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Giuseppe Levi E La Scuola Di Torino

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Giuseppe Levi E La Scuola Di Torino HISTORY OF PHYSIOLOGY STORIA DELLA FISIOLOGIA GIUSEPPE LEVI E LA SCUOLA DI TORINO Giuseppe Levi seduto in mezzo a Rodolfo Amprino (a sinistra) HISTORY OF PHYSIOLOGY e a Guido Filogamo (a destra) Archivio storico dell’Università di Torino, Fondo Giacomo Mottura. GIUSEPPE LEVI AND THE TURIN Giuseppe Levi sitting between Rodolfo Amprino (left) and Guido Filogamo (right) SCHOOL Historical Archive of the University of Turin, Giacomo Mottura Fund. Enrico Cherubini pH • 2 - 2019 11 STORIA DELLA FISIOLOGIA iuseppe Levi nasce nel 1872 da una famiglia e- Professore straordinario di Anatomia umana a Sassari brea agiata (il padre era banchiere) a Trieste, nel 1910 (qui con Tullio Terni portò avanti studi istolo- dove coltiva ideali irredentisti. Come molti trie- gici ed embriologici sulla struttura e origine dei mito- stini ama profondamente la montagna e i viag- condri), diviene ordinario nel 1914. Nel 1916-1917 si gi. Alla prematura morte del padre si trasferisce arruola volontariamente come ufficiale medico nella Pri- con la madre a Firenze, dove a 17 anni si iscrive ma guerra mondiale e opera in Cadore e sul Carso. Nel alla Facoltà di Medicina. Si laurea nel 1895. 1919 vince la cattedra di Anatomia Umana e a Torino e G prende la direzione dell’Istituto di Anatomia (figura 1). Sotto la sua guida, l’Istituto raggiunse livelli internazio- LA FORMAZIONE FIORENTINA nali, riuscendo ad attrarre finanziamenti anche dalla Ro- E I PRIMI INCARICHI ckefeller Foundation. Tra i suoi allievi si ricordano nomi prestigiosi come Tullio Terni (1888-1946), Luigi Buc- A Firenze, la nouvelle vague in Fisiologia era rappresentata ciante (1902-1994), Rodolfo Amprino (1912-2007), dal professor Giulio Chiarugi (1859-1944) che spiegava la Angelo Bairati (1911-1994), Oliviero Mario Olivo base strutturale delle funzioni fisiologiche mediante un ap- (1896-1981), Giovanni Godina (1912-2000), Cornelio proccio morfologico in chiave filogenetica darwiniana. Fre- Fazio (1910-1997), Giulio Cesare Dogliotti (1906- quenta come allievo interno l’Istituto di Patologia generale 1976), fino al più giovane Guido Filogamo (1916-2018), diretto dal professor Alessandro Lustig (1857-1937) e, dopo e ben tre premi Nobel: Salvatore Luria (1912-1991), Re- la laurea, la clinica psichiatrica San Salvi diretta da Eugenio nato Dulbecco (1914-2012) e Rita Levi-Montalcini Tanzi (1856-1934). Nel 1899 va a Berlino e sotto Oskar (1909-2012). Hertwig (1849-1922) si occupa dei cambiamenti strutturali Aveva una grande stima per il mondo anglosassone in delle uova di anfibi in seguito a infiammazione dell’ovaio genere, considerandolo un po’ il centro della civiltà. Fu indotta da sostanze nocive. Nel 1901 sposa la figlia di Tanzi, un pioniere nello sviluppare tecniche allora d’avanguardia Lidia, da cui ha cinque figli, tre maschi e due femmine. come le colture neuronali e la colorazione mediante im- iuseppe Levi (1872-1965) was born to a ric clinic directed by Eugenio Tanzi (1856-1934). In wealthy Jewish family (his father was a 1899 he moved to Berlin, where he studied with Oskar banker) in Trieste – which was still under Hertwig (1849-1922) the structural changes induced in Hapsburg rule – and shared the ideals of the amphibian eggs by ovarian inflammation triggered by irredentist movement. Like many of his fel- toxic substances. In 1901 he married Tanzi’s daughter, low citizens he loved hiking and travel. After Lidia. The couple had five children, three boys and two his father’s premature death, he moved with girls. Ghis mother to Florence, where he enrolled in the Medi- In 1910 Levi was appointed Extraordinary Professor cal School at 17 and obtained his degree in 1895. of Human Anatomy at Sassari University, where with Tullio Terni he conducted histological and embryologi- THE FLORENTINE TRAINING cal studies into the structure and origin of mitochon- AND THE FIRST ASSIGNMENTS dria. By 1914 he was Full Professor. During World War I he was a volunteer medical officer in the Cadore and In Florence the new frontier in physiology was repre- Carso area (1916-1917). In 1919 he was appointed Pro- sented by Giulio Chiarugi (1859-1944), who explained fessor of Human Anatomy in Turin and was given the physiological functions through a morphological ap- Chair of Anatomy (figure 1). Under his tenure the Insti- proach inspired by darwinian phylogenetics. As an un- tute achieved international renown, attracting funding dergraduate he was an intern at the General Pathology even from the Rockefeller Foundation. His pupils in- department directed by Alessandro Lustig (1857-1937), cluded scholars such as Tullio Terni (1888-1946), Luigi as a graduate student he attended the San Salvi psychiat- Bucciante (1902-1994), Rodolfo Amprino (1912- 12 pH • 2 - 2019 HISTORY OF PHYSIOLOGY Figura 1 Istituto di Anatomia di Torino (pgc Archivio del Museo Lombroso dell’Università di Torino). Figure 1 Anatomy Institute, Turin (Italy) (courtesy of Archive of the Lombroso Museum, University of Turin). pregnazione argentica, tecniche di cui si sono avvalsi sia cardiaco e dei loro organelli, sempre con un occhio atten- Dulbecco sia Levi-Montalcini. A Rio de Janeiro, nel labo- to ai risvolti fisiologici. Altre tecniche avanzate in uso ratorio di Charlos Chagas (1879-1934), Rita – con l’aiu- nell’Istituto comprendevano l’ultracentrifugazione, la mi- to di Hertha Meyer (1902-1990) che aveva conosciuto crocinematografica per studiare il decorso temporale anni prima a Torino nel laboratorio di Levi – utilizzerà dell’accrescimento delle connessioni nervose e la micro- questa tecnica per mettere a punto un test in vitro per l’i- scopia elettronica con contrasto e senza. dentificazione del nerve growth factor (effetto di estratti di All’inizio degli anni Trenta si dedicò allo studio morfo- sarcoma 180 su colture di gangli di pollo). Le colture per- logico dell’invecchiamento nei tessuti e negli organi ten- mettevano di studiare gli aspetti sia morfologici sia fisico- tando di delineare le differenze tra invecchiamento fisio- chimici delle cellule nervose incluse quelle del muscolo logico e patologico. 2007), Angelo Bairati (1911-1994), Oliviero Mario Oli- cutting-edge techniques that were available at the Turin vo (1896-1981), Giovanni Godina (1912-2000), Cor- lab were ultracentrifugation, microcinematography to nelio Fazio (1910-1997), Giulio Cesare Dogliotti study the growth of nerve connections over time, and (1906-1976), Guido Filogamo (the youngest, 1916- electronic microscopy with and without phase contrast. 2018) and no less than three Nobel laureates: Salvatore In the early 1930s Levi began the morphological Luria (1912-1991), Renato Dulbecco (1914-2012) and study of tissue and organ ageing focusing on the differ- Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909-2012). ences between the physiological and the pathological Levi admired the Anglo-Saxon world, which he process. viewed as the heart of civilisation. He pioneered tech- niques such as neuronal cultures and silver staining, BETWEEN SCIENCE AND ANTI-FASCISM which were later employed also by Dulbecco and Levi- Montalcini. In Rio de Janeiro, in Chagas’s lab, Levi- Levi and his wife – Lidia Tanzi (figure 2) – belonged Montalcini actually used them to develop an in vitro to the enlightened bourgeoisie that supported socialism. NGF test (effect of Sarcoma 180 extract on the ganglia Their sons were increasingly involved with the first or- of chick embryos) with Hertha Meyer (1902-1990), ganised antifascist groups that eventually gave birth to whom she had met in the Turin lab some years earlier. the Partito d’Azione (PdA, Italian political party founded Cultures allowed investigating both the morphological in 1942) The terms conspiration and conspirator were and the physicochemical aspects of nerve cells (includ- commonly used in their home, which was a favourite ing those of the heart muscle) and of their organelles, venue of socialist, but especially antifascist, intellectuals. with an eye to their physiological implications. Other Filippo Turati (1857-1932), one of the founders of the pH • 2 - 2019 13 STORIA DELLA FISIOLOGIA TRA SCIENZA E ANTIFASCISMO Tra essi ricordiamo Filippo Turati (1857-1932), che i Levi tennero nascosto in casa per diversi giorni prima del- Giuseppe Levi e sua moglie Lidia Tanzi (figura 2) ap- la sua fuga in Corsica. Turati fu tra i fondatori del Partito partenevano a quella borghesia illuminata che aderì al so- socialista dei lavoratori italiani (1892). In esilio a Parigi, cialismo. I figli frequentarono con sempre maggior parte- promosse la nascita della “Concentrazione Antifascista” cipazione i primi gruppi organizzati antifascisti, da cui (un’organizzazione politica) e la riunificazione del Partito nascerà il Partito d’Azione (PdA, partito politico italiano socialista. Inoltre, Adriano Olivetti (che diverrà poi il ma- fondato nel 1942). Le parole cospirazione e cospiratore rito di una delle figlie), i fratelli Carlo e Nello Rosselli erano di uso comune in casa Levi che era frequentata da (trucidati in Francia da sicari fascisti), Ferruccio Parri, intellettuali socialisti e antifascisti. Vittorio Foa, Giancarlo Pajetta, Sion Segre, Carlo Levi, Luigi Salvatorelli, Nicola Chiaromonte, artisti e scrittori come Felice Casorati e Cesare Pavese. Sia Giuseppe sia la moglie erano convinti antifascisti. Consideravano le condanne dei figli per attività antifasci- sta come titoli di gloria (il carcere stesso era visto come un luogo di aggregazione e comprensione umana adatto an- che alla propaganda politica). Sia Giuseppe sia il figlio Gi- no furono messi in carcere perché si pensava fossero in combutta con gli antifascisti esiliati a Parigi. La moglie pa- ragonava questa situazione all’affare Dreyfus ed era fiera di andare a trovare il marito o il figlio Gino in carcere. Giu- seppe era felice di avere un figlio cospiratore. Anche Mario era considerato un cospiratore e il padre ne era fiero: a Ponte Tresa era stato trovato con opuscoli antifascisti in Socialist Party of Italian Workers (1892), hid in their flat for several days before escaping to Corsica. From his Parisian exile Turati promoted the Concentrazione anti- fascista (an Italian political organization) and the reuni- fication of the Socialist Party.
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