SCIENTIST GEO VOLUME 26 NO 8 ◆ SEPTEMBER 2016 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST

The Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London UK / Overseas where sold to individuals: £3.95

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Wonder working waters The geology of British wells and spas explained, for the Society’s ‘Year of Water’ OMAN MANGLE ONLINE: THORNEY PROBLEM START OF THE PEER SHOW How new technology helps Desmond Donovan on the Nina Morgan on the Society’s untangle the ophiolite hidden mysteries of the Tyburn pioneering peer reviewers Rain Rivers Reservoirs

26-30 September 2016

Edinburgh Conference Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh

The science of rain, rivers and reservoirs spans from ‘clear gold’ water, to ‘black gold’ oil. Following in the footsteps of the successful first Rain, Rivers and Reservoirs workshop in Sao Paulo, Brazil in September 2015, this workshop will bring together geoscientists and civil engineers with different backgrounds to generate new interdisciplinary approaches to key problems in our adjacent subject areas. Modern flooding, erosion and deposition, through to geological preservation of fluvial aquifers and petroleum reservoirs require linking of fluvial/flood processes to the longer term trends of climate change, regional uplift and sea level change. These subject areas are fundamentally interdisciplinary. Therefore we would particularly encourage Earth Scientists and Civil Engineers working on aspects of fluvial processes to join the meeting. Over-abundance of water (flooding) and under-abundance of Convenors: water (drought) are societal issues in many parts of the world that we wish to address, and we encourage world-wide case Patrick Corbett (Heriot-Watt University)
studies to be submitted. These wider perspectives add both 'LDUPDG&DPSEHOO %*6(GLQEXUJK/\HOO depth and context, allowing researchers focussed on one &HQWUH  particular aspect of fluvial expertise to contribute to Gareth Pender (Heriot-Watt University)
solutions for ongoing global challenges. Adrian Hartley (Aberdeen University)
Hugh Sinclair (Edinburgh University)
Field Trips Daniel Barreto (Napier University)
Arjan Reesink (Southampton University)
Monday 26th September 2016 Chris Hackney (Southampton University)
Pre-Conference Field Trip: Old Red Sandstone (Arbroath/ Adebayo Adeloye (Heriot-Watt University)
Stonehaven) and South Esk River, Glen Cova. Led by Adrian Jaan Pu (Bradford University) Hartley (Aberdeen University) and Andy Gardiner (Heriot-Watt Qiuhua Liang (Newcastle University)
Ryan University) Pereira (Newcastle University)
Mingfu Guan (Leeds University) Friday 30th September 2016 John Simmons (Consultant) Post Conference Field Trip: Carboniferous Spireslack Further information: Abandoned Opencast Mine, Ancient and Modern Water Issues, Ayrshire. Led by Graham Leslie (BGS) and Dom Tatum (HWU) For further information about the conference please contact: Additional trip to review the progress on the new Forth Road Georgina Worrall, Conference Office, Bridge crossing will also be arranged. The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG T: 020 7434 9944 E: [email protected] Web: www.geolsoc.org.uk/rainriversreservoirs Follow this event on Twitter:
#Rain5LYHUVReservoirs Event Sponsors GEOSCIENTIST CONTENTS

16 25

10 26

FEATURESFEATURES

16 OMAN MANGLE IN THIS ISSUE... Using drones and pioneering computer software to resolve the structure and history of the Oman Ophiolite REGULARS

05 Welcome Ted Nield on technological progress, and our tendency to forget what mind and hand can do unaided ON THE COVER: 06 Society News What your Society is doing at home and 10 Well appreciated abroad, in London and the regions John Mather peers into the rich 09 Soapbox Martin Bennett asks: What makes a successful Exploration Manager? heritage of Britain’s ‘holy wells’ 22 Books and arts Four new books reviewed by Dave Brook, and spas for the Year of Water John Milsom, Tim Tubby and Douglas Palmer 24 People Geoscientists in the news and on the move

26 Letters we welcome your views 27 Calendar Society activities this month THORNEY PROBLEM Professor Desmond Donovan uses 28 Obituary Bob Symes 1939-2016 NNLINE historical sources to resolve the issue over the original course and tributaries of London’s 29 Crossword Win a Special Publication of your choice SPECIAL River Tyburn

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GEOSCIENTIST WELCOME ❞

Geoscientist is the ADVERTISING SALES Fellowship magazine of the Hayden McIntosh WE USE MORE COMPUTING POWER TO FIND Geological Society T 01727 739 184 of London E hayden@centuryone POKEMON THAN APOLLO 11 NEEDED TO FIND ITS publishing.uk The Geological Society, WAY TO ANOTHER WORLD Burlington House, Piccadilly, ART EDITOR London W1J 0BG Heena Gudka T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 DESIGN & PRODUCTION ❞ E [email protected] Jonathan Coke (Not for Editorial - Please contact the Editor) PRINTED BY Publishing House Century One The Geological Society Publishing Ltd. Publishing House, Unit 7, Brassmill Enterprise Centre, Copyright Brassmill Lane, Bath The Geological Society of BA1 3JN London is a Registered Charity, T 01225 445046 number 210161. 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Every effort has been landing by Armstrong and time, and now-inconceivable levels of Mr Steve Branch made to trace copyright holders of Dr Robin Cocks material in this publication. If any rights Aldrin - a day I remember well, oppression, poverty and cruelty. Prof. Tony Harris have been omitted, the publishers offer because the great event fell We also forget a lesson that Dr Howard Falcon-Lang their apologies. Mr Edmund Nickless Ihappily into a physics period, and geologists learn, which is the No responsibility is assumed by the Mr David Shilston Publisher for any injury and/or damage our dour physics master could hardly selectiveness of the fossil record. Dr Jonathan Turner to persons or property as a matter of Dr Jan Zalasiewicz products liability, negligence or refuse our request to listen to it live Ancient machinery may not preserve otherwise, or from any use or operation on someone’s transistor radio. It was well, but that does not mean it did not Trustees of the of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Geological Society Although all advertising material is one small step for man, one giant exist – as the Antikythera Mechanism, of London expected to conform to ethical (medical) improvement on the equations of now thought to date from 100-200BC, Mr Malcolm Brown (President) standards, inclusion in this publication Mr Rick Brassington does not constitute a guarantee or motion: though Newtonian physics got demonstrates. endorsement of the quality or value of Dr Jason Canning such product or of the claims made by its us to the Moon in the fi rst place - a fact In this month’s issue, Sam Cornish Miss Liv Carroll (Secretary, manufacturer. Professional Matters) that Mr Mort might have done well to (who won a Society Research Grant Dr Nigel Cassidy Subscriptions: All correspondence relating to non-member subscriptions point out. for his doctoral fi eldwork) describes Mr Chris Eccles (Vice president) should be addresses to the Journals Dr Marie Edmonds (Secretary, Subscription Department, Geological Great feats of yore quickly come using drone photography and special Science) Society Publishing House, Unit 7 to look ‘impossible’ as technological software packages to resolve structural Mr Graham Goffey (Treasurer) Brassmill Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Dr Sarah Gordon Lane, Bath, BA1 3JN, UK. Tel: 01225 progress advances. We know that complexities in the Oman Ophiolite. 445046. Fax: 01225 442836. Email: Mrs Tricia Henton [email protected]. The subscription somehow, the Apollo missions This is a neat and timely demonstration Mr David Hopkins price for Volume 26, 2016 (11 issues) Ms Naomi Jordan to institutions and non-members will be managed with computer capacities of how old and new can work together: £139 (UK) or £159/$319 (Rest of World). Dr Robert Larter vastly inferior to those now available true fi eldwork with all its joys, Dr Jennifer McKinley © 2016 The Geological Society Prof David Norbury of London on any smartphone. We use more augmented by new tools inconceivable Dr Colin North (Secretary, computing power to fi nd Pokemon only a few years ago. Sooner than we Publications) Geoscientist is printed on FSC® mixed credit - Mixed source products are a than Apollo 11 needed to fi nd its expect, people will be wondering how Dr Sheila Peacock blend of FSC 100%, Recycled and/or Prof Christine Peirce Controlled fi bre. Certifi ed by the Forest way to another world. How was this it was ever possible to resolve complex Mr Nicholas Reynolds Stewardship Council®. Dr Katherine Royse possible? 3D geology without the aid of such Mr Keith Seymour The acceleration of technological tools. (Vice president) Dr Alexander Whittaker progress has speeded up our Yet, when I did fi eldwork in Oman Mr Michael Young (Secretary, estrangement from the ways of over 30 years ago, the situation was Foreign & External Affairs) Published on behalf of the the past, previously familiar from not quite hopeless. Even then, a few Geological Society of contemplating the ancient wonders. geologists I knew – the late Mike London by Century One Publishing How did the Greeks conceive, design Coward foremost among them - had Alban Row, 27–31 Verulam and build their temples without CAD an uncanny ability to do all this in Road, St Albans, Herts, AL3 4DG software? How did the Egyptians their heads. But this is precisely what T 01727 893 894 fashion their obelisks without the technology chiefl y does. What once F 01727 893 895 E enquiries@centuryone benefi t of complex tools? We constantly only a genius could do, many now can. publishing.uk W www.centuryone DR TED NIELD, EDITOR - [email protected] @TedNield @geoscientistmag publishing.uk

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 05 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

What your society is doing SOCIETYNEWS at home and abroad, in London and the regions Society Awards 2017

Make your nominations now, writes Stephanie Jones. Fellows of the Society are invited to submit nominations to the Awards Committee for the Society Awards 2017. Full details of how to make nominations can be found on the website at www.geolsoc.org.uk/About/Awards- Grants-and-Bursaries. Photo: Ted Nield ➤ Nominations must be received at the Society no later than 30 September 2016

Other Gongs Dr Siwan Davies receiving the Lyell Fund Why not also nominate your international recognition of Fellows from President David Shilston, 2013 colleagues for awards from other of the Society, you are encouraged societies? to nominate colleagues for awards of Stephanie Jones writes: In order other societies such as the American LONDON LECTURE SERIES to reward excellence and promote Association of Petroleum Geologists, the American Geophysical Union, the A Little Goes a Long Way: European Geosciences Union and the Researching Ash Clouds and Geological Society of America. Requirements and criteria for Abrupt Climate Change these awards vary widely – some, Speaker: Siwan Davies (Swansea University) for example, may require that the Date: 14 September candidate proposed should already be a member of the organization making the award (unlike the Geological Society of Programme London, where no such ◆ Afternoon talk: 14.30 Tea & Coffee: restriction applies). In 15.00 Lecture begins: 16.00 Event ends. all cases please be sure ◆ Evening talk: 17.30 Tea & Coffee: to read the instructions 1800 Lecture begins: 19.00 Reception. and criteria closely. Further Information Please visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/shelllondonlectures16. Entry to each lecture is by ticket only. To obtain a ticket please contact the Society around four weeks before the talk. Due to the popularity of this lecture series, tickets are allocated in a monthly ballot and cannot be guaranteed.

➤ www.aapg.org/about/aapg/overview/honors-and-awards www.honors.agu.org/awards-medals-prizes/ Contact: Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, www.egu.eu/awards-medals/proposal-and-selection-of-candidates/ Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG, T: +44 (0) www.geosociety.org/awards/aboutAwards.htm 20 7432 0981 E: [email protected]

06 | SEPTEMBER 2016 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

The Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall, London

FROM THE LIBRARY ◆ Online Library catalogue Search the online catalogue of books, journals and maps held in the Geological Society Library. Fellows and Corporate Affi liate members can now login to the Library Catalogue to renew loans, view loan history, request items and create Favourite lists. http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/librarycatalogue ◆ E-Journals and e-books Geological Society Club Fellows of the Society can access over 100+ The Geological Society e-journals and e-books using Athens authentication. Club, successor to the There is no charge to Fellows for this service. Visit body that gave birth to http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/virtuallibrary to register. the Society in 1807, meets ◆ Literature searching monthly (except over the fi eld Not enough time or struggling to fi nd the information season!) at 18.30 for 19.00 you need ? We can search a wide range of resources in the Athenaeum Club, Pall on your behalf and send you the results directly to your Mall, or at another venue, to inbox. To fi nd out more about this service, be confi rmed nearer the date. please email [email protected] Once a year there is also a 2016 meetings: buffet dinner at Burlington 14 September; 12 October; 9 November ◆ Document delivery House. New diners are Not based in London or simply too busy to come to always welcome, especially the Library ? We can send you by email or post copies from among younger Fellows. ➤ Fellows wishing to dine or of articles from our collection. To fi nd out more about Dinner costs £57 for a four- requesting further information this service, please email [email protected] or course meal, including coffee about the Geological Society call 020 7432 0999 and port. There is a cash bar Club, please email ◆ Postal loans for the purchase of aperitifs Caroline Seymour on You do not need to live in London to borrow books, and wine. Burlington House [email protected] maps or journals from the Library – we can post them dinners include wine. to you ! For more information, contact [email protected] or call 020 7432 0999 ◆ Inter-library loans Not based in London or simply too busy to come to the Library ? We can send you by email or post copies FUTURE MEETINGS of articles from our collection. To fi nd out more about this service, please email [email protected] Dates for meetings of Council and Ordinary General or call 020 7432 0999 Meetings until June 2017 will be as follows: ◆ Sponsor a Book ‹ OGMs: ‹ Council: Sponsor a book and support the conservation of 2016: 20 September; 2016: 20 & 21 September important titles from the Geological Society’s collection. To fi nd out more about this project: 24 November; (residential); 24 November; http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/sponsorabook 2017: 1 February; 2017: 1 February; 4 April 4 & 5 April (residential)

Contact: The Library, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG, T: +44 (0)20 7432 0999 E: [email protected]

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 07 08 | SEPTEMBER 2016 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST SOAPBOX

The right stuff

Martin Bennett* asks – have you got what it takes to be a successful Exploration Manager?

ike Harris’s article on Budget the preferred attributes Then there’s the ability to manage accounts, of graduate geologists to budget exploration work accurately, and SOAPBOX (Geoscientist 25.06 July 2015) in particular monitor costs and reconcile any set me wondering - what variances. This is a particularly important CALLING! Mattributes are required to be a successful now that boards have limited options to raise exploration manager in today’s mining capital. Every dollar has to count. Failure industry? can result in an enforced career change. Soapbox is open to contributions When I was at university I regularly heard Ability to manage a team, including all the from all Fellows. You can always how ‘enthusiastic’ and ‘engaged’ the student HR challenges that this entails, is another write a letter to the Editor, of geologists were, compared to their peers in aspect that many overlook. Building an course: but perhaps you feel you other faculties. Geologists can be, perhaps, effective, balanced and motivated team is need more space? a bit overbearing at times; but it comes essential to success and making discoveries. from their passion for the subject - and that Exploration geologists are a diverse bunch, If you can write it entertainingly in endures for a career and a lifetime. The fi rst and it’s often the harder-to-reach ones who 500 words, t the Editor would like important attribute. prove best at making discoveries. Providing to hear from you. Email your piece, an environment for them to thrive and do and a self-portrait, to Fieldwork their best work takes constant effort. [email protected]. As Mike Harris wrote, it is important to have Copy can only be accepted suffered in the fi eld and enjoyed it – an all Communication electronically. No diagrams, tables too common experience in England where The ability to communicate effectively is or other illustrations please. I was an undergraduate. Fortunately it was essential too - either orally or in writing. never too far to the nearest pub. But even For investors to allocate capital, they must Pictures should be of print now, after 30 years in the industry, I still see passion and enthusiasm for the project. quality – please take photographs enjoy fi eldwork – and it remains an integral Resilience is also essential, with mining on the largest setting on your part of my work as aann expexplorationloration manamanager.ger. cyclescycles bbecomingecoming sshorterhorter anandd mmore camera, with a plain background. I jotted down what I thoughtght aaboutbout thethe sesevere.vere. ‘Geologists‘Geologists ddrivingrivi taxis’ typical attributes off an eexplorationxpploration iiss entrenchedentrenched inn fofolklore,l Precedence will always be given manager, and it revealedealed straightstraight and it remainsremmain a very to more topical contributions. Any away the diversity ofof tthehe role.roole. rrealeal (te(temporary)mppor one contributor may not appear

Broad geological knowledgenowledge ppossibilityosssibi for more often than once per volume is an obvious prerequisite,quisite, mmany.any.n (once every 12 months). with a focus on ore-deposit-deposit A ccareerare in ❞ geology, structural geology,geology, explorationexp geochemistry and geophysics.geophyssics. hashas a lot to Some graduates mayy offeroffer ggraduate consider this to be allall geologists.geologo is EVERY that is required; butt it is ForFor thosethose whow DOLLAR HAS TO really just the core ooff a attainattain a poposition far more varied toolboxlbox as explorationexpplor COUNT. FAILURE of skills if one is to bbee managermanaager there is CAN RESULT IN AN effective. thethe vvarietyari but ENFORCED CAREER A knowledge of nothingnothing compares environmental and safetysafety to beingbeing partpar of a CHANGE management is critical,ical, fforor exampexamplele - successfulsuccessful explorationexplorati team. particularly now thatat theseedisciplines discdisciplinesiplines MARTIN BENNETT❞ are fully and seamlesslyessly integrated witwithh mineral exploration.n Sadly,Sadly whenwhen I startedstarted in * Martin BBennettennett is a mineralmineral explorationexploration ggeologisteo the 1980s standards were not as high, and the working in Australia. He is currently Exploration Manager legacy of that is still evident. for KGL Resources Ltd

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 09 WONDER WORKING WATERS

Image: Yerko Espinoza/shutterstock.com

mall-talk with new Holy wells John Mather* acquaintances invariably ‘Holy wells’ are often portrayed as a link involves some discussion of to a pre-Christian past, when our ancestors marks the ‘Year of our respective careers. On worshipped deities who controlled the hearing that much of my necessities of life, such as sunlight and Water’ by surveying Slife involved working as a ‘water the fl ow of streams and rivers. Early geologist’, and having expressed missionaries, travelling through the the geology of surprise on my negative reactions to country, incorporated these shrines into both water divining and bottled water, the new faith, we are told; changing pagan Britain’s ‘holy wells’ conversations often turn to discussing dedications to Christian ones and perhaps the local ‘holy well’ or mineral spring. giving their name to the well. and spas These were enthusiastically mapped Natural healing powers associated by the Ordnance Survey during the with the well waters became attributed to 19th and 20th Centuries and commonly God and the saints, and pilgrims travelled appear on local maps; but why did our long distances to be cured by the ‘sacred’ ancestors decide that some springs and waters. In the 16th Century, following the wells were sacred, and why did others Reformation, the saints were forgotten; but develop into fashionable spas? Did the medicinal reputation of the waters lived hydrogeology play any part in their on and sites achieved new distinction as spas designation or does their origin derive and perhaps more recently as hydropathic Above: Many an ancient well may lurk innocently from ancient traditions in which geology establishments. This story sounds entirely amid the nasturtiums of Britain played no part? reasonable. But it is largely myth!

10 | SEPTEMBER 2016 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST ❞

FOLLOWING THE REFORMATION THE SAINTS WERE FORGOTTEN; BUT THE REPUTATION OF THE WATERS LIVED ON AND SITES ACHIEVED NEW DISTINCTION AS SPAS ❞ Top Middle: Sainte Evette’s well at Esquibien in Brittany. St Evette, the virgin of the three crowns, was the patron saint of fi shermen in the The small rock pool in the church of St bay of Audierne. Peter in Antakya (biblical Antioch) in Complete with Turkey, water from which was used for statuette, the baptisms and thought to cure sickness. well is probably According to legend the cave-church like many rural was founded in AD 47, making this one holy wells in of the earliest holy wells Britain before they were The statuette showing St Evette suppressed at and her three crowns the Reformation

The source of the River Seine in the Burgundy region of France. In the 17th century the spring waters were reported to have healing powers and attracted large crowds. A grotto was constructed there in 1868 and the present statue of a nymph arrived in 1934

Beginning in the 7th Century, there properties. A well was not sacred because it Hove, was rebranded as such only in is little doubt that some ‘holy wells’ cured people but cured them because of its the 1880s. In order to explore the part originated as springs used for drinking supposed ‘sanctity by association’. There is geology might have played in the siting and bathing by some of the great saints of little evidence that any of these holy wells of ‘holy wells’, we must exclude these history, and were subsequently venerated were ‘taken over’ from pagan precursors. ‘modern’ examples, ignoring those with in their memory. These carried the name Holy wells continued to be designated no evidence of pre-1600 foundation. of the saint, becoming, for example, St even after the Reformation. They were Cuthbert’s or St Aldhelm’s Well. Others common garden features in the 18th Natural were associated with local hermits or Century, fi tted with rustic well-houses and At fi rst sight there is little evidence priests, were gathering places which may saints’ names. Entrepreneurs who wanted that geology played any part in the subsequently have become the site of to develop a mineral spring during the spa designation of a medieval well as holy. parish churches, or landmarks associated boom of the 18th Century would add a The wells are either natural springs, with a saint. Although some carried saints’ saint’s name for added cachet. Thus, some bearing the title ‘well’ because of the names, many were just called ‘Holywell’. wells which we might have been regarded basin or sump into which water fl ows, or From the 12th Century, wells were also as traditional pre-Reformation holy wells, dug wells. They occur in all geological dedicated to saints of the universal church, on investigation, turn out to be more recent. environments from hard crystalline rocks and if the dedication was to the Virgin For example, the Chalice Well at such as granite to geologically recent, Mary these became ‘Ladywells’. The Glastonbury, formerly the water supply poorly consolidated, sands and gravels. well waters were usually of good quality, to the abbey, was fi rst given its sacred title Along the Polden Hills in Somerset lies a although some were mildly chalybeate. in 1751. St Anne’s Well at Great Malvern chain of ‘holy wells’ that perhaps serviced They were prized for their purity and is fi rst recorded with this name in 1744, the needs of medieval pilgrims travelling

sweetness and had no intrinsic healing and St Ann’s Well, on the Wick Estate at to Glastonbury, after landing from the ▼

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 11 A typical roadside Lady Well at Sticklepath, near Okehampton in Devon. Its age is unknown

Saint Alkmund’s Well in Derby at the junction of Well Street and Bath Street. Prince Alkmund of Northumbria was murdered

in Derby about ▼ sea somewhere near Bridgwater. Here, holy 800 AD and wells developed to satisfy a need; but in was quickly canonised for other areas no such need is apparent. political reasons. The folklorist Jeremy Harte has listed about By tradition the 900 wells in England (excluding Cornwall) well is the site at of likely medieval origin, which equates to which his relics rested when they a density of fi ve wells per 250 square miles. were returned to The density in Cornwall is much greater, at Derby in the 12th 18 per 250 square miles (similar to Wales, at Century 17/mile2). Using Harte’s data, the density of holy wells within various areas of England and Wales is listed in the Table, together with an indication of the underlying geology, broken down into three simple groups on hydrogeological grounds.

Region Density Geology (wells per 250 sq. miles) CORNWALL 18 B WALES 17 B/OC WEST RIDING 7.5 OC NORTH EAST 6.6 OC WELSH BORDERS 6.6 OC/YC/B MIDLANDS 5.9 YC/OC WEST COUNTRY 5.7 OC/YC/B NORTH OF 5.5 YC/OC MIDLANDS CUMBRIA 5.0 B/OC/YC NORTH WEST 4.8 YC/OC HOME COUNTIES 4.7 YC Right: EAST AND NORTH 4.1 YC/OC Table: B = RIDINGS Basement. OC = Older Cover. LINCOLNSHIRE 3.1 YC YC = Younger MID-WEST 2.9 YC Cover SOUTH-EAST 2.7 YC EAST OF 2.6 YC MIDLANDS EAST ANGLIA 1.5 YC GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

▼ Basement rocks have low porosities and holy well density, as found in England are effectively impermeable. However, and Wales, is therefore related to even in these hard rocks, fractures in the the underlying geology, though in upper 100m provide small volumes of an unexpected way. In areas where water to individual springs and wells. groundwater was freely available, it Overlying rocks can be divided into an was taken for granted; wells were rarely older cover, formed from rocks which venerated and holy wells uncommon. are still hard but contain minor aquifers As groundwater availability decreased, of secondary importance in terms of particularly in areas underlain by poorly water supply, and a younger cover, permeable fractured rocks, reliable which ranges from the Permian to the sources became valued and venerated, Quaternary and contains the principal and hence ‘sanctifi ed’. aquifers. In the Table, the geology of each Spas region is expressed in terms of these With the Reformation, holy wells were three groups; when more than one group suppressed because of their associations is present these are listed in order of with the Papist past. Some major wells dominance. Even if the detail of the were dismantled, but most rural holy geological breakdown is disputed, the wells were small and unobtrusive and evidence points to one conclusion, namely survived unscathed. Despite persecution, that wells occur in higher densities many laymen retained their faith in holy in areas underlain by basement and wells, which were often the scene of social older cover than in areas underlain by gatherings in summer months. younger cover. Put another way, where In the second half of the 16th Century, groundwater is generally readily available this popular attachment to water cures, there are fewer holy wells than in areas and a new approach to medicine, led where groundwater is scarce, a situation Elizabeth I’s government to adopt a perhaps opposite to that which might more relaxed attitude, allowing people to Above: A brackish spring emerging from the Carboniferous have been expected. drink and bathe in the waters, providing Limestone at Humphrey Head, near Cartmel in Cumbria, Comparing the southwestern no miraculous element was involved. was a spa from the 17th Century. Sometime after 1800 it began to be referred to as Holywell Spa, probably to give counties of Dorset and Cornwall helps Cures no longer relied on the blessings it an extra cachet. The sign says “Water not suitable for to understand how and why ‘holy well’ or actions of some saint, which were drinking”. Note the broken salt-glazed stoneware sink to the lower left of the image densities might vary regionally. To the incapable of analysis, but on some Middle: Detail of the spring discharge and old pipework east, Dorset comes within the Mid-West property of the water itself. Below: Sign on one of the approaches to the village of Woodhall Spa, illustrating the legend associated with the region in the Table, with a density of This led to the growth of ‘spas’ (named discovery of the medical properties of the water. A shaft 2.9 holy wells per 250 square miles. for the town of Spa, now in Belgium, sunk in an abortive search for coal in the 1820s fl ooded The younger cover in Dorset includes where people could both drink and and the water❞ overfl owed into a stream which supposedly cured cattle that drank it Cretaceous and Jurassic aquifers. Here bathe in medicinal waters). Spa wells groundwater is widely available and it were nearly all new foundations and is possible that, in medieval settlements, were rarely ‘reincarnated’ holy wells. WHERE each group of dwellings had its own well. This is because the feature of holy wells To the west, Cornwall, with a density was their pure and wholesome water, GROUNDWATER IS READILY of 18 holy wells per 250 square miles is whereas spa waters were generally AVAILABLE THERE ARE underlain by basement rocks - granites characterised by their distinctive (and FEWER HOLY WELLS THAN and tough Devonian shales as well as generally unpleasant) taste, derived from equally impermeable rocks within the high concentrations of dissolved minerals. WHERE IT ISS SSCARCECARCE Lizard and Start complexes. It would There were exceptions. St Anne’s Well have been impractical to sink wells in Buxton made the transition from ❞ here, and natural streams and springs holy well to spa because of its thermal would have provided water supplies. properties, and the Holywell at Malvern Unfortunately streams easily become because of its exceptional purity, polluted and can rapidly dry up in celebrated in the couplet ‘The Malvern summer, particularly following periods water, says Dr Wall/ Is famous for of below average rainfall. Thus good containing just nothing at all’. springs, particularly if perennial, would The spa movement developed slowly have been greatly prized. It is easy and by the end of the 16th Century there therefore to understand how they might were seven or eight sources, including acquire the status of ‘holy wells’, if only so the thermal resorts of Bath, Buxton and that people might thus be encouraged to Bristol Hotwells. Over the next century look after them. the number of such sites proliferated, The wide variation in pre-Reformation particularly after the Restoration in

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 13 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

▼ 1660. Spas reached the peak of their the most widely distributed but did considered the most valuable by spa popularity during the 18th Century, many not travel well, as the iron precipitated physicians. The most famous was probably spa towns transforming into fashionable as brown ochre on exposure to air. For at Harrogate, where 88 springs with widely watering places, providing a genial the same reason they were little used varying compositions rose within a small environment for the enjoyment of poor for bathing because of the less-than- area along the axis of an asymmetrical health. As well as major centres like appetizing brown scum fl oating on the anticline. Bath, frequented by ‘quality’, there were surface. Spa water composition is governed literally hundreds of small spas catering Perhaps the best known of the by the lithology of the host rock and the for all classes, from Pennine lead-miners chalybeate spas was Tunbridge Wells hydrogeological environment. The latter to middle-class tradesmen and the minor in Kent, mildly chalybeate with an iron controls the length of the groundwater ‘county’ gentry. concentration of about 35mg/l, where fl ow path and the mixing which takes water is still dispensed to tourists by a place along it; the time available for water/ Chemical analysis costumed ‘dipper’ in summer months. rock interaction and the redox conditions A scientifi c treatise, extolling the virtues of In comparison, the strongly chalybeate encountered. In practice, the location of the Bath thermal springs, was published water of Trefriw Spa in North Wales, only a small number of spas is controlled by Dr William Turner in 1557 and this which has an iron concentration in excess and constrained by geology. These spas lie was the forerunner of a vast literature on of 500mg/l, is marketed worldwide as in natural groundwater discharge zones British mineral waters. Initially water Spatone or ‘liquid iron’. at the culmination of long fl ow paths with analysis techniques were crude and it was Waters were defi ned as ‘saline’ if they signifi cant residence times. Discharges are not until the 19th Century that some sort contained sodium chloride and/or salts often associated with faults along which of order was established in expressing the of magnesium or another alkali metal. fl owpaths coalesce as groundwater moves results of chemical analysis. Famous saline spas were those at Epsom, to the surface. Most authorities agreed on a general in Surrey, Cheltenham in Gloucestershire The three best-known spas in the UK - classifi cation, dividing mineral waters and Woodhall Spa in Lincolnshire, none Bath, Buxton and Harrogate - are all of this into four categories: chalybeate, saline, of which still functions. Bath water was type. However, at most UK spas, geology sulphurous and carbonated. Natural also a mild saline. The Epsom source was is of lesser importance. For example, the carbonated waters, containing signifi cant rich in magnesium and on evaporation saline waters of Cheltenham Spa derive

volumes of dissolved CO2, did not occur precipitated the sulphate, ‘Epsom Salts’, from the clays of the Jurassic Lower Lias. in Britain, although they could be made a strong purgative! Sulphurous waters These crop out over an extensive area up on demand. Chalybeate waters, were reduced groundwaters, and less and discharges of mineralised water are containing dissolved iron, were perhaps common. For this reason they were common. However, only Cheltenham grew

Capland Spa in Somerset. Like many small rural spas, all that remains is a name on a map, or more rarely, as in this case, a name carved above a door

Skipperham Well at Ashill, in Somerset, a St. Ann’s Well at Great Malvern, consisting Physicwell House, near Wincanton in Somerset, recently cleaned out chalybeate spring, of a Well House, built in 1813 with an constructed in about 1805 as Horwood Spa. A discharging from the Jurassic Lower Lias, octagonal extension built about 1841. The saline spa, its prosperity was shortlived and it Charmouth Mudstone Formation. This rural spa earliest reference to the well was in 1744, had fallen into disuse by 1836 well became dedicated in the 19th century to St a saint’s name being attached to a drinking Cyprian, on the dubious basis that Skipperham spa to give it extra prestige was a corruption of this saint’s name GEOSCIENTIST SOAPBOX

into a fashionable had been practised for some years, be measured by chemists. Following Georgian spa, but were fi rst systematised the Reformation, only rarely did holy as a result of by a farmer’s son, Vincenz wells, become the site of spas, as water the enthusiasm Priessnitz at Gräfenburg, then quality requirements were entirely of local in Austria. Many medical different. For similar reasons, in the 19th entrepreneurs, conditions were considered to Century, most spas were not revitalised rather than be advantageously treated by by the introduction of hydropathy. The any distinctive such methods and the ‘water distribution of holy wells seems to be geology. Some cure’ became popular for a time. related to the underlying geology in that spas have claimed Treatment involved a tough they are more common in areas of older that their waters are regimen of exercise, fresh air and fractured rocks. ‘juvenile’ or ‘plutonic’ in abstinence from many of life’s pleasures. Geology infl uences the location of spas, origin, rise from great depth and have An ideal resort required pure water, but many owe their fame, primarily, to the never previously seen the light of day. pure air and easily climbed hills. Most efforts of local entrepreneurs. ◆ However, measurements of environmental spa resorts did not qualify, the notable isotopes have demonstrated that these exceptions being Malvern, which had waters are in fact meteoric in origin - traded as a spa, somewhat incongruously, FURTHER READING even though recharge may date from the on the purity of its water, and Buxton. Pleistocene. Hydropathic establishments, or ‘Hydros’, 1 Harte, J 2008. English Holy Wells: a sourcebook, 3 grew up in new centres, where there were volumes. Heart of Albion Press. Loughborough. Hydropathy plentiful supplies of weakly mineralised Hembry, P 1990. The English Spa 1560-1815. Even before the close of the 18th Century, waters, often using surface water from local Athlone Press, London. the spas’ decline had begun - replaced as rivers and lakes rather than groundwater. Mather, J D 2013. Britain’s spa heritage: a hydrogeological appraisal. In: Duffi n, C J, Moody, R fashionable watering places by the new T J & Gardner-Thorpe, C (eds). A History of Geology seaside resorts. Medical fashions changed Geology or entrepreneurs? and Medicine. Geological Society, London, Special and in the mid-19th Century, traditional The water of holy wells was generally of publications, 375, 243-260. spa treatments were partly replaced by the good quality, had no measurable healing practice of ‘hydropathy’, which involved properties, but gained these through an immersing or dousing parts of the body in association with a saint or holy man. Spa water or wrapping parts of the body in wet waters reputedly healed because of their * Dr Dr John Mather is a former BGS sheets. ‘Wetting and sweating’ therapies dissolved mineral content which could hydrogeologist and now an enthusiastic potter

Old print showing patrons drinking at The Hot Baths at Buxton opened for business Above: Gilsland Spa on the Cumbrian side of in 1818, fed by the overfl ow from St. Ann’s Plaque the River Irthing gorge which marks Well. The Baths were rebuilt in 1853 and erected by the border between Cumbria and restored and converted into the present the Malvern Northumberland shopping centre in 1985/6 Civic Society to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Water Cure in 1992 The Fountain Bath at Matlock Bath, remodelled and extended in 1883, was once a public bathing establishment where patients sought relief from rheumatic complaints. Any health-giving properties are now enjoyed by a collection of large carp

Gilsland Spa as it is today. Although The fountain in the Pump Room at Bath. Britain’s fi rst purpose-built hydropathic the buildings are long gone, part According to 18th century claims, the water establishment, in Great Malvern, where Dr of the retaining wall and the niche ‘strikes the roof of the mouth with sulphur and James Wilson practised from 1845-67. Known from which water emerged remain. steel, and amongst other things, strengthens as ‘The Establishment’, the building has now The sulphur spring still fl ows, the bowels, cleanses the body from all blotches been converted to apartments precipitating calcium sulphate as it and itchings and is excellent against deafness, cascades down to the river forgetfulness and the weakness of any member’! OMAN MANGLE Sam Cornish* supported by the Society’s Annie Greenly Fund, has been unravelling subduction and exhumation in NE Oman

man is a country of exceptional micro-scales; from resolving the structure natural beauty, and the of 25km of deformed margin, down to geological story behind its microstructural and electron backscatter landscape only adds to the diffraction studies. wonder. Jagged, low mountains Othat surround the port cities of Muscat Fieldwork and Muttrah are made from rocks that Fieldwork was carried out over two once were part of the Earth’s mantle. In weeks in December 2015, a time of year the enormous Jebel Akhdar dome, the when you can step outside without fear same thick shelf carbonate sequence which of melting under the sun like butter. forms the reservoir rock for much of I undertook the fi eldwork with my Arabia’s oil wealth, arcs over 2000m high. supervisor, Mike Searle, who did his PhD Glittering green and black pods along on the emplacement of Oman’s ophiolite the As Sifah coastline were subducted to in 1980 and has been back to untangle its depths of 80-100km before returning to geological puzzles many times since. the upper crust. Through the geological We worked in an area southeast of lens, such natural curiosities gain new Muscat, capturing all the major structural signifi cance. units in the study area: from eclogite at the base in As Sifah, upwards across Ophiolite shear zones in As Sheik and from Yenkit About 95 million years (Myr) ago, newly to Ruwi, into carpholite-grade limestones formed Tethyan oceanic crust began to be and schists along Wadi Mayh, to the thrust onto the Arabian continental margin ophiolite and its unconformable Cenozoic in Oman. As the ophiolite was emplaced, carbonate cover at the coast. the leading edge of the continental A particularly important part of the margin was dragged down a NE-dipping project is the Wadi Mayh mega-sheath subduction zone, to depths of up to 80- fold2; a package of sheath folds stacked 100km. By 80Myr ago, the greatest depths atop and beside one another, spectacularly recorded by rocks now at surface had been exposed in the sheer-sided Wadi Mayh achieved. It is thought that at around this gorge. These folds are distinctively three- time a deeper part of the down-going slab dimensional. Individual sheaths show Above top: Large inkjet print showing the northern end broke off, allowing the positively buoyant isoclinal folds hundreds of metres long in of the gorge, demonstrating the high-resolution of the continental crust to begin to return to the the NNE-SSW section, and beds that wrap panoramic images. Printed by Fotospeed 1 Above middle and lower: Photographs showing the surface . right around into rugby ball shapes in mafi c eclogite boudin, enveloped by calc-schists on As Oman has not yet collided with perpendicular section. Sifah beach Asia (as Iran and India have), so it still As well as shortening from both Left: Simplifi ed geological map and cross-section of NE Oman. Modifi ed from Searle et al. 2004

displays a pristine geological record of NNE-SSW and ESE-WNW directions,

continental subduction and ophiolite one sees signs of fl attening: boudins emplacement. Indeed, nowhere else in the with ‘chocolate tablet’ shapes are present world are the products of these processes both in the limbs of sheath folds and in ❞ so well exhibited, making it a tantalising fl at lying shear zones. Altogether this destination for geologists interested in presents a real geometrical puzzle, both to such events. (The weather, people and resolve the current structure and to model OMAN IS A COUNTRY landscape undoubtedly add to the appeal!) the multistage process of formation. The The aim of the game in my project, limestone appears rock-solid today at OF EXCEPTIONAL which benefi ted from a Geological surface, but its deformation patterns NATURAL BEAUTY, AND Society fi eld research grant, is to unravel imply mechanical properties more like the physical processes of continental soft lasagne. A rheological perspective, THE GEOLOGY BEHIND ITS subduction and exhumation (the latter informed by the microstructure and the LANDSCAPE ONLY ADDS meaning uplift of rocks relative to surface) predicted temperature and pressure TO THE WONDER through a careful study of the deformation history, is paramount when reconciling experienced in the continental margin. these two disparate impressions.

This comprises work from the macro- to The extent, magnitude and complexity ▼ ❞

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 17 3D model of the northern part of the east side of the gorge, comprised of a dense point cloud. Locations and orientations of the camera for each photograph used are shown and were automatically calculated along with scene geometry

▼ of deformation in the continental Any hope of progress in such a taken from different perspectives, can margin is striking. Deformation is complicated structural setting requires be combined by matching up common distributed throughout the study area; detailed, testable data. Unfortunately, features into a 3D model. metre-scale tight to isoclinal folds are traditional methods of structural commonly found throughout rock that mapping require trust in the observer’s Day in the life from a distance appears undisturbed. interpretation; it is hard to test a fi eld A typical fi eld day begins in a tent on Deformation is most focused, however, sketch without seeing the outcrop for As Sifah beach, when the coming dawn on several major shear zones, across yourself. rouses the sleeping geologist. Coffee. which metamorphic grade increases With the advent of high quality digital Staring blearily at the sun, rising above structurally down-section. photography, however, it is now possible the ocean horizon. It is already hot, and The story goes that activity on these to collect rigorous data against which the fl ies are up, too. Go easy on the gas NE-dipping shear zones was initially to evaluate structural interpretations. when leaving the beach for a day’s work, top-to-SW thrusting, associated with When mapping along cliffs, gorges and or spend the rest of the morning digging the subduction of the continent beneath mountainsides with near perfect exposure, the car out. oceanic crust, followed by bottom- the photographic method allows excellent The days are hot, but manageable. to-SW shearing accompanying the documentation of geological structure. A lunchtime dip when working on the exhumation from depth of the buoyant My technique was to take a series of coastal eclogite exposures is just the ticket continental rocks, along the same panoramic photo-merges along sections of and a good opportunity to check out the subduction channel (though debate interest. In total, I made over 100 photo- marine biology. Roadside geologising continues1,3,4). I am using microstructural merges and did two drone surveys. I invites the friendly horn honks and waves relationships in shear zone samples to am currently resolving the structure in of passing locals, while up high there are distinguish phases of deformation, and individual images, and will progress to only goats for company. The views are temperatures of deformation as recorded resolving the entire section. Care must spectacular; warm sunlight illuminates the by crystallographic indicators in quartz be taken regarding perspective and in canyons and mountainsides. to constrain the evolution of these shear visualising the planar geometry of beds Returning to the beach, an after- zones. and shears. In the Wadi Mayh sheath fold dark swim among bioluminescent area photographic coverage was dense phytoplankton brings the day to a magical Mangle enough to allow construction of a three- end. My swimming agitates them, The incredible complexity of the dimensional model from the collection sending green sparks of light off into the deformation becomes believable in of images, using stereo-photogrammetry water. Can anyone doubt that geology light of the tectonic setting – a jammed software (Agisoft Photoscan). This PhD projects are the best? subduction zone in which rocks were software works on the principle that Much has already been established really put through the mangle. multiple images of the same object, about the tectonic history of NE

18 | SEPTEMBER 2016 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Structurally interpreted panorama looking at the western side of the gorge. Major fl at- lying paired synclines and anticlines are visible

Panorama with structural interpretation overlain. White lines and blue lines show where bedding planes and shear planes, 3D model of part respectively, intersect the surface. Note how beds wrap into of the western rugby ball shaped exposures, boudins are found along shears, side showing the how the competent limb on the right hand side sweeps around perspectives of the sheath. This panorama is centred on a direction slightly the photographs oblique to the principal transport direction (which is NNE-SSW) used to generate the model Panorama with structural interpretation overlain. This panorama looks at the western side of the gorge. Parity with the structures in the WM5 panorama can be seen

Orthographic view of the Oman’s continental margin. Pressure western side of the gorge from and temperature studies, geochronology the 3D SfM and biostratigraphy, large-scale mapping5 model and structural studies combine to give a workable picture of the tectonic evolution6. However, previous studies have not assessed the style and magnitude of deformation throughout key areas in a suffi ciently precise or rigorous manner. This is a fundamental piece of the overall puzzle, taking us from coarse block-type models to a more ‘continuum’ understanding, connecting large-scale ideas of stress and strain to actual rock behaviour. ◆

Orthographic view of the Acknowledgments eastern side of the gorge from My thanks go to The Geological Society for fi nancial the 3D SfM model assistance through the Annie Greenly fund. I also thank my supervisors: Mike Searle, for knowledge and company in the fi eld; and Lars Hansen, for lab-based expertise. Thanks also to local drone pilot Mohamed Alnamani for giving up his time to help us produce drone surveys in Wadi Mayh and As Sifah

➤ For more information on how to apply for a Geological Society Fieldwork Grant, visit W: www.geolsoc.org.uk/grants ▼

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 19 ▼ A fold-out book was made to display all 10 structurally interpreted panoramas. Kindly modelled by Sam’s friends and supervisor, Mike Searle (right)

Map showing the basic structure as determined using the panoramas

Mafi c eclogite boudin, enveloped by calc-schists on As Sifah beach

REFERENCES

1 Searle, M P, C J Warren, D J Waters, and R R Parrish (2004), Structural evolution, metamorphism and restoration of the Arabian continental margin, Saih Hatat region, Oman Mountains, J. Struct. Geol., 26, 451–473, doi:10.1016/j.jsg. 2003.08.005. 2 Searle, M P, and G I Alsop (2007), Eye to eye with a mega sheath fold: A case study from Wadi Mayh, northern Oman Mountains, Geology, 35, 1043–1046, doi:10.1130/G23884A.1. 3 Breton, J P, F Béchennec, J Le Métour, L Moen Maurel, and P Razin (2004), Eoalpine (Cretaceous) evolution of the Oman Tethyan continental margin: Insights from a structural fi eld study in Jabal Akhdar (Oman Mountains), GeoArabia, 9, 1–18. Structural 4 Gray, D R, and R T Gregory (2003), interpretations Ophiolite obduction and the Samail overlain on orthographic ophiolite: The behaviour of the underlying images of margin, in Ophiolites and Earth History, each side of edited by Y. Dilek and P T Robinson, the gorge. The Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 218, 449–466. orthographic 5 Le Métour, J, de Gramont, X, Villey, M, 1986. images come Geological map of Masqat and Quryat and from the 3D model accompanying notes. Scale 1:100,000, produced Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals, in Agisoft Sultanate of Oman. Photoscan, and 6 Agard, P, M P Searle, G I Alsop, and B Dubacq enable removal (2010), Crustal stacking and expulsion of perspective tectonics during continental subduction: distortion P T deformation constraints from Oman, Tectonics, 29, TC5018, doi:10.1029/2010TC002669.

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penguins, krill replaced by far less continental margins: their architecture, Lost Antarctica - nutritious salps in the plankton, with basins and evolution’, which is adventures in a sea-fl oor organisms threatened by rising clearly within the scope of the book, temperatures, ocean acidifi cation and with a three-paper section entitled disappearing land invading king crabs, leading to the loss of ‘Sedimentary basin formation in other defensive chemicals that kill pathogens plate-tectonic settings’, which is not. This book describes and ward off predators, including some The fi nal four-paper section, ‘Fossilized some of the changes with biomedical potential. ancient analogues of rifted continental that have occurred The importance of Antarctica in margins and their mantle substrate’ in Antarctica over discoveries related to climate change includes one paper, on the ophiolites the last 50 years or and atmospheric science is emphasised. of the Indo-Burman ranges, which, so. Written for a Ice cores going back 720,000 years show while interesting and well written, is popular audience, it cyclic fl uctuation in CO2 content peaking completely out of place in the volume. is based on research at 280-300ppm and ozone depletion The lack of a clear unifying theme and experiences caused by CFCs was discovered here. implies that although every one of of the author, his This may provide an element of hope the papers is going to be of interest to colleagues and collaborators in Antarctic since the 1987 Montreal protocol has someone, there will be very few readers marine chemical ecology and, more successfully stopped the depletion and with in-depth interests in more than recently, studies of the impacts of a ozone levels in the stratosphere are about half of them. rapidly changing climate on marine expected to return to 1980 levels by 2045 The secondary title of the book plants, animals and communities of the to 2060 – an exemplar of international refers specifi cally to hyper-extended Antarctic Peninsula. The author has cooperation for action on climate change. margins, and may catch some eyes, made 14 research visits to Antarctica – to as this is currently a very ‘hot’ topic. the Kerguelen Islands, nine consecutive Reviewed by: David Brook However, the fi ve or six papers arguably expeditions to McMurdo Sound and in this category approach it from such different angles that the ‘big picture’ latterly to the US Palmer Station and the LOST ANTARCTICA: ADVENTURES IN A Antarctic Peninsula. DISAPPEARING LAND is largely obscured. Three involve the Descriptions of fi eldwork events and 2012. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 231pp. identifi cation of former hyper-extended the wildlife give a fascinating insight ISBN 978-0-230-11245-2. margins in complex onshore situations List Price: $26.00/$30.00Can. into the life of an Antarctic scientist www.us.macmillan.com/lostantarctica/ and are necessarily partly devoted to and will bring back memories for those jamesmcclintock convincing readers that hyper-extension who have been lucky enough to visit or actually occurred. work in Antarctica. Interspersed with In one other respect the editorial the main message of the book about the judgement is questionable. Eleven pages effects of climate change on Antarctica, of a paper on the Songliao Basin are which has notes referencing both journal Sedimentary Basins devoted to tabulations of U-Pb datings and popular press articles, they provide of detrital zircons, and there are several an excellent leavening to the science. and Crustal Processes other examples of lengthy listings Eight chapters cover different aspects of data of interest only to specialists starting with a broad introduction to at Continental Margins (and different specialists in each case). Antarctic research, followed by the An additional paper could have been importance of ice and how it is being Of the 11 papers in accommodated in the space used up affected. Since the opening of Drake this book, 10 were in this way, and the editors’ preface Passage between Antarctica and South originally presented suggests that there was no shortage of America 30-40 million years ago, the at a session of the suitable candidates. Publication space Antarctic Circumpolar Current has 34th IGC held in is scarce, which is why the Geological isolated the continent and played an Brisbane in 2012. Society provides facilities for the storage important role in regulating global Editors of and on-line retrieval of supplementary climate. However, this has migrated conference volumes data. Every printed page should be southwards since the 1950s and dramatic face very special made to count, especially when, at the increases in temperature, particularly in problems. The papers volume’s list price, each one costs the the Antarctic Peninsula, have led to the submitted can vary enormously in purchaser about 30p! break-up of ice shelves and accelerated quality, and may not relate very directly fl ow of glaciers into the sea. Then come to each other. Editorial choice is crucial, Reviewed by: John Milsom planktonic and sea-fl oor communities, and was, in this case and in the editors’ ocean acidifi cation, the invasion of king own words, based on the idea that the crabs, introducing a crushing predator selection should deal ‘with big-picture SEDIMENTARY BASINS AND CRUSTAL issues and whole-of-margin regional PROCESSES AT CONTINENTAL MARGINS: FROM to Antarctic seas, the decline of Adélie MODERN HYPER-EXTENDED MARGINS TO penguins and southward march of sub- syntheses’. DEFORMED ANCIENT ANALOGUES Antarctic species. As the main title of the book (Eds.) Geological Society of London Special Publication The book warns that, by 2100, there suggests, the intended picture is very 413. 2015. Published by the Geological Society of London: ISBN 978-1-521-86239-720-0 will be no annual sea ice in the central big indeed, and it was surely unwise Hardback Book 338 pp. and northern parts of the Western of the editors to follow four papers List Price £100.00 www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop Antarctic Peninsula, no Adélie in a fi rst section entitled ‘Extensional

22 | SEPTEMBER 2016 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Would you like to receive a free book and write a review? Available titles are listed online, of which a small selection is shown below. Contact the editor for further information [email protected]

648 Billion Sunrises - described by Patrick Orr and colleagues ones including the Myanmar Central (Special Papers in Palaeontology, 1999, 62, Basin and Fundy Basin in Canada. A a geological miscellany 1-68, Paleontological Association). wide range of sedimentary provenance Many of the pieces have the author’s methods is discussed in various papers, of Ireland ‘voice’ clearly coming through the text including heavy mineral analysis, with interesting stories and historical mineral and whole-rock geochemistry, As the subtitle says, references. For those interested in Irish geochronology and drainage capture Patrick Roycroft’s geology ‘648 Billion Sunrises’ will be a analysis. Geological Miscellany of most enjoyable source of information The papers have been subdivided Ireland is just that, a and geological anecdotes. into four themes. The initial overview collection of 18 short theme looks at a wide range of essays. They range Reviewed by: Douglas Palmer sedimentary provenance methods, from a description relating their application to the North of the Variscan- Sea Basin and to individual fi elds age chevron folds 648 BILLION SUNRISES: A GEOLOGICAL and reservoirs. The section consists MISCELLANY OF IRELAND of only one paper, but it is the most in Carboniferous 2015. Published by Orpen Press, Dublin, Ireland. limestones and shales sequences ISBN-10: 1909895687 hardback; ISBN-13: 978- comprehensive in the book. exposed in the coastal cliffs of 1909895683 softback. 194pp. List price €16.99 The next theme covers provenance Loughshinny, North County Dublin, [email protected] diagenesis and reservoir quality. through a discussion of Irish meteorites, Several case histories demonstrate how to the dearth of Irish dinosaurs and a an understanding of sediment source biographical notice of the Haughton terrains and transportation can give dynasty of Earth scientists. So the book insight into why reservoir sands in is, to use some geological terminology, apparently similar geological settings a somewhat curious mélange - or Sediment Provenance and depths can show major differences olisthostrome - of Irish geology, which Studies in Hydrocarbon in reservoir quality. appears to have been guided mainly by The third theme discusses the author’s personal interests. Exploration and provenance studies linking sediment Irish born, bred and educated, Patrick to source sediment. There is a timely Roycroft is a petrologist who did his Production reminder of benefi ts of understanding PhD in University College Dublin (UCD) the sediment source area and its on the muscovite micas of the Leinster This Special tectonic history, when searching for granite. He is currently working on the Publication hydrocarbons. curation and conservation of UCD’s comprises 20 The fi nal theme covers the extensive and historically important papers presented at development of techniques and data mineral collection. the ‘Sedimentary handling. Advances in analysis Roycroft sets the geological scene Provenance Studies methods, workfl ows and the use of for his collection with a synopsis of in Hydrocarbon comprehensive databases indicate Irish geological history from around Exploration and that the use provenance studies may 1780Ma and the oldest known rocks Production’ increase in the future. in the country - the Paleoproterozoic conference at Many of the papers contain large syenitic gneisses of Inishtrahull in the Geological Society of London in amounts of data analysis and are County Donegal, described and dated December 2011. The book highlights therefore hardly ‘light reading’ for by Stephen Daly and colleagues in that sedimentary provenance studies the non-specialist geologist. They do, 1991 (Journal of the Geological Society can be of potential use throughout the however, provide a useful collection of of London, 148, 639-42). However, his hydrocarbon exploration, development case histories and methods that many mineralogical interests tend to dominate and production life-cycle. geologists may fi nd applicable to their and are refl ected in a number of the In the exploration phase, provenance work. On a fi nal note, the publication book’s essays, such as ‘the Irish Flag in can give an insight into sand presence, acts as a reminder of the value of a Different Light’ – a very brief piece distribution and quality. During understanding regional geology about the association of green chlorite, development, mineral and chemical during hydrocarbon exploration and colourless muscovite and orange-brown techniques can be a powerful tool in production. biotite in a petrological thin section aiding reservoir correlation and zonation, from the Leinster granite; chapters on particularly where biostratigraphy may Reviewed by: Tim Tubby Irish gold and other minerals, one on be less effective. It also provides an gemstones, etc. understanding of reservoir diagenesis, Other geological themes, such as which can have a major impact on fi eld SEDIMENT PROVENANCE STUDIES IN HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION AND palaeontology, only get a bit of a look in and individual well productivity. PRODUCTION here and there with snippets about why An impressive feature is that the by R A SCOTT, H R SMYTH, A C MORTON & N there is such a dearth of dinosaur fossils papers cover a wide range of geological RICHARDSON (Eds). 2014 Geological Society in Ireland; some exceptionally preserved basins and adjacent source areas from Special Publication 386. ISBN: 978-1-86239-370-7 420pp. conchostracans recovered in the late around the world. These include prolifi c List Price: £100 (£50 to Fellows). 1990s from a drill-core into Upper hydrocarbon basins such as the North Sea www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop Carboniferous strata of Castelcomer and and Gulf of Mexico, and less developed

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 23 GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE PEOPLE NEWS CAROUSEL IN MEMORIAM WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/OBITUARIES All Fellows of the Society are

entitled to entries in this THE SOCIETY NOTES WITH SADNESS THE PASSING OF: column. Please email [email protected], quoting your Fellowsip number. Armitage, John * Davis, Robert Vincent * O’Donoghue, Michael*§ Bishopp, David * Flood, Raymond Edward * Piffaretti, Joseph* Colley, H * Grosse, Andrew Ramsden, Robert * ◆ Roger M Key Davis, G. Rex Morgan, Daniel * Van der Merwe, Roelef * and co-authors have been given the Jubilee Medal In the interests of recording its Fellows’ work for posterity, the Society publishes obituaries online, and Award for 2015 in Geoscientist. The most recent additions to the list are shown in bold. Fellows for whom no obituarist for their paper has yet been commissioned are marked with an asterisk (*). The symbol § indicates that biographical material has been lodged with the Society. ‘The Zambezi River: an archive of tectonic events linked to the If you would like to contribute an obituary, please email ted.nield@geolsoc. amalgamation and disruption org.uk to be commissioned. You can read the guidance for authors at www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. of Gondwana and subsequent To save yourself unnecessary work, please do not write anything until you have received a commissioning letter. evolution of the African Plate’ (by Roger M Key, Fenton P D Cotterill, Deceased Fellows for whom no obituary is forthcoming have their names and dates recorded in a Roll of and Andrew Moore). Initiated in Honour at www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. 1945 for the 50th anniversary of the Society, the medal is awarded annually for a paper of particular merit published in the South African Journal of Geology, or in special publications of the Society. The paper has also won the A E Phaup award of the Zimbabwe Geological Society for 2015.

CENTURY ONE PUBLISHING To plan your ad campaign in GeoscienƟ st IS THE UK’S BRIGHTEST magazine contact: Hayden McIntosh AWARD-WINNING t: 01727 893 894 CONTRACT PUBLISHING e: [email protected] w: www.centuryonepublishing.uk

24 | SEPTEMBER 2016 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST PEOPLE NEWS

Geoscientists in the news and on the move in the UK, Europe and worldwide

DISTANT THUNDER Trend setters

Geologist and science mineralogy at Cambridge. Then stuck with the concept of ➤ Acknowledgement writer Nina Morgan* in 1841, in an appointment that peer review. In 1845 Council Sources for this vignette may have had more to do with decided that a referee should include the articles: peer reviews a pioneering politics than his formidable be appointed for every paper Troubled from the Start by publisher intellectual and scientifi c on the day on which it was to Alex Csiszar, Nature, 21 abilities, Whewell pipped his be read. April 2016, vol 532, pp. 305 – 308; Scientifi c publishing, in the senior Trinity colleague, Adam Understand- ing the nineteenth century form that we know it today, Sedgwick [1785—1873; 11th Opinions divided origin of disciplines: lessons only really came into its own President of the Geological But the controversy over peer for astrobiology today? by at the beginning of the 19th Society from 1829 – 1831] to reviewing didn’t end there. An W.J. Brazelton and W.T. Century – and top of the the post of Master of Trinity article published in 1885 in Sullivan III, International new-style publishing pops College Cambridge. This the magazine, Wades London Journal of Astrobiology, vol was the Geological Society of success appears to have gone Review, satirised referees 8(4), pp. 257 – 266, 2009; London. The Transactions of to Whewell’s head. In 1845 he as ‘full of hatred, malice and Wades London Review, vol the Geological Society (‘Trans. chided his rival by writing: “your all uncharitableness’. And 1, pp. 351 – 369, 1845; Geol. Soc.’) was the fi rst frequent appearance in the even among Fellows of the The History of the Geological by H.B. important journal focusing on College courts accompanied Geological Society opinions Society of London Woodward; and the entry a single scientifi c discipline. Its by a dog [Sedgwick’s pet] is about the value of peer review for William Whewell in introduction in 1811 seriously inconsistent with … Rules [of remained divided. the Dictionary of National ruffl ed the feathers of the the College]” In 1903, a Special Biography by Richard Yeo. Royal Society, publishers of Committee at the Geological I also thank Caroline Lam, the much older Philosophical Loggerheads Society held what may have archivist at the Geological Transactions of the Royal A growing confi dence in his been the fi rst formal inquiry into Society, for clarifying the Society (‘Phil. Trans.’), who own abilities may have been refereeing systems. Apparently procedures used during viewed the upstart Trans. Geol. one reason why in 1831 feelings ran so high that the the 19th and early 20th Soc. as a challenger to the Whewell convinced the Royal use of the term ‘referee’ in centuries Royal Society’s position as Society that they should all Society business was a central forum for scientifi c commission reports on all nearly banned. Judging by * Nina Morgan is a geologist and communication. papers sent for publication discussions in contemporary science writer based near Oxford. Members of the Geological in Phil. Trans. Whewell science journals, when it Her latest book, The Geology of Society were also arguably the volunteered to collaborate with comes to the value of peer Oxford Gravestones, is available fi rst to introduce the concept of the mathematical astronomer review – the jury is still out! via www.gravestonegeology.ukg ology peer review prior to publication. and fellow Cambridge George Greenough [1778 – academic, John William 1855; from 1807 – 1807, the Lubbock, to write this fi rst Society’s fi rst President, and prototype peer review. The from 1818 – 1820, its fi fth paper chosen was George President] is credited with Airy’s magnum opus ‘On an introducing the term ‘referee’, inequality of Long Period in a word taken from the legal the Motions of the Earth and lexicon, into the science Venus.’ vocabulary in 1817. But it is All did not go smoothly. William Whewell [1794 – 1866], The two reviewers violently who served as the Society’s disagreed in their assessmentss 15th President 1837 – 1839, of the paper and the purpose who really started the peer of their peer review. As a resultt review ball rolling. publication was delayed for months. Meanwhile, an irritatedd Peer pressure and perhaps bemused Airy

By his early 20s, Whewell had let it be known that he had Image: Wellcome V0006265. Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia V0006265. Wellcome Image: gained an impressive reputation no intention of changing his for intellectual prowess in text and wrote to tell Whewell: mineralogy and a wide range “There the paper is, and I am of other scientifi c disciplines. willing to let my credit rest on Already a Fellow of the Royal it.” Lithograph of William Whewell by E U Eddis, 1835 Society, he was admitted to the However, in spite of this Geological Society in 1827. In acrimonious outcome at the 1828 he became professor of Royal, the Geological Society

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 25 Geoscientist welcomes readers’ letters. These are published as promptly as possible in Geoscientist Online and a selection READERS’ printed each month. Please submit your letter (300 words or fewer, by email only please) to [email protected]. LETTERS Letters will be edited. For references cited in these letters, please see the full versions at www.geolsoc.org.uk/letters Brexit vote (sort of) explained by geology

Sir, It is not generally appreciated that the stream has meant an oversupply of this (Redcar, Llanwern, Port Talbot). This recent UK referendum to leave the EU commodity. And as neither BHP nor Rio produced social unrest in the UK’s already (‘Brexit’) was directly caused by exploration Tinto were willing to cut production, the price depressed areas, which voted for Brexit. geologists. fell dramatically. And this is why there are no more jobs If you ask geologists to fi nd a nice mineral The only country that could now produce for exploration geologists. It’s society’s deposit, they usually discover another two steel at a profi t was China. China dumped punishment for the after-effects of the UK (whether it is gold, uranium or iron ore). The steel in the west and, as UK steel plants referendum! Simples. plethora of iron-ore mines due to come on were losing money they were then shutdown MICKY ALLEN

26 | SEPTEMBER 2016 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST CALENDAR nd your meeting? Visit CCan’tan’t fi nd your meeting? Visitgs ww.geolsoc.org.uk/listin wwww.geolsoc.org.uk/listingso-Date] [FFull,ull, AAccurate,ccurate, Up-To-DateUp-T

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Pressures and Overpressure in the 20-22 Venue: Ikon Science Training Centre, Teddington. Fees: £1575 Subsurface September Ex Vat (10% discount offered to Geological Society Fellows). See Ikon Science website for registration

Introduction to Micromine 26-27 Venue: Beresford Hotel, 1 Store Street, Dublin, Ireland. September Fees: €150. See website for registration

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Buried Hollows in the London Basin and 1 September Venue: Burlington House. Time: 10.00 for 10.30. Fees & discounts Surrounds apply – see website for registration and details Engineering Group

Near Surface Geoscience 2016 4-8 September Venue: Barcelona, Spain. Conference, workshops, fi eld trips. EAGE See website for details and registration

Short Discussion Meeting 6-7 September Venue: National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Evening meeting. QRA Details W: www.museumwales.ac.uk/qra-meeting-2016/

Mesozoic Resource Potential in the 7-9 September Venue: Burlington House. Fees, discounts apply – see website for Southern Permian Basin registration & details. Contact E: [email protected] Petroleum Group

Autumn Geotour 2016 7-13 September Field excursion (7 days). Fees apply. See website for details North West Highlands Geopark Contact: Pete Harrison E: [email protected]

Groundwater: Managing our Hidden 13-14 September Venue: Bramall Music Building auditorium, University of Birmingham, Asset Hydrogeological Group, UK. See website for registration & details. Contact: Mike Rivett E: University of Birmingham, 2016 Year [email protected] of Water, International Association of Hydrogeologists

Young Geoscientist Evening 13 September Venue: Bell Inn, Godstone, Surrey RH9 8DX. Time: 18.00 for 18.30. SE Regional Group Contact: Jon Race E: [email protected]

Railway Earthworks: Slips, Slides and Flows 14 September Venue: Leeds. Speakers: Martyn Wilson & Clare Brint, Network Rail. Yorkshire Regional Group Contact: Mark Lee E: [email protected]

A Little Goes a Long Way: 14 September Speaker: Siwan Davies, Swansea University. Researching Ash Clouds and Abrupt For details, see p.06 Climate Change. GSL London Lecture

Postgraduate Symposium 14-16 September Conference, workshop. Venue: Nottingham University. QRA See website for details. Contact Jack Lacey E: [email protected] W: http://qrapg16.strikingly.com/

Lanzarote TBC, post 16 Field Excursion. Leader: Hilary Downes. Fees apply. See website Geologists Assoc. September for details. Contact Sarah Stafford E: [email protected]

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 27 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY Robert Frederick Symes 1939-2016

Keeper of Mineralogy at NHM, tireless supporter obert Frederick (Bob) of amateur geologists and prolifi c writer on as Honorary Curator (2001- Symes, a prominent British mineralogy 15). In September last year, the fi gure in British museum’s former ‘Land and Man mineralogy and Room’, containing geology and geology for 50 years, archaeology items, was re-named Rwas born on 10 February 1939 ‘The Dr Bob Symes OBE Room’. in Harrow, London. His father was a self-employed builder in Chelsea, and both parents were Exeter University born in Chelsea. Bob was made an honorary After leaving school Bob member of the Sussex Mineral joined the British Museum and Lapidary Society on its (Natural History) on 1 October 25th anniversary in 1997 and 1957, as Assistant Scientifi c served as President of the Offi cer. He attended evening Russell Society from 1989–1993. classes and worked his way up, He was involved in numerous via Birkbeck College, gaining his local organisations, serving as a BSc in geology. Bob completed member of the Council of Exeter National Service in the RAF University, a Trustee of Camborne (1959-61), during which time a School of Mines, and Chairman posting to Weston Super Mare and subsequently President of enabled him to explore the Sidmouth National Trust. geology and minerals of the Bob was a prolifi c author, but

Mendip Hills. the work of which he was most

proud is Minerals of Cornwall and Devon, authored jointly with Peter New technology ❞ Embrey (1987), which set the At the Natural History Museum, standard for an occasional series of Bob was an early adopter of topographical mineralogy works, new technology and was largely services to the Museum and progressively covering different responsible for bringing in AT THE NHM, mineralogy. Bob was elected regions of Great Britain (picture). the fi rst electron microprobes. BOB WAS AN EARLY President of the Geologists’ Bob, who always had time for He was awarded a PhD in ADOPTER OF NEW Association (1996-98). In 2009 everyone, passed away on 23 May, 1981 for his research on the Bob was invited to join the Carol and daughters Victoria and orbicular rocks of the Channel TECHNOLOGY, LARGELY committee of the History of Catherine by his side. He will be Islands. This work, and the RESPONSIBLE FOR Geology Group and he became sadly missed, but his memory seemingly endless analysis of Vice Chairman in 2012, serving will live on in the organisations two unknown phases (popularly BRINGING THE until 2014. he supported, his published work, known as “Red X and Yellow FIRST ELECTRON and in the local museum he did so Y”) from Merehead Quarry, MICROPROBES much to inspire and develop. took up much of his time. Orchard Eventually, with the assistance Bob met Carol in 1961 and ➤ By Roy Starkey, with of collaborators these phases ❞ they were married in 1965. assistance from Dick Moody, were characterised as the new Quarry) as ‘symesite’ in 2000. Having inherited an orchard Roger Le Voir, Chris Stanley, minerals parkinsonite and He served as NHM Keeper at Broadclyst in Devon (in Carol Symes and Peter Tandy. mereheadite. His work was of Mineralogy from 1995 until the family since 1750), he and You can read a longer version honoured by the naming of a retiring in 1996. In the New Carol moved to Sidmouth in of this obituary online pink oxychloride from the Torr Year’s Honours list 1995, Bob 1999, where Bob found a new Editor Works (formerly Merehead was awarded the OBE for career at Sidmouth Museum,

HELP YOUR OBITUARIST The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate and accurate commemoration. Please send your CV and a photograph to Ted Nield at the Society.

28 | SEPTEMBER 2016 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST CROSSWORD

CROSSWORD NO.206 SET BY PLATYPUS 1234 5 6 WIN A SPECIAL 78PUBLICATION! 9 The winner of the Month Crossword 10 11 puzzle prize draw was Mr Chris Machette-Downes of Marlow.

All correct solutions will be placed in the 12 13 draw, and the winner’s name printed 14 in the November 2016. The Editor’s decision is fi nal and no correspondence 15 16 17 18 will be entered into. Closing date - October 12. 19 The competition is open to all Fellows, Candidate Fellows and Friends of the 20 21 22 23 Geological Society who are not current Society employees, offi cers or trustees. 24 This exclusion does not apply to offi cers of joint associations, specialist or regional 25 26 groups.

Please return your completed crossword to Burlington House, marking your 27 28 envelope “Crossword”. Do not enclose any other matter with your solution. Overseas Fellows are encouraged to scan the signed form and email it as a PDF to [email protected] ACROSS DOWN Name ...... 7 Typically, a low-sodium basalt (9) 1 Displacement along a fault line (5) ...... 8 Trace gas in atmosphere, at 87±1 parts 2 Split along closely-spaced planes (6) Membership number ...... per billion (nL/L) (5) 3 Most crustally common type of 10 Plutonic rock of phaneritic texture and rock-forming mineral (8) Address for correspondence ...... felsic composition, named for a type 4 Watercourses much sought after by ...... locality in the Alps (8) panting harts (7) 11 Australian term for a panhole (6) 5 Multi-celled animal (8) ...... 12 Tableland (4) 6 Short-lived settlements that typically ...... 13 Mammutid proboscideans spring up when precious mineral ...... (genus Mammut), distantly related to resources are discovered (9) elephants (8) 9 Geological time spans equivalent to ...... 15 Water-bearing rock (7) stages (4) Postcode ...... 17 Prospecting technique typically used to 14 Mathematical statements of locate gold in unconsolidated ediments (7) an equality containing one or more 20 Universally abundant prokaryotic variables (9) SOLUTIONS JULY micro-organisms (8) 16 Formerly capital of the Eastern Empire, 22 British drinking dens where much geology founded by Constantine on the North Across: is both done and forgotten (4) Anatolian Fault (8) 7 Granitoid 8 Resin 10 Cross Set 11 Ice Age 12 Hopi 13 Asteroid 15 Melange 17 Glacier 25 Cross-linked phenolic polymers forming 18 The dip that is not, alas, true (8) 20 Adductor 22 Malm 25 Tarmac structural elements in vascular plants and 19 Atlantic Archipelago off Florida 26 Bonanzas 27 Aeons 28 Saltpetre some algae esp. in cell walls, wood (6) and Cuba, much visited by carbonate 26 26 Metamorphic haloes (8) sedimentologists (7) Down: 27 Reduce to nought, abolish (5) 21 Coaly hierarchy (4) 1 Brora 2 UNESCO 3 Stashing 4 Mistral 28 Cirripedia, subject of Darwin’s 23 To open, be it cask or subject (6) 5 Meteoric 6 Disguised 9 Silt 14 Headwater monograph (9) 24 Raised riverine bank (5) 16 Abutment 18 Limonite 19 Arabian 21 Tick 23 Linsen 24 Nacre

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | SEPTEMBER 2016 | 29 FUGRO TECHNICAL COURSES

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