DOCSLIB.ORG

About the Largest Stupa Or Zurmala Monument in North Bacteria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
About the Largest Stupa Or Zurmala Monument in North Bacteria The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: November 28, 2020 | Pages: 148-151 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue11-26 OCLC - 1121105668 About The Largest Stupa Or Zurmala Monument In North Bacteria Khalikov Eshboltaevich Zokir (Phd) Associate Professor Of Termez State University, Uzbekistan Toshkobilov Bobur Kholbutaevich Master’s Student Of Termez State University, Uzbekistan Journal Website: http://usajournalshub.c om/index,php/tajssei Copyright: Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. ABSTRACT The article deals with the results of archeological researches in and around Zurmala Buddhist stupa, which belongs to the category of Old Termez monuments of Surkhandarya oasis in the southern part of Uzbekistan based on written sources. KEYWORDS Old Termez, Zurmala monument, Buddhist stupa, Excavations, archeological finds, Kushan kingdom, coins, pottery, Kanishka, Vasudeva, Khuvishka INTRODUCTION One of the priorities of the policy pursued in important in showing the peculiarities of the the country in the conditions of independence Buddhist culture preserved on the southern of the people of Uzbekistan and for the borders of our country Archaeological development of local and foreign tourism is to evidence, numismatic materials, pottery, conduct archeological research, restore and stone, bronze, various ancient artifacts made conserve archeological and architectural of copper were used. structures in our country. The issue of their RESEARCH RESULTS museumization is more important than ever. In the territory of Eski Termez, the southern MATERIALS AND METHODS border of Uzbekistan, the construction of Excavations in the study of Buddhist temples, religious and secular architectural structures stupas and their surroundings, built during the of Buddhist culture became widespread reign of the Kushan kingdom, which are during the Kushan dynasty. The study of The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11 -2020 148 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: November 28, 2020 | Pages: 148-151 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue11-26 OCLC - 1121105668 Buddhist temples such as Koratepa, in an easterly direction during the reign of the Fayoztepa, Zurmala and archeological Kushans and the appearance of a large monuments such as Ayritom, Dalvarzintepa Buddhist stupa on its eastern side confirm and Kholchayon, in particular, confirms our that the importance of Buddhism in Northern opinion that they are world famous. Their Bactria certainly increased. scientific recognition not only led to the The cylindrical construction of the monument spread of Buddhism in the northern and and the home-shaped appearance of the eastern regions, but also to the period of the tower, as well as its erection on a stepped Kushan Kingdom of Uzbekistan. high foundation, resemble the Hadda Stupa in (Pugachenkova G.A., Rtveladze EV Severnaya eastern Afghanistan, surrounded by stone Bactria Tokharistan.T .: 1990.str.85). The first tiles depicting Buddhist images. information about the monuments of (Pugachenkova G.A., Rtveladze E.V. Severnaya Buddhist culture of Northern Bactria in the Bactria-Toxaristan.T: 1990.str. 83-96) In 1964, Kushan period can be found in the diaries of G.A. Pugachenkova (Pugachenkova G.A., 1967, the Buddhist priest Xuan Jian, who visited Imamura, 2017) conducted research at the Termez and Chaghaniyan from Chanan (now Zurmala monument. Archaeological research Xi'an), China in 629-630. (Midzutani, 1971). is mainly focused on two aspects: first, if it is According to the Buddhist priest, Tami has aimed at studying the foundation of the more than 10 monasteries in Termez and more monument by digging a trench on the north- than 1,000 monks. It is mentioned here that western and south-western sides of the there are many miraculous stupa and Zurmala stupa; second, 500 meters from the examples of Buddhist sculptures carved out of monument stone. However, more convincing scientific was aimed at collecting materials found in the data were obtained in 1926-1928 by A.S. upper layer in the radius. The brick sides of the Strelkov, a member of the Termez expedition stupa are 32x33, with a thickness of 11-12 cm. by the Oriental Museum of Moscow and the The size and shape of the Zurmala stupa is Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg, based exactly the same as the buildings of the on Chinese tourist data. noted the similarity Kushan kingdom of Bactria. In addition, (Strelkov A.S. 1928/1929). excavations at three sites of the stupa Shortly afterwards, M.E. Masson organized an revealed that the foundation of the expedition to the Termez archeological monument was rectangular and measured 22 complex and began to study the monuments x 16 meters. Finding fragments of limestone of Termez and its environments. In these blocks and cornices around the Zurmala stupa archeological researches the general features confirms that the perimeter of the foundation of Zurmala monument were studied. TAKE of the monument is covered with a sheath The characteristics of all monuments located made of embossed limestone, or that there is in and around Termez and built of raw bricks another Buddhist architectural structure were studied (Zhukov, 1941). around it. Based on these conclusions, the expedition led by Sh.R.Pidaev and K.Kyudzo The Zurmala monument is located on the east began to study the Buddhist stupa in the side of Old Termez. The expansion of the city The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11 -2020 149 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: November 28, 2020 | Pages: 148-151 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue11-26 OCLC - 1121105668 Surkhandarya oasis and recognized the period fragments of various Kushan and medieval of Kanishka I in the II century BC as a period of pottery were found in a trench (10x2 m) spread of Buddhism from northern India to opened on the southwest side. Therefore, a eastern Turkestan (Pidaev Sh.R. Buddhism and 2x2 meter trench was dug in the south-east. Buddhist heritage in Uzbekistan.T: 2010; Kato On the east side, at a distance of 50 meters 1997; Kato 2002). In 2012, T. Annaev and from the Zurmala stupa, two ditches students of Termez State University found measuring 4x2 meters were excavated. They several archeological artifacts related to the are called "A" and "B" below. From the agro- Zurmala stupa. These artifacts were found technical treatment when the depth of the pit near a large pool 400 meters south of the "A" reaches 1 meter the compacted layer monument (Abdullaev K., Annaev T. 2012). ends. In this layer springs of several pottery While these sculptural specimens are called and a jar of glassware, a piece of candlestick successive donors, some archaeologists call were found. A well-preserved bronze coin them priests. After all, these sculptures are (Kanishka I) was found when the pit reached a relief-shell ornaments of the stupa foundation depth of 2.50 meters. Below we provide or works of art placed on the porch shelves information about the types of archeological around the stupa. The 2019 Archaeological objects found around the Zurmala stupa and Season From August 27 to September 17, their characteristics. Bronze coin. It was archeological excavations were carried out tattooed during the reign of Kanishka II.It was around the Zurmala Buddhist stupa. kept well. It is 2.2 cm the diameter of coin and weighs 17.5 g. It was found in a northeastern In the north-eastern pit, when the depth pit, 2.30 m deep from the rapper. Tanga. reached 1.96 meters, a metal rod, a bronze Bronze. It was tattooed during the reign of coin (Kanishka II) and thin-walled, red angob Kanishka II. The standing position of the ruler jars, flanges of barrels, fragments of lamps on the right, were found. At a depth of two meters in the pit, a layer of clean clay soil began, and no on the reverse side there is an image of the finds were found in this layer. On its southern Indian god Shiva and the bull “Zebu”. The side alone, at a depth of 1.96 m, there is still a bronze coin is 2 cm in diameter and weighs 9.5 cultural layer. The depth of the pit in this g. On the right can be seen the standing section is 2.90 m. The pit consists of layers of position of the ruler. Ceramic pot flange. The ash, sand and soil with a thickness of 60 cm, lion's head is depicted. Quality baked from starting from 2.35 m. It was in this layer that a light yellow pure clay. The flange of the vessel piece of pottery depicting a snake's head was is turned inwards, the shape is semi-spherical, found. The lowest layer of the northeastern the wall is very thin and smooth. Painted in shurf consists of continental clay soil and red angob on the inside and outside. The sandstone. The foundation of the monument vessel is typical for the II-III centuries. is built on this solid layer. The distance Metalware. Dimensions 2.7x 1.2 cm. It weighs between Shurf and Zurmala stupa is 50 6.3 g. A piece of metal. It is 8.5 cm long and 2.5 meters. In addition, on the south-eastern side cm wide. Shape spear-shaped. Glassware. of the Stupa, 4x2 square meters. a second pit Dimensions 3 x 2 cm. A piece of glassware. 4x of size was thrown. In the 2018 season, 3.7 cm. The green surface is white. Glass The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11 -2020 150 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan
    The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III.
    [Show full text]
  • Complex Analysis of Historical Persons, Scientists and Locally Significant Sites in Surkhandarya Region
    Complex Analysis of Historical Persons, Scientists and Locally Significant Sites in Surkhandarya Region Sanabar Djuraeva1; Khurshida Yunusova2 1Candidate of Historical Sciences, Doctoral Student (DSc), National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 2Professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, National university of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Abstract This article discusses the geographical location and personification of Islamic shrines in Surkhandarya region. As it is known that Surkhandarya region, which is the southern part of Uzbekistan, is one of the ancient cultural centers not only in Central Asia but also in the East. The region is rich in historical and cultural monuments and has been involved in the process of continuous development for centuries. In the study and scientific analysis of the sacred places of worship in the Surkhandarya oasis, the reasons for their origin, the socio-economic and cultural realities that characterize them are of particular importance. The services of those buried in the shrine to the people, the preservation of peace, the protection of the people from foreign invaders and the provision of victory, the prevention of various diseases and disasters were recognized by the people. Key words: Surkhandarya region, Central Asia, sacred places of worship, shrine 1. Introduction It should be noted that in recent years, the ancient and historical monuments of the Surkhandarya oasis have been studied by archeologists, who have studied the territory, geographical location, architecture of the shrines [1]. Because in Surkhandarya, scholars was born who are famous in the world and have special respect in the Muslim world as Abdullah Tirmidhi, Adib Sabir Tirmidhi, Alovuddin Tirmidhi, Ahmad at-Tirmidhi [2], al-Hakim at-Tirmidhi, Varroq at-Tirmidhi, Yusuf Hayat at-Tirmidhi, Imam Abu Isa at-Tirmidhi, Abu-l-Muzaffar at-Tirmidhi, Sayyid Burhan ad-din Husayn at-Tirmidhi, Alouddin Attar, Daqiqi, Alo ul-Mulk, Sayyid Amir Abdullah Khoja Samandar Tirmidhi, and they acted as masters of Islamic sciences [3].
    [Show full text]
  • 4 the Samanid State
    ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 THE SAMANID STATE 4 THE SAMANID STATE* N. N. Negmatov Contents The creation of the Samanid state ............................ 84 The system of government ............................... 86 The nature of political authority under the Samanids .................. 87 Agriculture ....................................... 88 Mining .......................................... 89 Crafts .......................................... 90 Domestic and external trade ............................... 90 Material culture ..................................... 92 Intellectual life ..................................... 93 Central Asia and the Ismacili movement ........................ 100 The ethnic composition of the Samanid state and the creation of an Eastern Persian- Tajik ethnic identity ................................ 101 By the tenth century, the majority of the various Iranian peoples of Khurasan, Transoxania and Khwarazm – Persians, Bactrians, Sogdians, Khwarazmians and others – were using the New Persian (Farsi-Dari) language as their spoken and written form of communication, although such Middle Iranian languages as Khwarazmian and Sogdian were still in use in certain regions – in the case of the former, for some four centuries subsequently. The terms Taz¯ ¯ık/g (Middle Persian) and Taz¯ ¯ı (New Persian), originally coined in western Persia to denote the conquering Arabs, now came in Khurasan and Transoxania to be applied to all the Muslims there (at this time, the majority were Persians), in distinction to the largely pagan
    [Show full text]
  • Messianism and Astronomical Events During the First Four Centuries of Islam 1
    David Cook* Messianism and Astronomical Events during the First Four Centuries of Islam 1 Résumé : Il y a une relation entre le messianisme et les événements astronomiques depuis les débuts de l’Islam quoique nous ne sachions pas si la conjonction des comètes et des super- novae influença le Prophète, à l’époque où il recevait la Révélation, en ce qui concerne sa croyance en une fin du monde proche; en revanche un grand nombre de mouvements apo- calyptiques ou messianiques eurent lieu pendant les quatre siècles suivants et même plus, lors- qu’il se produisait des phénomènes astronomiques. Le propos de cet article est de mettre en relief le fait qu’il est possible que les événements astronomiques soient importants pour l’étude de ces mouvements apocalyptiques, et sont souvent utiles pour dater leurs commencements exacts dans la mesure où, souvent, nous manquons d’informations sur la genèse de ces mouvements. Abstract: Messianism and astronomical events are interconnected from the very earliest period of Islam. Although we do not know whether the appearance of comets and supernovae influenced the Prophet MuÌammad to believe that the end of the world was imminent as he was receiving the revelations of the Quran, the fact is that a great many apocalyptic and messianic movements during the following four centuries and afterwards were accompanied by astronomical phenomena. This article is designed to open students of Islam up to the possibility that celestial events are important for the study of these apocalyptic movements and are frequently useful in dating their exact beginnings since in many cases we lack information about the genesis of such movements.
    [Show full text]
  • Auction 38 | September 24-27, 2020 | Session B
    Islamic Coins 431. SAMANID: LOT of 32 copper coins from many rulers from the period 819-997, including the following mints: Akhsikath (1 pc), Binkath (2), Balkh (1), Bukhara (12, including some rare pieces); Session B Ferghana (1), Nawkat Ilaq (1, rare), Parak (1, very rare mint), Samarqand (3), al-Shash (9), and Usrushana (1); average F-VF condition, some with defects; retail value $1000, lot of 32 pieces, , ex Jim Farr Collection $400 - 600 Begins at 14:30 PDT on Thursday, September 24, 2020 432. SAMANID: LOT of 22 silver dirhams and 1 silver multiple dirham: Dirhams: Andaraba AH299, 304; Balkh 371, Bukhara 341, 343, 347, 351; Nishapur 294; Samarqand 283, 297, 307, 321, 329, 34x, 358; and al-Shash 281, 289, 290, 292, 299, 300, 318; Multiple Islamic Coins Dirham: Ma’din ND; average VF, quite a few better grades; retail value $700, lot of 23 pieces, Iran - The Early Period ex Jim Farr Collection $300 - 400 433. SAMANID: LOT of 9 silver dirhams and 1 multiple dirham: Dirhams: Isma’il I: Samarqand AH292, al-Shash 290, Andaraba 293, and Balkh 291; Ahmad: al-Shash 299; Mansur I: Bukhara 351 and 353; Nuh II: al-Shash 369; and local imitation of Mansur I, blundered mint & date; and Multiple Dirham: in the name of Mansur (for Mansur I), but struck after his rule, NM ND; average VF-EF condition, most with some discoloration towards the rim; retail value $500, lot of 10 pieces $300 - 400 425. BANIJURID: Abu Da’ud Muhammad, 874-899, AR dirham (3.54g), Andaraba, AH277, A-1433, citing the caliph al-Mu’tamid, superb strike, the finest example of this type that we have seen, choice EF, R $120 - 160 426.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate in Medieval Central Eurasia
    Climate in Medieval Central Eurasia Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Henry Misa Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2020 Thesis Committee Scott C. Levi, Advisor John L. Brooke 1 Copyrighted by Henry Ray Misa 2020 2 Abstract This thesis argues that the methodology of environmental history, specifically climate history, can help reinterpret the economic and political history of Central Eurasia. The introduction reviews the scholarly fields of Central Eurasian history, Environmental history and, in brief, Central Eurasian Environmental history. Section one introduces the methods of climate history and discusses the broad outlines of Central Eurasian climate in the late Holocene. Section two analyzes the rise of the Khitan and Tangut dynasties in their climatic contexts, demonstrating how they impacted Central Eurasia during this period. Section three discusses the sedentary empires of the Samanid and Ghaznavid dynasties in the context of the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Section four discusses the rise of the first Islamic Turkic empires during the late 10th and 11th century. Section five discusses the Qarakhitai and the Jurchen in the 12th century in the context of the transitional climate regime between the Medieval Quiet Period and the early Little Ice Age. The conclusion summarizes the main findings and their implications for the study of Central Eurasian Climate History. This thesis discusses both long-term and short-term time scales; in many cases small-scale political changes and complexities impacted how the long-term patterns of climate change impacted regional economies.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Narrative and Iranian
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Narrative and Iranian Identity in the New Persian Renaissance and the Later Perso-Islamicate World DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History by Conrad Justin Harter Dissertation Committee: Professor Touraj Daryaee, Chair Professor Mark Andrew LeVine Professor Emeritus James Buchanan Given 2016 © 2016 Conrad Justin Harter DEDICATION To my friends and family, and most importantly, my wife Pamela ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v CURRICULUM VITAE vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: Persian Histories in the 9th-12th Centuries CE 47 CHAPTER 3: Universal History, Geography, and Literature 100 CHAPTER 4: Ideological Aims and Regime Legitimation 145 CHAPTER 5: Use of Shahnama Throughout Time and Space 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY 240 iii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Map of Central Asia 5 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all of the people who have made this possible, to those who have provided guidance both academic and personal, and to all those who have mentored me thus far in so many different ways. I would like to thank my advisor and dissertation chair, Professor Touraj Daryaee, for providing me with not only a place to study the Shahnama and Persianate culture and history at UC Irvine, but also with invaluable guidance while I was there. I would like to thank my other committee members, Professor Mark LeVine and Professor Emeritus James Given, for willing to sit on my committee and to read an entire dissertation focused on the history and literature of medieval Iran and Central Asia, even though their own interests and decades of academic research lay elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zangid Bridge of Ǧazīrat Ibn ʿumar
    Bulletin d’études orientales LXII | 2014 Année 2013 The Zangid bridge of Ǧazīrat ibn ʿUmar (ʿAyn Dīwār/Cizre): a New Look at the carved panel of an armoured horseman Le pont zengide de Ǧazīrat Ibn ʿUmar (ʿAyn Diwār/Cizre) : nouveau regard sur le bas-relief représentant un cavalier en armure الجسر فيالزنكيابنجزيرةعمر ( عينديوار : ( نظرة جديدةعلىالنقش الحجري الناتئالذييمثلفارسا ً يرتديدرعا ً David Nicolle Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/beo/1404 DOI : 10.4000/beo.1404 ISSN : 2077-4079 Éditeur Presses de l'Institut français du Proche-Orient Édition imprimée Date de publication : 30 avril 2014 Pagination : 223-264 ISBN : 978-2-35159-403-2 ISSN : 0253-1623 Référence électronique David Nicolle, « The Zangid bridge of Ǧazīrat ibn ʿUmar (ʿAyn Dīwār/Cizre): a New Look at the carved panel of an armoured horseman », Bulletin d’études orientales [En ligne], LXII | 2014, mis en ligne le 04 juin 2014, consulté le 10 décembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/beo/1404 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/beo.1404 © Institut français du Proche-Orient The Zangid bridge of Ǧazīrat ibn ʿUmar (ʿAyn Dīwār/Cizre): A New Look at the carved panel of an armoured horseman David NICOLLE Nottingham University Previous Studies Many scholars and historians have made reference to the remarkable if largely ruined bridge which either spanned, or was intended to span, the river Tigris a few kilometers downstream from what is now the Turkish frontier town of Cizre (figures 1-5). However, they were obliged to rely upon the work of Conrad Preusser who studied this ruined bridge, as well as other historical structures in the area, early in the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Cultural and Political Fundamentals Of
    NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT] ISSN: 2394-3696 Website: ijiert.org VOLUME 7, ISSUE 6, June-2020 ECONOMIC CULTURAL AND POLITICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST STATES IN SOUTHERN UZBEKISTAN TURSUNOV SAYPULLA NARZULLAEVICH (T.F.D.) Termez State University +99891 577 90 50. [email protected] ABSTRACT The idea behind this article focuses on the controversial history of the medieval Chaghaniyan state in the Surkhandarya oasis. Thanks to the Uzbek statehood, it is important to arouse the interest of the current generation in the history of the country on the basis of the study of customs, traditions, values and socio- economic development. KEYWORDS: Chaghaniyon, ethnographic, Seljuk, Karakhanid, Ghaznavid, Khorezmshah, Faganish, Sashr, Zarin, Turantash, Tish, Xnar, Khidev, Iron Gate, Dari Ohanin, Sarmangan. INTRODUCTION Based on historical archeological and ethnographic sources, historical and historical works of art, existing manuscripts, sources of literary and artistic works, Chaghaniyon was established as an independent state in the early Middle Ages, ie in the IV-V centuries (lost its independence during the Arab and Mongol invasions). Scientific substantiation of the fact that in the IX-X centuries Chaghaniyon, in the beginning of XI-XIII centuries Chaghankhudots acted as an independent state under the name of Chaghaniyon emirate and in XIV- XV centuries as a semi-independent state during the reign of Amir Temur. So the debate we are arguing
    [Show full text]
  • Political Relations in Sogdia and Tokharistan in the Early Middle Ages Pjaee, 17 (7) (2020)
    THE SOURCE OF POLITICAL, ETHNO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL RELATIONS IN SOGDIA AND TOKHARISTAN IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) THE SOURCE OF POLITICAL, ETHNO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO- POLITICAL RELATIONS IN SOGDIA AND TOKHARISTAN IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Normatov Sherzod Mirzayevich1* 1*Teacher of the Department “World history” at Karshi State University, Karshi city, Uzbekistan 1*[email protected] Normatov Sherzod Mirzayevich. The Source of Political, Ethno-cultural and Socio- political Relations in Sogdia and Tokharistan in the Early Middle Ages-- Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7), 5407-5423. ISSN 1567-214x Keywords – Sogdia and Bactria-Tokharistan, Ethno-culturalmix, Migration Processes, Ethno-cultural, Socio-political relations, Chach, Otrar, Fergana, Ustrushana, Sogdia, Bukhara, Merv, Tokharistan, Historical Country, the History of China, Byzantium, Armenian, Syrian, Middle Persian (Pahlavi), Indian, Sogdian, Bactria, Ancient Turkic, Arabic-Persian Sources. ABSTRACT This article covers the issues of the originality of political, ethno-cultural and socio-political relations between Sogdia and Tokharistanin the south of Uzbekistan during the period of the Early Middle Ages (V-VIII). The author made a scientific comparative analysis of written, numismatic, epigraphic sources, created in many ancient languages, based on the data of various researchers. On the basis of these scientific analyzes, scientific conclusions were made on the issues of ethno-cultural processes, migration cases, social relations between the regions in Sogdia and Tokharistan. The existing numerous sources are summarized and included in the scientific circulation in a complete form. INTRODUCTION First, trying to base the relevance of this topic, we will then analyze the issues of source studies.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 the Ghurids
    ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 The region of Ghur and Islamization . 8 THE GHURIDS* K. A. Nizami Contents The region of Ghur and the beginnings of Islamization ................ 182 The rise of the Ghurids as an independent power .................... 185 The apogee of the Ghurid sultanate ........................... 186 The Bamiyan amirate .................................. 189 The Ghurid sultanate as a world power ......................... 190 The political and social organization of the Ghurid state ................ 191 Cultural developments ................................. 194 The region of Ghur and the beginnings of Islamization The mountainous region situated to the east and south-east of Herat and the south of Gharchistan and Guzgan was known as Ghur. It comprised the basins of the upper Hari Rud, the Farah Rud, the Rud-i Ghur and the Khash Rud together with the intervening mountain chains.1 Geographic configurations had a profound influence on historical and cultural developments in Ghur. Geography led to the fragmentation of political power as the entire region could not be controlled from one centre. Each fortress exercised inde- pendent sway over the area immediately under its control and patriarchal traditions struck deep roots. It was as late as the time of Qutb al-D¯ın Muhammad (d. 1146–7) that a por- tion of Ghur – the petty principality of Warshada on the Hari Rud – developed a capital at Firuzkuh.2 Ghur had no compact or continuous areas of habitation, but only scattered * See Map 5. 1 Kohzad,¯ 1951–4. 2 Vercellin, 1976, pp. 337–40. 182 ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 The region of Ghur and Islamization . population pockets. The landscape was studded with fortified places and towers where people could defend themselves.3 Cultural movements in the neighbouring areas had only a peripheral impact on the region.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 the Seljuqs and the Khwarazm Shahs
    ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 THE SELJUQS AND THE KHWARAZM SHAHS 7 THE SELJUQS AND THE KHWARAZM SHAHS* A. Sevim and C. E. Bosworth Contents THE ORIGINS OF THE SELJUQS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SELJUQ POWER IN THE ISLAMIC LANDS UP TO 1055 ............... 151 THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE SELJUQ SULTANATE IN IRAN ......... 161 Historical survey .................................... 161 The structure of the Seljuq state in the east ....................... 165 THE EASTERN SELJUQ SULTANATE (1118–57) AND THE RISE AND FLORES- CENCE OF THE KHWARAZM SHAHS OF ANUSHTEGIN’S¯ LINE UP TO THE APPEARANCE OF THE MONGOLS (1097–1219) ............ 167 Historical survey .................................... 167 The structure of the eastern Seljuq state ........................ 178 The structure of the Khwarazmian state ........................ 179 * See Maps 4 and 5. 150 ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 THE SELJUQS IN THE ISLAMIC LANDS Part One THE ORIGINS OF THE SELJUQS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SELJUQ POWER IN THE ISLAMIC LANDS UP TO 1055 (A. Sevim) What might be called the prehistory of the Seljuqs is in many ways obscure. The Seljuqs were a family of the Kïnïk tribe of the Oghuz Turkish people, a tribe which the lexicog- rapher Mahmud¯ al-Kashghar¯ ¯ı(who completed his D¯ıwan¯ lughat¯ al-turk in 1074) describes as the leading, princely tribe of the Oghuz (for the early history of the Oghuz, see above, Chapter 3).1 In the early and middle decades of the tenth century the Oghuz nomadized in the steppes to the north of the Aral Sea and the east of the Caspian Sea, reaching as far west as the Ural and Emba rivers.
    [Show full text]