Cinematography: The Animated Way A Bibliography Plan
Sarah Rick LIS 601 Dr. Vanessa Irvin November 23, 2015
Sarah Rick
Table of Contents Introduction ...... 3 Search Strategy ...... 4 Instructions………………………………………………………………………………………4 Subject Headings………………………………………………………………………………..4 Call Numbers……………………………………………………………………………………4 Search Terms, Keywords, and Alternate Terms ...... 4 Boolean Expressions ...... 5 Natural Language (NL) Strings…………………………………………………………………5 Search Process……………………………………………………………………………………6 OPAC……………………………………………………………………………………………6 Databases………………………………………………………………………………………..6 Web Resources…………………………………………………………………………...……10 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………11 Reference List……………………………………………………………………………...……12 Appendix I……………………………………………………………………………………....14 Resources for the Cinematography of Animation……………………………………………..14 Resources for Disney ……………………………………………………………………….....15 Resources for Studio Ghibli……………………………………………………………..….….15 Appendix II………………………………………………………………………….………..…17 Abbreviation Key (Relevancy)………………………………………………………………...17 Abbreviation Key (Search Term Type)……………………………………………………...... 17 Sources and Matrixes………………………………………………………………………….17
2
Sarah Rick
Introduction This bibliographic research plan focuses on the cinematography of animation. The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences describes Animation (Cinematography) as, “the illusion of movement created by means of an inanimate object” (“Animation (Cinematography)” 2009). This displays how animation cinematography is more than just the animation itself. It is creating the impression of a camera filming the animation. I decided for my subsections I would focus on two animation studios. These studios are the Disney Animated Studio and Studio Ghibli. I chose these subtopics because not only do I have an interest in them but they are some of the top animation studios in their country of origin and the world (citation). – say more about these studios. What do they do? Why are they the top studios? Educate your audience about your topic – or – engage in a discussion that shows that you have mastery of the subject. This bibliographic research plan was made specifically for University of Hawaii at Mānoa students in the art and art history department. The bibliographic research plan was also made for students in the animation program at the Academy for Creative Media, which is also a part of the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. I chose these audiences because both of them will study different forms of art, including animation. By using this bibliography, they can get a better understanding of the cinematography of different animation studios. For the audience’s information, this bibliographic research plan uses APA citation style. All Boolean expressions (AND, BUT, and OR) and subject headings will be written in ALL CAPS. Natural language will be in all lower case. Truncated Boolean expressions will be represented with the truncation ending in *. Search terms will have the first letter of every word capitalized.
3
Sarah Rick
Search Strategy Instructions In this bibliographic research plan I will use a coding key to identify the search terms, Boolean expressions, and strings. Search terms will have the first letter of every word capitalized. Subject Headings and Boolean expressions will have all the letters capitalized. Truncated Boolean expressions will have a * at the end of the word to show the truncation. For Natural Language strings all the letters will be lower cased. Subject Headings I researched my subject headings by looking in volume I of the 29th edition of the Library of Congress Subject Headings. I was searching for ANIMATION and when I found it I was pleased to see it was labeled as ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY). From this broad subject heading I was able to find subject headings that are in this specific field. Provided below are the subject headings I used: • ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) • ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) – JAPAN • ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) –INSTUMENTS • ANIMATED FILMS • ANIMATION CELS • ANIMATORS Call Numbers I looked for Library of Congress call numbers that relate to cinematography of animation studios by viewing The Library of Congress Online Catalog. I browsed Class N FINE ARTS, Subclass NC DRAWING, DESIGN, AND ILLUSTRATION and Class T TECHNOLOGY, Subclass TR PHOTOGRAPHY. From these subsections there are topics that pertain specifically to the cinematography of animation studios. TR845-899 contains books on cinematography, specifically for motion pictures. NC1300-1766 contains information on pictorial humor, caricatures, and others on that subject, which includes animation. Search Terms, Keywords, and Alternate Terms I decided upon my search terms, keywords, and alternate terms by looking at the subject headings I had found earlier along with information I know based on the subject. I used Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki as search terms because they are the founders and directors of Studio Ghibli. • Studio Ghibli • Disney • Cinematography • Animation • Cartoon • Animation Cels • Hayao Miyazaki
4
Sarah Rick
• Isao Takahata • Camera • Camera Shots • Camera Angles • Animators Boolean Expressions The * sign is used to truncate the word in the search. For example, veg* can result in sources that contain vegetation, vegetables, vegan, vegetarian, and other words that start with v-e-g. • Animation AND Cinematography • Animation AND Camera • Anim* AND Technology • Cinematography NOT (“Live Action” OR “Green Screen”) • Camera AND (shots OR angles) AND animation • Digital Cinematography AND Animation Natural Language (NL) Strings • animation studio’s techniques • how animators create cartoons • camera angles in animation • how animation camera shots are created
5
Sarah Rick
Search Process OPAC OneSearch Mānoa This online catalog is designed to search for materials that are available to in the University of Hawaii libraries. OneSearch Mānoa provides basic and advance searching techniques with different search fields. When searching for information on Studio Ghibli I found that some of the results I would get are in Japanese. I think this is due to 2 reasons. The first is that Studio Ghibli is a Japanese animation studio so many resources on the subject will be in Japanese. Another reason that the collection that OneSearch looks through has many sources in other languages as well, especially Asian languages. When searching for material for the topic in general what provided to be the best way to search was to use subject headings. By just typing in ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) along gave me 2,539 results, most of them being highly relevant results. By adding ANIMATORS in this search as well not only narrowed down the results giving me more specific answers, but hardly any of them were irrelevant. Databases Art Source When working in this database I had an interesting occurrence. When looking up information on Studio Ghibli by searching Animation AND Studio Ghibli. I had not gotten a lot of results and most of them were in French. Since the articles were in French I could read them but since not everyone using this bibliography plan will understand French I could not use the results I found. When searching under Camera AND (shots OR angles) AND animation I got 53 results that had some useful articles but the most helpful part of this search was the search idea I found in the articles. One subject that was listed in a topic I found was Digital cinematography. Although looking this up on its own did not bring up useful results by pairing it up with Animation that gave me highly relevant results. Film & Television Literature Index When I first viewed the webpage for Film & Television Literature Index I noticed that it was hosted by EBSCOhost. This is the same platform that hosted Art Source. From this information I decided that the best way to search Film & Television Literature Index was to use a strategy like the one I used for Art Source. The major difference between the two websites, however, is that Film & Television Literature Index is an index. This means that the sources that are listed will not have a link to them or, if they do, it would direct the user to a different website. I started with the search Animation AND Camera. It gave me one more source option than Art Source did. Also like Art Source these resources were applicable to my topic. I also tried to use a subject heading in another search and I did find great results but not all of them were relevant to my topic. I tried to then subject search “Animation Cinematography” AND “Disney Films”.
6
Sarah Rick
Although I only got 7 results the information in them pertained to my subtopic. I tried searching for results for Studio Ghibli but the results I got were not for cinematography. ARTbibliographies Modern (ABM) This database specifically looks at modern and contemporary art. To search this website, I had to think of how animation and cinematography combine to form art. Since this is very specific and more of a sub category in art I decided to start my search with the subject heading ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY). From this search I gathered only five results but they were all highly relevant. The one flaw with the resources was that ABM does not have access to them but they offered to look up a way for the researcher to get the articles. I looked at an article in the search titled Storyboards and looked at the subjects it was connected to. I saw that cinematography and technology and art were subject categories to choose from. I searched under both categories and got seven results. Although some of them were repeats from the last search, this search still gave me more articles that were appropriate to the cinematography of animation. Some of the articles had a French title but by looking at the abstracts they showed that the articles are available in English. Since I kept getting very narrow results I decided to do a broader search. I searched Animation AND Cinematography. I a much wider result of 2,332. These results were useful and most of them were accessible from ABM but the problem was that some of them were specific to cinematography and did not include animation. The reverse was the same as well where there were articles that focused on animation but not the cinematic aspect of it. Even by shortening the search results to anywhere besides full text I still had some articles that looked at only one of the subject matters. I tried a more advance search Cinematography NOT (Photographs OR Live Action) and this search still did not give me many articles that did not have to do with live action cinematography. To combat this dilemma, I focused the rest of my searches with adding cinematography to my sub topics. After switching the search to all fields this gave me more relevant results that I had been getting but was still not as qualitative as my original subject heading search. DIAA: Design and Applied Arts Index Since DIAA is offered through ProQuest I decided to model my search from the results I gathered in ABM. This is because ABM is also provided by ProQuest. I started my search with ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) since that gave me the most relevant results when searching ABM. From this search I got 15 results, ten more than when I used ABM. I clicked on Imagina 2007, an article that was in this search result but not in the results from ABM. I looked at the subjects it was listed under and saw that there was a subject called Digital Films. In my next search I looked up “Digital Films” in the subject category but did not receive applicable results. I tried a natural language search since I did not try that in ABM. This only gave me two results. These results, though, were highly relevant to the cinematography of animation. I tried another natural language again asking how animators created cartoons. I received two articles again but they were different articles than the ones I received before. These ones were also highly relevant
7
Sarah Rick to the topic. I also searched Studio Ghibli in all fields and received 17 results with a few of them pertaining to the cinematography of Studio Ghibli. JSTOR Since JSTOR is not connected to the other database platforms I used, I started with a basic subject heading search, ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY). Although I received many appropriate resources from the cinematography of animation but I also got many articles that also added the aspect of education in this field. For my next search with this topic I decided to be more specific and searched ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) NOT EDUCATION. This somehow gave me thousands of more results than my original search. These results, however, were more relevant than what I initially got. I then tried to find resources that pertained to my subtopics. I searched Disney AND Cinematography. I got 185 results but, as a whole, they were not relevant to the cinematography of Disney. To find that specific topic I decided to do a natural language search, the cinematography of Disney. Although the first few articles from this search did not pertain to cinematography but the articles after did go into the details of Disney’s cinematography techniques in animation. When I did a more advance search for Studio Ghibli (Studio Ghibli AND Camera AND (Shots OR Angles)) I got only one result and that result was somewhat applicable but it could have more quality of information. I shortened it to just Studio Ghibli and received twelve results but most of them did not pertain to cinematography. To try and find more articles I just shortened Studio Ghibli to just Ghibli since some articles had only Ghibli in the search and added Cinematography to the search. This search gave me the same result as Studio Ghibli AND Camera AND (Shots OR Angles). Project Muse Like JSTOR, Project Muse does not use a platform that the other databases were presented in. To start I began with the basic search of ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY). From this search I got 151 results, with them being highly relevant. I tried to also search ANIMATOIN CELS AND CINEMATOGRAPHY but those results were not applicable. I then searched Cinematography AND Disney. This search gave me 85 items which were not very relevant. When I added AND Animation to the search and replaced cinematography with camera not only did I receive more results but they were highly applicable to Disney’s animated cinematography. Since this search worked for Disney I tired the same search for Studio Ghibli but replaced Disney with Ghibli. I only received 5 results from this and only a few of them were relevant to the cinematography of Studio Ghibli. By just searching Ghibli AND Camera that only gave me one more result. Since this result were very narrow I broadened my search by just searching Ghibli. This not only gave me more resources but also gave me more appropriate resources. Art & Architecture Complete Like a few of the other databases I used previously, Art & Architecture Complete is also hosted by EBSCOhost. Because of this I decided to start with searches that worked well when searching the other databases. Although I used this approach before this time I received different
8
Sarah Rick
results. When searching Animation AND Camera I received only 115 results instead of being around 250. Also the articles I found were useful but not highly relevant. I decided from here I would do a search that has worked in my past searches. I looked up ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) as a subject search. I got 1,573 applicable results. I also noticed from this search that a few of the articles I was receiving were articles on Studio Ghibli. Since my other searches in databases did not give me the best results when researching the cinematography of that company I decided to focus on finding an article on them in this database. I started searching Ghibli AND Cinematography. This only yielded 3 results, none of which were relevant. I then just searched Ghibli to see if a basic search may give me more results or find me valid articles. This search gave me 20 more results but those articles were not relevant either. I then tried a natural language search which gave me 1,578 results with most of them being highly relevant. I also did two truncated subject searches. Technology AND Anim* gave me little results with not relevant sources. While Cinematography AND Anim* gave me 1,597 results, with most of those being relevant. Academic Search Complete Before I started searching for articles in this database there were two aspects of the database that I noticed. The first was that like a few of the other databases I have searched this one was hosted by EBSCOhost. The second was that unlike the other databases I searched this one was not focused on art or film. Instead this database presented information on a variety of subjects with no focus on a particular area. I tried at first Animation AND Camera because although it did not work as well the last time I used it in an EBSCOhost database it did give me valuable resources the other two times I used it. The other reason I did this search first was because if it did not work I could see what resources were connected to the search and find terms that I may use or avoid. When I searched Animation AND Camera I got 335 results, with some of them being useful. It seemed that although the word camera did give me results on cinematography it did give me results using a regular camera in other fields of work. I knew from this search that camera would be a very flexible search term and decided not to use it for the rest of my searches. I then used the subject search ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY). Although this search worked well in other websites, this time, although I received many articles, it did not yield many highly relevant results. It seemed from these results I received a lot that had to deal with using animation cinematography in science practices or medical practices. From this I decided to do this search again but added NOT SCIENCE. Although this search removed some scientific articles this still did not narrow down the search to the artistic or technical side of animation cinematography. Based on this I decided to reword the search ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY AND ART NOT SCIENCE. Although this search narrowed down my results drastically it, again, produced some relevant results with a few irrelevant. Since my main topic searches were yielding a wide range of results I tried to then search for my sub topics. I started by searching Disney AND Animation AND Cinematography. This search gave me 162 highly relevant results. I think this search worked better than my main topic
9
Sarah Rick
searches because it is such a focused field that by using terms that are strongly associated with it the results would be low but highly applicable to the topic. I then did the same search except replaced Disney with Ghibli. Although I received only 13 results most of them were very relevant. Web Resources YouTube YouTube is a great source to use for cinematography, especially in the animation medium. This is because the cinematography of animation is an optical experience and YouTube gives access to videos. The one aspect I had to be careful of is that when looking at sources I had to see if I could find the creditability of the channel. Since anyone can make a video and post it I had to review the video’s content, see what else the channel has posted, and also check to see if the channel has a description about itself on its page. I also found that since YouTube is a website used by the general public for various reasons, including for fun, natural language searches gave me the best results. Animation World Network (awn.com) This website is the largest publishing group related to animation. Since this website is all about animation I started my search without using words associated with animation. My first search just using cinematography as a search term gave me 848 results. Most of them were useful, while some were just reviews and awards given out to cinematographers in animation. My next search of Camera AND (shots OR angles) showed me a flaw with my initial search strategy on this website. Although this website is about animation it is not only about animated features, films, and television shows but also about live action animation and CGI. In order to eliminate the articles that had CGI in live action movies or special effects using animation I needed to specify that in my search since the website does not offer an advance search outlet. My next search also showed that the codes for Boolean were different on this website than what I am used to. When searching Cinematography NOT (“Live Action” OR “Green Screen”) I got results that contained “live action” in it or “Green Screen.” I found that I had to change the way I wrote my Boolean expressions. I also found an article that really displayed the evolution of story boards and cinematography in animation so the search still yielded some relevant results. The best way to search this particular website I found was to use natural language searches. Although when searching studio ghibli’s camera shots I did not get results of Studio Ghibli’s cinematography I did get more articles on the cinematography of animation, in general, and Disney’s techniques.
10
Sarah Rick
Conclusion When creating this bibliographic research plan I discovered the value of natural language searches. When first starting my research I thought that I would use more subject headings and keywords to find my sources. I believed that natural language searches would be more relevant when searching web resources. Nadjla Hariri, a researcher from the Department of Library and Information Science at the Islamic Azad University, found that when performing a natural language search the words used in the natural language search are used as key words when performing the search in a search engine; articles containing the exact words used in the natural language search were most likely yielded (Hariri 2013). Since natural language brings out words that are not considered when performing a search, they are valuable to the search. Not all articles are going to use the same search terms, some may use synonymous search terms. By using natural language this give the researcher more terms to work with and also provides answers that may not have appeared when searching a subject heading or keyword. I found that my strengths in developing this bibliographic research plan were developing complex Boolean expressions and providing search terms that are either synonymous or connected in some way. I think this is a consequence of using many databases to form this plan. Raya Fidel, an associate Professor at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at the University of Washington, stated that searchers who use multiple databases tended to use more text words and less thesauruses than a searcher using one database (Fidel 1992). Since I am using more databases and not all databases are going to respond the same to a search term I have to constantly think of words that are connected to my topic. By doing this when I move from database to database I do not need to use a thesaurus to find terms that are similar to my topic but remember the words I used in previous searches to help me discover words that will give me highly relevant results. My challenges were that I experienced burn out at the end of my search and became less creative in the way I searched for terms. This creativity block however, was not too great of an issue since I would use words that had worked previously in other searches. This experience has impacted my professional knowledge by making me realize how different search platforms vary in results when using the same keywords.
11
Sarah Rick
Reference List Animation (Cinematography). (2009). In The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1UfTGz9 Animation World Network Inc. (2015). Animation World Network. Van Nuys, CA: Animation World Network. Retrieved from http://www.awn.com/ Assa, J., Wolf, L., & Cohen-Or, D. (2010). The Virtual Director: a Correlation-Based Online Viewing of Human Motion. Computer Graphics Forum, 29(2). Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1N2MlOM Dominoni, A. (2007). Imagina 2007. L’Arca, (224), 78-81. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1473816288?accountid=27140 Drate, S., & Salavetz, J. (2007). Pure animation : Steps to creation with 57 cutting-edge animators. London, UK: Merrell. Call Number TR897.5 .D738 2007 EBSCOhost. (2015). Academic Search Complete. (Database). Ipswich, MA: EBSCO. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1No7s09 EBSCOhost. (2015). Art & Architecture Complete. (Database). Ipswich, MA: EBSCO. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1Qnms2l EBSCOhost. (2015). Art Source. (Database). Ipswich, MA: EBSCO. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1O7x4Sr EBSCOhost. (2015). Film & Television Literature Index. (Database). Ipswich, MA: EBSCO. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/225n68i Fidel, R. (1992). Who needs controlled vocabulary? Special Libraries 83(1). Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/fidelr/RayaPubs/WhoNeedsControlledVocabulary.pdf Hariri, N. (2013). Do natural language search engines really understand what users want?: A comparative study on three natural language search engines and Google. Online Information Review 37(2), 287-303. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/doi/full/10.1108/OIR-12- 2011-0210 ITHAKA. (2015). JSTOR. (Database). New York, NY: JSTOR. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ John Hopkins University Press. (2015). Project Muse. (Database). Baltimore, MD: Project MUSE. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ Library of Congress. (2015). Library of Congress Classification Outline. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/ Library of Congress. (2006). Library of Congress Subject Headings (29th ed.) (Vol. 1). Washington D.C.: Library of Congress. Popscreen. (2015). [Image]. KIKIS DELIVERY SERVICE Poster Studio Ghibli 24x36 inch. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1TMek9i
12
Sarah Rick
ProQuest. (2015). ARTbibliographies Modern. (Database). Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/artbibliographies?accountid=27 140 ProQuest. (2015). DIAA: Design and Applied Arts Index. (Database). Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/daai/index?accountid=27140 RCAnime. (2015, August 27). Cinematography (In Anime) [Episode 5]. Anime Essays. Podcast retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3ZnuD0N84fFcOqLb0c9LNGA9QvDwHvkK Reinmoller, P. (2000). It's not a trick, it's a film. Form [Germany], (173). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1468286318?accountid=27140 Riffel, C. (2012). Dissecting Bambi: Multiplanar Photography, the Cel Technique, and the Flowering of Full Animation. Velvet Light Trap: A Critical Journal Of Film & Television, (69). Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1OP1jfP Sarto, D. (2013). All The World’s a Virtual Stage in Disney’s New Camera Capture System. Animation World Network. Retrieved from http://www.awn.com/vfxworld/all-world-s- virtual-stage-disney-s-new-camera-capture-system Sunada, M., Kawakami, Nobuo, Miyazaki, Hayao, Suzuki, Toshio, Takahata, Isao, Dwango , production company, . . . Cinedigm , film distributor. (2015). Yume to kyoki no ōkoku = The kingdom of dreams and madness [Motion Picture]. United States: GKIDS. Call Number: DVD 12384 Thomas, B. (1991). Disney's art of animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast (1st ed.). New York, NY: Hyperion. Call Number NC1766.U52 D568 1991 University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. (2015). OneSearch Mānoa. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. Retrieved from http://library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ Wolff, E. (2003). “Moving Storyboards” Take On New Dimensions: Previs for Animated Features. Animation World Network. Retrieved from http://www.awn.com/vfxworld/moving-storyboards-take-new-dimensions-previs- animated-features Youtube. (n.d.) YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/
13
Sarah Rick
Appendix I Resources for the Cinematography of Animation Assa, J., Wolf, L., & Cohen-Or, D. (2010). The Virtual Director: a Correlation-Based Online Viewing of Human Motion. Computer Graphics Forum, 29(2). Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1N2MlOM This article looks at how to control the camera shots in when an animated person is moving in an animated setting. It specifically looks at the challenges and limitations of camera control. One option presented in the article is by creating multiple camera shots of the same scene and connecting the suitable camera streams. This article covers the technical aspect of cinematography in animation and gives the mathematical equations used when created an animated feature. The one aspect that readers should take note of is that this is an advance reading as it assumes that the audience knows some of the concepts presented. Drate, S., & Salavetz, J. (2007). Pure animation : Steps to creation with 57 cutting-edge animators. London, UK: Merrell. Call Number TR897.5 .D738 2007 As the title indicates, this book goes over the works of more than 57 animators. What is informative about this book is that each work goes over step by step the animator’s profile, process, and tools used in the animation shown. Images are shown of the final product and since the animators are from around the world it shows the different ideas, designs, and techniques from animators around the world. It also displays the camera angles that the animators chose when creating their pieces. RCAnime. (2015, August 27). Cinematography (In Anime) [Episode 5]. Anime Essays. Podcast retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3ZnuD0N84fFcOqLb0c9LNGA9QvDwHvkK Although this video looks at anime and not animation overall it does show how cinematography effects an animated show or movie in general. The first part of the video covers different camera shots and angles. These shots and angles are analyzed by what each one conveys about the scene or reveals about a character. This section also talks about the limitations of cinematography in an animation setting and what characteristics are lacking in different camera shots. The video also goes over the use of color in animation and how coloration and cinematography work together in order to draw the viewers eyes in a certain way. Wolff, E. (2003). “Moving Storyboards” Take On New Dimensions: Previs for Animated Features. Animation World Network. Retrieved from http://www.awn.com/vfxworld/moving-storyboards-take-new-dimensions-previs- animated-features Although this article is a little dated it displays how the animation industry advanced in terms of cinematography. Wolff focuses on how previsualization, a term used for moving story boards, helps animators and directors know how a scene from a story board will roughly look when it is animated. This use of technology in story boarding helps set the backbone for when the actual animation process happens. This displays to the cinematographer and animators problems with the way a scene is shot early on, giving these workers more time to find a solution to the problem. 14
Sarah Rick
Resources for Disney Riffel, C. (2012). Dissecting Bambi: Multiplanar Photography, the Cel Technique, and the Flowering of Full Animation. Velvet Light Trap: A Critical Journal Of Film & Television, (69), 3-16. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1OP1jfP This article looks at how the animation process affects the cinematography of the film. To be specific, the article looks at Disney’s Bambi as the example for these effects. Since parts of the whole image are focused in on different cels the movement for a character is usually in the foreground since it is easier to present movement at the main focus over many cels. This technique is also compared against other techniques and animation productions. There are also photographs of the process, the artwork at various stages, and what the machinery for animation looks like. This shows how cinematography and animation meet and how the limitations of animation can impact the camera angles and shots. Sarto, D. (2013). All The World’s a Virtual Stage in Disney’s New Camera Capture System. Animation World Network. Retrieved from http://www.awn.com/vfxworld/all-world-s- virtual-stage-disney-s-new-camera-capture-system Sarto, before showing the latest technology Disney is using in their cinematography, shows the different camera innovations Disney has presented over the years in its animated films. Their latest camera technology, Camera Capture system, allows artists to see what it is like moving through the animated fields and environments they have created. It combines live action camera techniques by moving an actual camera in a room that shows how the camera shots would work in the animation background and design that the animators have chosen. It is like moving a camera in a set. This shows how Disney is using the latest technology in their films. Thomas, B. (1991). Disney's art of animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast (1st ed.). New York, NY: Hyperion. Call Number NC1766.U52 D568 1991 This resource looks at the different techniques used in animation at Disney. The source goes over the process in chronological order of the film. This demonstrates not only the various techniques employed but also the evolution of animation inside Disney’s animation studio. The final chapter goes over the making of Beauty and the Beast which gives more detail on the animation cinematography than the other chapters. It does this by going over the story board and screen shots chosen for different scenes. Resources for Studio Ghibli Reinmoller, P. (2000). It's not a trick, it's a film. Form [Germany], (173), 44-47. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1468286318?accountid=27140 This article was found through ProQuest but is viewable through an interlibrary loan through the Hamilton Library. Reinmoller views the animation of Studio Ghibli and the techniques that are used to create camera shots. This article also shows how hand drawings and digital imaging processes come together to create the cinematography of Studio Ghibli’s animation. Sunada, M., Kawakami, Nobuo, Miyazaki, Hayao, Suzuki, Toshio, Takahata, Isao, Dwango , production company, . . . Cinedigm , film distributor. (2015). Yume to kyoki no ōkoku =
15
Sarah Rick
The kingdom of dreams and madness [Motion Picture]. United States: GKIDS. Call Number: DVD 12384 This is a documentary on the company Studio Ghibli. This film displays how the founders Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata both created their last film in the company before retiring. This not only displays the different techniques of cinematography for Studio Ghibli in general but also looks at the differences and similarities in cinematography between the founders of the company.
16
Sarah Rick
Appendix II Abbreviation Key (Search Term Type) • SU: Subject Heading • CV: Controlled Vocabulary • NL: Natural Language Type of Search Preformed • TI: Title Search • SS: Subject Search • KW: Key Word Search • AF: All Fields • AE: Anywhere except Full Text Abbreviation Key (Relevancy) • HR: Highly Relevant • U: Useful • NR: Not Relevant Sources and Matrixes OneSearch Mānoa Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Type SU AF ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) 2,539 HR SU AF ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) AND 338 HR ANIMATORS CV AF Animation AND Disney 17,389 U CV AF “Studio Ghibli” AND Cinematography 11 U CV AF Miyazaki AND Cinematography 306 U CV AF Studio Ghibli 1,359 U CV SS Ghibli AND Cinematography 2 NR
Art Source Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Type CV AF Animation AND Camera 247 HR CV AF Animation AND Studio Ghibli 18 NR CV AF Camera AND (Shots OR Angles) AND 53 U animation CV KW "Computer Animation -- Technique" 32 U
17
Sarah Rick
CV SS Digital Cinematography 767 NR CV SS Digital Cinematography AND Animation 25 HR
Film & Literature Index Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Type SU AF ANIMATION CELS 18 U CV AF Animation AND Camera 248 HR CV AF “Studio Ghibli” 55 NR CV SS “Animation (Cinematography)” AND “Disney 7 HR Films” CV SS Cinematography AND “Studio Ghibli” 11 NR
ARTbibliographies Modern (ABM) Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Type SU AF ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) 5 HR CV AF Cinematography AND Animation 2,332 U CV AF Cinematography AND “Studio Ghibli” 18 U CV AF Cinematography AND Disney 1,777 U CV SS “Cinematography” AND “Technology and Art” 7 U CV AE Cinematography AND Animation 185 U CV AE Cinematography NOT (Photographs OR Live 4,479 NR Action) CV AE Cinematography AND Disney 61 NR
DAAI: Design and Applied Arts Index Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Typed SU AF ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) 15 HR CV AF Studio Ghibli 17 U CV SS “Digital Films” 34 NR NL AF the camera angles of animation 2 HR NL AF how animators created cartoons 2 HR
18
Sarah Rick
JSTOR Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Typed SU AF ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) 355 HR SU AF ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) NOT 14,937 HR EDUCATION CV AF Disney AND Cinematography 185 NR CV AF Studio Ghibli AND Camera AND (Shots OR 1 U Angles) CV AF Studio Ghibli 12 NR CV AF Ghibli AND Cinematography 1 U NL AF the cinematography of disney 16,660 U
Project Muse Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Type SU AF ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) 151 HR SU AF ANIMATION CELS AND 2 NR CINEMATOGRAPHY CV AF Cinematography AND Disney 85 NR CV AF Animation AND Disney AND Camera 158 HR CV AF Animation AND Ghibli AND Camera 5 U CV AF Camera AND Ghibli 6 U CV AF Ghibli 17 HR
Art & Architecture Complete Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Type SU SS ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) 1,573 HR CV AF Animation AND Camera 115 U CV AF Ghibli AND Cinematography 3 NR CV AF Ghibli 23 NR CV SS Anim* AND Technology 15 NR CV SS Cinematography AND Anim* 1,597 HR NL AF the cinematography of animation 1,578 HR
19
Sarah Rick
Academic Search Complete Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Type SU SS ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) 1,969 U SU SS ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) NOT 1,905 U SCIENCE SU SS ANIMATION (CINEMATOGRAPHY) AND 165 U ART NOT SCIENCE CV AF Animation AND Camera 335 U CV AF Disney AND Animation AND Cinematography 162 HR CV AF Ghibli AND Animation AND Cinematography 13 HR
YouTube Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Type CV AF Animation AND Cinematography 73,900 U CV AF Studio Ghibli cinematography 257 NR CV AF Miyazaki AND Takahata 1,470 HR NL AF camera movement in animation 345,000 HR NL AF camera shots in animation 60,700 HR
Animation World Network Search Search Search Term(s) Results Relevancy Term Performed Type CV AF Cinematography 848 U CV AF Camera AND (shots OR angles) 59,977 NR CV AF Cinematography NOT (“Live Action” OR 27,258 U “Green Screen”) NL AF the camera angles of animation 61,284 HR NL AF how animation camera shots are created 49,324 HR NL AF studio ghibli’s camera shots 17,789 HR
20