mechanism strongest the which through the empirical evidence with in incentivesleverage material lackof the strong andresulted a weakEU political from the together legislativeadjustment, regarding party-related poorly EUrequirements defined case study of EPP because of limitedfinancialthe instruments and So, vaguely the defined requirements. shows and EPF’s tobe weak proved inparty consolidation its involvement criteria, accession Turning toparty system level, the empirical evidence points again toa limited EU institutionalization, party age and Concerning thesecond dimension of party 171 CEU eTD Collection transformations within its neighbor states by providing political actors with intermediary with actors political providing by states neighbor its within transformations outside its members andcandidates, the EU still can influence domestic political leverage failure of European implies the membership absence the perspective that of EU infreedom complying with European requirements. constrains the instrumentalist forces,players, ofliberal-democratic domestic particularly opposition veto strength the number the and of standards. Also, norms in toEuropean transformation accordance behavior of the system party inand involvement party of EU extent andthe indirect) versus (direct nature ruling political themajor thatdetermine levelvariables membership the represent European perspective, elites EU primarily incentives, strong of lack the with andtogether requirements, EU theirparty-related degree of inpower The itspromoting domestic political outside vaguely borders. changes defined bargaining regarding weaknessof the approach EU theinstrumentalist confirms research The politics. party EEN on influence EU of analysis empirical in the present are logics both that shows (constructivist) appropriateness of logic the versus (instrumentalist) contribution of the dissertation with regard to each of the three strands of literature. party politics and party systems. The present and Europeanization specialcasedebate the Europeanization transformations, the of of section aims at summarizing the impact to EU domestic on political theoretical approaches debates:theoretical major theoretical Theoretical implications andcontribution totheexisting literature were backedby Brussels. that ofinteraction in the patterns continuity the prevented Communistbehavior theof strategic post-communist political parties president, invotingthe parliamentary avoidedthe of political was regarding deadlock Moldova the and passed has change revolutionary of moments decisive the Once formation. coalition and interaction inparty continuity and stability stimulating by competition current Party of Regions, preferring closer ties to Russia and the CIS. However, the research also reveals that by contrast to the general scholarly belief scholarly general to the by contrast reveals that also research the However, The analysis of the two three addressed thedissertation section, review literature in the states was As it major IR theories: the logic political on impact significant ofa have not could Union European Yet, the conditionality 172 CEU eTD Collection elections in 2005. Ukraine avoidancethe orof inMoldova politicalthe deadlock the during presidential during such some historical as decisive points, ‘electoralthe revolutions’ in Georgia and interaction of party in patters the changing leverage EU a considerable existencethe of to points thesis also However,the institutionalization. of lowby degree a characterized and party EENparties of consolidation influencethe on exercise asignificant to failed integration systems of process the thatEuropean proves standards. Theline research European with considerably powersof in Union the the promoting party and party in system changes limited accession EU the from which countries EEN of exclusion The Europe. Eastern from by during the accession process, things are provencontrast tobe differentin the case ofEU outsiders consolidation party system and party contribute of managed process to the EU the to where Europe, Eastern and of Central case the to contrast By institutionalization. system to the integration on party process and party influencethrough analysisthe of of the European case of CEE credibility. counterpartsinternational and legitimacy political internal obtain to order in officials European of which forces, can rhetorical successful inthe liberal-democratic use promises supporting isare European norms standards. Union most in The system and to changes accordance still in inducing party EU instrument and party animportant represents European aspirations actors’ of domestic support rhetorical the neighbors, its Eastern to offer can Brussels that Russian/pan-Slavicof Communist or despite theweak Also, parties. material incentives actors’ political EEN study by the exemplified process, integration European to reaction in determining have role is confirmed to aconsiderable ones, with European culture the domestic define the that values and norms of theresonance particularly explanations, partially involvement extentof the European in EENparty Thepolitics. sociological countriesbringing EEN to Europeanintegration. the closer rewards, such as visa facilitation, preferential trade agreements, etc., which were aimed at The dissertation also contributes to the literature on post-communist party politics party onpost-communist literature the to contributes also dissertation The explains approach constructivist the that shows dissertation the samethe At time, 173 CEU eTD Collection changes is stronger within its outsiders, which confirms the existing scholarly arguments. scholarly existing the confirms which outsiders, its within is stronger changes linkages. party legislation transnational and of party-related adjustment the stimulate would that funds special of inclusion the and Partnership, Eastern – states EEN relationsthe with future EU defines the that newlegal framework the EU canincreaseinfluence its direct by within some more specific adopting requirements EEN political parties for theirimplementation. Yet, Iargue that one might expect that the availablelimited for to European norms values,aswell as by and assistance financial the vaguely EUstipulations thepromotion in accordance defined regarding of party reforms European level influence ondomestic political transformations is constrained by the of outcome the that show findings empirical the far, So Federations. Party European of criteria accession the to compliance the laws and of party-related adjustment legislative mechanisms:leveragedirect This be within via two Union can exert EEN. the done can and of its strongest in EU conditionality of candidates absence membersthe influence or innon-EU indirect ‘stick’ – full membership transformations. system perspective, influence party party and on modes of major four EU advances dissertation the indirect), the researchfreedom reveals that degree of thepolitical literature: elite’sin levelswere advanced Europeanization the that (more or and processes.So,basedonthemajorfactors variablesfrom andEuropean domestic less constrained) foramoreallows careful European domesticandbetween the level the investigation that contribution theoretical aconsiderable represents it research, of Europeanization the andtransformations within Although it EUoutsiders.the notsolvedoes thecausality problem the type level domestic influence andnature on of extent the European investigating the of EU involvementexisting The combinationliterature. IRandthe CP approachesof be valuablein proves to of one ‘blindthe borders, EUofficial the outside research Europeanization spots’ of the (direct thatallows of the expanding the framework itadvances atheoretical First, party politics. versus dissertationlimitations presentmajorthe addresses study of the Europeanization of of the on the Europeanization of political parties and party systems. The theoretical model of Finally, the major theoretical contribution of the research refers to the literature the to refers research of the contribution major theoretical Finally, the As the chapter 5 reveals, the indirect EU involvement in party and party system party and in party involvement EU indirect the reveals, 5 chapter the As an only exercise can Brussels that arguments scholarly existing to contrast By 174 CEU eTD Collection Eastern neighbors – Eastern in presented PartnershipMay 2008. Agreement, Eastern the its with relations EU enhancing at aimed framework legal new the of analysis the also ways to overcome this shortcomingis the broadening of the time span so that to include of timeframework forAction periodPlans. examining EUpolicies One within of the the 2006 in Ukraine and, respectively, Georgia. As a result, the present research has limiteda implementation (3 years) and thestarting varied date from in2004 2005 Moldova to and of period short hadarelatively have documents these However, requirements. EU inlineto influence ondomestic transformations EU direct degreeof include agreater the major legislative framework power. intra-party the of EU relations in issue European on the and theshifts life,aspects of as intra-party disputes such party with its neighborslevel is examinedlooking narrowly, without atparty organizational andchanges other and are believed focus of limited of analysis politics. party to Limitations andpotential development of research for research. outsiders,other within particularly the interesting space,Russiabeingpost-Soviet an case that the advanced theoretical framework can be applied to the analysis of EU influence on requirements. level European elite’s with in complying commitment foris degreeofpolitical responsible the behavior limited andparty strategic domestic aresignificantly powers EU pass, crisis of political periods the Once political deadlock). historicalformation onlyduring‘electoral moments decisive (e.g. some revolutions’ or coalition and interaction influence party be able to to EUproves the CEE, caseof the in wayasit same the did European democratic standards in for to accordance acting the in different is situation the case of EEN countries. Because Brussels cannotambitions, keep responsible the EEN political governing elites with parties of potential coalition influence for Europeanindirect onparty environment interaction andthe constrains abetter provides process CEE candidates, wheretheaccession to again,inBut contrast The second one deals with the time period. The country country Action Plans therepresent timeThe second period. The onedeals with the with deals one first The well. as limitations own its has dissertation The by is fact represented the of dissertation the Finally, academic contribution the The impact of The impact integration of party European at 175 CEU eTD Collection Tymoshenko’s Bloc in and Ukraine Liberal in Party Moldova). provide an information (e.g. business such arguing ableto theirofficials of are the that Communist Party and VitrenkoBloc inUkraine,and in Communist Party Moldova), or in suchatopic (e.g. by in part disinterest expressing their take aresearch such directly to beparties couldnot ‘reached’ in toanswer questionnaire, the order refusing either leaders’ party During research. present the shortcoming of for example, some interviews, background, language the and constraints period the short of field representanother trips methodological analyses in order to provide a complex picture of the empirical andempirical various sources analysis of applies comprehensive different duringauthor timeAlthough the ofthe PhD provides research(3years). a work the another constrain of this dissertation. Most of the empirical data has been collected by the studies tootherformerrepublics, Sovietmaybe and to casethe of EUoutsiders.other mentioned, advanced the theoretical be in framework infurther thesis this applied can itwas already as However, region. influence inthe EU of comparison cross-national and case studies both providing countries, addresses only three this dissertation result, As a URSS. former within influence the EU analysis of large in engage cross-country a ithardmakes to republics Soviet former of paths in the transition significant differences The lack onpost-communist an of existing systematicand data party development the The third limitation of the present research refers to the range of analyzed. cases rangeof to the research refers present the of limitation The third Last, but not least, the access and the availability of empirical data represents data empirical of availability the accessand the least, not but Last, 176 CEU eTD Collection Table 1.EUinfluence onparty andparty system developments inEEN TABLES APPENDICES Degree of freedom of domestic political elite

Less constrained More constrained (2) (EPFs) European Party Federations requirements for joining Party compliance to (1) country AP stipulations) standards (according to adjustmentLegislation toEU Direct Type ofEUinvolvement (4) Lesson-drawing parties/ political blocs Emergence of pro/anti European (3) for political actors change of opportunities available formation resulting from the interaction andcoalition Change in the patterns of party Indirect 177 CEU eTD Collection f e d c falsified, and to Saakashvili’s authoritarian policy b a Notes: BYuT party) Batkivshchyna NU-NS Self-Defense Ukraine-People’s Our Ukraine Moldova PCRM Communist Party of AMN MoldovaOur Alliance People’s PPCD Party Democrat Christian Moldova: Republican Party RP New 6,80 Rights Party AMA Movement ENM United National Georgia: Table 2.Transnational Party Links Score for NU Memberof National Movement-Democrats Source:2006 Timu Score for BDM Score forBYuT AMA refused their parliamentary mandates as a protest to 2008 elections, which they consider were consider they which elections, 2008 to protest a as mandates parliamentary their AMA refused (major ú expert survey 4,15 6,80 2,35 5,20 7,70 7,30 5,80 Ideology Broad d e c a - - - member) (observer Liberal International LI Union CDI (full member) Centrist Democratic member) (observer Liberal International LI member) UnionIDU (associate International Democratic Union IDU (full member) International Democratic Party International October2008 - December2007 – - 2005 – 2006 Government: December2007 - December2006 – - 2002 – 2004 Opposition: - September2005 – - 1999 – 2004 Opposition: - 2005 – 2009 - 2001 – 2005 Governing: - 1998 – 2001 Opposition: - 1998 – present Opposition: - 1994 – present Opposition: - June 2004 – 2008 Opposition: - March – June 2004 Governing: - 2001- present Opposition: - 2008 – present - 2004 – 2008 Governing: Representation Parliamentary present - December2007- September2005 January - Governing: December2007 a b – since since 2007) ELDR (full member observer member) observer EPP (applicant for member since 2005) since member EPP (observer since since 2005) EL (full member 2005) since member EPP (observer since 2007) ELDR (full member 2008) since member EPP (observer Federation European Party 2008) since EPP (observer 178 CEU eTD Collection Source 3b. Ukraine 1994-2002parliamentary elections Source 3a. Georgia 1992-2004parliamentary elections Table 3a-3c. The importance of the European issue for party programmatic content EC - EC + EC - EC + : MRG: dataset MRG: dataset 1999: -- 1995: Greens 1992: -- 2002: Party Green PZU 1998: -- 1994: SLP LabourParty of Revival Union DAP Democratic 2004: SMK Citizens' Union LEFT -- LEFT -- -- 2002: RukhPopular Movement Hromada Community 1998: DPU Democratic Party URP Republican Party RukhPopular Movement 1994: RIGHT -- BAS Bloc 'For a New Georgia' Democrats BD Burjadnaze 2004: right SAK All-GeorgianRevival Union ( 1999: EDP National Democratic Party KTK Unionof Traditionalists 1995: Party Independence National SEDP KTK Unionof Traditionalists EDP National Democratic Party 1992: ) -- 2002: Party Democratic People's NDPU 1998: Reforms for Bloc Kuchma 1994 RIGHT -- (Power party) CENTER -- far 179 CEU eTD Collection Source 1994-2005 parliamentary3c. Moldovaelections EC + EC - : MRG: dataset - - - - - Party 2001: - Moldova’ Democratic ‘For Movement and Prosperous a - Bloc - PCRM Communists Party PSDM Social-Democratic ‘Braghis Bloc BEAB Alliance’ PDM Democratic Party Party PSM Socialists Agrarian Democratic PDAM MPMDP Social-Political Intellectual and Peasants BTI 2005: 1998: 1994: LEFT -- People's Party - - - People's Party - Reconciliation - - - - PPCD Christian-Democratic DM Democratic Moldova Bloc Forces Democratic of Party PFD PPCD Christian-Democratic and of Rebirth PRCM Party Forces Democratic of Party PFD CDM Democratic Convention 1998: 2005: 2001: 1994: RIGHT -- 1 80 CEU eTD Collection Independent Candidates Independent Communist Party of Georgia Stalin Communist Party Agreement” Bloc “Union of Georgian Reformers – National Socialist Party of Georgia Society- United Georgia” Block -“ 21st Century-Konstantine Gamsakhurdia Bloc “National Way” Bloc Alliance-Third Democratic Unionof Georgian Traditionalists Social Democrats” Block -“United Communist Party of Georgia and SLP MGS MGS – Bloc “Industry Will Save Georgia” All Georgian Revival Union AK – AK “Revival Bloc of Georgia” SMK – Citizens’ Union of Georgia PARTY/BLOC 4c. Parliamentary elections from 31October 1999 Source: EDP – National-Democratic Party SMK – Citizens’ Union of Georgia PARTY/BLOC 4b. Parliamentary electionsfrom 5November 1995 http://www.parliament.ge/ABOUT/parties.html Source: Independent Candidates Social Democratic Party Agreement National of Union Socialist Worker’s Party Party Independence National Society Kostava Merab Ilya Chavchavadze Society Charter ‘91 Party Greens Unionof Georgian Traditionalists Democratic Party Unity Bloc National Democratic Party 11Bloc October Bloc Peace PARTY/BLOC 4a. Parliamentary elections from 11 October 1992 Table 4a– 4d. Georgian Parliamentary Results Elections (1992 -2004) http://www.parliament.ge/ABOUT/parties.html – Georgian Labour Party Labour Georgian Final Record of Results of Georgian Parliamentary Elections at available internet, Elections, Parliamentary ofGeorgian of results Record Final % List% Votes 10.71 20.38 0.92 1.91 2.10 2.40 2.52 2.67 4.29 4.36 4.94 6.25 7.36 8.18 , accessed on30 March 2005. , lastaccessedon March 30,2005. % List 23.71 Votes 2.07 2.17 2.89 3.79 4.15 4.22 4.49 6.84 7.97 List Seats - 10 14 12 18 29 11 2 4 4 4 5 7 9 7 % List 25.18 41.75 Votes 4.45 6.59 7.08 Seats List 25 31 90 , available at 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - SMD Seats 60 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 6 Seats List 14 51 85 SMD Seats 0 0 29 17 0 0 3 3 0 3 0 6 3 SMD Seats 47 132 47 56 0 2 1 8 Total Seats Seats Total 107 29 31 34 60 10 12 10 15 14 19 38 0 0 3 3 0 3 0 2 5 4 4 7 7 8 Seats Total 15 59 0 2 Seats % Seats Seats 12 13 14 46 % 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 % 25 26 16 181 0 1 6 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 4 4 7 6 9 CEU eTD Collection Independent Candidates Independent ForNew Georgia Bloc “National- Democratic Party – Traditionalists” Union of Democratic Revival of Democratic Union Independent Candidates Independent Political Movement “Freedom” Georgian Labour Party http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/election/georgia/greps1129.html ACF* - Electoral Bloc of the Civic Alliance Furnica (The Ant) (The Furnica Alliance Civic the of Bloc - Electoral ACF* Party Agrarian Democratic - PDAM PFD - Party of the Democratic ForcesMoldova Prosperous and Democratic a For Bloc Electoral - PMDP* Moldova of Convention Democratic Bloc - Electoral CDM* PCRM -Party ofCommunists of the Republicof Moldova PARTY/BLOC 5b. Parliamentary electionsfrom 22March 1998 BSD - Social Democratic Bloc AFPCD - Alliance ofthe Popular Christian Democratic Front Bloc Intellectuals and - Peasants BTI PSMUE -Socialist Party and “Unitate-Edinstvo” Moldova of Movement Party Bloc Agrarian Democratic - PDAM PARTY/BLOC 5a. Parliamentary elections from 27February 1994 Table 5a-5d.MoldovanParliamentaryResults Elections (1994-2005) “Rightist Bloc – Opposition Novas” Industrialists, National Movement – Democrats * The composition of electoral coalitions 2004. Source: “Rightist Bloc – Opposition Novas”*Industrialists, NM-D* – National Movement – Democrats PARTY/BLOC 4d. Parliamentary electionsfrom 28March 2004 Source: and Workers’ Unions” Bloc “GeorgianUnited Communist Party (Stalin’sBloc “People’s followers) Party - Didgori” · · · · · · Georgian Parliamentary Directory November 1999 Industry Industry Will SaveGeorgia New Rights Party Forces of National Union Republican Party Democrats Burjanadze United National Movement Georgian Parliamentary Elections 2004, available at % List 66.24 Votes 2.55 3.86 4.39 6.01 7.56 N/A - www.parliament.ge 1.35 4.11 List Seats - , accessedon30 March 2005. 135 15 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 - SMD Seats % Votes% 19 21 19 % Votes% 0 6 0 3 8 43.18 18.16 19.42 30.01 3.66 7.53 9.21 3.29 3.63 8.84 , accessed on 21 May 21 on accessed , 22 , available at 13 0 0 Total seats 153 19 21 23 Seats 0 6 0 3 Seats 28 56 11 24 26 40 11 0 9 0 0 13 0 0 % Seats % Seats % Seats 10.58 26.92 53.85 10.89 23.76 25.74 8.65 39.6 10 66 0 8 9 3 0 1 0 0 0 182 6 0 0 CEU eTD Collection BEAB - ElectoralBEAB Bloc Braghis Alliance EBPR EBPR - Electoral Patria-RodinaBloc http://www2.essex.ac.uk/elect/database/indexCountry.asp?country=moldova of Essex, Moldova, internet, available at BMD – Electoral Bloc Democratic Moldova * The composition of electoral blocs: Source RSPMR - RepublicanSocio-political Movement Ravnopravie PSDM – Social-Democratic Party of Moldova EBPR - Electoral Bloc Patria-Rodina Moldova – Democratic BMD* Bloc Electoral PPCD - Christian Democratic Peoples Party PCRM -Party ofCommunists of theRepublicof Moldova PARTY/BLOC 5d. Parliamentary electionsfrom 6March 2005 Source Ravnopravie Movement Socio-Political Republican - MSPRR Edinstvo Bloc - Electoral BEE Forces Democratic the of Party - PFD Land) (Native Natal BlocPlai Electoral - BEPN PSDM - Social Democratic Party of Moldova PNL - National Liberal Party PDM - Democratic Party of Moldova PRC - Party of Rebirt and Conciliation PPCD - Christian Democratic Popular Party - ElectoralBEAB* Bloc Braghis Alliance PCRM -Party ofCommunists of theRepublicof Moldova PARTY/BLOC 5c. Parliamentary elections (pre-term) from 25February 2001 PSDM - Social Democratic Party of Moldova Justice andSocial Party -Moldovan of Economic PDSEM Bloc Electoral Forces ofDemocratic - Alliance AFD · · · · · · · · · · · : : http://www.elections2005.md/results/total/ Political Transformation and the Electoral Process Post-Communistin EuropeProject Alliance of Moldova, and Peoples’ Peoples’ and ofMoldova, Alliance Party) Democratic Furnica (Ant) Party of Social Democracy of Social Party (Ant) Furnica of Moldova Union Centrist Union Labor Socialist Party of Moldova Professionals’ Speranta-Nadejda Movement Movement Socio-political Force New Party of ofSocialists the Republic of Moldova Socialist Party of Moldova Social Liberal Party Independents’ Party, Liberal of Moldova, Alliance (Social-Democratic Moldova Alliance Our Democratic Party of Moldova , accessed on21 April 2005. , accessed on30 March 2005. % Votes% % Votes% 13.36 50.07 28.53 45.98 0.44 0.46 1.22 1.58 2.47 2.81 5.02 5.79 8.24 2.83 2.92 4.97 9.07 1.86 1.95 2.24 Seats Seats 19 71 34 56 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , University % Seats % Seats 10.89 18.81 70.3 0.34 0.55 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 183 CEU eTD Collection 6a. Parliamentary6a. from elections 27March,2 -10 April 1994 Table 6a-6e.Ukrainian Parliamentary Results Elections (1994-2002) Furnica) ACF -Electoral Bloc ofthe Civic Alliance Furnica (The Ant) (Blocul Electoral Alianta Civica 6b. Parliamentary electionsfrom 29March 1998 united SDPU(o) -Social Democratic Party of Ukraine - Ukraine of Party Socialist Progressive - PSPU Hromada NDP - Popular Democratic Party PZU -Party of Greens of Ukraine Socialist – Peasant Bloc NRU -Popular Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) KPU - Communist Party of Ukraine PARTY/BLOC gov/el-94vrg.html Source: candidates Independent SDPU -Social Democratic Party of Ukraine PPU -Labour Party PDVU - Party of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine KUN - Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists URP - Republican Party of Ukraine SelPU - Peasant Party of Ukraine SPU -Socialist Party of Ukraine NRU -Popular Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) KPU - Communist Party of Ukraine PARTY/BLOC · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Moldova Democratica si Prospera): Democrata din Moldova) Centrist Democratic Party of Rebirth of the Republic of Moldova of Republic of the Rebirth of Party Democratic Centrist of Moldova YouthUnion Civic Unity Movement of Moldova Forces Progressive of Party Socio-political Movement Civic Alliance forReforms Peoples’ Democratic Party of Moldova Movement Socio-political Force New Moldova of Party Civic Moldova Prosperous and a Democratic For Movement o Pentru Electoral (Blocul Moldova Prosperous and Democratic a For Bloc Electoral - PMDP Peasants’ Christian-Democratic Party Women’s Christian-Democratic League of Moldova of Moldova Party Environmental Alliance Green Christian-Democratic Peoples’ of Moldova Party Reconciliation and Rebirth of Party Conventia (BloculElectoral of Bloc Convention Moldova CDM -Electoral Democratic 1994 Election Results in Ukraine- By Alliances/Parties , accessed on28 March 2008. % List 24.65 Votes 4.01 4.05 4.68 5.01 5.44 8.56 9.4 1,491,164 3,683,332 104,204 239,763 361,352 728,614 794,614 895,830 114,409 Seats Votes List 14 14 16 17 19 29 32 84 , available at % SMD 14.69 Votes %Votes 0.98 3.72 4.17 0.83 4.49 6.34 12.72 1.9 0.36 0.83 1.25 2.52 2.74 3.09 5.15 0.4 http://www.brama.com/ua- SMD Seats 14 37 11 3 2 8 0 5 Seats 163 18 14 20 86 2 4 4 5 8 Seats Total 121 17 16 24 28 19 34 46 % Seats % Seats 48 25 1 1 1 1 2 6 4 6 10 27 4 4 5 6 4 8 184 CEU eTD Collection Victor Yushchenko Bloc Our Ukraine * The composition of electoral blocs 2002 Elections: February 2008. Source PSPU SPU NBL – Lytvyn’s Bloc *** KPU – Communist Party of Ukraine NU-NS – Bloc Our Ukraine – People’sBYuT Self-Defense – *** JuliyaBloc Tymoshenko *** – PR Regions of Party PARTY/BLOC 6e. Parliamentary elections from 30September 2007 accessed on20 February 2008. Source NBL NV-NO KPU – Communist Party of Ukraine SPU – Socialist Party of Ukraine NU – Bloc Our Ukraine** BYuT – JuliyaBloc Tymoshenko ** – PR Regions of Party PARTY/BLOC 6d. Parliamentary electionsfrom 26March 2006 accessed on12 March 2007. Source candidates Independent NV-NO (united) SDPU(o) – Social- SPU – Socialist Party of Ukraine BYuT – JuliyaBloc Tymoshenko * ZYU – Bloc For a United Ukraine! * KPU – Communist Party of Ukraine NU – Viktor Yushchenko * Our Ukraine Bloc PARTY/BLOC 6c. Parliamentary elections from 30March 2002 March 2005. Source: candidates Independent http://www2.essex.ac.uk/elect/database/indexCountry.asp?country=UKRAINE&opt=elc of Essex, available at · · · · · – – – Socialist Socialist Party of Ukraine : Central Electoral Commission, : Central Electoral Commission, available at : Central Electoral Commission, available at Lytvyn’sPeople’s Bloc** – – Progressive Socialist Party Ukraine of Party Socialist Progressive Political Transformation and the Electoral Process in Post-Communist Europe Project People’s Movement of Ukraine (Rukh-Kostenko) Rukh Forward, Ukraine! Liberal Party of Ukraine Christian People’s Union People’s Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko** People’s Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko Democratic Party of Ukraine http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vnd2007/w6p001.html - % List http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vnd2006/w6p001e.html http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vnd2002/w6p001e.html Votes 20.0 23.6 11.8 3.2 6.3 6.9 7.2 - Seats List %Votes %Votes 19 20 22 35 59 70 0 14.15 30.71 34.37 13.95 22.29 32.14 1.32 2.86 3.96 5.39 2.44 2.93 3.66 5.69 46.9 SMD Seats 93 66 42 0 5 3 0 7 Seats Seats 156 175 129 186 20 27 72 21 33 81 0 0 0 0 111 , accessed on 30 Seats Total 102 112 , accessed on 20 on , accessed % Seats % Seats 93 24 24 22 66 0 16 35 39 18 29 41 111 0 0 4 6 0 0 5 7 , University % Seats 21 23 15 25 0 5 5 5 25 185 , , CEU eTD Collection Bloc For a United Ukraine! Bloc Yuliya Tymoshenko Yuliya Bloc *** The Composition of Electoral Blocs 2007 Elections Lytvyn’s People’s Bloc People’s Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko Bloc Our Ukraine Tymoshenko Yuliya Bloc ** The Composition of Electoral Blocs 2006Elections People’s Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko Tymoshenko Yuliya Bloc · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Youth Party of Ukraine Ukrainian National Party Nationalists Ukrainian of Congress Solidarity Party Republican Christian Party Reforms and Order Party LaborUkraine Agrarian Party of Ukraine Ukrainian Social Democratic Party All-Ukrainian United Fatherland Party Democratic Peasant Ukrainian Party of All-Ukrainian Unionof the Left Justice People’s Party Party Rus’-Ukrainian Union Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Nationalists Ukrainian of Congress UkrainianRepublican Party Assembly Christian Democratic Union People’s of Ukraine Movement Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine People’s Union Our Ukraine Ukrainian Social Democratic Party All-Ukrainian United Fatherland Party Rus’-Ukrainian Union Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ukrainian Social Democratic Party SoborParty Patriotic Party of Ukraine Party Motherland / Fatherland The Conservative Republican Party Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine Popular Democratic Party Party of Regions – Working Ukraine 186 CEU eTD Collection DAK – Democratic Revival Union EDP - National Democratic Party Georgia (PR system) Post-communist election Parliamentary OneOccasion(%)8a. Parties onMorethan Represented Table 8a-8c.Lewis’ Index of Party Stabilization Source Note: This is a similarity matrix issue Russia/CIS /USSR Communism reforms economy Market integration European EU and nationalism Country rights and Freedoms ideology Broad Ukraine, andGeorgia Moldova, Table 7.Proximity Matrix between themajor dimension ofpolitical competition in Lytvyn’s Bloc Bloc Our Ukraine · · · · · · · · · · · · · : Timu Party of Reforms and Order LabourParty of Ukraine People’s Party Party Defenders Motherland Nationalists Ukrainian of Congress Citizen’s Party “PORA” European Party of Ukraine Christian Democratic Union UkrainianRepublican Party Assembly People’s Ukrainian Party People’s of Ukraine Movement Forward, Ukraine! People’s “OurUnion Ukraine” ú expert survey 2006 ideology Broad 1.000 -.632 -.610 .766 .651 .383 .545 and rightsand Freedoms 1.000 -.454 -.543 .667 .597 .100 .545 nationalism Correlation between Vectors of between Values Correlation Country 20.38 8.18 1 1.000 -.455 -.428 .325 .469 .100 .383 c 6.84 7.97 2 integration European EU and d 1.000 -.808 -.695 .782 .469 .597 .651 25.18 (4.45) 3 economy reforms Market e a 1.000 -.701 -.613 .782 .325 .667 .766 Communism / USSR/ 1.000 (3.86) (2.55) 4 -.613 -.695 -.428 -.454 -.610 .695 b Russia 5 issue /CIS 1.000 -.701 -.808 -.455 -.543 -.632 .695 187 CEU eTD Collection PR Party of Regions PR Party BYuT Bloc “Juliya Tymoshenko” NU Bloc UkraineOur Ukraine Ukraine - united SDPU (o) -Social Democratic Party of Ukraine of Party Socialist PSPU - Progressive NDP - PopularDemocratic Party SelPU - PeasantParty of Ukraine SPU - Socialist Party of Ukraine “Rukh” NRU - PopularMovement of Ukraine KPU - Communist Party of Ukraine Ukraine (PR system) Moldova of Alliance Social-Democratic - ASDM Post-communist election Proportion8b. of Vote ofParties Representedon More One Occasion (%) than Ukraine!” United a PDM – Democratic Party of Moldova Natalia Vitrenko Ukraine!” Ukraine: Moldova” Republic of Moldova of Republic PCRM - Party of Communists of the withinBloc “Democratic Moldova,” j within Bloc Democratic Convention of Moldova, Convention Democratic Bloc within PPCD Christian-Democratic Peoples’ Party “Braghis Alliance,” PSM - Socialist Party Party of Moldova PSM -Socialist Moldova Moldova: Opposition – Industrialists, Novas” SMP – Greens Party of Georgia National Democratic Alliance, Democratic National MGS -Industry Will Save Georgia within Peace Bloc, Peace within SMK -Citizens’ Union of Georgia Georgia Georgia: Notes: Source STK - Union of Georgian Traditionalists as Party of Social Democracy "Furnica" (Ant), : Tables 4-6. a a d withinBloc “National Democratic Alliance-Third Way,” first elections – majoritariansystem, a withDemocratic Union, with “Unitate-Edinstvo” Movement, , g within Opposition Bloc “Ne Tak,” d d a as All-GeorgianRevival Union, within Bloc Patria-Rodina, Bloc within g within Bloc “Industry Will Save Georgia,” e withinUkrainian Regional Asset, i g as Civic Alliance forReforms withinCivic Alliance “Furnica” (Ant), 1 37.86 ------2.74 3.09 5.15 12.72 24.65 - - - 7.53 22 4.36 - - 4.94 b withinSocialist/Peasant Bloc, a b e k g within “Socialist Union” Bloc, as Bloc “For a Democratic and Prosperous Moldova,” Prosperous “For and Bloc as Democratic a as Alliance of the PopularChristian Democratic Front, e as“Our Moldova Alliance” withinBloc “Democratic 19.42 h with People’s with Party, Self-Defense - - - 4.01 4.05 5.01 SPU With 8.56 9.4 (3.29) 18.16 30.01 (1.83) SMK With - 23.71 (4.22) e within the Bloc “Revival Bloc the Georgia,” of within 2 38.52 b f b i b withinNational Democratic Alliance, 11.8 7.2 23.6 6.3 3.2 11.8 (0.38) 6.9 Ukraine MergedOur with 20.0 13.36 (5.02) 50.07 8.24 13.36 (0.55) 7.08 41.75 With DAK 3 74.01 f f within People’s Opposition Bloc of i c g j c c within Bloc “ForUnited a h 4 7.56 c withinBloc “Rightist within Electoral Bloc i within Bloc “For 32.14 34.37 22.29 30.71 13.95 14.15 (1.01) (2.93) (1.2) - 5.69 - 3.66 34 34 45.98 9.07 (4.97) - 7.56 - (2.55) k h h d 5 d g f f f within - (1.32) (0.34) - (2.86) - 5.39 188 h h c e f CEU eTD Collection Ukraine score of 520 and multiplied by 100. **Index of Party Stabilization – sum of enhanced representationscores divided byelections – notional total successive for 100% (originalenhanced measure) forfirst election, proportion 120% second,with for 140% forthird, 160% occasion one forfourth. than more on represented parties by *Votes taken Notes: Source Moldova Georgia Post-communist election Time* 8c. Index of PartyStabilization onParty Based Representation Enhancedover Ukraine Moldova Source : Tables 4-6. : Tables 4-6. 23.7 29.53 37.86 1 23.7 29.53 66.82 81.11 46.22 2 55.68 67.59 110.60124.37 152.32 100.34 142.48 - 100.34 142.48 103.61 12.10 3 79 71.67 4 77.73 89.05 5 - 84.62 68.26 67.97 IPS** 38.42 189 CEU eTD Collection 190 CEU eTD Collection 1a. Cross-national analysis (Moldova andUkraine) Figure 1a-1c.Therelationshipbetween ideologyandEU 2003-2004 joining FIGURES 1b. Moldova Source Source EU and European integration EU and European integration 2 00 12. 00 16. 2 00 12. 00 16. .00 4. 00 8. .00 4. 00 8. : 2003-2004 Benoit/Laverexpert survey : 2003-2004 Benoit/Laverexpert survey A A NV KPU .00 4. .00 4. A SPU Broad ideology Broad ideology .00 8. .00 8. A A A A PCRM PSDM PSDM PCRM A A A A A A 2 00 12. 2 00 12. ZYU PDM PDM SDPU ASLMN ASLMN A A A JT A A A PPCD 6 00 16. 6 00 16. PPCD PSD-P PSD-P NU 0.00 0.00 Percent last elections last Percent Percent last elections last Percent A A 32.20 32.20 A A 64.40 64.40 A A 191 CEU eTD Collection 1c. and Moldova) Figure 2. The relationship between nationalismandEUjoining2003-2004(Ukraine Ukraine Source EU and European integration Source EU and European integration 2 00 12. 00 16. 2 00 12. 00 16. .00 4. 00 8. 00 4. 00 8. : 2003-2004 Benoit/Laverexpert survey : 2003-2004 Benoit/Laverexpert survey .00 5. A A A A KPU NV NV KPU .00 4. .50 7. A A SPU A Broad ideology SDPU A nationalism ZYU 0 00 10. A .00 8. PSDM A SPU A A PCRM A 2 50 12. ASLMN PSD-P A PDM A A 2 00 12. ZYU A SDPU PPCD 5 00 15. JT A JT A A 6 00 16. NU NU 0.00 0.00 Percent last elections last Percent Percent last elections last Percent A A 32.20 32.20 A A 64.40 64.40 A A 192 CEU eTD Collection 3a. Cross-national analysis (Georgia, andUkraine) Moldova Figure 3a-3d.Therelationshipbetween broad ideology andEuropean issue2006 3b. Georgia Source EU and European integration Source EU and European integration 10.00 0 00 10. 0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 .00 0. 50 2. 00 5. 50 7. : Timu : Timu A NV-NO A A A KPU ú ú 2.00 .00 2. expert survey 2006 expert survey 2006 SLP A SLP A A P.-R. Broad ideology Broadideology A PCRM Ravn. SPU 4.00 .00 4. A A A A BYuT A A DAK A DAK PDM A A BAS BAS NBL A A A PSDM A BDM A 6.00 .00 6. PR S-NM BD A S-NM A BD A A A MGS A GS M A A AMA AMA NU PSL A RP RP PPCD 0.00 Percent last elections last Percent 0.00 Percent last elections A A 33.12 33.12 A A 66.24 66.24 A A 193 CEU eTD Collection 3c. Moldova 3d. Ukraine Source EU and European integration Source EU and European integration 0 00 10. 00 10. .50 2. 00 5. 50 7. 00 0. 50 2. 00 5. 50 7. .00 0. : Timu : Timu A NV-NO A KPU ú ú .00 2. .00 2. expert survey 2006 expert survey 2006 A A A P.-R. PCRM Broadideology Broadideology A Ravn. SPU .00 4. .00 4. A A BYuT A A A PDM NBL A BDM PSDM .00 6. .00 6. PR A A NU PSL A PPCD 0.00 0.00 Percent last elections Percent last elections A A 33.12 33.12 A A 66.24 66.24 A A 194 CEU eTD Collection (Georgia, andUkraine) Moldova, issue 2006(Georgia, andUkraine) Moldova, Figure 5. The relationship between individual freedoms rightsand andEuropean Figure 4.The relationship betweenmarket economyandEuropean issue 2006 Source EU and European integration Source 0 00 10. .50 2. 00 5. 50 7. .00 0. EU and European integration 0 00 10. .00 0. 50 2. 00 5. 50 7. : Timu : Timu A A .00 2. A NV-NO A A DAK SLP A NV-NO KPU ú ú expert survey 2006 expert survey 2006 A A .00 2. KPU Free dom s and rights and s dom Free A Market economy economy reforms Market A A SLP PCRM A A A A .00 4. BAS A PR P.-R. DAK A A P.-R. SPU Ravn. .00 4. MGS A Ravn. A NBL A A A BYuT SPU A A BAS A PCRM NU A .00 6. A A PPCD BDM .00 6. AMA A A A PDM NBL A BD A PSDM A A GS M S-NM PR BYuT BDM PDM A A .00 8. .00 8. A A A A A PSDM AMA A RP A A PSL PPCD S-NM NU BD PSL RP 0.00 Percent last elections A 0.00 Percent last elections A 33.12 A 33.12 A 66.24 A 66.24 A 195 CEU eTD Collection 7a. Moldova European issue2006(Moldova andUkraine) Figure7a-7b. The relationship betweenRussian/pan-Slavic nationalism and issue 2006(Georgia, andUkraine) Moldova, Source EU and European integration Source EU and European integration 0 00 10. 0 00 10. .00 0. 50 2. 00 5. 50 7. .00 0. 50 2. 00 5. 50 7. Figure 6. The relationship betweencountry nationalism and European : Timu : Timu A A A A NV-NO .00 2. Russian/Pan-Slavic nationalism Russian/Pan-Slavic P.-R. KPU Ravn. ú ú expert survey 2006 expert survey 2006 A .00 2. Country nationalism PR A A A A .00 4. A PDM PSDM A PSL A A .00 4. RP A A PCRM PDM A NBL SPU PSDM BDM BDM .00 6. A A A A A .00 6. AMA A A BD A PSL S-NM BYuT A PCRM A BAS GS M Ravn. A A DAK A A .00 8. SLP NU .00 8. PPCD P.-R. 0.00 0.00 Percent last elections Percent last elections A A 33.12 33.12 A A 66.24 66.24 A A 196 CEU eTD Collection 7b. European 2006 issue Figure 8.relationshipThe between anti-communistcommunist divideand - Ukraine Source Source EU and European integration EU and European integration 0 00 10. 0 00 10. .50 2. 00 5. 50 7. 00 0. 50 2. 00 5. 50 7. .00 0. .00 0. A A A : Timu : Timu A A A A NU BD S-NM BYuT RP A A A A AMA Russian/Pan-Slavic nationalism Russian/Pan-Slavic ú ú NU BYuT PPCD PSL A expert survey 2006 expert survey 2006 MGS .00 2. .00 2. A BAS omunism/USSR Comm A A A PSDM A A SLP A A A NBL PR .00 4. NBL DAK PDM BDM .00 4. SPU A A SPU .00 6. PR .00 6. A A .00 8. PCRM A KPU A A A Ravn. NV-NO KPU A P.-R. .00 8. NV-NO 0.00 0.00 Percent last elections Percent last elections A A 33.12 33.12 A A 66.24 66.24 A A 197 CEU eTD Collection (Georgia, andUkraine) Moldova, Figure 9. The relationship between Russia/CIS issueand European issue2006

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