DOCSLIB.ORG

In the Early Stage of the Asian Influenza Pandemic of 1957, Several Virus Strains Were Isolated from Patients Among the Inhabita

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In the Early Stage of the Asian Influenza Pandemic of 1957, Several Virus Strains Were Isolated from Patients Among the Inhabita Jap. J. M. Sc. & Biol., 16, 65-81, 1963 STUDIES ON A COMMON ANTIGEN BETWEEN A1 AND A2 INFLUENZA VIRUSES FUMIO NISHIKAWA Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Health, Tokyo (Received: January 30th, 1963) In the early stage of the Asian influenza pandemic of 1957, several virus strains were isolated from patients among the inhabitants in Singapore and among the American marines of the Far East bases. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for influenza virus showed that these strains did not share a common antigen with any other type A or B influenza virus which had been isolated before 1957. However, in sera of the pati- ents significant antibody rises in complement-fixation (CF) test were observed when type A soluble (S) antigen was used (Meyer et al., 1957). Afterwards, laboratory tests for diagnosis of Asian influenza were carried out as a rule throughout the world using Asian strain as antigen for HI test or S antigen of type A for CF test. In 1958, Asian influenza virus was designated A2 sub-group of influenza type A virus by the Expert Committee on Respiratory Virus Diseases (Expert Committee on Respiratory Virus Diseases, 1959). Later, Choppin et al. (1958) reported the existence of a minor common antigen between A2 virus and other type A viruses, which was discovered by HI test . They also observed that a few patients infected with A2 influenza were found to have a positive antibody response in HI test not only to A2 but also to Swine influenza or FM1 strain. Jensen et al. (1958) also reported that in a few patients infected with A2 influenza rises of antibody against A1 or A were proved in HI test or in CF test by virus (V) antigen. At the same time they reported that some patients did not show any antibody response to A2 but, in a certain grade, positive response to some other type A virus. Boger et al. (1957) observed that a few individuals among a group of people who received a polyvalent influenza vaccine which did not contain A2 strain showed antibody rises even to A2. On the contrary, Hilleman et al . (1958) reported a few positive cases even to A1 or Swine virus among a group of people who received an A2 monovalent vaccine. At the outbreaks of influenza epidemic of 1960 in Japan , the author obtained similar results as mentioned above that, in testing some paired sera collected from patients, rises of antibody were proved against both A1 and A2 by HI test . However, all viruses isolated from these patients were found to belong to A2 , and no A1 virus was isolated at all. From the foregoing, it seemed to be one of the most important problems to clarify whether or not a common antigen really exists between A1 and A2 viruses , although sera of patients indicated antibody rises to both antigens as mentioned above . The present paper describes the results of an antigenic analysis of A1 and A2 西 川 文雄(国 立 予防 衛 生研 究 所 細 菌 第一 部) 65 66 NISHIKA WA Vol. 16 influenza viruses carried out in our laboratory using HI test and neutralization test in eggs. From these results it can safely be said that these viruses of two sub-groups may possess a minor common antigen as expected. In addition to the results, the cases which were positive to A 1 and A 2 in HI test during the epidemic of influenza from 1957 to 1962 in Japan are presented and discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Virus strains : Nine strains of A 1, 15 strains of A 2 and 4 strains of type B influenza virus were used. All these strains except A 2Singapore/1/57 A 2and A 2/Japan/307/57 were isolated in our laboratory at the time of influenza outbreaks. The allantoic fluid harvested from infected eggs with each of these strains was used as an antigen for HI test. Human sera : Unless special mention is made, the human sera employed were those collected from influenza patients by prefectural health laboratories in Japan and sent to our laboratory for serological diagnosis. Antisera : Rooster and rabbit antisera were prepared by the following procedures ; A rooster was given simultaneously with 2 cc of infected allantoic fluid (having a hemagglutination titer of higher than 1 : 256) by the intravenous route and with 10 cc of the same material by the intra- peritoneal route for immunization. These injections were repeated four times at 3 or 4 day intervals. A rabbit was also injected by the same procedure with an exception of 5 cc intravenously given instead of 2 cc, and these immunizations were carried out seven or eight times at 3 or 4 day intervals. Animals were bled a week after the last injection. HI test : HI test was carried out by the procedure routinely used in our laboratory ; For pretreatment of sera, one volume of a human serum was mixed with 3 volumes of RDE solution* and incubated overnight, then heated for 30 minutes at 56•Ž. The sera thus treated were serially diluted by two-fold steps, and the diluted sera were respectively added with 4 hemagglutination units of virus and 0.5% suspension of chicken red cells. Sedimentation patterns were read after standing for one and a half hours at 4 to 20•Ž. In the cases of HI tests for rooster and rabbit antisera, different procedures for the pretreatment were used, which will be indicated later. Neutralization test in eggs: The pretreated rooster antisera were diluted with ordinary broth by two-fold dilution, and each of diluted sera was mixed with an equal volume of properly diluted virus. Then the mixtures were kept at 37•Ž for 30 minutes and inoculated intra-allantoically into four eggs per dilution. After 48 hours, the eggs were chilled and examined for hemagglutination. Neutralizing titers of sera were calculated as 50% neutralizing end-point. Vaccines : Vaccines used in this experiment were kindly supplied from the Society of the Biological Products. RESULTS Elimination of Non-specific Inhibitors in Normal Rooster and Rabbit Sera In the case of HI test for influenza virus, it is important, first of all, to eliminate * Concentration of RDE solution was determined as follows ; Two sets of serial two-fold dilution were made from Vibrio cholerae culture filtrate (RDE) with ordinary broth, and an equal volume of normal rabbit serum was added to each tube of the both dilution series. One more set of serial two-fold dilution was made from the same sample of RDE with ordinary broth and one- third volume of human serum whose antibody titers was less than 1 : 16 was added to each tube of the dilution. The mixtures were heated at 56•Ž for 30 minutes, after an overnight incubation at 37•Ž. HI test for each set of dilution series was carried out with three different antigens, the first two mixed with normal rabbit serum being against heated Lee strain and against living egg- line A 1/Kojiya/1/52 strain, respectively, and the remaining one mixed with human serum against living egg-line A 2/Adachi/2/57 strain. The highest initial dilution of RDE that showed complete hemagglutination to any of these three antigens was used as the concentration of RDE for treat- ment of human sera. 1963 A1 AND A2 INFLUENZA VIRUSES 67 the non-specific inhibitors from sera to be tested, because sera of many species of animals including human beings have been found to contain the inhibitors in various grades. In this respect various procedures had been attempted by many workers so far. Among them RDE and periodate-treatments seemed to be the most useful for elimina- tion of the inhibitors with little loss of antibodies. (Tyrrel & Horsfall, (1952), Sampaio, (1952), Expert Committee on Respiratory Virus Diseases (1959), Sugiura (1959), Sasaki (1959), Harboe et at. (1960), Shiratori et at. (1961) ). According to their results, however, RDE-treatment seemed to be effective in rooster sera, while in rabbit sera these two treatments were not always effective. Therefore, as preliminary experiments, the following procedures for elimination of the inhibitors in normal rooster and rabbit sera were investigated ; In the case of rooster sera, one volume of serum was treated with 3 volumes of RDE solution as in the case of treatment of human sera. As shown in Table 1, non-specific inhibitors were found to be completely eliminated from 4 Table 1. Elimination of non-specific inhibitors in normal rooster sera. * Sera of No . 2, 3, 4 and 8 were treated with a four-times concentrated RDE solution. samples tested. In another experiment, one volume of serum was mixed with an equal volume of four-time concentrated RDE solution. Results were also the same for 4 samples as shown in Table 1. Both the procedures were used for elimination of the inhibitors in rooster antisera in the following experiments. In the case of rabbit sera it was found that the elimination of the inhibitors by RDE-treatment alone was not enough against A2. A complete elimination of the inhibitors from rabbit sera was successful in our laboratory by means of RDE-treatment in addition to NaIO4-treatment. The procedure was as follows ; One part of serum was at first mixed with 1.5 parts of 1/40 M NaIO4, and kept at 37•Ž for 30 minutes, then added with a half part of 1 % glycerin. Thus the treated serum was again added with 1 part of RDE solution. The RDE-treatment was the same as in the case of 68 NISHIKAWA Vol.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History Problem: the Politics of War
    History / Sociology SAITO … CONTINUED FROM FRONT FLAP … HIRO SAITO “Hiro Saito offers a timely and well-researched analysis of East Asia’s never-ending cycle of blame and denial, distortion and obfuscation concerning the region’s shared history of violence and destruction during the first half of the twentieth SEVENTY YEARS is practiced as a collective endeavor by both century. In The History Problem Saito smartly introduces the have passed since the end perpetrators and victims, Saito argues, a res- central ‘us-versus-them’ issues and confronts readers with the of the Asia-Pacific War, yet Japan remains olution of the history problem—and eventual multiple layers that bind the East Asian countries involved embroiled in controversy with its neighbors reconciliation—will finally become possible. to show how these problems are mutually constituted across over the war’s commemoration. Among the THE HISTORY PROBLEM THE HISTORY The History Problem examines a vast borders and generations. He argues that the inextricable many points of contention between Japan, knots that constrain these problems could be less like a hang- corpus of historical material in both English China, and South Korea are interpretations man’s noose and more of a supportive web if there were the and Japanese, offering provocative findings political will to determine the virtues of peaceful coexistence. of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, apologies and that challenge orthodox explanations. Written Anything less, he explains, follows an increasingly perilous compensation for foreign victims of Japanese in clear and accessible prose, this uniquely path forward on which nationalist impulses are encouraged aggression, prime ministerial visits to the interdisciplinary book will appeal to sociol- to derail cosmopolitan efforts at engagement.
    [Show full text]
  • SUMMARY of ESTIMATE of INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND on SOCIAL and FLOOD CONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE “Bridging the Infrastructure Gap in As
    1 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND ON SOCIAL and FLOOD CONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE “Bridging the Infrastructure Gap in Asia” ADB-JICA Joint Side Event at the 50th Annual Meeting of the ADB Board of Governors Koki Hirota Chief Economist Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Infrastructure demand uncovered by current estimate The acceleration of economic growth in emerging countries has led to the rapid increase in demand for infrastructure in those countries. Asian countries are expected to continue to contribute more than 60% of global growth over the coming years, so that infrastructure demand in Asia will continue to be extremely strong. ADB (2017) shows that between 2016 and 2030, infrastructure demand will amount to 22.6 trillion USD for the 45 countries in Asia, or 26 trillion USD if climate change mitigation and adaptation is included. However, the financial resources needed to materialize the required infrastructure development are insufficient in many Asian countries. Estimations of infrastructure demand have been conducted since early 2000. According to the current stylized model, which ADB (2017) is also applying, infrastructure demand depends on income growth, industrialization, and urbanization.1 Therefore, the pace of the increase of 1 The most frequently used model is developed by Fay and Yepes(2003), where the equation is as follows: I , = α + α I , + α y , + α A , + α M , + α D + α D + ϵ , (I , denotes infrastructure stock in Country i and Year t, y for per capita income. A for the share of agriculture in GDP, M for the share of manufacturing in GDP, D for country’s fixed effect, D for time dummy, εfor error term) Estimate is also made to include urbanization ratio and population density as explanatory variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Staci-Anne Ali 1068235 Nagoya City, Japan the Impact of Media in Education
    THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM Department of English Centre for English Language Studies Open Distance Learning MA TEFL/TESL/Applied Linguistics/ Translation Studies Name Staci-Anne Ali Student id number 1068235 Country where Nagoya city, Japan registered Dissertation title The Impact of Media in Education: The Influence of Media in English Language Teachers’ Identity and its Implications for Language Education in Japan Submission date September 20, 2012 Submission First submission Name of supervisor Gary Riley-Jones 1 DECLARATION I declare: a) that this submission is my own work; b) that this is written in my own words; and c) that all quotations from published or unpublished work are acknowledged with quotation marks and references to the work in question. d) that this dissertation consists of approximately 12,888 (insert no.) words, excluding footnotes, references, figures, tables and appendices. Name: Staci-Anne Ali Date: September 20, 2012 2 The Impact of Media in Education: The Influence of Media in English Language Teachers’ Identity and its Implications for Language Education in Japan By Staci-Anne Ali 3 Abstract Japanese society has often represented foreigners in the media as tall, beautiful, blonde, fun people who speak English. These stereotypes have been ingrained in this society historically and culturally. However, recent attitudes and images portrayed in the media, of English teaching and language tutors are showing a shift towards an acceptance of foreigners who do not necessarily fit that traditional stereotyped image. Thus, this dissertation will explore how the media has influenced students perceptions that English teachers in Japan are entertaining which has fostered an attitude that learning English is to be fun.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan's New Foreign Policy Toward North Korea and the Imposition of Unilateral Sanction in 2006
    Missiles, Abductions, and Sanctions: Societal Influences on Japanese Policy Toward North Korea, 1998-2006 by Seung Hyok Lee A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Seung Hyok Lee (2011) Missiles, Abductions, and Sanctions: Societal Influences on Japanese Policy Toward North Korea, 1998-2006 Seung Hyok Lee Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto 2011 0Abstract North Korea twice conducted ballistic missile tests close to Japan in 1998 and 2006. While Japan responded with non-coercive condemnations to demonstrate its disapproval in 1998, it imposed unilateral economic sanctions in 2006, marking the first instance in post-World War II of applying a substantial coercion to punish a neighbouring state. The research asks why Japanese policy toward the North shifted for a seemingly identical type of provocation. The dissertation seeks contextual explanations by using inductive process-tracing, a type of ‘middle approach’ between historical narratives and parsimonious theories. It is applied to highlight the underlying mechanism through which public discursive changes concerning national security and North Korea during this eight-year period influenced the subsequent policy shift in 2006. ii The dissertation concludes that the unilateral sanctions were not necessarily a calculated strategic response to punish the missile launch (or North Korean nuclear programs) per se, but were a direct consequence of a deeper shift in societal discourse taking place beforehand. During the eight-year period, there had been other visible provocations and shocks originating from the North, especially the sensational revelation in 2002 of past North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Opening the Way
    Integrated Report 2020 For the year ended March 31, 2020 Integrated Report 2020 Opening the Way www.mitsubishicorp.com Printed in Japan Business Management Model Management Professionals Through its more than 130 Business Units and a global The key to achieving this shift from a business investment network of around 1,700 companies in 90 countries and model to a business management model will be in regions, the MC Group has access to virtually every industry developing and producing an even larger number of highly worldwide. Capitalizing on its collective capabilities to adopt skilled management professionals who are able to respond a holistic view across numerous industries, it is shifting flexibly to the changing business environment and who away from a mindset that looks simply to invest in past proactively engage in managing businesses. MC will pursue sources of growth. By leveraging its strengths to become companywide initiatives to develop its management more deeply involved in business management, the MC professionals, and through the businesses they create, MC Group seeks to create new value by transforming its will in turn be contributing to both society and the growth of businesses, as well as to raise corporate value by reforming the company. We are working to enhance the corporate its business structures through consolidation and other value of the MC Group by achieving this virtuous growth means. cycle. Business Approximate Number of Group Companies: Management Model 1,700 The MC Group aims to create sustainable corporate value while simultaneously generating economic value, societal value and To meet the needs of society, the Mitsubishi Corporation environmental value through its businesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Report 2020 (PDF:4.6MB)
    Integrated Report 2020 For the year ended March 31, 2020 Integrated Report 2020 Opening the Way www.mitsubishicorp.com Printed in Japan Business Management Model To meet the needs of society, the Mitsubishi Corporation (MC) Group seeks to achieve growth together with society through a business management model that relies on three core strengths: the collective capabilities to adopt a holistic view across numerous industries, the foresight to identify New Seeds of Growth, and the execution skills to achieve growth. Business Management Model Management Professionals Through its more than 130 Business Units and a global The key to achieving this shift from a business investment network of around 1,700 companies in 90 countries and model to a business management model will be in regions, the MC Group has access to virtually every industry developing and producing an even larger number of highly worldwide. Capitalizing on its collective capabilities to adopt skilled management professionals who are able to respond a holistic view across numerous industries, it is shifting flexibly to the changing business environment and who away from a mindset that looks simply to invest in past proactively engage in managing businesses. MC will pursue sources of growth. By leveraging its strengths to become companywide initiatives to develop its management more deeply involved in business management, the MC professionals, and through the businesses they create, MC Group seeks to create new value by transforming its will in turn be contributing to both society and the growth of businesses, as well as to raise corporate value by reforming the company. We are working to enhance the corporate its business structures through consolidation and other value of the MC Group by achieving this virtuous growth means.
    [Show full text]