Global Diversities

Series Editors Steven Vertovec Department of Socio-Cultural Diversity Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity Göttingen, Germany

Peter van der Veer Department for Religious Diversity Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity Göttingen, Germany

Ayelet Shachar Department of Ethics, Law, and Politics Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity Göttingen, Germany Over the past decade, the concept of ‘diversity’ has gained a leading place in academic thought, business practice, politics and public policy across the world. However, local conditions and meanings of ‘diversity’ are highly dissimilar and changing. For these reasons, deeper and more com- parative understandings of pertinent concepts, processes and phenomena are in great demand. Tis series will examine multiple forms and con- fgurations of diversity, how these have been conceived, imagined, and represented, how they have been or could be regulated or governed, how diferent processes of inter-ethnic or inter-religious encounter unfold, how conficts arise and how political solutions are negotiated and prac- ticed, and what truly convivial societies might actually look like. By comparatively examining a range of conditions, processes and cases revealing the contemporary meanings and dynamics of ‘diversity’, this series will be a key resource for students and professional social scien- tists. It will represent a landmark within a feld that has become, and will continue to be, one of the foremost topics of global concern throughout the twenty-frst century. Refecting this multi-disciplinary feld, the series will include works from Anthropology, Political Science, Sociology, Law, Geography and Religious Studies. While drawing on an international feld of scholarship, the series will include works by current and former staf members, by visiting fellows and from events of the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity. Relevant man- uscripts submitted from outside the Max Planck Institute network will also be considered.

More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15009 Chris White Editor Protestantism in Xiamen Then and Now Editor Chris White Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity Göttingen, Germany

Global Diversities ISBN 978-3-319-89470-6 ISBN 978-3-319-89471-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89471-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940733

© Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s) 2019 Tis work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Te use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Te publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Te publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations.

Cover credit: Henry Westheim Photography/Alamy Stock Photo

Tis Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG Te registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword

一时与万世 一隅与全局 One era and ten thousand generations, one area and the whole situation

Dating to February 24, 1842, Xiamen has a Protestant history stretch- ing over 176 years. As the entry point for Protestantism in Fujian, the study of the church in this city is an essential component of the regional history of Protestantism, as well as Chinese Protestant history in general. Te collection of research in this volume includes seven chapters by six authors from the USA, UK, the Netherlands, China and the . In spite of their diferent academic backgrounds in history, sociology and theology, all the contributors have strong connections to Xiamen. Some of them studied and researched in the city while others worked or were even raised in the city. Tus, this volume truly is an international and interdisciplinary review of Protestantism in a city with an international past and present. Tis is the frst volume I have encountered that broadly frames the past and present of Protestantism in Xiamen. Analyzing a previous era and the contemporary state of Xiamen Protestantism from the spa- tial and temporal perspectives, the chapters here touch on the overall

v vi Foreword development of mainstream Protestant Christianity in the city, includ- ing mission-afliated activities such as medical and educational endeav- ors. Each chapter can be viewed as an independent case study, including a review of two churches (Xinjie Church and Trinity Church), modern- ization, the YMCA, the infuence of Southeast Asia, Minnan hymns, and the Haicang “voice.” Te introduction acts as a glue connecting these chapters into a coherent whole and provides readers with a frame- work for the whole book. Let me quote Chen Danran 陈澹然 (1859–1930), from his book Wu yan er, qian du jian fan yi 《寤言二 迁都建藩议》 to analogize · the characteristics of this present volume: “Tose who do not devise plans for ten thousand generations are not capable of devising plans for one era; those who do not devise plans for the whole situation are not capable of devising plans for one area” (p. 577, Taibei: Wenhai chuban- she, 1968). Here, the “whole situation” is the broad universal impact of 2000 years of Christianity or 500 years of Protestantism. Tis book is a model for the regional historical research of Xiamen Protestantism in “one era” and “one area.” We cannot demand that such a volume cover all aspects of Xiamen Protestantism, but we look forward to further research produced by the editor and other contributors. Te editor of (and contributor to) this volume, Dr. Chris White, graduated from Xiamen University and specializes in research on Minnan Protestantism. He has lived in Xiamen for more than ten years, after living for a time in Northern China. As a “China expert,” he is the most suitable person to coordinate and edit the chapters here, and I am very happy to have provided the foreword for this book.

Fuzhou, Fujian Rev. Hao Zhiqiang Vice-President of Fujian Teological Seminary; Secretary-general of the Committee of TSPM of the Protestant Church in Fujian Acknowledgements

It has been a pleasure working with each of the authors in this vol- ume and I have gained from their academic contributions as well as their friendship. Jifeng Liu has been particularly helpful in comment- ing on the chapters I have written here. Peter van der Veer, Ken Dean, and Jie Kang have been quite helpful in encouraging this project and making comments on various portions of the volume. Similarly, Mark McLeister has also read many of the chapters and ofered helpful sug- gestions. Chen Haiyin 陈海因 produced the map for the volume and Lin Jiaxin 林嘉欣 provided translation assistance. My thanks to each of these individuals. On behalf of all of the contributors, it is appropriate that I ofer gratitude to the people of Xiamen, especially those in the numerous churches, who have been invaluable in assisting with this research. Tese include those that have been interviewed, those that have shared sources or contacts, or those that have in other ways infuenced, directly or indirectly, the research presented here. Portions of two of the chapters here have been previously published. A part of the frst chapter appeared in the Winter 2010 issue of Stanford Journal of East Asian Afairs under the title Harnessing the Church in

vii viii Acknowledgements

Today’s China: Te Case of Xiamen’s Xinjie Church. Tough originally written for this present volume, much of Jean Uy Uayan’s chapter was recently published and locally distributed as ‘Could they be Made to See?’: Te Educational Legacy of Xiamen to the Philippines, in Reaching New Territories: Teological Refections, edited by Samson. L. Uytanlet, Tomas R. V. Forster, and Susan Tan (Valenzuela City, Philippines: Biblical Seminary of the Philippines, 2017). I would like to thank both the Center for East Asian Studies at Stanford University and BSOP for permission to republish this material. Finally, I thank my family, Li Dongyan 李东艳, Harrison 白浩恩, and Charity 李颂恩, for their support during the writing and editing of this volume. During the writing of my frst book, Sacred Webs (Brill, 2017), I was blessed with the birth of my son, Harrison. Again, during the latter stages of this project, I celebrated the birth of my daughter, Charity. I dedicate this work to her. Contents

1 Introduction: Xiamen Protestantism Over the Years 1 Chris White

2 Xinjie Church and Christianity as Chinese Cultural Heritage 27 Chris White

3 Christianity, Imperialism and Modernity in Treaty Port Xiamen 49 David Woodbridge

4 Te Passing of Glory: Urban Development, Local Politics and Christianity on Gulangyu 77 Jifeng Liu

5 Te Haicang Voice: Modernity, Cultural Continuity and the Spirit World in a 1920s Chinese Church 103 Chris White

ix x Contents

6 “Could Tey Be Made to See?”: Te Educational Legacy of Xiamen to the Philippines 141 Jean Uy Uayan

7 “Sing to the Lord a New Song”: Te Development and Infuence of Minnan Hymns 165 Yingheng Cheng and Translated by Chris White

8 Christmas Reverberations in Xiamen: Insights from a Grand Religious Festival in Contemporary China 193 Bram Colijn

Index 223 Notes on Contributors

Yingheng Cheng 程颖恒 a native of Xiamen, is a graduate student with the Biblical Seminary of the Philippines (BSOP) and an elder at Xiamen’s Trinity Church. Her research interests are in church hymnody, particularly the history of the Amoy Hymnal. Bram Colijn is a Ph.D. student at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He conducted extensive feldwork in Xiamen for his project on pluriprax households. His major research interests are religion and ritual in con- temporary China. His master’s thesis, titled Protestant Death Ritual Negotiation in Fujian, was nominated for the annual master thesis prize of the International Institute for Asian Studies in Leiden. Part of this thesis was published in Review of Religion and Chinese Society. Jifeng Liu 刘计峰 is Assistant Professor at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies and School of International Relations at Xiamen University; previously, he was Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity in Germany. He received his Ph.D. in sociology and religious studies from Leiden University. His research revolves around the interplay of ethnicity, reli- gion and politics with a geographic focus on China and Southeast Asia.

xi xii Notes on Contributors

Currently, he is working on his book, titled Retrieving the Past Glory: Social Memory, Transnational Networks and Christianity in Contemporary China. Jean Uy Uayan 萧信心 teaches Global Christian History at the Biblical Seminary of the Philippines, where she has served as a faculty member and head of the library for over 30 years. She received her Ph.D. in Church History from the Asia Graduate School of Teology. Her published works include “Chap Chay Lo Mi: Disentangling the Chinese-Filipino Worldview,” in Doing Teology in the Philippines; “From South Fujian to the Philippines: 19th Century Mission and the Rise of Philippine Protestant Chinese Churches,” in Expanding Horizons: Views from Around Us; and the monograph A Study of the Emergence and Early Development of Selected Protestant Chinese Churches in the Philippines. Chris White 白克瑞 a Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, completed his Ph.D. in Contemporary Chinese History at Xiamen University. His research focuses on the history and contemporary study of Protestantism in China. His recent book, Sacred Webs: Te Social Lives and Networks of Minnan Protestants, 1840s–1920s, was published by Brill in 2017. In 2018 he will begin a post as Assistant Director at the Center on Religion and Chinese Society at Purdue University. David Woodbridge is a cataloguer for the Arabian Gulf Digital Archive Project, at Te National Archives in the UK. He completed a Ph.D. at the University of Manchester in 2013, which examined the infuence of Brethren missionaries in twentieth-century China. He was subsequently a postdoctoral fellow at Xiamen University, where he engaged in research into the British involvement in Xiamen during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His forthcoming book, Missionary Primitivism and Chinese Modernity: Te Brethren in Twentieth-Century China, will be published by Brill. Abbreviations

ABCFM American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ACS Anglo- (now known as ) BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa B&S Butterfeld and Swire (C)CC (China) Christian Council CCP Chinese Communist Party CIFIT China International Fair for Investment and Trade EPM English Presbyterian Mission GMC Gulangyu Management Committee GMC Gulangyu Municipal Council HCHS Hope Christian High School KELC Kulangsu Electric Light Company KESC Kulangsu Electric Supply Company KMC Kulangsu Municipal Council LMS London Missionary Society PCE Presbyterian Church of England PRC People’s Republic of China RAB Religious Afairs Bureau RCA Reformed Church in America SARA State Administration for Religious Afairs SEZ Special economic zone

xiii xiv Abbreviations

SOE State owned enterprise SSCM St. Stephen’s Chinese Mission TJC True Jesus Church TSPM Tree-Self Patriotic Movement TSRM Tree-Self Reform Movement UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientifc and Cultural Organization YM/WCA Young Men’s/Women’s Christian Association List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Early sketch of Xinjie Tis drawing of the church was done by George R. West, an American artist who was employed by the US envoy Caleb Cushing. West was only in Xiamen for a short time and when he left, the church building was not complete, so Lewis Hertsell, who worked at the British Consulate, fnished the etching, which was printed in Te Missionary Herald, [Pohlman 1849: 50] 30 Fig. 2.2 Construction around Xinjie Tis photo from 2007 shows the excavation work surrounding Xinjie after the adjacent housing was torn down in preparation for the China City shopping plaza. Photo by author 40 Fig. 2.3 Property developer using Xinjie in advertisement Tis sign adorned the wall surrounding the construction zone for China City. Just to the right of the crane, in the background is the cross on the steeple of Xinjie Church. Photo by author 42 Fig. 2.4 Xinjie Church today Tis photo shows Xinjie today after the construction of China City and the refurbishment of the church’s subsidiary buildings. Photo by Huang Jiansheng 45

xv xvi List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 Trinity Church celebration historical display Old photos of Trinity Church in the showcase. Photo by author 81 Fig. 4.2 Easter at Trinity Church in 1957 Note the PRC’s national fag. Photo published in Xiamen Christian Trinity Church (2014: 114) and provided by Dai Zhaozhang 85 Fig. 6.1 Yude students Tis photo was taken in 1941 to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Yude and to send of former principal Tena Holkeboer. With nearly 600 students in the elementary and middle schools, Yude was clearly an infuential institution in Xiamen. JAH, W88-0055, Tena Holkeboer papers, used with permission 156 Fig. 6.2 Iok Tek alumnae in Former students of Iok Tek gathered at a church in Manila in 1970 to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of the founding of Yude. RCA missionaries Joseph and Marion Esther are standing in the middle of the frst row. Source Yude 1970: 24 157 Fig. 6.3 Iok Tek alumnae in Iok Tek alumnae attending the Chinese new year gathering on February 7, 1970. My mother, Sun Ti Uy Uayan is on the far left in the third row. Source Yude 1970: 25 158 Fig. 7.1 Yangxin Shenshi Xinbian Hymnal Tis is the frst hymn, “Te Lord is Maker of Heaven and Earth,” in Young’s Yangxin Shenshi Xinbian. Notice the small circles beside some of the characters indicating those that should be read according to the Minnan Mandarin pronunciation. Te version this image was taken from lists the year as 1854 170 Fig. 7.2 Hymn from Amoy Hymnbook with Supplement Tis hymnal uses both the staf notation as well as the numbered notation. Also, this volume has both characters and the Romanized writing of the dialect. Notice that this version, based on the hymnal used in , incorrectly notes “J. H. Young” as the author/translator. Tis hymn was one of the original thirteen hymns from the hymnal compiled by William Young 185 Map of Xiamen

Select (registered) churches in Xiamen

1. Xinjie Church 2. Zhushu (Bamboo) Church 3. Xiagang (Xiamen Port) Church 4. Haicang Church 5. Trinity Church 6. Xinqu Fuyin (New District Gospel) Church

xvii Chinese Terms

People

Cai Jingxing 蔡景星 Chen Chonggui (Marcus Cheng) 陈崇贵 Chen Chunhua 陈纯华 Chen Dexiu 陈德修 Chen Gang (Tan Kong or Engracio Palanca) 陈纲 Chen Li Jinying (Julia L. Tan) 陈李锦英 Chen Qian Shan (Don Carlos Palanca Tan Chuey-liong) 陈谦善 Chen Yiping 陈以平 Dai Zhaozhang 戴兆璋. Gong Hongyu 宫宏宇 Hong Rui Xue 洪瑞雪 Huang Bao Ying 黃宝英 Huang Bao Yu 黃宝玉 Huang Chenmou 黄桢茂 Huang Hesheng 黄和声 Huang Hui Ci 黃惠慈 Huang Jiansheng 黄见圣 Huang Yongxi 黄永熙

xix xx Chinese Terms

Jia Yuming 贾玉铭 Lai Yongxiang 赖永祥 Liao Liangduan 廖两端 Liao Shuirong 廖水荣 Lin Shutai 林舒泰 Lin Ya Xiu 林雅秀 Liu Tingfang (Timothy Lew) 刘廷芳 Luo Jiayu (Lo Tau) 罗嘉渔(罗罩) Lu Zhuying 卢铸英 Ma Zhenyu 马振宇 Ni Tuosheng (Watchman Nee) 倪柝声 Shao Qing Yuan 邵庆元 Shao Qingzhang (Wesley Shao) 邵庆彰 Shao Youwen 邵友文 Shi Qisheng 史祈生 Sih Eng Su (Xue Yongshu) 薛永黍 Song Shangjie (John Sung) 宋尚节 Tan Shao Hui Cheng 陈邵蕙卿 Wang Fugui 王福桂 Wang Mingdao 王明道 Wang Shitai 王世泰 Wang Shuxi (Christina Wang) 王淑禧 Wang Zongren 王宗仁 Wei Enbo (Paul Wei) 魏恩波 Wen Yihan 温亦寒 Wu Hongcai 吴宏才 Wu Jingxing 吴景星 Wu Zhuokui 吴着盔 Xiao Chunlei 萧春雷 Xiao Huang zhishun (Sun Ti Uy Uayan) 肖黃舜治 Xu Chuncao 许春草 Xu Xuzhong 许序钟 Xu Yangsan 许杨三 Yang Huaide 杨怀德 Yang Naifu (Yu Nai Hu or Yu Cuan Seh) 杨迺甫 Yang Qiyao 杨其耀 Yang Shilin 杨石林 Yang Yinliu 杨荫浏 Ye Guxu 叶谷虚 Chinese Terms xxi

Ye Hanzhang 叶汉章 Ye Kehao 叶克豪 Ye Zhiming (David Yap) 叶志明 Yi Lin 林易 Yu Dingan 余定安 Zhang Hanqing 张翰卿 Zhang Shengcai 张圣才 Zhang Shunhua 张舜华 Zheng Chenggong 郑成功 Zhu Siming 朱思明 Zhu Yujing 朱宇晶

Places

Baishuiying (Pechuia) 白水营 北京 Changting 长汀 Chaoshan 潮汕 Datian 大田 Fuzhou 福州 Guangzhou 广州 Gulangyu 鼓浪屿 Haicang 海沧 Jinmen 金门 Liaozaihou (Liau-a-au) 寮仔后 Longyan 龙岩 Minnan (Southern Fujian) 闽南 Nanjing 南京 Ningbo 宁波 Pinghe 平和 Quanzhou 泉州 Shandong 山东 Shanghai 上海 Taiwan 台湾 Xiamen 厦门 Xiaoxi 小溪 Zhangzhou 漳州 xxii Chinese Terms

Proper Nouns

Chit-si le-pai tit-beh soah 此时礼拜将近闭 Now the Hour of Worship O’er (hymn title) Feilübin huaqiao 菲律賓華僑聖公會 St. Stephen’s Parish ­shenggonghui 聖司提芬堂 ­shengsitifen tang Feilübin zhonghua 菲律滨中华基督教 United Evangelical ­jidujiaohui 会 Church of the Philippines Feilübin jidujiao linghui 菲律滨基督教灵惠 xueyuan 学院 Feilübin linghui 菲律滨灵惠基督教 Grace Christian Church jidujiaohui 会 of the Philippines Gongbuju 工部局 (Gulangyu) Municipal Council Gulangyu huamin 鼓浪屿华民公会 Gulangyu Citizens’ ­gonghui Association Hehui 和会 Congregational Union (of LMS afliated churches) Jianan zhongxue 嘉南中学 Hope Christian High School (HCHS) Jingji tequ 经济特区 Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Jiushi yiyuan 救世医院 Hope Hospital Kuomintang 国民党 Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang) Linghui zhongxue 灵惠中学 Grace Christian High School Miaofa lianhuajing 妙法莲花经 Lotus Sutra Minnan jidujiao 闽南基督教长老总 Minnan Christian Synod zhanglao zonghui 会 Minnan shengshi 闽南圣诗 Amoy Hymnal Pei De Xue Tang 培德学堂 Character-development School Sanyitang 三一堂 Trinity Church Sanzi aiguo yundong 三自爱国运动 Tree-Self Patriotic Movement Chinese Terms xxiii

Sanzi gexin yundong 三自革新运动 Tree-Self Reform Movement Shenggonghui Nüzi 圣公会女子学校 St. Stephen’s Chinese Xuexiao Girls’ School Shenggonghui zhongxue 圣公会中学 St. Stephen’s High School shengshen qidaotuan 圣神祈祷团 Holy God Prayer Group Suwu dongfang xueyuan 宿务东方学院 Suwu Jianji Zhongxue 宿务建基中学 Kian Kee School (now Philippine Christian Gospel School) Suwu jidujiaohui 宿务基督教会 Cebu Gospel Church Tianfeng 天风 Heavenly Wind Tian Wei Nü Xue Tang 田尾女学堂 Tianwei Girls’ School Tongmenghui 同盟会 Revolutionary Alliance Xiagangtang 厦港堂 Xiagang (Xiamen Port) Church Xiamen shuangshi 厦门双十商业中学 Xiamen Double Tens shangye zhongxue Middle School Xiamen tongsu jiaoyushe 厦门通俗教育社 Xiamen Education Society Xinjietang 新街堂 Xinjie Church Xinqu fuyintang 新区福音堂 Xinqu Fuyin (New District Gospel) Church Xunyuan shuyuan 寻源书院 Talmage College Xunyuan zhongxuetang 寻源中学堂 Union Middle School Yilang huashang 怡郎华商中学 Chinese Commercial zhongxue School (now Iloilo Central Commercial High School) Yinghua shuyuan 英华书院 Ying Wah Boys’ School Yinghua zhongxue 英华中学 Anglo-Chinese College Yongxu huihuang 永续辉煌 Sustaining the Glory (sermon title) Yu De (Iok Tek) 毓德 Yu De Nü Xue Xiao 毓德女学校 Yude Girls’ School Yu De Nüzi Zhong Xue 毓德女子中学校 Yude Girls’ Middle School Xiao Zanmei Yehehua 赞美耶和华 Praise Jehovah (hymn title) xxiv Chinese Terms

Zhonghua mafeng jiu- 中华麻风救济会 Chinese Leprosy Relief jihui Association Zhonghua xuexiao 中華学校 Chung Hua School Zhongxi Xuexiao 中西学校 Anglo Chinese School Zhushutang 竹树堂 Zhushu (Bamboo) Church

Other Terms aiguo aijiao 爱国爱教 love the country and love the religion bagua 八卦 bai shangdi de 拜上帝的 worshippers of shangdi bai shen 拜神 worship shen beiai 悲哀 sadness bijiao hao 比较好 relatively good bijiao renke 比较认可 more approved binü 婢女 “slave girls” bupei 不配 unworthiness chedi qingchu diguozhuyi 彻底清除帝国主义 completely removing traces qinlue henji 侵略痕迹 of imperialist aggression chuancheng zhonghua 传承中华文脉,再展 Inherit Chinese contextual wenmai, zai zhanding 鼎盛商街 culture, Rebuild the pros- sheng shangjie perous business street. chuandao 传道 preacher chuan fuyin 传福音 evangelize chuantong 传统 tradition da(zhanglao)hui 大(长老)会 Synod dangzuzhi neibu de 党组织内部的处分 internal party organization chufen danwei 单位 work unit daotai 道台 local ofcial in late impe- rial China difangzhi 地方志 gazetteer dixiong 弟兄 brothers dong 动 touch, move fandong fenzi 反动分子 reactionary elements fangyan 方言 dialect Chinese Terms xxv fengjing lüyouqu 风景旅游区 scenic tourist area fengjing liaoyang qu 风景疗养区 scenic wellness area fengshui 风水 fudan 负担 burden funü xuexiao 妇女学校 women’s school ganxie zhu 感谢主 thank God guanxi 关系 relationships gui 鬼 ghost hai mei xin jidu de 还没信基督的 do not yet believe in Christ hen ruanruo 很软弱 very weak hukou 户口 household registration jianpu 简谱 numbered notation jianzheng 见证 testimony jiaohui 教会 church body jiaotang 教堂 church building jiating jiaohui 家庭教会 “house church” or “family church” jidujiao 基督教 Christianity (Protestantism) jidutu 基督徒 Christian jidujiaozhi 基督教志 Gazetteer on Christianity jiefangqian 解放前 before Liberation jiefanghou 解放后 after Liberation ji koniu (: er 二姑娘 second daughter guniang) jiuzheng 纠正 correct juhuidian 聚会点 meeting point (for churches) laogai 劳改 reform through labor lao mushi 老牧师 Old Pastor lianghui 两会 “two committees” (TSPM and CC) lianhe libai 联合礼拜 united worship luan 乱 chaos/chaotic meishijie 美食节 food festival mentu 门徒 disciples miaoshen 妙身 beautiful body minnanyu/minnanhua 闽南语、闽南话 Minnan (South Fujian) dialect xxvi Chinese Terms mozhe shitou guohe 摸着石头过河 crossing the river by feeling the stones mudaoban 慕道班 religious seekers course nongli 农历 farming almanac; lunar calendar ping’an 平安 peace qiaoxiang 侨乡 hometown of overseas Chinese qilou 骑楼 quhui 区会 district meeting renao 热闹 hot and noisy renzhen de jidutu 认真的基督徒 earnest Christian sangshizu 丧失组 funeral group sanzi jiaohui 三自教会 Tree-Self (TSPM) church shangdi 上帝 God shangdi de dajiating 上帝的大家庭 God’s big family shangzhu 上主 Lord above shei dai ni xin 谁带你信 who brought you to the faith shen 神 God shengchen bazi 生辰八字 eight astrological birth characters shengshen 圣神 Holy God (Spirit) shengshi 圣诗 hymn/hymnal shengtang guangchang 圣堂广场 Holy Church Square shenming 神明 Almighty God shenshi 神诗 hymn/hymnal shili 失礼 inappropriate shumian de jiancha 书面的检查 written investigation shulingde 属灵的 spiritual sushi 素质 quality ta dai wo xin 她带我信 she brought me to the faith tanghui 堂会 individual church tanhua 谈话 interrogated toa koniu (pinyin: da 大姑娘 eldest daughter guniang) tongji 童乩 spirit medium tongyi zhanxian 统一战线 united front Chinese Terms xxvii waidide 外地的 outside/outsiders wenhua 文化 culture wenhua yichan 文化遗产 heritage wenmai 文脉 cultural context (cultural heart) wenzi shigongi 文字侍工 literary group wuxianpu 五线谱 fve-lined staf xiaozu 小组 small group (cell group) xiejiao 邪教 evil cult xinao 洗脑 brainwashed xin shangdi de 信上帝的 believers of shangdi xintu 信徒 believer yangjiao 洋教 foreign religion yijian buyi 意见不一 diference of opinion yiwu sishu 义务私塾 voluntary private school zanmeishi 赞美诗 hymn/hymnal zhangzi 长子 eldest son zhengzhi juewu 政治觉悟 political consciousness zhonghua cheng 中华城 China City (shopping center) zhonghua diyi shengtang 中华第一圣堂 the frst holy church of China zhuren mushi 主任牧师 senior pastor zhuzai 主宰 Master (God) zimei 姊妹 sisters zuizao de libaitang zhiyi 最早的礼拜堂之一 one of the earliest churches