Newsletter

Volume 4, Number 1 Spring/Summer 1995

A Richard Wright Bibliography Supplement by Keneth Kinnamon

© K.K.

No portion of this text may be reproduced in any manner without permission from the author. A RICHARD WRIGHT BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1985

by

Keneth Kinnamon

In three ways the year 1985 was especially noteworthy in Wright studies.

First, the international symposium on "Mississippi's " at the

University of Mississippi brought together scholars and friends of Wright from around the world. Under Maryemma Graham's coordination this historic event was a resounding success. gave it front-page coverage on

23 November (see item 120 below). Second, the dean of Wright scholarship,

Michel Fabre, brought out a new book, The World of Richard Wright. In addition to two new and twelve previously published essays, this indispensable volume reprints Wright's early story "Supe~stition" and his published poems.

As if this work were not enough, Fabre also published in 1985 an essay on

Wright's poetry and the book La Rive noire, which contains a substantial chapter on Wright's response to and his intellectual interests during his expatriation. Finally, 1985 was extraordinary for the quantity and quality of essays on . Leading the list is Janice Thaddeus's well- researched, ground-breaking article, but Carla Cappetti, Yoshinobu Hakutani,

John o. Hodges, and Herbert Liebowitz also contributed strong pieces . Such work constituted a fitting commemoration of the fortieth anniversary of the publication of one of the greatest of American autobiographies.

1985 includes "Almos' a Man" and the last three sections of "Big Boy 1. Abbott, Dorothy. "Miss issippi Leaves Home." Writers," in her Mississippi Writers: Reflections of Childhood 2. Adams, Timothy Dow . "I Do Believe and Youth. Vol. I. Jackson: Him Though I Know He Lies: Lying as University Press of Mississippi, pp. Genre and Metaphor in Richard 725-785. Wright's Black Boy." Prose Studies, Contains a biographical sketch of 8 (September), 172-187 . W (pp . 783-784). This collection Argues that although W often departs from autobiographical 8. Anon. Index Translationum 1}. fact, BB is convincing in its Paris: Unesco , pp . 129 , 500, 604, narrative truth . It is a 702 . collective autobiography of black Lists translations of AH into boys, in which "Wright creates a German , BB int o French and version of himself whose metaphor Italian , LT into French , Q into for survival and for sustenance French , and NS into Polish . is falsehood" (pp. 185 -186) . 9 . Anon . "Mississippi's Native Son : 3 . Adler, Jacob H. "Modern Southern An International Symposium on Drama," in The History of Southern Richard Wright . " Black . Ed. Louis D. Rubin, Jr . , Literature Forum, 19 (Summer), 89 . Blyden Jackson, Rayburn S. Moore, Reprint of 1985 . 10. Lewis Simpson, and Thomas Daniel Young . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State 10 . Anon. "Mississippi's Native Son: University Press , pp. 436-442. An International Symposium on Mentions briefly the play NS (p . Richard Wright . " Ca lla loo , 8 437). ( Spring-Summer), 506 . Announcement of the University of 4 . Anon. "'Afro Scholar' to Be Mississippi conference, 21-23 Hosted by U. of Miss." Afro-American November 1985. Studies: Newsletter of the Afro­ American Studies Pro~ram. The 11. Anon. "Richard Wright Week University of Mississippi, No.4 Proclaimed . " The Oxford (Miss. ) (Fall) , p. [2] . Ea~le (20 November), p . 10 . Mentions the cover photograph of Quotes from Governor Bill W. Allain's proclama tion .

5. Anon . Arts ~ Humanities Citation 12. Anon. "The World of Richard Index 1984 . Vol . 2 . Philadelphia : Wri~ht By Michel Fabre," in Books Institute for Scientific for Fall and Winter 1985-1986. Information, pp. 9417-9418. Jackson: University Press of Lists fifty-one items s.v. WRIGHT Mississippi, p . 7. R, not all on W. Full-page publisher's notice. Includes a photograph of W. 6 . Anon. "Conferences." Afro Scholar, 4 (Fall), 2-3. 13. Ashanti, Asa Paschal . "Dust to Lists the international symposium Dust." Black American Literature on W at the Univ ersity of Forum, 19 ( Fall) , 102 . Mississippi . A photograph of W Poem mentioning W briefly. appears on the cover of this issue . 14 . Atkins , Joe. "Mississippians Are Proving That You Can Go Home Again . " 7. Anon. "Governor Declares Sept. The Clarion Led~er / Jackson (Miss . ) [sic] 21-28 'Richard Wright Week.'" Daily News (1 December), p . 31 . Afro-American Studies: Newsletter of Comments on W's departure from the Afro-American Studies Pro~ram, Mississippi and quotes from BB. The University of Mississippi , No.4 (Fall), p . [1]. 15 . Axelrod, Rise B. and Charles R. Announces both the proclamation Cooper. "Narrating," in their The and the international symposium St. Martin's Guide to Writin~ . New on W. York: St. Martin's Press , pp. 386-

2 403. 22. [Baym, Nina]. "American In a section on dialogue the Literature Between the Wars , 1914- authors quote and comment on a 1945," in The Norton Anthology of passage from BB (p. 396). American Literature . Second edition. Reprinted: 1991 Ed . Nina Baym et all Vol 2. New York: Norton, pp . 861 -875 . 16 . Baker , Houston A., Jr . Mentions briefly Wand NS (pp. "Autobiographical Acts and the Voice 866, 871). of the Southern Slav e," in The Reprinted: 1986 Slave's Narrative. Ed . Charles T. Reprinted in revised form : 1989 , Davis and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New 1994, 1995. York: Oxford University Press, pp . 242-26l. 23. Bell, Bernard W. "Ann Petry's Partial reprint of 1980 .36 . Demythologizing of American Culture and Afro-American Character , " in 17 . "The Black Man of Conjuring: Black Women, Fiction, and Culture: W. E. B. Du Bois and The Literary Tradition. Ed. Marjorie Souls of Black Folk," in Critical Pryse and Hortense J. Spillers . Essays on H..:.. L h Du Bois. Ed . Bloomington: Indiana University William L. Andrews. Boston: G. K. Press , pp . 105-115. Hall, pp. 129-139. Compares Petry and W on several Partial reprint of 1972.23 . points, concluding that she "moves beyond [his] naturalistic 18. "Critical Change and vision" (p. 115). Blues Continuity: An Essay on the Criticism of Larry Neal." Callaloo, 24. Bowles, Paul. Without Stopping: 8 (Winter), 70-84 . An Autobiography. New York: The Ecco Mentions Neal's essay 0n Wand Press, p. 233. W's "Blueprint for Negro Writing" Reprint of 1972. (p. 74). Reprinted: 1988 25. Bradley, Dav id. "Looking Behind . " The Southern Review, 21 19. Baldwin, James. The Price of the (July), 682-694. Ticket: Collected Nonfiction, 1948- Mentions W briefly (p. 683). 1985. New York: St. Martin's/Marek, pp . 1-11, 27-33, 41-64, 65-78, 237- 26 . Breit, Anitra D. "Cumulative 244, 269-288, 449-552, 557. Index, Volume 1-20, 1963-83 , Studies Reprints of 1948.125; 1949.79; in Short Fiction." Studies in Short 1951 . 129; 1957.136; 1961 . 107, Fiction, 22 (Winter), 1-187 . 108, 109, 110 ; 1972 . 30; 1976.29 . Lists four articles on W (p. 104) . 20. Bamikunle , Aderemi. "The Renaissance and White Critical 27. Brittin, Ruth L. "Samuel W. Tradition. " CLA Journal, 29 Allen," in Afro-American Poets Since (September), 33-51. 1955 . Ed. Trudier Harris and Mentions briefly Ellison's Thadious M. Davis. Detroit : Gale, "Richard Wright's Blues" (p. 40). pp . 8 -17 . Comments on W's help in getting 21. Baraka, Amiri. "What about Allen published and introducing Literature? W-15." The Southern him to the negritude poets (p. Rev iew, 21 (July), 801-804. 10). Poem mentioning W briefly.

3 28. Brooks, A. Russell. "The Sage in 22 (Spring), 259-293. Harlem: ~ ~ Mencken and the Black Lists "The Man Who Was Almost a Writers of the 1920's . By Charles Man" in two anthologies. Scruggs." CIA Journal, 29 (September), 100-106. 34. Butler, Robert James. "Open Mentions W briefly . Movement and Selfhood in 's Song of Solomon." The 29. Brown, Lloyd W. "The Black Centennial Review, 29 (Fall 1984- Literary Experience in Games and Winter), 58-75 . Sports," in American Sport Culture: Contains a paragraph on the The Humanistic Dimensions. Ed. Wiley entrapment and journey motifs in Lee Umphlett. Lewisburg, Penn.: W (pp. 61- 62) . Bucknell University Press, pp. 246- 254. 35. Byerman, Keith E. Fingering the Contains two paragraphs on the Jagged Grain: Tradition and Form in game of "playing white" in NS Recent Black Fiction. Athens: The (pp. 247 - 248) . University of Georgia Press, pp. 11, 41, 157, 276, 278. 30. Bruccoli, Matthew J. Ne lson Mentions briefly W, his Algren: A Descriptive Bibliography. naturalism, his use by Alice Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Walker , and his relation to "a Press, pp. 9, 10 , 11, 13 , 116, 153, modernist sensibility." 155, 207. Mentions W's introduction to 36 . . " . Dust Algren's Never Come Morning and Tracks on ~ Road. Ed. Robert lists Algren's essays and reviews Hemenway; Mari Evans, ed. Black concerning W. Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical &yaluation; Sylvia Wallace 31. Bryant , Jerry H. "Wright, Holton. Down Home and Uptown: The Ellison, Baldwin--Exorcising the Representation of Black Speech in Demon," in The American Classics American Fiction; Trudier Harris. Revisited: Recent Studies of Exorcising Blackness: Historical and American Literature. Ed. P. C. Kar Literary Lynching and Burning and D. Ramakrishna . Hyderabad: Rituals; Houston A. Baker, Jr. American Studies Research Center , Blues. Ideology. and Afro-American pp. 681-695. Literature." Modern Fiction Studies, Reprint of 1976.43 . 31 (Winter), 730-735 . Review commenting on Trudier 32. Burns, Dan E. "Mississippi Harris's treatment of "Big Boy Writers: Reflections of Childhood Leaves Home." Mentions also NS. and Youth. Volume I: Fiction. Ed. Dorothy Abbott." South Central 37. Caldeira, Maria Isabel . "Jean Review, 2 (Winter), 101-103. Toomer's Cane: The Anxiety of the Mentions "the pace and drama of Modern Artist." Callaloo, 8 (Fall), Richard Wright." 544-550 . Mentions W briefly (p. 549). 33. Burns, Landon C ., Janet P. Alwang, and Elizabeth Buckmaster . 38. Cappetti, Carla. "Sociology of "The Eleventh (1984) Supplement to a an Existence: Richard Wright and the Cross-Referenced Index of Short Chicago School . " MELUS, 12 (Summer), Fiction Anthologies and Author-Title 25-43. Listings . " Studies in Short Fiction, Analyzes BB and AH in relation to

4 concepts of the Chicago The Newsletter of the Center for the sociologists, especially W. I. Study of Southern Culture, 3 Thomas and F . Znaniecki in The (Spring/Summer), 2-3. Polish Peasant in Europe and Reports that BB will be one of America. The theme of W's the books given to participants. autobiography is the conflict between "environment" (family, 44. ___ . "Mississippi Writers church, school, white racism, the Day. " The Southern Register: The Communist Party) and New sletter of the Center for the "personality . " In developing this Study of Southern Culture, 3 theme, W found useful the ( Spring/ Summer ), 1-2. sociological "conceptualization Mentions W as one of the five of two important points of view: writers "who established the the informant and the state's literary reputation. " participant-observer" (p. 36). Thus W was able to understand and 45. "Richard Wright Symposium render the sociology of his own Attracts International Audience." existence . The Southern Register, 4 (Fall), 1- 2. 39. Carpenter, Charles A. "Modern Describes the symposium at the Drama Studies: An Annual University of Mississippi with Bibliography." Modern Drama, 28 comments on most of the papers (June), 223-327. and events. Lists the 1984 article by Judith G. Brazinsky (p . 238). 46. Clark, Norris B. "Michael S. ," in Afro-American Poets Since 1955 . Ed. Trudier Harris and 40. Carter, Steven R "lorraine Thadious M. Davis . Detroit: Gale, Hansberry," in Afro-American Writers pp. 152-166. After 1955 : Dramatists and Prose Discusses Harper's treatment of W Writers. Ed. Thadious M. Davis and in Debridement and Images of Kin Trudier Harris. Detroit: Gale, pp. (pp. 162, 164) . 120-134. Mentions W briefly (p. 132). 47. Coleman, Edwin L., II. "Conrad Kent Rivers," in Afro-American Poets 41. Ch~netier, Marc. "Charting Since 1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and Contemporary American Fiction: A Thadious M. Davis. Detroit: Gale, View from Abroad." New Literary pp. 282-296. History, 16 (Spring), 653-669. Mentions briefly The Wright Poems Mentions W briefly (p. 655). (p. 286).

42. [Childrey, Frank W. , Jr.). 48. Cramer, William S . "The Federal "Bibliographic Projects at the Writers' Project: Work Relief That Center." The Southern Register: The Preserved a National Resource." Newsletter of the Center for the Publishing History, 18, 49-68. Study of Southern Culture, 3 Mentions briefly the attack of (Spring/Summer), 9 . Rep. Joseph Starnes of the Dies Mentions briefly Michel Fabre's Committee on W (p . 61). The World of Richard Wright. 49. Cunningham, James . "Sterling D. 43. ___ . "Mississippi Heritage Plumpp," in Afro-American Poets Institute." The Southern Register: Since 1955 . Ed . Trudier Harris and

5 Thadious M. Davis. Detroit : Gale, Writers. Ed . Thadious M. Davis and pp . 257-265. Trudier Harris. Detroit: Gale, pp. Mentions briefly W as an 146-162. influence on Plumpp (p. 258). Mentions briefly Jordan's essay on Wand Hurston [1981 . 70) (p. 50. Dandjinou, Pierre. "Les 161) . Ecrivains noirs americaines et l'Afrigue. Numero 77 (novembre 1984) 57. Fabre, Michel. "Richard Wright : de No tre Librairie ." Revue francraise De l'existentialisme au tiers­ d'etudes americaines, 26 (November), mondisme," in his La Rive noire: de 464 . Harlem ~ la Seine. Paris: Editions Review mentioning W briefly. Lieu Commun, pp . 173-196. Discusses W's favorable opinion 51. Davis, Charles T. and Henry of Paris , his interest in Louis Gates, Jr. "Introduction: The and his relation Language of ," in their The to Sartre and de Beauvoir, and Slave's Narrative. New York : Oxford his connections with African University Press, pp . xi-xxxiv. intellectuals in Paris . Mentions briefly BB (p . xxxiii) . 58 . . "Richard Wright, poiHe." 52 . Davis, Thadious M. and Trudier Presence Africaine, 135, 39-55. Harris. "Foreword," to their Afro­ Traces W's poetic impulse American Writers After 1955: throughout his career : the agit­ Dramatists and Prose Writers . prop verse of the thirties Detroit: Gale, pp. xi-xiii. (mentioned briefly), the prose­ Mentions W briefly. poetry of TMBV and BB, the "Celebrations" project , and the 53 . DeCosta-Willis , Miriam. "No haiku at the end of his life . Crystal Stair: Visions of Race and Emphasizes W's nature mysticism, Sex in Black Women's Fiction. By spiritual quality , and symbolic Gloria Wade-Gayles." eLA Journal, 28 imagination , noting parallels (June), 464-467. with blues , , Mentions W briefly. Baudelaire, Whitman, and the Bible . 54. Drabble , Margaret. "Wright, Richard," in her The Oxford 59 . . The Wo rld of Richard Companion to English Literature. Wright. Jackson : University Press of Fifth edition. Oxford: Oxford Mississippi, 268 pp . University Press , p. 1087. Contains reprints of 1970.54, Biographical entry mentioning NS 124, 282 ; 1971.103, 110, 111 ; and Q. 1973.132; 1975.71; 1977.122; 1978.95 ; 1980.84, 87; two 55 . Eakin, Paul John. Fictions in previously unpublished essays, Autobiography: Studies in the Art of "Wright's South" and "Wright, Self-Invention . Princeton, N. J.: Negritude, and African Writing"; Princeton University Press, p . 172 . W's early story "Superstition" ; Mentions briefly W as and W's published poetry. The autobiographer . "Introduction" (pp. 3-11) reviews the essays included within the 56 . Erickson, Peter B. "June framework of W's life and career. Jordan , " in Afro-American Writers After 1955: Dramatists and Prose 60 . "Wright, Negri tude and

6 African Writing," in his The World 581. of Richard Wright . Jackson: Partial reprint of 1980 . 94. University Press of Mississippi, pp . 192-213. 64. Ferris , William . "Director's Discusses W's relationship to Column . " The Southern Register, 4 Presence Africaine, Alioune Diop , (Fall), 2 . Peter Abrahams, , Mentions the W s ymposium at the the First and Second Congress of University of Mississippi and Negro Artists and Writers, the Michel Fabre's The World of Societe Africaine de Culture, the Richard Wr i ght. American Society of African Culture, and various African 65. Fishburn , Katherine. "Wright, writers. W served as an Richard (1908 -1960) , " in Modern intermediary between Africans and Amer ican Litera ture. Ed . Paul . He supported Schlueter and June Schlueter . ~ the political struggle against Library of Literary Criticism, Vol . colonialism but showed little V: Second Supplement to the Fourth interest in African literature . Edition . New York: Frederick Ungar, Includes comments on BB, BP, and pp. 578-579. WML . Partial reprint of 1977 . 131.

61. __ . "Wright, Richard (1908- 66. Fleming, Robert E. "O'Neill's 1960)," in Modern American The Hairy Ape as a Source for Native Literature . Ed. Paul Schlueter and ;> on . " CLA Journal, 28 (June ), 434- June Schlueter . ~ Library of 443. Literary Criticism, Vol. V: Second Argues that "Wright was Supplement to the Fourth Edition. influenced by O'Neill in his New York: Frederick Ung<~ , pp . 579- creation of Bigg ~ r Thomas and 580. Mary Dalton , in his attacks on Partial reprint of 1978 .93 . religion and leftist political mo vements, and perhaps even in 62. "Wright's South," in his certain surrealistic elements in The World of Richard Wright. the setting of Na tive Son . " Jackson: University Press of Fleming adduces many details to Mississippi, pp. 77-92. support the connection while Examines W's generally negative admitting that Wright also used attitude toward his native other sources, literary and region. Formed by the South, his social . feelings were at times ambivalent, but the pain of 67. Fleming, Thomas J. "An Unbroken racism overcame rural pleasures . Circle . " Modern Age, 29 ( Summer) , Fabre treats BB, TMBV, LD, and 265-268. shorter works, as weli as W's Review mentioning Lewis A. opinion of Faulkner. Lawson's treatment of Q.

63. Felgar, Robert. "Wright, Richard 68. Forman, James . The Making of (1908-1960) , " in Modern American Black Revolutionaries . Washington, Literature . Ed. Paul Schlueter and D. C. : Open Hand , pp . 4, 35, 75 . June Schlueter . ~ Library of Reprint of 1972 Literary Criticism, Vol . V: Second Supplement to the Fourth Edition . 69. F[owler], C(arolyn]. "Black New York: Frederick Ungar, pp . 580- Writers of Recent Decades . " Phylon,

7 46 (December), 374-375. t e nd to cancel each other out" Review of Afro-American Fiction (p. 107) . Writers After 1955 noting the absence of W from this volume. 74. Greene , Lee . "Black Novelists and Novels , 1930-1950," in The 70. Gabbin, Joanne V. Sterling ~ History of Southern Literature. Ed. Brown: Building the Black Aesthetic Louis D. Rubin, Jr., Blyden Jackson, Tradition. Westport, Conn. : Rayburn S. Moore, Lewis P. Simpson, Greenwood Press, pp. 13, 71, 103, and Thomas Daniel Young. Baton 108, 109. Rouge : Louisiana State University Comments on W's work on the Press, pp . 383-398 . Writers' Project (p. 71) and on Contains numerous comments on W Brown's review of NS (p . 109) . and NS in relation to such Mentions W elsewhere. novelists as George Wylie R~printed : 1994 Henderson, George Washington Lee, Waters Turpin , , 71. Gaffney, Floyd. " and Saunders Redding. (LeRoi Jones)," in Afro-American Writers After 1955: Dramatists and 75. Grossman, Anita Susan. "Art Prose Writers. Ed. Thadious M. Davis Versus Truth in Autobiography : The and Trudier Harris. Detroit: Gale, Case of Lillian Hellman . " Clio, 14 pp.22-42. (Spring), 289-308 . Mentions W briefly (p. 24). Discusses W's fictionalization of autobiography in BB (pp . 300- 72. Gilyard, Keith. "The 301) . Sociolinguistics of Underground Blues." Black American Literature 76. Hakutani , Yoshinobu. "Creation Forum, 19 (Winter), 158-159. of the Self ~n Richard Wright's Analyzes the socio linguistics of Black Boy." Black American "The Man Who Lived Underground," Literature Forum, 19 (Summer), 70- with comparisons to NS and Q. 75. While underground, Fred Daniels Argues that BB is a sociological is "empowered . .. through autobiography, not an metalinguistic struggle , " but he autobiographical novel . W is "dies because he does not possess spokesman and representative in a voice with which to secure his the work of "the v oiceless Negro existence in the face of boys," oppressed by white racism . aboveground oppression." In opposition to such a society, W turned inward to create a self, 73. Goodin, George. The Poetics of and "in so doing he discovered Protest: Literary Form and Political the new world" (p. 75). Implication in the Victim-of-Society Novel. Carbondale and Edwardsville: 77. Hanna, Archibald. ~ Mirror for Southern Illinois University Press, the Nation: An Annotated pp. 105 -11l. Bibliography of American Social Analyzes Bigger's conflicting Fiction, 1901-1950. New York : selves to demonstrate that "a Garland, p . 387. major achievement of NS consists Lists NS and UTC . of showing the confusion which oppression can foster in its 78. Harris, Norman. "Larry Neal," in victims, a confusion in which the Afro-American Writers After 1955: various alternatives for remedy Dramatists and Prose Writers. Ed.

8 Thadious M. Davis and Trudier "Accent , 1940-1960: The History of a Harris. Detroit : Gale . pp . 225-230. Little Magazine." Dissertation Quotes Addison Gay le mentioning W Abs tracts International, 45 (May), briefly (p. 228). 3350A. Abstracts a 1984 University of 79. Harris , Trudier . Black Women in Illinois dissertation. Mentions W the Fiction of . briefly. Knoxville: The University of Tenne ssee Press , p. 206. 86. Henry, Joseph K. "The Public, Contrasts Wand Ellison Spiritual, and Humanistic Odyssey of unfavorably to Baldwin in their Malcolm X: A Critical literary depiction of black Bibliographical Debate." The Western wo men. Journal of Black Studies, 9 (Summer), 115-125. 80. "Black Writers in a Mentions W briefly (p . 116). Changed Landscape , Since 1950," in The History of Southern Literature. 87. Hernton , Ca l v in . "The Sexual Ed . Louis D. Rubin, Jr., Blyden Mountain and Black Wo men Wri ters ." Jackson, Rayburn S . Moore, Lewis P. The Black Scholar , 16 (July/August), Simpson, and Thomas Daniel Young . 2 -lI. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Reprint of 1984.70. University Press, pp. 566-577 . Mentions briefly Wand UTC (pp. 88 . Hobson , Fred. "The Savage South: 566, 569). An Inquiry Into the Origins, Endurance, and Presumed Demise of an 81. Harris, William J. The Poetry Image." The Virginia Ouarterly and Poetics of Amiri Baraka : The Review , 61 (Summer), 377-395. Jazz Aesthetic Columbia : University .Mentions briefly W, UTC, and BE of Missouri Press, pp. 16, 63, 126, (pp. 389, 393). 149. Mentions briefly W, BB, and NS. 89. Hodges , John O. "An hpprenticeship to Life and Art: 82. Harrison, Paul Carter. "Larry Narrative Technique in Wright's Neal/the genesis of vision." Black Boy . " CLA Journal, 28 (June) , Callaloo, 8 (Winter), 170-194 . 415-433. Mentions W briefly (p. 173) . Analyzes BB as a bildungsroman . In addition to the genre's usual 83 . Haslam, Gerald . "A Regional­ theme of the development of self­ Ripple Approach to American consciousness, W's book has the Literature." English Journal, 74 task of exposing Southern racism (April), 55-57. in all its brutality . Mentions W briefly . 90. Hogue, W. Lawrence. "History, 84. Hays, William S. "Mississippi the Feminist Discourse , and Alice Writers: Reflections of Childhood Walker's The Third Life of George and Youth. Volume ~ Fiction. Copeland." MELUS, 12 ( Summer) , 45- Dorothy Abbott, editor . " The Journal 62. of Mississippi History , 47 (August), Compares briefly the notion of 215-216. psychological liberation through Mentions W briefly. v iolence in Wa lker's novel and NS (pp . 52 - 53) . 85. Hendricks , Fredric Jefferson .

9 91. [Holland, Laurence B. and Nina 96. Inman , Arthur Crew. The Inman Baym]. "Richard Wright 1908-1960," Diary : 6 Public and Private in The Norton Anthology of American Confession. Ed . Daniel Aaron. Vol . Literature. Second edition. Ed. Nina II . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Baym et al. Vol. 2. New York: University Press, p . 1284. Norton, pp. 1747-1748 , 2632-2633. The entry for 2 July 1945 Biographical-critical headnote to discusses BB and Southern race "The Man Who Was Almost a Man," relations generally. with a bibliographical note on pp . 2632-2633. 97. Jackson, Blyden. "Richard Reprinted: 1986 Wright," in The History of Southern Reprinted in revised form: 1989, Literature. Ed. Louis D. Rubin, Jr., 1994, 1995 Blyden Jackson, Rayburn S . Moore, Lewis P. Simpson, and Thomas Daniel 92. Howard, Lillie P. "Sherley Anne Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Williams," in Afro-American Poets University Press , pp. 443-449. Since 1955. Ed . Trudier Harris and After sketching W's biography , Thadious M. Davis. Detroit: Gale, Jackson emphasizes his pp. 343-350. Southernness, defends his style Comments on Ellison's "Richard from detractors, praises his Wright's Blues" (p . 348) . creation of the epic figure of , and points out his 93. Hubbard, Dolan. "An Interview influence on other black writers . with Richard K. Barksdale." Black American Literature Forum, 19 98. Jarab, Josef . "Black Aesthetic: (Winter), 139-145. A Cultural or Political Concept?" Comments on W's attitude toward Callaloo, 8 (Fall) , 587-593. women ( p. 141) and relates W's Men tions ~ briefly (p. 588). emergence to the (p. 143). 99. Jenkinson, Edward B. "Protecting Holden Caulfield and His Friends 94 . Hudson, Theodore R . "Ralph from the Censors." English Journal, Ellison," in The History of Southern 74 (January), 26-33. Literature . Ed. Louis D. Rubin, Jr., Mentions BB briefly. Bly den Jackson , Rayburn S. Moore, Lewis P. Simpson, and Thomas Daniel 100 . Jones , Lola E. "Sex and Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Sexuality in Richard Wright's 'Big University Press, pp . 510-512. Boy Leaves Home, '" in Amid Visions Mentions W briefly ( p . 511). and Revisions: Poetry and Criticism on Literature and the Arts . Ed. 95. Hurd, Myles Raymond. "Rhetoric Burney J. Hollis. Baltimore : Morgan Versus Eloquence in the Afro­ State University Press, pp . 102-108 . American Double Narrative: Uses the "sexual game-song" at Perspectives on Audience, the beginning of the story as the Ambivalence, and Ambiguity." key to its theme of psychosexual Dissertation Abstracts racism. International, 46 (August), 421A. Abstracts a 1985 City University 101. Joyce, Joyce Ann . "Style and of New York dissertation. "Long in Richard Wright's Native Black Song" is one of the works Son," in The American Classics treated. Revisited: Recent Studies of American Literature . Ed. P. C. Kar

10 and D. Ramakrishna. Hyderabad: "Obnafrucepbopitroas . " American American Studies Research Centre, Studies, 26 (Spring), 47-49. pp. 696-703. Mentions briefly A. Robert Lee's Reprint of 1982.78. pamphlet Black American Fiction Since Richard Wri~ht . 102. Kiernan, Maureen Brigid. "Novelists/Scenarists: Four Case 108 . Lewis , David Levering. Studies of Writers Adapting Their "Leadership, Love , and A~gression, Own Fiction to Film." Dissertation By Allison Davis." The Journal of Abstracts International, 45 (May), Southern History, 51 (February), 3350A. 131-132. Abstracts a 1984 University of Rev iew commenting on the work's Illinois dissertation . NS is one treatment of W. of the four. 109 . Lewis, Pamela Masingale. 103. Klotman, Phyllis R. "'Tearing a "Victor Hernandez Cruz," in Afro­ Hole in History' : Lynching as Theme American Poets Since 1955 . Ed. and Motif." Black American ,. Trudier Harris and Thadious M. Literature Forum, 19 (Summer), 55- Davis. Detroit : Gale, pp. 74-84 , 63 . Mentions W as an influence on Contains three paragraphs Cruz (p, 76). recounting "Big Boy Leaves Horne . " 110 . Liebowitz, Herbert. "Richard 104. Kodama, Sanehide . "Japanese Wright's Black Boy : Styles of Influence on Richard Wright in His beprivation . " Southwest Review, 70 Last Years: English Haiku as a New (Winter), 71-94. Genre." Tamkin~ Review, 15 (Autumn Places BB in the context of black 1984-Summer), 63-73. autobiog raphy . Its "central motif Quotes and comments on nineteen ... is hunger" (p. 72), for words of W's haiku, explains their as well as food. Liebowitz relation to his illness, notes analyzes W's sty le in numerous his reading of R. H. Blyth's passages, finding it "intuitive, Haiku, and discusses briefly lyrical , morose , tender, haughty, other American writers of haiku. tormented, didactic," but always artful , Also considers W's 105. Kostelanetz, Richard. "Fictions treatment of family and society for a Negro Politics: The Neglected in BB. Novels of W. E . B. Du Bois," in Reprinted in revised form: 1989 Critical Essays QD ~ ~ ~ Du Bois. Ed. William L. Andrews . Boston: G. 111 . Litzinger, Boyd and Joyce Carol K. Hall, pp. 173-194 . Oates . "Questions," in their Story: Reprint of 1968.l45a. Fictions Past and Present . Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, pp. 106. Krause, David . "Faulkner's 612-613 . Blues." Studies in the Novel, 17 Study questions to accompany "The (Spring), 80-94. Man Who Killed a Shadow." Review article on books on Faulkner mentioning W several 112 . Lockwood , Alan L. and David E . times and quoting Faulkner on W Harris. "Stealing North," in their (p. 90). Reasonin~ with Democratic Values: Ethical Problems in United States 107. [Levine, Stuart] . History. Vol . 2. New York: Teachers

11 College Press, pp. 92-104. political consciousness; second, After background information on a study of the various strategies race relations in the nineteenth deployed by him in confronting and twentieth centuries , the the system; third, the authors quote extensively from BB significance of his political and provide numerous study activism" (p . 61) . exercises. 118 . Martin, Charles H. "The 113. Logan, Maureen F. "Star-Crossed International Labor Defense and Platonic Lovers, or Bowdler Redux." Black America." Labor History, 26 English Journal, 74 (January), 53- (Spring), 165-194 . 55. Mentions briefly AH (p. 167) . Mentions BB briefly. 119. Ma son, Julian. "Wright 114 . Longest, George C., et al. Companions." The Mississippi "Checklist of Scholarship on Quarterly, 38 (Winter 1984-85) , 87- Southern Literature for 1984." The 90. Mississippi Quarterly, 38 (Spring), Favorable review of Yoshinobu 154-273. Hakutani's Critical Essays on Lists nine items on Wand cross­ Richard Wright and Charles T. references to eighteen other Davis and Michel Fabre's Richard items dealing partially with W. Wright: ~ Primary Bibliography.

115. Lynch, John. "Richard Wright 120. McDowell, Edwin . "Mississippi 'The Man Who Was Almost a Man,'" in Honors a 'Native Son' Who Fled . " The his Instructor's Manual to Accompany New York Times (23 November), pp. 1, Muller/Williams The McGraw-Hill 14 . Introduction to Literature . New Reports on the international York: McGraw-Hill, p. 35. symposium on W at the University Paragraph on the story with of Mississippi, emphasizing the suggested questions and a state's background of racism and reference to Brignano (1970.68). recent changes. Includes statements on W b y , 116. MacShane, Frank. Into Eternity: Irving Howe , and others. The Life of James Jones, American Writer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p . 121 . Melhem, D. H. "Black 234. Nationalism and the Poet Activist: Mentions W briefly. An Interview with Haki R. Madhubuti." The Western Journal of 117. Maduka, Chidi T . "The Black Studies, 9 (Summer), 106-114. Revolutionary Hero and Strategies Madhubuti acknowledges W's great for Survival in Richard Wright's The effect on him, mentioning BB, NS, Outsider." Pr~sence Africaine, 135, Q, and BP (p . 111). 56-70. Comparing Cross Damon to 122 . [Miller, Wayne Charles] . Frederick Douglass, Dr. Miller in "Editor's Column." MELUS, 12 The Marrow of Tradition, and the (Summer), 1-5. protagonist of , Mentions W briefly (p. 1). Maduka studies "his confrontation with the power structure ... in 123 . Millican, Arthenia J . Bates . three parts: first, an "Kalamu ya Salaam (Valery Ferdinand examination of his socio- III) ," in Afro-American Writers

12 After 1955: Dramatists and Prose Relates W' s story to Plato ' s Writers. Ed. Thadious M. Davis and parable in The Republic . Nash Trudier Harris. Detroit: Gale, pp . emphasizes W's anti - and 231-239. individualism. Provides a full Notes that Salaam won the 1971 plot summary. Richard Wright Award for literary critici sm given by Black World 130 . Neal , Larry. "The Glorious (p . 239) . Monster in the Bell of the Horn." Callaloo , 8 (W inter), 87-169 . 124 . Mitchell , Mozella G. "Nikki Mentions W briefly (pp. 128) . Giovanni," in Afro-American Poets Since 1955. Ed . Trudier Harris and 131. Nichols , Charles H. "The Slave Thadious M. Davis . Detroit : Gale, Narrators and the Picaresque Mode : pp. 135 -15l. Archetypes for Modern Black Mentions Giovanni's reading of BB Personae," in The Slave's Narrative . when she was a seventh grader (p . Ed. Charles T . Davis and Henry Louis 136) . Gates, Jr . New York: Oxford University Press , pp . 283-298. 125. Montgomery , Glenn . "Center Includes discussion of W r e lating Asking for Some Friends." The BB , NS , "The Man Who Lived Southern Register : The Newsletter of Underground , " and Q to the the Center for the Study of Southern traditions of the picaresque tale Culture, 3 (Winter), 1-2. and the slave narrative . Nichols Mentions Michel Fabre's makes large claims for Q. collection of essays on W. 132. O'Brien, Robert with Harold H. 126. Muller, Gilbert H. and John A. Martin. The Encyclopedia of the Williams . "Que stions , " .Ln their The South . New York: Facts on File , pp . McGr aw-Hill Introduction to 172, 458 . Literature. New York : McGraw-Hill, Contains a brief entry on W p. 297 . mentioning UTC and BB. Also Seven study questions on "The Man mentions W s.v. Green, Paul Who Was Almost a Man." Eliot.

127. ___ . "Richard Wright 'The Man 133. Oehlschlaeger, Fritz. "Robert Who Was Almost a Man, '" in their The Hayden's Meditation on Art: The McGraw-Hill Introduction to Final Sequence of Words in the Literature . New York: McGraw-Hill, Mourning Time . " Black American p . 288 . Literature Forum, 19 (Fall), 115- Biographical headnote . 119. Mentions W briefly (p . 115) . 128 . ___ . "Topics for Writing," in their The McGraw-Hill Introduction 134. Ohmann , Richard . "English in to Literature. New York: McGraw­ America , Ten Years Later (with an Hill, p. 297 . aside on dechairing the Four topics concerning "The Man department) ." ADE Bulletin, No . 82 Who Was Almost a Man." (Winter), pp. 11-17 . Mentions W briefly (p . 16) . 129. Nash, Charles C. "'The Man Who Lived Underground' : Richard Wright's 135. Olney, James . "'I Was Born' : Parable of the Cave . " Slave Narratives, Their Status as Interpretations , 16 (Fall), 62-74. Autobiography and as Literature," in

13 The Slave's Narrative. Ed. Charles 140. Rampersad, Arnold. "The T. Davis and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Complexity of Southern Literary New York: Oxford University Press, History . " Southern Literary Journal, pp. 148-175. 18 (Fall), 110-115. Reprint of 1984.119. Briefly contrasts BB and Hurston's Dust Tracks on .a Road 136. O'Meally, Robert G. "The Ruler ( p. 111 ) . of Magic: Hemingway as Ellison's 'Ancestor.'" The Southern Review, 21 141. . "The Literary Blues (July), 751-769 . Tradition . " Callaloo , 8 (Spring­ Uses W's influence on Ellison as Summer), 498-500 . a point of departure for a study Review of Houston A. Baker's of Hemingway's deeper influence, Blues, Ideology, and Afro­ concluding that Invisible Man is American Literature praising its "much more like Hemingway's Jake treatment of "The Man Who Lived and Nick than like Bigger Underground." Thomas . " 142 . . "W. E . B . Du Bois as a 137. Page, James A. and Jae Min Roh. Man of Literature," in Critical Selected Black American, African, Essays on :\:L. L lL.. Du Bois. Ed . and Caribbean Authors: A Bio­ William L . Andrews. Boston: G. K. Bibliography. Littleton, Colorado: Hall, pp. 57-72. Libraries Unlimited, Inc., pp . 308- Reprint of 1979.210 . 309. Contains an entry on W. 143 . Ramsey, Priscilla R. "Alexis Deveaux," in Afro-American Writers 138 . Perkins, Barbara M. "Chronology After 1955 : Dramatists and Prose of Literature and .World Events," in Writers . Ed . Thadious M. Davis and The Harper Handbook to Literature. Trudier Harris. Detroit: Gale, pp. New York: HarperCollins, pp . 493- 92-97. 563. Calls W Dev eaux's "aesthetic Lists NS and BB (pp. 552, 553) . grandfather" (p . 92).

139 . Peterson, Linda . "Repetition 144 . . "E. Ethelbert Miller," and Metaphor in the Early Stages of in Afro-American Poets Since 1955 . Composing." College Composition and Ed. Trudier Harris and Thadious M. Communication, 36 (December), 429- Davis. Detroit : Gale, pp . 233-240. 443 . Includes comparison of Miller's Analyzes drafts of an interview views to those W expresses in How statement by W about BB to show "Bigger" Was Born, p. 235 . the generative function of repetition and metaphor. In the 145 . Ro , Sigmund . '''Desecrators' and statement, reproduced as an 'Necromancers' : Black American appendix, W acknowledges the Writers and Critics in the Nineteen­ importance of his reading of The Sixties and the Third World House of the Dead, Confessions of Perspective." Callaloo, 8 (Fall) , .a Young Man, The Portrait of the 563-576. Artist as .a Young Man, and Sons Comments briefly on NS . and Lovers in helping him to understand his Southern 146. "Henry Louis Gates, Jr., experience. ed . , Black Literature and Literary Reprinted : 1991 Theory." American Studies in

14 Scandinavia, 17, 81-84. Fourth Edition. New York: Frederick Mentions W briefly . Ungar, pp. 587-603 . Includes a list of W's books from 1954. 147. Rorabacher, Louise E. and Georgia Dunbar. "A Loaf of Bread and 153. Schultz , Elizabeth. "Albert L. the Stars Richard Wright," in their Murray," in Afro-American Writers Assignments in Exposition. Eighth After 1955 : Dramatists and Prose edition. New York: Harper & Row, pp. Writers. Ed. Thadious M. Davis and 45-47 . Trudier Harris . Detroit : Gale, Reprints an excerpt from BB with pp .2l4-224 . a brief headnote and four study Mentions briefly Wand Bigger questions. Thomas (pp . 216, 220).

148 . Rowell, Charles H. "An 154 . Scruggs, Charles W. "Finding Interview with Larry Neal." Out About This Mencken : The Impact Callaloo, 8 (Winter), 11-35. of A Book of Prefaces on Richard Neal mentions W briefly (pp. 17, Wright." Menckeniana, 95 (Fall), 1- 22) . 11. Comprehensive treatment of the W­ 149. _____ and William Lyne. Mencken relationship, showing "Studies in Afro-American that the affinity was even Literature: An Accrued Annotated stronger than that of the Harlem Bibliography, 1984." Callaloo, 8 Renaissance writers. W responded (Fall), 630-660. to Mencken's love of books, his Lists twelve items on W with satire on an anti-intellectual cross-references to seven others. culture, his sense of wonder at the adventure (\f 15.fe , and his 150. Sagarin , Edward and Robert J . tragic view. Scruggs analyzes NS Kelly. "Responsibility and Crime in from a Menckenian perspective. Literature." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and '155. Scully, James. "Scratching Social Science, 477 (January), 12- Surfaces . " The Minnesota Review, 24 24. (Spring), 9-36. Includes a discussion of Bigger Quotes from BB in an endnote (p . Thomas. He is not responsible for 34) . the social conditions driving him to crime, but he is responsible 156. Silberman, Charles E. A Certain for his criminal acts (pp. 20- People: American Jews and Their 22) . Lives Today. New York: Summit Books, pp. 340, 341 , 437 . 151. Salzberg, Joel. Bernard Quotes from BB to illustrate Malamud: A Reference Guide. Boston: black anti-Semitism. G. K. Hall, p. 80. Lists Robert Stanton's article 157. Sisney , Mary F . "The Power and (1969.226) . Horror of Whiteness: Wright and Ellison Respond to Poe . " CLA 152. Schlueter, Paul and June Journal, 29 (September), 82-90 . Schlueter. "Bibliographies," in Discusses W's use of Poe's "The their Modern American Literature in Black Cat" as a source for NS. A Library of Literary Criticism. Considers also W's use of the Vol. V: Second Supplement to the color white.

15 158. Skei, Hans H. "The Reception on W's short stories (p. 35) and and Reputation of 'Minor' lists a few others in a Mississippi Writers in Norway." bibliography (p. 53). Notes QTI Mississippi Writers, 17, No. I, 19-33. 164 . Taylor, Clyde. "Black Writing Includes publication data on the as Immanent Humanism . " The Southern two works translated into Review, 21 (July), 790 -800 . Norwegian (NS and BB), a survey Applies the ideas of "Blueprint of reviews, and a summary of four for Negro Wr iting" to black University of Oslo theses. writing after W, finding the essay prophetic and perspicacious 159 . Smith, Robert P ., Jr. (except for overlooking womanist "Publi.cations by CLA Members: 1984." literature) . Also praises NS. CLA Journal, 29 (December), 243-247 . Mentions W briefly. 165. Thaddeus, Janice. "The Metamorphosis of Richard Wright's 160 . Spillers, Hortense . Black liQ.y." American Literature, 57 "Afterword," in Conjuring: Black ( May), 19 9 - 214 . Women. Fiction. and Literary The concluding pages of BB seem Tradition. Ed~ Marjorie Pryse and to define the experiences Hortense Spillers. Bloomington: narrated to that point, changing Indiana University Press, pp . 249- the work from an "open" 26l. autobiography, in which the Mentions Bigger Thomas and NS. writer attempts to speak the painful truth , to a "defined" 161. Stepto, Robert B. "I Rose and autobiography, in which the Found My Voice : Narration, writer resolves tensions and Authentication, and Authorial provides a teleological Control in Four Slave Narratives," structure . . AH, however, continues in The Slave's Narrative. Ed. in an "open" mode. The Charles T . Davis and Henry Louis explanation, as revealed in Gates, Jr. New York: Oxford unpublished papers, is that the University Press, pp . 225-241 . hopeful conclusion of BB was Partial reprint of 1979.243. added so that the work would be selected b y the Book-of-the-Month 162. Stuckey, W. J. "Rose Ann C. Club. Thaddeus also analyzes the Fraistat . Caroline Gordon as relation of the epigraphs of W's Novelist and Woman of Letters; Lewis autobiography (BB and AH) to its A. Lawson. Another Generation: imagery. Southern Fiction Since World War II; Peggy Whitman Prenshaw, ed. 166. Tidwell, John Edgar. "An Conversations with Eudora Welty." Interview with Frank Marshal Davis." Modern Fiction Studies, 31 (Summer), Black American Literature Forum, 19 400-402. (Fall), 105-108. Review noting Lawson's reprinted Davis discusses his friendship essay on Q. with W, their association in the League of American Writers, his 163. Tallack , Douglas. "American introduction of photography to W, Short Fiction: A Bibliographical and his reading galley proof of Essay." American Studies NS, "part of which was left out International, 23 (October), 3-59. by the publisher as too Comments on Burgum and Margolies pornographic for that era" (p.

16 107). Albany: State University of New York Press , pp. 279, 355. 167. Tracy, Steven C. "Blues, Notes W's attendance at the Ideology. and Afro-American . The endnote Literature. Houston A. Baker." incorrectly cites BP. MELUS, 12 (Summer), 97-102. Comments favorably on Baker's 174. Ward, Jerry W., Jr. "Lenard D. treatment of H (p. 101). Moore. The Open m." Black American Literature Forum, 19 ( Fall), 133 - 168. . "A MELUS Interview: 134 . Etheridge Knight . " MELUS, 12 Review men tioning briefly W's (Summer), 7-23. haiku . Knight comments on the lack of a sense of place in W, referring to 175. ___ . "Selecte d Bibliography his life and to Q (p. 15). for the Study of Southern Black Literature in the Twentieth 169. Traylor, Eleanor W. "'And the Century." The Southern Quarterly, 23 Resurrection, Let It Be Complete' : (Winter), 94-115. The Achievement of Larry Neal (A Lists fifteen items s .v. W. Biobibliography of a Critical Imagination)." Callaloo , 8 (Winter), 176 . Watson, Douglas . "James Andrew 36-69 . Emanuel," in Afro-American Poets Mentions W briefly (pp. 38, 53 , Since 1955. Ed. Trudier Harris and 56, 58, 59). Thadious M. Davis . Detroit : Gale, ' pp. 103-117. 170. . "An Annotated Lists an article on W by Emanuel Bibliography of the Works of Larry (p. 103). (Lawrence Paul) Np.aJ " ~;:11.1.a1oo , 8 (Wi nter), 265-273. 177 . Weaver, Gordon . "A Sense of Lists Neal's essay on W. Place and Time : Common Experience , Common Values," in Mississippi 171 . Walker, Warren S. Writers: Reflections of Childhood "Bibliography." Studies in Short and Youth. Ed . Dorothy Abbott . Vol. Fiction, 22 (Summer), 371-419 . I. Jackson : University Press of Lists an item on "Big Boy Leaves Mississippi, pp. xix-xxxvii. Home" and an item on "The Man Who Rates W with Faulkner, Welty, and Lived Underground." Wa lker Percy (p. x ix) and contains a paragraph on "Almos' a 172 . Walls, Doy le W. "The Clue Man" (p. xxx). Undetected in Richard Wright's Native Son." American Literature, 57 178. [Weixlmann, Joe] . "Volume II of (March), 125-128. Studies in Black American Literature In the particular sense, whites Published." Black American in the novel fail to detect the Literature Forum, 19 (winter), 146. Black English verb form in Lists Keneth Kinnamon's article Bigger's ransom note ("Do what on Wand Maya Ange1ou. this letter lillY . ") . In a general sense, they fail to recognize his 179 . Werner, Craig. "Nellie Y. humanity . McKay. , Artist: a Study of His Literary Life and Work. 1894- 173 . Walton, Hanes, Jr . Invisible 1936; Gloria Wade-Gayles. No Crystal Politics: Black Political Behavior . Stair: Visions of Race and Sex in

17 Black Women's Fiction ; Sigmund Ro . Publishers , p . 28. Rage and Celebration : Essays QD Quotes a paragraph from the Contemporary Afro-American Writing; hospital episode of AH with a William Luis, ed . Voices from Under: prefatory note and two study Black Narrative in Latin America and questions . the Caribbean; Joe Weixlmann and Chester J. Fontenot, eds. Studies in Black American Literature . Volume I: Black American Prose Theory." Modern Fiction Studies, 31 (Summer), 420- 424 . Review mentioning Fabre's biography of Wand Sekora and Baker's article on Douglass and W.

180. . "The Old South, 1815 - 1840 , " in The History of Southern Literature. Ed. Louis D. Rubin, Jr. , Blyden Jackson, Rayburn S . Moore, Lewis P. Simpson, and Thomas Daniel Young . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, pp . 81-91 . Mentions W briefly ( p . 91 ).

181 . Westling , Louise. Sacred Groves and Ravaged Gardens : The Fiction of Eudora Welty. Carson McCullers. and Flannery O'Connor. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, pp. 38- , 39. Mentions briefly BB .

182. White, John. "William L . Van Deburg, Slavery and Race in American Popular Culture." Journal of Ame rican Studies , 19 (Ap ril), 138- 139 . Review mentioning W briefly.

183. Williams, John. "Afro-American Literature in the 20th Century: The Achievement of Intimacy. Michael G. Cooke . " The Black Scholar , 16 (July/August), 66-67 . Review mentioning W briefly .

184. Winterowd, W. Ross and Patricia Y. Murray . "Model: Personal Essay­ Commentary," in their English: Writing and Skills. Teacher's edition. San Diego : Coronado

18